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Wu Y, Wang H, Deng Y, Li X, Xu H. Suspended sediment dynamics and the related environmental risk assessment in a sensitive water area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170627. [PMID: 38311078 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Suspended sediment (SS) is a natural component of aquatic environments. It is characterized by the adsorption of pollutants, and its physical properties can affect water volume quality. In this study, SS dynamics were simulated using a 2D hydrodynamic model in the Nanji Mountain Nature Reserve (NNR), and the fluxes of pollutants caused by SS were calculated to assess the biological risks during the wet (May-August) and dry (November-March) seasons. High spatial and temporal variability in SS load within the NNR was found in this study. The average SS load in the reserve increased and then decreased during the year, and the SS input from Ganjiang significantly affected the SS load in the NNR (p < 0.01). The SS load uptrend in the NNR occurred later than that of Ganjiang during the wet season because of the SS sedimentation in the NNR. And the suspension of SS in the NNR during the dry season resulted in a later SS load downtrend compared to Ganjiang. High SS load from Ganjiang during the wet season was responsible for the high nutrient and microplastic fluxes in the NNR, which were 8.38 and 10.61 times higher than those in the dry season, respectively. And the pollutant fluxes during the wet season were almost all from Ganjiang. In contrast, higher waterbird diversity and population during the dry season is the main reason for the increased biological risk of contaminants. Therefore, monitoring and managing SS and its contamination concentrations in rivers entering the lake is helpful for the protection of ecologically sensitive areas and key species in the lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Yanqing Deng
- Water Quality Department, Jiangxi Hydrological Bureau, Nanchang 330000, China and Key Laboratory of Hydrological and Ecological Monitoring of Poyang Lake, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Haosen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
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2
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McLamb F, Feng Z, Shea D, Bozinovic K, Vasquez MF, Stransky C, Gersberg RM, Wang W, Kong X, Xia XR, Bozinovic G. Evidence of transboundary movement of chemicals from Mexico to the U.S. in Tijuana River Estuary sediments. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 348:140749. [PMID: 38000551 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The Tijuana River Estuary (TRE) has been a public health hazard and point of contention between the United States and Mexico for decades, with sources of pollution on both sides of the border. The goal of our study is to determine the presence and dynamics of chemical contamination in the TRE. We sampled sediment from four TRE locations in the U.S. during stable dry conditions and immediately after a wet weather period. Organic chemicals were initially screened with non-targeted analysis using gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC/HRMS) that tentatively identified 6978 chemicals in the NIST 20 database. These tentative identifications were filtered using the USEPA CompTox database to guide quantitative targeted analysis at detection limits below 1 ng/g dry weight sediment. Quantitative targeted analysis of 152 organic pollutants and 18 inorganic elements via GC/HRMS revealed generally higher concentrations of contaminants in dry weather sediments compared to wet weather sediments. The highest concentrations of all chemical classes were detected at the site closest to the U.S.-Mexico border, followed by an urban area near Imperial Beach, California, U.S. All sites exhibited a mixture of petrogenic and pyrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Current-use pesticides were dominated by pyrethroid insecticides and the thiocarbamate herbicide s-Ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC), while the U.S.-banned organochlorine pesticides were dominated by chlordanes, dieldrin, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its degradation byproducts. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations were greatest at the site closest to the U.S.-Mexico border but in the low nanogram-per-gram range. Phthalates were only found at the same site, with relatively high concentrations of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. This study provides positive identification and quantitative concentrations for organic pollutants in TRE sediments. Our data suggest that there are multiple sources of chemical contamination in the estuary, including possible transboundary movement of pollutants from Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flannery McLamb
- Boz Life Science Research and Teaching Institute, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA; University of California San Diego, Extended Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Zuying Feng
- Boz Life Science Research and Teaching Institute, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA
| | - Damian Shea
- Statera Environmental, Inc, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Kesten Bozinovic
- Boz Life Science Research and Teaching Institute, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA; Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20035, USA
| | - Miguel F Vasquez
- Boz Life Science Research and Teaching Institute, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA; University of California San Diego, Extended Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | - Richard M Gersberg
- San Diego State University, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | | | - Xiang Kong
- Statera Environmental, Inc, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Xin-Rui Xia
- Statera Environmental, Inc, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Goran Bozinovic
- Boz Life Science Research and Teaching Institute, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA; San Diego State University, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA; University of California San Diego, School of Biological Sciences, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; Portland State University, Center for Life in Extreme Environments, Portland, OR, 97201, USA.
