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Pratt C, Mahdi Z, El Hanandeh A. 'Climate Healing Stones': Common Minerals Offer Substantial Climate Change Mitigation Potential. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 73:1167-1179. [PMID: 38374402 PMCID: PMC11136852 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-024-01945-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
This review proposes that mineral-based greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation could be developed into a substantial climate change abatement tool. This proposal was evaluated via three objectives: (1) synthesise literature studies documenting the effectiveness of geological minerals at mitigating GHG emissions; (2) quantify, via meta-analysis, GHG magnitudes that could be abated by minerals factoring-in the carbon footprint of the approach; and (3) estimate the global availability of relevant minerals. Several minerals have been effectively harnessed across multiple sectors-including agriculture, waste management and coal mining-to mitigate carbon dioxide/CO2 (e.g., olivine), methane/CH4 (e.g., allophane, gypsum) and nitrous oxide/N2O (e.g., vermiculite) emissions. High surface area minerals offer substantial promise to protect soil carbon, albeit their potential impact here is difficult to quantify. Although mineral-based N2O reduction strategies can achieve gross emission reduction, their application generates a net carbon emission due to prohibitively large mineral quantities needed. By contrast, mineral-based technologies could abate ~9% and 11% of global CO2 and CH4 anthropogenic emissions, respectively. These estimates conservatively only consider options which offer additional benefits to climate change mitigation (e.g., nutrient supply to agricultural landscapes, and safety controls in landfill operations). This multi-benefit aspect is important due to the reluctance to invest in stand-alone GHG mitigation technologies. Minerals that exhibit high GHG mitigation potential are globally abundant. However, their application towards a dedicated global GHG mitigation initiative would entail significant escalation of their current production rates. A detailed cost-benefit analysis and environmental and social footprint assessment is needed to ascertain the strategy's scale-up potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Pratt
- School of Environment and Science, Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Zainab Mahdi
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Ali El Hanandeh
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia.
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Cao Y, Bai M, Han B, Butterly C, Hu H, He J, Griffith DWT, Chen D. NH 3 and greenhouse gas emissions during co-composting of lignite and poultry wastes and the following amendment of co-composted products in soil. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38379449 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2024.2306799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are substantial contributors to C and N loss in composting. Lignite can increase N retention by absorbing N H 4 + and NH3. However, the effects of co-composting on NH3 and GHG emissions in view of closing nutrient cycle are still poorly investigated. In the study, poultry litter was composted without (CK) or with lignite (T1) or dewatered lignite (T2), and their respective composts N H 4 + Com_CK, Com_T1, and Com_T2) were tested in a soil incubation to assess NH3 and GHG emission during composting and following soil utilization. The cumulative NH3 flux in T1 and T2 were reduced by 39.3% and 50.2%, while N2O emissions were increased by 7.5 and 15.6 times, relative to CK. The total GHG emission in T2 was reduced by 16.8% compared to CK. Lignite addition significantly increased nitrification and denitrification as evidenced by the increased abundances of amoA, amoB, nirK, and nirS. The increased reduction on NH3 emission by dewatered lignite could be attributed to reduced pH and enhanced cation exchangeable capacity than lignite. The increased N2O was related to enhanced nitrification and denitrification. In the soil incubation experiment, compost addition reduced NH3 emission by 72%∼83% while increased emissions of CO2 and N2O by 306%∼740% and 208%∼454%, compared with urea. Com_T2 strongly reduced NH3 and GHG emissions after soil amendment compared to Com_CK. Overall, dewatered lignite, as an effective additive, exhibits great potential to simultaneously mitigate NH3 and GHG secondary pollution during composting and subsequent utilization of manure composts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Cao
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Livestock Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Bai
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agriculture Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bing Han
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agriculture Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Clayton Butterly
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agriculture Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hangwei Hu
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agriculture Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jizheng He
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agriculture Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David W T Griffith
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Deli Chen
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agriculture Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Saha BK, Rose MT, Van Zwieten L, Wong VNL, Rose TJ, Patti AF. Fate and recovery of nitrogen applied as slow release brown coal-urea in field microcosms: 15N tracer study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:648-658. [PMID: 36807379 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00482h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The over-use of synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilisers for crop production can cause environmental pollution through leaching and gaseous losses, resulting in low N use efficiency (NUE). Previous work has shown that brown coal (BC) combined with urea can slow down the fertiliser-N release to better synchronise soil N supply with crop N demand. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of granulated BC-urea (BCU) applied to sweet corn on NUE, fate and recovery of fertiliser-N using an 15N tracer technique. In this in-field microcosm study, 10 atom percent enriched 15N-labelled urea (46% N) and BCU (20% N) were applied as N fertilisers at rates of 90 or 180 kg N ha-1. On average, BCU fertiliser reduced the urea-derived 15N losses as nitrous oxide (N2O) by 64%, ammonia (NH3) by 73% and downward movement of total N by 59% compared to urea. Reduced losses of applied BCU fertiliser-15N were associated with significantly increased microbial immobilisation, soil retention and availability of fertiliser-15N to plants for longer periods of time, compared with urea. As a result, BCU enhanced cob yield by an average of 23%, 15N uptake by 21% and fertiliser NUE by 21% over urea. The plant recovery of fertiliser-15N was significantly higher from BCU (59%) than the recovery from urea (38%). Moreover, mining of native soil-N was lower when the N-fertiliser source was BCU cf. urea, suggesting that BCU could be used as a more N-efficient alternative to urea in cropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplob K Saha
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Michael T Rose
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar Primary Industries Institute, Wollongbar, NSW, 2477, Australia
| | - Lukas Van Zwieten
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar Primary Industries Institute, Wollongbar, NSW, 2477, Australia
| | - Vanessa N L Wong
- School of Earth, Atmosphere & Environment, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terry J Rose
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Antonio F Patti
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Victoria, Australia.
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Impraim R, Suter H, Baldock JA, Chen D, Weatherley A. Factors affecting ammonium capture by some Victorian lignites. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022:1-12. [PMID: 35225754 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2048315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
HighlightsVictorian lignites were assessed for their NH4+ retention capacity using adsorption isotherms and 15N tracing.NH4+ adsorption capacity of lignites increased (up to 3-fold) with pH, especially from pH 5 to 7.Biological immobilisation did not play a substantial role in the NH4+ retention capacity of the lignites.pH-dependent NH4+ adsorption was the dominant means by which lignite retained NH4+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Impraim
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen Suter
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Deli Chen
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony Weatherley
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Costello B, Chen D, Han B, Zhang W, Butterly CR. Lignite, dewatered lignite and modified subbituminous coal reduce nitrogen loss from broiler litter. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 136:113-121. [PMID: 34662787 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Broiler litter is generated in large quantities as a waste by-product of chicken meat production. N may be lost from the litter and emitted from bird housing as gaseous NH3, which can be damaging to the environment and limit the recycling of a valuable nutrient. This study investigated the effect of lignite application rate (0, 5, 10, 15, 20%) on N loss from broiler litter in a static chamber laboratory incubation. Lignite was subsequently dewatered and subbituminous coal modified by aerobic thermal oxidation and their ammoniacal N adsorption potentials were characterised. In a second static chamber incubation, the capacity of these materials (applied at 20%) to reduce N loss from litter