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3
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Wang K, Su Z, Reguyal F, Bian R, Li W, Yu H, Sun Y, Zhuang Y, Shang W. Seasonal occurrence of multiple classes of antibiotics in East China rivers and their association with suspended particulate matter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158579. [PMID: 36075442 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the occurrence and fate of antibiotics from different categories is vital to predict their environmental exposure and risks. This study presents the spatiotemporal occurrence of 45 multi-class antibiotics and their associations with suspended particulate matter (SPM) in Xiaoqing River (XRB) and Yellow River (YRB) via 10-month monitoring in East China. Thirty-five and 31 antibiotics were detected in XRB and YRB, respectively. Among them, fluoroquinolones (FQs) had the highest total mean concentration (up to 24.8 μg/L in XRB and 15.4 μg/L in YRB), followed by sulfonamides (SAs) (14.0 μg/L and 15.4 μg/L) and macrolides (MLs) (1.1 μg/L and 1.6 μg/L). Significant spatial-temporal variations were found in both rivers where higher concentrations of antibiotics were observed in urban and densely populated areas during winter and spring. Hydrological factors such as river flow and water volume, instream attenuation and antibiotic usage may cause the observed variabilities in the seasonal patterns of antibiotic pollution. Using linear regression analysis, for the first time, this study confirmed that the total concentrations of MLs (p < 0.05), FQs (p < 0.001) and SAs (p < 0.001) were strongly correlated with the turbidity/total suspended solids in the studied rivers (except MLs in YRB). It is thus suggested that partitioning processes onto SPM might affect the distribution of detected antibiotics in rivers, which are largely dependent on SPM composition and characteristics. The risk quotient (RQ) determined for up to 87 % of individual compound was below 0.1 in both rivers; however, the high joint toxicity reflected by the mixed RQs of detected antibiotics may rise risk alarm for aquatic species. Further aspects regarding active mechanisms of SPM-antibiotic interactions and ecological risks of coexistence of multiple antibiotics need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Qingdao Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Engineering Research Center, School of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China; Jinan Environmental Research Academy, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
| | - Zhaoxin Su
- Jinan Environmental Research Academy, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Febelyn Reguyal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, New Zealand
| | - Rongxing Bian
- Qingdao Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Engineering Research Center, School of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Weihua Li
- Qingdao Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Engineering Research Center, School of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Haofeng Yu
- Qingdao Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Engineering Research Center, School of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Qingdao Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Engineering Research Center, School of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Ying Zhuang
- Qingdao Environmental Sanitation Development Center, Qingdao 266073, China
| | - Wan Shang
- Qingdao Environmental Sanitation Development Center, Qingdao 266073, China
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Zioga E, White B, Stout JC. Glyphosate used as desiccant contaminates plant pollen and nectar of non-target plant species. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12179. [PMID: 36531643 PMCID: PMC9755368 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticide products containing glyphosate as a systemic active ingredient are some of the most extensively used herbicides worldwide. After spraying, residues have been found in nectar and pollen collected by bees foraging on treated plants. This dietary exposure to glyphosate could pose a hazard for flower-visiting animals including bees, and for the delivery of pollination services. Here, we evaluated whether glyphosate contaminates nectar and pollen of targeted crops and non-target wild plants. Oilseed rape was selected as focal crop species, and Rubus fruticosus growing in the hedgerows surrounding the crop was chosen as non-target plant species. Seven fields of oilseed rape, where a glyphosate-based product was applied, were chosen in east and southeast Ireland, and pollen and nectar were extracted from flowers sampled from the field at various intervals following glyphosate application. Pollen loads were taken from honeybees and bumblebees foraging on the crop at the same time. Glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) residues were extracted using acidified methanol and their concentrations in the samples were determined by a validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Glyphosate was detected in R. fruticosus nectar and pollen samples that were taken within a timeframe of two to seven days after the application on the crop as a desiccant. No glyphosate was detected when the application took place before or more than two months prior to our sampling in any of the evaluated matrices. The metabolite AMPA was not detected in any samples. To gain further insight into the potential extent of translocation within both plants and soil when a crop is desiccated using glyphosate before harvesting, and the potential impacts on bees, we recommend a longitudinal study of the presence and fate of glyphosate in non-target flowering plants growing nearby crop fields, over a period of several days after glyphosate application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zioga
- Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Blánaid White
- School of Chemical Sciences, DCU Water Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Jane C. Stout
- Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Shi C, Qu C, Sun W, Zhou J, Zhang J, Cao Y, Zhang Y, Guo J, Zhang J, Qi S. Multimedia distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Wang Lake Wetland, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 306:119358. [PMID: 35489533 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Wang Lake Wetland is a highly valued area that is protected due to its high biodiversity. The wetland has a complicated hydrological regime and is subject to frequent human disturbance. We hypothesize that fluctuating hydrology and human activities have varied contributions to the temporal and spatial variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the wetland. Soil (SS), sediment (SD), and water, to acquire dissolved phase (DP) and suspended particulate matter (SPM), samples were collected from eight locations during low- and high-flow periods to elucidate multimedia phase distribution and transport of PAHs. Following the onset of the rainy season, the concentration of SPM-associated PAHs increased significantly, while the DP PAHs remained stable. Individual PAH ratios showed that, although pyrogenic sources are common, petrogenic derived compounds are the main source of PAHs in the Wang Lake Wetland. During the high-flow period, the empirical values for logarithms of the organic carbon-normalized partition coefficients (log KOC) of individual PAH-congeners were lower than the corresponding field-observed log KOC values from the SPM-DP and SD-DP systems, reflecting the complexity in evaluating multi-phase PAH partitioning. During the high-flow period, temperature-driven changes may have changed the sediment from a sink to a source for some high molecular weight PAHs. It was determined that human activities governed the PAH loading in the low-flow period, whereas during high-flow conditions, increased rainfall, higher temperatures, and fishery activity are the main factors controlling PAH input to the Wang Lake Wetland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhe Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chengkai Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Wen Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China