was investigated. Finally, their potential to directly reduce NH3 emissions was examined using a chamber acid trap system. This study showed that lignite reduced N loss when applied to litter at a rate ≥ 5%, with the amount of N retained increasing with increasing lignite application rate. Litter treated with 20% lignite retained 24% more N than untreated litter. Following aerobic thermal treatment, maximum ammoniacal N adsorption capacities of the materials were as follows: lignite > dewatered lignite > modified subbituminous coal > subbituminous coal. Despite inequalities in adsorption capacity, lignite, dewatered lignite and modified subbituminous coal reduced total N loss by 17.3, 18.2 and 18.4% and NH3 emissions by 41.6, 49.1 and 29.8%, respectively. This study demonstrates the potential of coal-based materials to reduce NH3 emissions from broiler litter and increase the nutrient value of waste by reducing N loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon Costello
- School of Agriculture & Food, Faculty of Veterinary & Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Deli Chen
- School of Agriculture & Food, Faculty of Veterinary & Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Bing Han
- School of Agriculture & Food, Faculty of Veterinary & Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Agriculture & Food, Faculty of Veterinary & Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Clayton R Butterly
- School of Agriculture & Food, Faculty of Veterinary & Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Lignite Improved the Quality of Composted Manure and Mitigated Emissions of Ammonia and Greenhouse Gases during Forced Aeration Composting. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su122410528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lignite amendment of livestock manure is considered a viable ammonia (NH3) emission mitigation technique. However, its impact on the subsequent composting of the manure has not been well studied. This work compared changes in biochemical parameters (e.g., organic matter loss and nitrogen (N) transformation) and also the emissions of NH3 and greenhouse gases (GHGs) between lignite-amended and unamended cattle manure during forced aeration composting. Amending manure with lignite did not alter the time to compost stability despite delaying the onset of the thermophilic temperatures. Lignite treatments retained N in the manure by suppressing NH3 loss by 35–54%, resulting in lignite-amended manure composts having 10–19% more total N than the unamended compost. Relative to manure only, lignites reduced GHG emissions over the composting period: nitrous oxide (N2O) (58–72%), carbon dioxide (CO2) (12–23%) and methane (CH4) (52–59%). Low levels of CH4 and N2O emissions were observed and this was attributed to the continuous forced aeration system used in the composting. Lignite addition also improved the germination index of the final compost: 90–113% compared to 71% for manure only. These findings suggest that lignite amendment of manure has the potential to improve the quality of the final compost whilst mitigating the environmental release of NH3 and GHGs.
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Han B, Zhang W, He JZ, Chen D. Lignite ammonia adsorption and surface chemistry after dewatering. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Cao Y, Hu HW, Guo HG, Butterly C, Bai M, Zhang YS, Chen D, He JZ. Lignite as additives accelerates the removal of antibiotic resistance genes during poultry litter composting. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 315:123841. [PMID: 32688250 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in animal manure are a great threat to human health. This study investigated the effects of lignite addition at three levels (5%, 10%, 15% w/w) on the profiles of ARGs and the bacterial communities during poultry litter composting. Lignite addition effectively promoted the removal of manure-borne ARGs. After 65 days of composting, the relative abundances of ARGs decreased by 8.9% in control (no lignite), and by 15.8%, 27.7% and 41.5% in 5%, 10% and 15% lignite treatments, respectively. Although the total mobile genetic elements were enriched after composting, the enrichment of the intI-1 gene was significantly lower in the 10% and 15% lignite treatments compared with control. Network analysis indicated that Actinobacteria and Firmicutes were potential bacterial hosts for ARGs. Redundancy analysis showed that bacterial community succession played a key role in the shifts of ARGs. Taken together, this study provides evidence that lignite as additives promoted the removal efficacy of ARGs during composting of poultry litter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Livestock Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China; JAAS Engineering Laboratory of Agricultural Waste Treatment and Recycling, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Hang-Wei Hu
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agriculture Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China.
| | - Hai-Gang Guo
- College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
| | - Clayton Butterly
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agriculture Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Mei Bai
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agriculture Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Yu-Shu Zhang
- Institute of Soil and Fertilizer, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Deli Chen
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agriculture Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ji-Zheng He
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agriculture Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
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Bai M, Impraim R, Coates T, Flesch T, Trouvé R, van Grinsven H, Cao Y, Hill J, Chen D. Lignite effects on NH 3, N 2O, CO 2 and CH 4 emissions during composting of manure. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 271:110960. [PMID: 32579521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Production of compost from cattle manure results in ammonia (NH3) and greenhouse gas emissions, causing the loss of valuable nitrogen (N) and having negative environmental impacts. Lignite addition to cattle pens has been reported to reduce NH3 emissions from manure by approximately 60%. However, the effect of lignite additions during the manure composting process, in terms of gaseous emissions of NH3, nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) is not clear. This composting study was conducted at a commercial cattle feedlot in Victoria, Australia. Prior to cattle entering the feedlot, we applied 4.5 kg m-2 of dry lignite to a treatment pen, and no lignite to a control pen. After 90 days of occupancy, the cattle were removed and the accumulated manure from each pen was used to form two separate compost windrows (control and treatment). During composting we collected manure samples regularly and quantified gaseous emissions of NH3, N2O, CO2, and CH4 from both windrows with an inverse-dispersion technique using open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (OP-FTIR). Over the 87-day measurement period, the cumulative gas fluxes of NH3, N2O, CO2, and CH4 were 3.4 (± 0.6, standard error), 0.4 (± 0.1), 932 (± 99), and 1.2 (± 0.3) g kg-1 (initial dry matter (DM)), respectively for the lignite amended windrow, and 7.2 (± 1.3), 0.1 (± 0.03), 579 (± 50) and -0.5 (± 0.1) g kg-1 DM, respectively for the non-lignite windrow. The addition of lignite reduced NH3 emissions by 54% during composting, but increased total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2.6 times. Total N losses as NH3-N and N2O-N were approximately 11 and 25% of initial N for the lignite and non-lignite windrows, respectively. The effectiveness of retaining N was obvious in the first three weeks after windrow formation. A cost-benefit analysis indicated that the benefit of lignite addition to cattle pens by reduced NH3 emission could justify the trade-off of increased GHG emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Bai
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Robert Impraim
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Trevor Coates
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Thomas Flesch
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Raphaël Trouvé
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, Victoria, 3121, Australia
| | - Hans van Grinsven
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Yun Cao
- Circular Agriculture Research Centre, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NanJing, 210014, China
| | - Julian Hill
- Ternes Agricultural consulting Pty Ltd, Upwey, Victoria, 3158, Australia
| | - Deli Chen
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Ng EL, Liang X, Lam SK, Chen D, Weatherley AJ. What are the social costs and benefits of lignite application to reduce ammonia emissions in intensive feedlot? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 269:110821. [PMID: 32561018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated that lignite application in feedlot can mitigate ammonia (NH3) emission from intensive livestock production, which is an important source of environmental pollution. However, the use of lignite on feedlot requires mining and transport of lignite, which are themselves sources of greenhouse gas and other gaseous pollutants. There is a need for an integrated assessment on the gas emissions to determine the potential impact of those additions to the production chain. Using a case study in Victoria, Australia, carbon dioxide (CO2) and NH3 were identified as key emission changes compared to business as usual (BAU). Social costs and benefits analysis indicated that these changes in emissions translate to social benefits of AUD$11 - $151 and $18 - $256 per cattle per year at lignite application rate of 3 and 6 kg m-2 respectively, while the corresponding social costs of the additional gaseous emissions are AUD$2 - $19 and $3 - $28 per cattle per year per 200 km. Our results indicate that the use of lignite in feedlot to mitigate NH3 can be targeted at feedlots located in proximity to lignite source, population centre and/or vulnerable ecosystems to maximise social benefits and minimise social costs. More broadly, estimating the social costs and benefits of changing manure management practice to mitigate NH3 emission generates information that can be used to evaluate alternative policies for N management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ee Ling Ng
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Xia Liang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Shu Kee Lam
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Deli Chen