| | - Jingzhe Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jiahua Guo
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Jiaquan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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6
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Nasrabadi T, Ruegner H, Schwientek M, Ghadiri A, Hashemi SH, Grathwohl P. Dilution of PAHs loadings of particulate matter in air, dust and rivers in urban areas: A comparative study (Tehran megacity, Iran and city of Tübingen, SW-Germany). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:151268. [PMID: 34710407 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in urban areas are usually bound to particles. Concentrations are different in different compartments (airborne particles, street dust, suspended sediments in rivers and channels). This study follows concentrations of PAHs from particles in air to street dust and finally suspended sediments in the city of Tehran, Iran compared to Tübingen, Germany. Data sets are based on own investigations (PAHs on suspended sediments), or taken from literature studies (PAHs in street dust and airborne particles). Based on a cross-comparison of concentrations of PAHs on particles, and their congener distribution patterns, the occurrence, interrelation (exchange and mixing processes), as well as possible dilution processes among PAHs in the different particle classes are disentangled. Results show that for Tehran and Tübingen PAHs in airborne particles are very high (in the range of 500 mg kg-1). However, in street dust and suspended sediments PAHs concentrations on particles are around 100 times lower. Surprisingly concentrations in street dust and suspended sediments are 5 to 10 times lower in Tehran (average 0.5 mg kg-1) than in Tübingen (average 5 mg kg-1). Since it is unlikely that PAHs emissions are lower in the Tehran megacity, an effective dilution of the atmospheric signal by uncontaminated (background) particles is hypothesized. Uncontaminated particles may stem from wind erosion of bare surfaces, construction and sand mining sites or even dust from the desert areas, which are frequent in arid climate in Tehran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Touraj Nasrabadi
- School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hermann Ruegner
- Centre for Applied Geoscience, Tübingen University, Schnarrenbergstrasse 94-96, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc Schwientek
- Centre for Applied Geoscience, Tübingen University, Schnarrenbergstrasse 94-96, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ali Ghadiri
- Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Iran
| | | | - Peter Grathwohl
- Centre for Applied Geoscience, Tübingen University, Schnarrenbergstrasse 94-96, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Yao H, Jiang Q, Lu W, Niu G, Zhang Q, Liu H, Ni T. Estimating metal loading into the sea from tidal rivers using total suspended solids and water quality models. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2022; 18:198-208. [PMID: 33982417 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metals are mainly transported with suspended sediments in tidal rivers, and it is difficult to describe the transformation process of metals. Freely dissolved metals and suspended metals (including acid-soluble, reducible, oxidizable, and residual metals) were separately analyzed according to a sequential extraction scheme. The regression of the observed suspended metals and total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations allowed us to couple the two pollutant types. TSS is a highly dynamic parameter, and a model can be developed to simulate TSS transport. Thus, a method including the following five steps was proposed to estimate the loadings of metals entering the sea using TSS concentrations and water quality models: (1) collecting and observing basic information on the hydrological conditions, pollution sources, and water quality of the studied river; (2) obtaining a regression model between the suspended metals and TSS and analyzing the potential of establishing a suspended metal flux model; (3) introducing a model describing the fluxes of water-soluble metals into the sea; (4) establishing a calculation model to determine the fluxes of suspended metals into the sea; and (5) characterizing the fluxes of metals into the sea. The method was programmed, and metal concentrations and fluxes could be characterized quickly when the basic river data were sufficient. In addition, if regional development scenarios could be set, metal loadings in all scenarios could be predicted through the procedure developed herein, and some effective suggestions on regional sustainable development might be proposed for decision makers. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:198-208. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yao
- School of Geography, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Jiangsu Yangtze River Economic Belt Research Institute, Nantong, China
| | - Qinyu Jiang
- School of Geography, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Jiangsu Yangtze River Economic Belt Research Institute, Nantong, China
| | - Wei Lu
- School of Geography, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Jiangsu Yangtze River Economic Belt Research Institute, Nantong, China
| | - Guangyuan Niu
- School of Geography, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Jiangsu Yangtze River Economic Belt Research Institute, Nantong, China
| | - Qingxiang Zhang
- School of Geography, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Jiangsu Yangtze River Economic Belt Research Institute, Nantong, China
| | - Huan Liu
- School of Geography, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Jiangsu Yangtze River Economic Belt Research Institute, Nantong, China
| | - Tianhua Ni
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Villamil J, Victorino J, Gómez F. The effect of mobile camera selection on the capacity to predict water turbidity. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 84:2749-2759. [PMID: 34850691 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recently, cameras of mobile have phones emerged as an alternative for quantifying water turbidity. Most of these studies lack a strategy to determine the water turbidity for new samples, focusing mainly on one particular device. Nevertheless, widespread use of these approaches requires a predictive capacity on out-of-the-sample images acquired in devices of different capabilities. We studied the influence of mobile device camera sensors on the predictive performance of water turbidity for non-previously observed turbid images. For this, a reference database with turbid images acquired for different mobile devices was constructed. A machine learning method based on image quality measures and linear classifiers (least squares and LASSO) was proposed to perform predictions on each mobile device. Relative accuracy and precision were evaluated. Results suggest that these approaches may provide accurate predictions reaching most than 80% of relative accuracy with high test-retest reliability (> 0.99). Nevertheless, our results also indicate that the predictive performance levels dropped in low capacity quality sensors. Therefore, despite the high performance that can be reached using these approaches, widespread use on multiple mobile devices may require further development of low-quality sensors and a better understanding of their operative ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Villamil
- Department of Computer Science, Universidad Central, Carrera 5 N° 21-38, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jorge Victorino
- Department of Computer Science, Universidad Central, Carrera 5 N° 21-38, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Francisco Gómez
- Departamento de matemáticas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45 N° 26-85, Bogotá, Colombia E-mail:
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Zhao Z, Gong X, Zhang L, Jin M, Cai Y, Wang X. Riverine transport and water-sediment exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) along the middle-lower Yangtze River, China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123973. [PMID: 33265014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We examined the riverine transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) based on their spatial-temporal distributions in water and sediments from the mainstream along the middle and lower Yangtze River. According to the fugacity fraction (ff) estimation, sediments performed as a secondary emission source of two-, three-, and four-ringed PAHs and as a sink for five- and six-ringed congeners, leading to higher ecological and human health risks especially towards the lower reaches. The higher PAH levels observed in the more developed delta and megacities were highly linked to economic parameters. This was further supported by the source apportionment performed using the principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) model, which showed major contributions of coal and coke combustions along with vehicle emissions. The spatial-temporal distribution revealed that water runoff was the major contribution to PAHs transport along the middle-lower Yangtze River, whereas a sharp decrease in sediment discharge due to the dam impoundment along the upper reaches would lead to an increase in the catchment retention effect of PAHs. Hence, the biogeochemical processes of PAHs and their impacts on the fragile ecosystems as a consequence of the further modification of the sedimentary system in rivers need to be fully explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment Research, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Xionghu Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment Research, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment Research, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Miao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment Research, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yongjiu Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment Research, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment Research, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Levin PS, Howe ER, Robertson JC. Impacts of stormwater on coastal ecosystems: the need to match the scales of management objectives and solutions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190460. [PMID: 33131444 PMCID: PMC7662197 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite their limited area relative to the global ocean, coastal zones—the regions where land meets the sea—play a disproportionately important role in generating ecosystem services. However, coastal ecosystems are under increasing pressure from human populations. In particular, urban stormwater is an increasingly important threat to the integrity of coastal systems. Urban catchments exhibit altered flow regimes that impact ecosystem processes and coastal foodwebs. In addition, urban stormwater contains complex and unpredictable mixtures of chemicals that result in a multitude of lethal and sublethal impacts on species in coastal systems. Along the western coast of the United States, we estimate that hundreds of billions of kilograms of suspended solids flow off land surfaces and enter the Northern California Current each year. However, 70% of this pollution could be addressed by treating only 1.35% of the land area. Determining how to prioritize treatment of stormwater in this region requires a clear articulation of objectives—spatial distribution of appropriate management actions is dependent on the life histories of species, and management schemes optimized for one species may not achieve desired objectives for other species. In particular, we highlight that the scale of stormwater interventions must match the ecological scale relevant to species targeted by management. In many cases, management and policy will require mechanisms in order to ensure that local actions scale-up to efficiently and effectively achieve management objectives. In the face of rapid urbanization of coastal zones, failure to consider the match of management and ecological scales will result in the continued decline of coastal ecosystems and the species they support. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Integrative research perspectives on marine conservation’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip S Levin
- The Nature Conservancy, Washington Field Office, 74 Wall Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emily R Howe
- The Nature Conservancy, Washington Field Office, 74 Wall Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - James C Robertson
- The Nature Conservancy, Washington Field Office, 74 Wall Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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11
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Li H, Duan D, Beckingham B, Yang Y, Ran Y, Grathwohl P. Impact of trophic levels on partitioning and bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in particulate organic matter and plankton. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 160:111527. [PMID: 32861935 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and bioconcentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water, suspended particulate material (SPM), algae, and zooplankton samples from the Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China, were investigated. The PAHs in the water and SPM samples is significantly associated with chlorophyll a (Chl a), implying the important role of the aquatic productivity on PAH distribution. PAHs in the water or SPM samples were strongly correlated to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) or algal particulate organic carbon (A-POC). Moreover, the log bioconcentration factor (BCF) values (mL g-1) of PAHs in both the algae and zooplankton samples were linearly related to their log octanol-water coefficient (Kow) values. However, the slopes of these relationships were negatively correlated with Chl a, attributing to the difference in the dominant plankton species or the non-equilibrium exchange between air-water-biota. The above results indicate the important role of trophic levels on the distribution and bioaccumulation of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou 510380, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dandan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Barbara Beckingham
- Center of Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yong Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Peter Grathwohl
- Center of Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
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12
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Analyzing Particle-Associated Pollutant Transport to Identify In-Stream Sediment Processes during a High Flow Event. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12061794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Urban areas are a leading source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that result from combustion processes and are emitted into rivers, especially during rain events and with particle wash-off from urban surfaces. In-stream transport of suspended particles and attached PAHs is linked strongly to sediment turnover processes. This study aimed to identify particle exchange processes that contribute to the transport of suspended particles during flood events. An urban high-flow signal was tracked in high temporal resolution at two sampling sites in the Ammer River (South-western Germany). Samples were analyzed for turbidity, total suspended solids concentrations (TSS), particle-size distribution, organic carbon, and PAH. Maximum discharge and the highest TSS occurred nearly simultaneously at the upstream sampling site, whereas a temporally shifted course was observed for downstream. The total load of particles was similar, yet a decrease of PAH mass (~28%) and an increase of the particulate organic carbon (POC) content (~3.5%-points) occurred. Coarser particles (≥26 µm) dominated at the beginning of the event at both sampling sites. The signal of remobilized riverbed sediment increases downstream and leads to well-established, robust linear correlations between TSS and PAHs. This study highlights that riverbed sediment acts as intermediate storage for contaminated particles from upstream sources that shape, together with the fresh urban input, the “particle signature” of suspensions moving through catchments during high discharge conditions.