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Anthony J Weatherley
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Vohra M. Treatment of Gaseous Ammonia Emissions Using Date Palm Pits Based Granular Activated Carbon. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17051519. [PMID: 32120871 PMCID: PMC7084576 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present work investigated the application of granular activated carbon (GAC) derived from date palm pits (DPP) agricultural waste for treating gaseous ammonia. Respective findings indicate increased breakthrough time (run time at which 5% of influent ammonia is exiting with the effluent gas) with a decrease in influent ammonia and increase in GAC bed depth. At a gas flow rate of 1.1 L/min and GAC column length of 8 cm, the following breakthrough trend was noted: 1295 min (2.5 ppmv) > 712 min (5 ppmv) > 532 min (7.5 ppmv). A qualitatively similar trend was also noted for the exhaustion time results (run time at which 95% of influent ammonia is exiting with the effluent gas). The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) findings for the produced GAC indicated some salient functional groups at the produced GAC surface including O–H, C–H, C–O, and S=O groups. Ammonia adsorption was suggested to result from its interaction with the respective surface functional groups via different mechanisms. Comparison with a commercial GAC showed the date palm pits based GAC to be having slightly higher breakthrough and exhaustion capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Vohra
- Environmental Engineering Program, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Abstract
Cell-based meat, also called 'clean', lab, synthetic or in vitro meat, has attracted much media interest recently. Consumer demand for cellular meat production derives principally from concerns over environment and animal welfare, while secondary considerations include consumer and public health aspects of animal production, and food security. The present limitations to cellular meat production include the identification of immortal cell lines, availability of cost-effective, bovine-serum-free growth medium for cell proliferation and maturation, scaffold materials for cell growth, scaling up to an industrial level, regulatory and labelling issues and at what stage mixing of myo-, adipo- and even fibrocytes can potentially occur. Consumer perceptions that cell-based meat production will result in improvements to animal welfare and the environment have been challenged, with the outcome needing to wait until the processes used in cell-based meat are close to a commercial reality. Challenges for cell-based meat products include the simulation of nutritional attributes, texture, flavour and mouthfeel of animal-derived meat products. There is some question over whether consumers will accept the technology, but likely there will be acceptance of cell-based meat products, in particular market segments. Currently, the cost of growth media, industry scale-up of specific components of the cell culture process, intellectual property sharing issues and regulatory hurdles mean that it will likely require an extended period for cellular meat to be consistently available in high-end restaurants and even longer to be available for the mass market. The progress in plant-based meat analogues is already well achieved, with products such as the ImpossibleTM Burger and other products already available. These developments may make the development of cellular meat products obsolete. But the challenges remain of mimicking not only the nutritional attributes, flavour, shape and structure of real meat, but also the changes in regulation and labelling.
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Saha BK, Rose MT, Wong VNL, Cavagnaro TR, Patti AF. A slow release brown coal-urea fertiliser reduced gaseous N loss from soil and increased silver beet yield and N uptake. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:793-800. [PMID: 30176489 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Increasing crop yield and fertiliser nitrogen (N)-use efficiency is important for productive agricultural systems with a reduced environmental footprint. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of slow release brown coal-urea (BCU) fertiliser on the gaseous N losses, biomass yield and N uptake by silver beet (Beta vulgaris L.) compared to commercial urea. Two soils were amended with urea, BCU 1 (22% N) or BCU 2 (17% N) as N-fertiliser at the rate of 50 or 100 kg N ha-1. Five gas sampling periods were undertaken to measure the loss of N as N2O and NH3. After 10 weeks, biomass, N concentration, and N uptake of silver beet, and mineral and mineralisable N of post-harvest soil were measured. BCU substantially increased fertiliser N availability and uptake by silver beet, reduced N2O emission by 29% and NH3 emission by 36% compared to urea alone, irrespective of soil type. Compared to urea, BCU blends increased biomass yield by 27% and 23% in a Tenosol and Dermosol soil, respectively. In addition, application of BCU fertiliser substantially enhanced the potentially mineralisable N and organic carbon content of soil. These results provide evidence that granulation of urea with brown coal (BC) can increase silver beet N-use efficiency and yield in different soil types, and more work is now required to validate this technology for other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplob K Saha
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Michael T Rose
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar Primary Industries Institute, Wollongbar, NSW 2477, Australia
| | - Vanessa N L Wong
- School of Earth, Atmosphere & Environment, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Timothy R Cavagnaro
- The Waite Research Institute and The School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMBI, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Antonio F Patti
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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14
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Wang Y, Li X, Yang J, Tian Z, Sun Q, Xue W, Dong H. Mitigating Greenhouse Gas and Ammonia Emissions from Beef Cattle Feedlot Production: A System Meta-Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:11232-11242. [PMID: 30119602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Beef cattle production systems are the largest contributors of greenhouse gas (GHG) and ammonia (NH3) emissions in the livestock industry. Here, we present the first meta-analysis and integrated assessment of gaseous emissions and mitigation potentials for a typical beef cattle feedlot system, including methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and NH3 losses from enteric fermentation and manure management based on data from 104 studies. A total of 14 integrated emission factors (EF) and the mitigation efficiencies (ME) of 17 available options were provided. The estimated GHG and NH3 emissions from the baseline feedlot system were 2786 ± 108 kg carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2-eq) per animal unit (AU) per year and 49.1 ± 1.5 kg NH3 AU-1 year-1, respectively. Enteric CH4 fermentation and manure on the feedlot contributed 67.5% and 80.8% of the total system GHG and NH3 emissions, respectively. The highest ME values were found for lipid additives for enteric CH4 fermentation and urease inhibitor additives (UI) for NH3 emissions from manure on the feedlot, being -14.9% ( p < 0.05) and -59.5% ( p < 0.001), respectively. The recommended mitigation combinations of a low-crude-protein (CP) diet and a UI additive for manure on the feedlot could reduce the GHG of the system by 4.9% and NH3 by 50.9%. The results of this study have important implications for developing sustainable beef cattle feedlot systems from the viewpoint of GHG and NH3 mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences , Beijing 100097 , China
| | - Xinrong Li
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences , Beijing 100097 , China
| | - Jinfeng Yang
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences , Beijing 100097 , China
| | - Zhuang Tian
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences , Beijing 100097 , China
| | - Qinping Sun
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences , Beijing 100097 , China
| | - Wentao Xue
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences , Beijing 100097 , China
| | - Hongmin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Treatment of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture , Beijing 100081 , China
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081 , China
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15
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Saha BK, Rose MT, Wong VNL, Cavagnaro TR, Patti AF. Nitrogen Dynamics in Soil Fertilized with Slow Release Brown Coal-Urea Fertilizers. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14577. [PMID: 30275451 PMCID: PMC6167360 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32787-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing the release rate of urea can increase its use efficiency and minimize negative effects on the environment. A novel fertilizer material that was formed by blending brown coal (BC) with urea, delayed fertilizer N release in controlled climatic conditions in a glasshouse, through strong retention facilitated by the extensive surface area, porous structure and chemical functional groups in the BC. However, the role of BC as a carrier of synthetic urea and the effect of their interaction with various soil types on the dynamics and mineralization of N remains largely unclear. Therefore, a soil column incubation study was conducted to assess the release, transformation and transportation of N from several different brown coal-urea (BCU) granules, compared to commercial urea. Blending and subsequent granulation of urea with BC substantially increased fertilizer N retention in soil by decreasing gaseous emissions and leaching of N compared to urea alone, irrespective of soil type. The BCU granule containing the highest proportion of BC had lower leaching and gaseous emissions and maintained considerably higher mineral and mineralizable N in topsoil. Possible modes of action of the BCU granules have been proposed, emphasizing the role of BC in enhancing N retention over a longer period of time. The results support the notion that BCU granules can be used as a slow release and enhanced efficiency fertilizer for increasing availability and use efficiency of N by crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplob K Saha
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Michael T Rose
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar Primary Industries Institute, Wollongbar, NSW, 2477, Australia
| | - Vanessa N L Wong
- School of Earth, Atmosphere & Environment, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Timothy R Cavagnaro
- The Waite Research Institute and The School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMBI Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Antonio F Patti
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
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16