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13
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Unda-Calvo J, Ruiz-Romera E, Martínez-Santos M, Vidal M, Antigüedad I. Multivariate statistical analyses for water and sediment quality index development: A study of susceptibility in an urban river. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 711:135026. [PMID: 32000333 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, multivariate statistical analyses were performed to develop water and sediment quality indexes, allowing us (i) to select with reliability the most appropriate chemical variables for the evaluation of river quality susceptibility; (ii) to weight the influence of each variable based on monitored data; (iii) to consider possible synergism or antagonism derived from the combined effect of several pollutants; and (iv) to express the quality as a deviation from selected site-specific reference conditions. For the establishment of these threshold/maximum values, combining two biological indicators related to denitrifying bacteria in sediments turned out to be applicable to ensure compliance with the European water quality standard. The joint implementation of water and sediment quality indexes assisted us in the rapid detection of the deleterious effect of different anthropogenic contamination sources, as well as the influence of hydrological regime seasonality on river quality. In addition, metal-dependent water quality appeared to be coupled to sediment dynamics, since they were preferentially adsorbed onto sediments during low flow seasons, whereas there was potential for metal mobilization to water during sediment resuspension in high flow seasons. Therefore, an annual determination of sediment quality index was also recommended as suitable tool for prospective monitoring water quality, identifying those sites which could deserve special attention during certain periods, and planning future strategies for river quality improvement. However, two limitations were found: (1) sediment was not appropriate for water physicochemical quality early monitoring due to organic matter and nutrient continuous transformation; and (2) a multimetric index did not provide a concise and definitive quality information, thus a new tool for combining with quality index was proposed for specifically evaluate the water and sediment quality by identifying pollutant/s of concern at each location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Unda-Calvo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo 1, Bilbao 48013, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Estilita Ruiz-Romera
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo 1, Bilbao 48013, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Miren Martínez-Santos
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo 1, Bilbao 48013, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Maider Vidal
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Manuel de Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Iñaki Antigüedad
- Department of Geodynamic, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Basque Country, Spain
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14
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Nkwoji J, Ugbana S, Ina-Salwany M. Impacts of land-based pollutants on water chemistry and benthic macroinvertebrates community in a coastal lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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15
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Liu Y, Zarfl C, Basu NB, Cirpka OA. Turnover and legacy of sediment-associated PAH in a baseflow-dominated river. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 671:754-764. [PMID: 30939328 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) ubiquitously occur in rivers and threaten the aquatic ecosystem. Understanding their fate and behaviour in rivers can help in improving management strategies. We develop a particle-facilitated transport model considering suspended sediments with sorbed PAH from different origins to investigate the turnover and legacy of sediment-bound PAH in the baseflow-dominated Ammer River in southwest Germany. Our model identifies the contributions of dissolved and particle-bound PAH during wet and dry periods to the annual load. The analysis of in-stream processes enables investigating the average turnover times of sediments and attached PAH for the main stem of the river. The legacy of sediment-bound PAH is studied by running the model assuming a 50% reduction in PAH emissions after the introduction of environmental regulation in the 1970s. Our results show that sediment-bound and dissolved PAH account for 75% and 25% of the annual PAH load, respectively. PAH are mainly emitted from urban areas that contribute over 74% to the total load. In steep reaches, the turnover times of sediments and attached PAH are similar, whereas they differ by 1-2 orders of magnitude in reaches with very mild slopes. Flow rates significantly affect PAH fluxes between the mobile water and the riverbed over the entire river. Total PAH fluxes from the river bed to the mobile water are simulated to occur when the discharge is larger than 5 m3s -1. River segments with large sediment storage show a potential of PAH legacy, which may have caused a PAH release over 10-20 years after the implementation of environmental regulation. This study is useful for assessing environmental impacts of PAH in rivers (e.g., their contribution to the river-water toxicity) and exemplifies that the longitudinal distribution, turnover, and legacy potential of PAH in a river system require a mechanistic understanding of river hydraulics and sediment transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Friedrichstraße 39, 79098 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Zarfl
- Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nandita B Basu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Olaf A Cirpka
- Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.
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16
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Rügner H, Schwientek M, Milačič R, Zuliani T, Vidmar J, Paunović M, Laschou S, Kalogianni E, Skoulikidis NT, Diamantini E, Majone B, Bellin A, Chiogna G, Martinez E, López de Alda M, Díaz-Cruz MS, Grathwohl P. Particle bound pollutants in rivers: Results from suspended sediment sampling in Globaqua River Basins. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:645-652. [PMID: 30092520 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Transport of hydrophobic pollutants in rivers such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals is often facilitated by suspended sediment particles, which are typically mobilized during high discharge events. Suspended sediments thus represent a means of transport for particle related pollutants within river reaches and may represent a suitable proxy for average pollutant concentrations estimation in a river reach or catchment. In this study, multiple high discharge/turbidity events were sampled at high temporal resolution in the Globaqua River Basins Sava (Slovenia, Serbia), Adige (Italy), and Evrotas (Greece) and analysed for persistent organic pollutants such as PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) or PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) and heavy metals. For comparison, river bed sediment samples were analysed as well. Further, results are compared to previous studies in contrasting catchments in Germany, Iran, Spain, and beyond. Overall results show that loadings of suspended sediments with pollutants are catchment-specific and relatively stable over time at a given location. For PAHs, loadings on suspended particles mainly correlate to urban pressures (potentially diluted by sediment mass fluxes) in the rivers, whereas metal concentrations mainly display a geogenic origin. By cross-comparison with known urban pressure/sediment yield relationships (e.g. for PAHs) or soil background values (for metals) anthropogenic impact - e.g. caused by industrial activities - may be identified. Sampling of suspended sediments gives much more reliable results compared to sediment grab samples which typically show a more heterogeneous contaminant distribution. Based on mean annual suspended sediment concentrations and distribution coefficients of pollutants the fraction of particle facilitated transport versus dissolved fluxes can be calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Rügner
- Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | - Momi Paunović
- IBISS, Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sofia Laschou
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Anavyssos, Greece
| | | | | | - Elena Diamantini
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Italy
| | - Bruno Majone
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Italy
| | - Alberto Bellin
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Italy
| | - Gabriele Chiogna
- Technical University of Munich, Germany & University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elena Martinez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Silvia Díaz-Cruz
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Herrero A, Vila J, Eljarrat E, Ginebreda A, Sabater S, Batalla RJ, Barceló D. Transport of sediment borne contaminants in a Mediterranean river during a high flow event. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 633:1392-1402. [PMID: 29758892 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Herrero
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, C/Emili Grahit, 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Fluvial Dynamics Research Group (RIUS), University of Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, (Spain).