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Recio J, Vallejo A, Le-Noë J, Garnier J, García-Marco S, Álvarez JM, Sanz-Cobena A. The effect of nitrification inhibitors on NH 3 and N 2O emissions in highly N fertilized irrigated Mediterranean cropping systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 636:427-436. [PMID: 29709860 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing concern about the negative impacts associated to the release of reactive nitrogen (N) from highly fertilized agro-ecosystems. Ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are harmful N pollutants that may contribute both directly and indirectly to global warming. Surface applied manure, urea and ammonium (NH4+) based fertilizers are important anthropogenic sources of these emissions. Nitrification inhibitors (NIs) have been proposed as a useful technological approach to reduce N2O emission although they can lead to large NH3 losses due to increasing NH4+ pool in soils. In this context, a field experiment was carried out in a maize field with aiming to simultaneously quantify NH3 volatilization and N2O emission, assessing the effect of two NIs 3,4‑dimethilpyrazol phosphate (DMPP) and 3,4‑dimethylpyrazole succinic acid (DMPSA). The first treatment was pig slurry (PS) before seeding (50 kg N ha-1) and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) at top-dressing (150 kg N ha-1), and the second was DMPP diluted in PS (PS + DMPP) (50 kg N ha-1) and CAN + DMPSA (150 kg N ha-1) also before seeding and at top-dressing, respectively. Ammonia emissions were quantified by a micrometeorological method during 20 days after fertilization and N2O emissions were assessed using manual static chambers during all crop period. The treatment with NIs was effective in reducing c. 30% cumulative N2O losses. However, considering only direct N2O emissions after second fertilization event, a significant reduction was not observed using CAN+DMPSA, probably because high WFPS of soil, driven by irrigation, favored denitrification. Cumulative NH3 losses were not significantly affected by NIs. Indeed, NH3 volatilization accounted 14% and 10% of N applied in PS + DMPP and PS plots, respectively and c. 2% of total N applied in CAN+DMPSA and CAN plots. Since important NH3 losses still exist even although abating strategies are implemented, structural and political initiatives are needed to face this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Recio
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Research Center for the Management of Environmental and Agricultural Risks (CEIGRAM), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Antonio Vallejo
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Research Center for the Management of Environmental and Agricultural Risks (CEIGRAM), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Julia Le-Noë
- UMR 7619 METIS, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Josette Garnier
- UMR 7619 METIS, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sonia García-Marco
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Research Center for the Management of Environmental and Agricultural Risks (CEIGRAM), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - José Manuel Álvarez
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Research Center for the Management of Environmental and Agricultural Risks (CEIGRAM), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Alberto Sanz-Cobena
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Research Center for the Management of Environmental and Agricultural Risks (CEIGRAM), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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17
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Xu P, Koloutsou-Vakakis S, Rood MJ, Luan S. Projections of NH 3 emissions from manure generated by livestock production in China to 2030 under six mitigation scenarios. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 607-608:78-86. [PMID: 28688258 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
China's rapid urbanization, large population, and increasing consumption of calorie-and meat-intensive diets, have resulted in China becoming the world's largest source of ammonia (NH3) emissions from livestock production. This is the first study to use provincial, condition-specific emission factors based on most recently available studies on Chinese manure management and environmental conditions. The estimated NH3 emission temporal trends and spatial patterns are interpreted in relation to government policies affecting livestock production. Scenario analysis is used to project emissions and estimate mitigation potential of NH3 emissions, to year 2030. We produce a 1km×1km gridded NH3 emission inventory for 2008 based on county-level activity data, which can help identify locations of highest NH3 emissions. The total NH3 emissions from manure generated by livestock production in 2008 were 7.3TgNH3·yr-1 (interquartile range from 6.1 to 8.6TgNH3·yr-1), and the major sources were poultry (29.9%), pigs (28.4%), other cattle (27.9%), and dairy cattle (7.0%), while sheep and goats (3.6%), donkeys (1.3%), horses (1.2%), and mules (0.7%) had smaller contributions. From 1978 to 2008, annual NH3 emissions fluctuated with two peaks (1996 and 2006), and total emissions increased from 2.2 to 7.3Tg·yr-1 increasing on average 4.4%·yr-1. Under a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario, NH3 emissions in 2030 are expected to be 13.9TgNH3·yr-1 (11.5-16.3TgNH3·yr-1). Under mitigation scenarios, the projected emissions could be reduced by 18.9-37.3% compared to 2030 BAU emissions. This study improves our understanding of NH3 emissions from livestock production, which is needed to guide stakeholders and policymakers to make well informed mitigation decisions for NH3 emissions from livestock production at the country and regional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sotiria Koloutsou-Vakakis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Mark J Rood
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Shengji Luan