| | - Judit Vila
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Ginebreda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Sabater
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, C/Emili Grahit, 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Ramon J Batalla
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, C/Emili Grahit, 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Fluvial Dynamics Research Group (RIUS), University of Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, (Spain); Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, C/Emili Grahit, 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Santos E, Souza MRR, Vilela Junior AR, Soares LS, Frena M, Alexandre MR. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in superficial water from a tropical estuarine system: Distribution, seasonal variations, sources and ecological risk assessment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 127:352-358. [PMID: 29475671 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the PAH distribution, sources, seasonal variations and ecological risk assessment in superficial water from the Japaratuba River, Brazil. PAH concentrations ranged from 4 to 119ngL-1. It was observed that the PAH total concentrations and profiles showed significant differences when comparing the dry season (summer) with the rainy season (winter). Furthermore, most of the PAH originated from pyrogenic sources in the winter, whereas a mixture of sources was observed in the summer. PAH concentration levels found in this study were considered lower than those obtained in other estuarine systems. Ecological risk assessment was determined for individual PAH, based on the risk quotient (RQ) to evaluate the risk of aquatic biota's exposure to PAH. Results suggested that the Japaratuba River has achieved a moderate degree of ecological risk for high molecular weight, showing the importance of identifying these carcinogenic and mutagenic compounds in aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewerton Santos
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Departamento de Química, Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, SE 449100-000, Brazil
| | - Michel R R Souza
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Departamento de Química, Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, SE 449100-000, Brazil
| | - Antônio R Vilela Junior
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Departamento de Química, Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, SE 449100-000, Brazil
| | - Laiane S Soares
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Departamento de Química, Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, SE 449100-000, Brazil
| | - Morgana Frena
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Química, Campus Universitário Trindade, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo R Alexandre
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Departamento de Química, Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, SE 449100-000, Brazil.
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19
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Bulk metal concentrations versus total suspended solids in rivers: Time-invariant & catchment-specific relationships. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191314. [PMID: 29342204 PMCID: PMC5771599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Suspended particles in rivers can act as carriers of potentially bioavailable metal species and are thus an emerging area of interest in river system monitoring. The delineation of bulk metals concentrations in river water into dissolved and particulate components is also important for risk assessment. Linear relationships between bulk metal concentrations in water (CW,tot) and total suspended solids (TSS) in water can be used to easily evaluate dissolved (CW, intercept) and particle-bound metal fluxes (CSUS, slope) in streams (CW,tot = CW + CSUS TSS). In this study, we apply this principle to catchments in Iran (Haraz) and Germany (Ammer, Goldersbach, and Steinlach) that show differences in geology, geochemistry, land use and hydrological characteristics. For each catchment, particle-bound and dissolved concentrations for a suite of metals in water were calculated based on linear regressions of total suspended solids and total metal concentrations. Results were replicable across sampling campaigns in different years and seasons (between 2013 and 2016) and could be reproduced in a laboratory sedimentation experiment. CSUS values generally showed little variability in different catchments and agree well with soil background values for some metals (e.g. lead and nickel) while other metals (e.g. copper) indicate anthropogenic influences. CW was elevated in the Haraz (Iran) catchment, indicating higher bioavailability and potential human and ecological health concerns (where higher values of CSUS/CW are considered as a risk indicator).
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20
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Schwientek M, Rügner H, Scherer U, Rode M, Grathwohl P. A parsimonious approach to estimate PAH concentrations in river sediments of anthropogenically impacted watersheds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 601-602:636-645. [PMID: 28577399 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of riverine sediments and suspended matter with hydrophobic pollutants is typically associated with urban land use. However, it is rarely related to the sediment supply of the watershed, because sediment yield data are often missing. We show for a suite of watersheds in two regions of Germany with contrasting land use and geology that the contamination of suspended particles with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) can be explained by the ratio of inhabitants residing within the watershed and the watershed's sediment yield. The modeling of sediment yields is based on the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE2015, Panagos et al., 2015) and the sediment delivery ratio (SDR). The applicability of this approach is demonstrated for watersheds ranging in size from 1.4 to 3000km2. The approach implies that the loading of particles with PAH can be assumed as time invariant. This is indicated by additional long-term measurements from sub-watersheds of the upper River Neckar basin, Germany. The parsimonious conceptual approach allows for reasonable predictions of the PAH loading of suspended sediments especially at larger scales. Our findings may easily be used to estimate the vulnerability of river systems to particle-associated urban pollutants with similar input pathways as the PAH or to indicate if contaminant point sources such as sites of legacy pollution exist in a river basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Schwientek
- Center of Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Hermann Rügner
- Center of Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Scherer
- Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - KIT, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Rode
- Department Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, D-39114 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter Grathwohl
- Center of Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany
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21
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Swain R, Sahoo B. Mapping of heavy metal pollution in river water at daily time-scale using spatio-temporal fusion of MODIS-aqua and Landsat satellite imageries. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 192:1-14. [PMID: 28130987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
For river water quality monitoring at 30m × 1-day spatio-temporal scales, a spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model (STARFM) is developed for estimating turbidity (Tu), total suspended solid (TSS), and six heavy metals (HV) of iron, zinc, copper, chromium, lead and cadmium, by blending the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Landsat (Ls) spectral bands. A combination of regression analysis and genetic algorithm (GA) techniques are applied to develop spectral relationships between Tu-Ls, TSS-Tu, and each HV-TSS. The STARFM algorithm and all the developed relationship models are evaluated satisfactorily by various performance evaluation measures to develop heavy metal pollution index-based vulnerability maps at 1-km resolution in the Brahmani River in eastern India. The Monte-Carlo simulation based analysis of the developed formulations reveals that the uncertainty in estimating Zn and Cd is the minimum (1.04%) and the maximum (5.05%), respectively. Hence, the remote sensing based approach developed herein can effectively be used in many world rivers for real-time monitoring of heavy metal pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnakar Swain
- School of Water Resources, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
| | - Bhabagrahi Sahoo
- School of Water Resources, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
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22
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A practical hybrid modelling approach for the prediction of potential fouling parameters in ultrafiltration membrane water treatment plant. J IND ENG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Liu S, McGree J, Hayes JF, Goonetilleke A. Spatial response surface modelling in the presence of data paucity for the evaluation of potential human health risk due to the contamination of potable water resources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:1368-1378. [PMID: 27277208 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Potential human health risk from waterborne diseases arising from unsatisfactory performance of on-site wastewater treatment systems is driven by landscape factors such as topography, soil characteristics, depth to water table, drainage characteristics and the presence of surface water bodies. These factors are present as random variables which are spatially distributed across a region. A methodological framework is presented that can be applied to model and evaluate the influence of various factors on waterborne disease potential. This framework is informed by spatial data and expert knowledge. For prediction at unsampled sites, interpolation methods were used to derive a spatially smoothed surface of disease potential which takes into account the uncertainty due to spatial variation at any pre-determined level of significance. This surface was constructed by accounting for the influence of multiple variables which appear to contribute to disease potential. The framework developed in this work strengthens the understanding of the characteristics of disease potential and provides predictions of this potential across a region. The study outcomes presented constitutes an innovative approach to environmental monitoring and management in the face of data paucity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Liu
- Taylor Fry Consulting Actuaries, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia.
| | - James McGree
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane 4001, Australia.
| | - John F Hayes
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane 4001, Australia.
| | - Ashantha Goonetilleke
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane 4001, Australia.
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24
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Schwientek M, Guillet G, Rügner H, Kuch B, Grathwohl P. A high-precision sampling scheme to assess persistence and transport characteristics of micropollutants in rivers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 540:444-454. [PMID: 26283620 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Increasing numbers of organic micropollutants are emitted into rivers via municipal wastewaters. Due to their persistence many pollutants pass wastewater treatment plants without substantial removal. Transport and fate of pollutants in receiving waters and export to downstream ecosystems is not well understood. In particular, a better knowledge of processes governing their environmental behavior is needed. Although a lot of data are available concerning the ubiquitous presence of micropollutants in rivers, accurate data on transport and removal rates are lacking. In this paper, a mass balance approach is presented, which is based on the Lagrangian sampling scheme, but extended to account for precise transport velocities and mixing along river stretches. The calculated mass balances allow accurate quantification of pollutants' reactivity along river segments. This is demonstrated for representative members of important groups of micropollutants, e.g. pharmaceuticals, musk fragrances, flame retardants, and pesticides. A model-aided analysis of the measured data series gives insight into the temporal dynamics of removal processes. The occurrence of different removal mechanisms such as photooxidation, microbial degradation, and volatilization is discussed. The results demonstrate, that removal processes are highly variable in time and space and this has to be considered for future studies. The high precision sampling scheme presented could be a powerful tool for quantifying removal processes under different boundary conditions and in river segments with contrasting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Schwientek
- Water & Earth System Science (WESS) Competence Cluster c/o University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; Center of Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Gaëlle Guillet
- Center of Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hermann Rügner
- Water & Earth System Science (WESS) Competence Cluster c/o University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; Center of Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bertram Kuch
- Institute of Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management, University of Stuttgart, Bandtäle 2, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Grathwohl
- Center of Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
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Chiogna G, Majone B, Cano Paoli K, Diamantini E, Stella E, Mallucci S, Lencioni V, Zandonai F, Bellin A. A review of hydrological and chemical stressors in the Adige catchment and its ecological status. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 540:429-443. [PMID: 26250863 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying the effects of multiple stressors on Alpine freshwater ecosystems is challenging, due to the lack of tailored field campaigns for the contemporaneous measurement of hydrological, chemical and ecological parameters. Conducting exhaustive field campaigns is costly and hence most of the activities so far have been performed addressing specific environmental issues. An accurate analysis of existing information is therefore useful and necessary, to identify stressors that may act in synergy and to design new field campaigns. We present an extended review of available studies and datasets concerning the hydrological, chemical and ecological status of the Adige, which is the second longest river and the third largest river basin in Italy. The most relevant stressors are discussed in the light of the information extracted from a large number of studies. The detailed analysis of these studies identified that hydrological alterations caused by hydropower production are the main source of stress for the freshwater ecosystems in the Adige catchment. However, concurrent effects with other stressors, such as the release of pollutants from waste water treatment plants or from agricultural and industrial activities, have not been explored at depth, so far. A wealth of available studies address a single stressor separately without exploring their concurrent effect. It is concluded that a combination of extended experimental field campaigns, focusing on the coupled effects of multiple stressors, and modeling activities is highly needed in order to quantify the impact of the multifaceted human pressures on freshwater ecosystems in the Adige river.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Chiogna
- Faculty of Civil, Geo and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Arcistrasse 21, Munich 80333, Germany.
| | - Bruno Majone
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, I-38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Karina Cano Paoli
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, I-38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Elena Diamantini
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, I-38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Elisa Stella
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, I-38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Stefano Mallucci
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, I-38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Valeria Lencioni
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, MUSE - Museo delle Scienze, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Fabiana Zandonai
- Fondazione Museo Civico di Rovereto, Borgo Santa Caterina 41, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Alberto Bellin
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, I-38123 Trento, Italy
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Dauner ALL, Martins CC. Spatial and temporal distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons and linear alkylbenzenes in the particulate phase from a subtropical estuary (Guaratuba Bay, SW Atlantic) under seasonal population fluctuation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 536:750-760. [PMID: 26254075 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Guaratuba Bay, a subtropical estuary located in the SW Atlantic, is under variable anthropogenic pressure throughout the year. Samples of surficial suspended particulate matter (SPM) were collected at 22 sites during three different periods to evaluate the temporal and spatial variability of aliphatic hydrocarbons (AHs) and linear alkylbenzenes (LABs). These compounds were determined by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The spatial distributions of both compound classes were similar and varied among the sampling campaigns. Generally, the highest concentrations were observed during the austral summer, highlighting the importance of the increased human influence during this season. The compound distributions were also affected by the natural geochemical processes of organic matter accumulation. AHs were associated with petroleum, derived from boat and vehicle traffic, and biogenic sources, related to mangrove forests and autochthonous production. The LAB composition evidenced preferential degradation processes during the austral summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lúcia L Dauner
- Centro de Estudos do Mar da Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O. Box 61, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas Costeiros e Oceânicos (PGSISCO) da Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O. Box 61, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil.
| | - César C Martins
- Centro de Estudos do Mar da Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O. Box 61, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil.
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Yang X, Wang F, Bento CPM, Xue S, Gai L, van Dam R, Mol H, Ritsema CJ, Geissen V. Short-term transport of glyphosate with erosion in Chinese loess soil--a flume experiment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 512-513:406-414. [PMID: 25644837 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Repeated applications of glyphosate may contaminate the soil and water and threaten their quality both within the environmental system and beyond it through water erosion related processes and leaching. In this study, we focused on the transport of glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) related to soil erosion at two slope gradients (10 and 20°), two rates of pesticide with a formulation of glyphosate (Roundup®) application (360 and 720 mg m(-2)), and a rain intensity of 1.0 mm min(-1) for 1 h on bare soil in hydraulic flumes. Runoff and erosion rate were significantly different within slope gradients (p<0.05) while suspended load concentration was relatively constant after 15 min of rainfall. The glyphosate and AMPA concentration in the runoff and suspended load gradually decreased. Significant power and exponent function relationship were observed between rainfall duration and the concentration of glyphosate and AMPA (p<0.01) in runoff and suspended load, respectively. Meanwhile, glyphosate and AMPA content in the eroded material depended more on the initial rate of application than on the slope gradients. The transport rate of glyphosate by runoff and suspended load was approximately 14% of the applied amount, and the chemicals were mainly transported in the suspended load. The glyphosate and AMPA content in the flume soil at the end of the experiment decreased significantly with depth (p<0.05), and approximately 72, 2, and 3% of the applied glyphosate (including AMPA) remained in the 0-2, 2-5, and 5-10 cm soil layers, respectively. The risk of contamination in deep soil and the groundwater was thus low, but 5% of the initial application did reach the 2-10 cm soil layer. The risk of contamination of surface water through runoff and sedimentation, however, can be considerable, especially in regions where rain-induced soil erosion is common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Yang
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China; Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, 712100 Yangling, China.
| | - Fei Wang
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, 712100 Yangling, China.
| | - Célia P M Bento
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sha Xue
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Lingtong Gai
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud van Dam
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Mol
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Coen J Ritsema
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Violette Geissen
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Institute of Crop Science and Resources Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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Wu JL, Ho CR, Huang CC, Srivastav AL, Tzeng JH, Lin YT. Hyperspectral sensing for turbid water quality monitoring in freshwater rivers: Empirical relationship between reflectance and turbidity and total solids. SENSORS 2014; 14:22670-88. [PMID: 25460816 PMCID: PMC4299033 DOI: 10.3390/s141222670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Total suspended solid (TSS) is an important water quality parameter. This study was conducted to test the feasibility of the band combination of hyperspectral sensing for inland turbid water monitoring in Taiwan. The field spectral reflectance in the Wu river basin of Taiwan was measured with a spectroradiometer; the water samples were collected from the different sites of the Wu river basin and some water quality parameters were analyzed on the sites (in situ) as well as brought to the laboratory for further analysis. To obtain the data set for this study, 160 in situ sample observations were carried out during campaigns from August to December, 2005. The water quality results were correlated with the reflectivity to determine the spectral characteristics and their relationship with turbidity and TSS. Furthermore, multiple-regression (MR) and artificial neural network (ANN) were used to model the transformation function between TSS concentration and turbidity levels of stream water, and the radiance measured by the spectroradiometer. The value of the turbidity and TSS correlation coefficient was 0.766, which implies that turbidity is significantly related to TSS in the Wu river basin. The results indicated that TSS and turbidity are positively correlated in a significant way across the entire spectrum, when TSS concentration and turbidity levels were under 800 mg·L−1 and 600 NTU, respectively. Optimal wavelengths for the measurements of TSS and turbidity are found in the 700 and 900 nm range, respectively. Based on the results, better accuracy was obtained only when the ranges of turbidity and TSS concentration were less than 800 mg·L−1 and less than 600 NTU, respectively and used rather than using whole dataset (R2 = 0.93 versus 0.88 for turbidity and R2 = 0.83 versus 0.58 for TSS). On the other hand, the ANN approach can improve the TSS retrieval using MR. The accuracy of TSS estimation applying ANN (R2 = 0.66) was better than with the MR approach (R2 = 0.58), as expected due to the nonlinear nature of the transformation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiunn-Lin Wu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Ru Ho
- Department of Marine Environmental Informatics, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Rd., Keelung 202, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Ching Huang
- Department of Soil and Environment Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Arun Lal Srivastav
- Department of Soil and Environment Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Jing-Hua Tzeng
- Department of Soil and Environment Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Yao-Tung Lin
- Department of Soil and Environment Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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