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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18
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Saha BK, Rose MT, Wong V, Cavagnaro TR, Patti AF. Hybrid brown coal-urea fertiliser reduces nitrogen loss compared to urea alone. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 601-602:1496-1504. [PMID: 28605867 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilisers, such as urea, are susceptible to rapid dissipation from soil. More gradual release of mineral N from fertiliser may reduce the off-site movement of mineral N, thereby enhancing N supply to crops and minimising negative off-site impacts. We hypothesised that granulation of urea with humified brown coal (BC) delays mineral N release and maintains higher concentrations of N in soil than conventional urea granules. Four different brown coal-urea granules, with C:N ratios of 1-10, were prepared by pan granulation. Advanced spectroscopic and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) techniques confirmed loading of urea-N into the BC structure. Nitrogen-release from BCU granules was slower than from urea, resulting in higher N retention over a longer period for increasing growth and N uptake by crop plants. This trend increased with higher loading of BC, emphasising the significant role of BC in N retention. These findings support the hypothesis that BC is suitable for developing slow release N fertilisers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplob K Saha
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Michael T Rose
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar Primary Industries Institute, Wollongbar, NSW 2477, Australia
| | - Vanessa Wong
- School of Earth, Atmosphere & Environment, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Timothy R Cavagnaro
- The Waite Research Institute and The School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMBI, Glen Osmonds, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Antonio F Patti
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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19
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Adeli A, Read JJ, Brooks JP, Miles D, Feng G, Jenkins JN. Broiler Litter × Industrial By-Products Reduce Nutrients and Microbial Losses in Surface Runoff When Applied to Forages. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2017; 46:339-347. [PMID: 28380557 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2016.07.0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The inability to incorporate broiler litter (BL) into permanent hayfields and pastures leads to nutrient accumulation near the soil surface and increases the potential transport of nutrients in runoff. This study was conducted on Marietta silt loam soil to determine the effect of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum and lignite on P, N, C, and microbial concentrations in runoff. Treatments were (i) control (unfertilized) and (ii) BL at 13.4 Mg ha alone or (iii) treated with either FGD gypsum or lignite applied at 20% (w/w) (2.68 Mg ha). Rainfall simulators were used to produce a 5.6 cm h storm event sufficient in duration to cause 15 min of continuous runoff. Repeated rains were applied at 3-d intervals to determine how long FGD gypsum and lignite are effective in reducing loss of litter-derived N, P, and C from soil. Application of BL increased N, P, and C concentrations in runoff as compared to the control. Addition of FGD gypsum reduced ( < 0.05) water-soluble P and dissolved organic C concentrations in runoff by 39 and 16%, respectively, as compared to BL alone. Lignite reduced runoff total N and NH-N concentrations by 38 and 70%, respectively, as compared to BL alone. Addition of FGD gypsum or lignite failed to significantly reduce microbial loads in runoff, although both treatments reduced microbial concentration by >20%. Thus, BL treated with FGD and lignite can be considered as cost-effective management practices in the mitigation of P, N, and C and possibly microbial concentration in runoff.
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20
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Lee C, Araujo RC, Koenig KM, Hile ML, Fabian-Wheeler EE, Beauchemin KA. Effects of Feeding Encapsulated Nitrate to Beef Cattle on Ammonia and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Their Manure in a Short-Term Manure Storage System. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2016; 45:1979-1987. [PMID: 27898774 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2016.02.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A study was conducted to investigate effects of feeding encapsulated nitrate (EN) to beef cattle on ammonia (NH) and greenhouse gas emissions from their manure. Eight beef heifers were randomly assigned to diets containing 0 (control), 1, 2, or 3% EN (55% forage dry matter; EN replaced encapsulated urea in the control diet and therefore all diets were iso-nitrogenous) in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Urine and feces collected from individual animals were reconstituted into manure and incubated over 156 h using a steady-state flux chamber system to monitor NH, methane (CH), carbon dioxide (CO), and nitrous oxide (NO) emissions. Urinary, fecal, and manure nitrate (NO)-N concentration linearly increased ( < 0.001) with feeding EN, and urinary urea concentration tended to be lower ( = 0.078) for EN versus Control. The hourly emissions of NH, CO, and NO (mg head h) were not affected, although NH emission rates tended to be lower ( = 0.070) for EN compared with Control at 0 to 12 h. Cumulative NH, CO, and NO emissions over 156 h were not affected, but CH emissions were less (4.5 vs. 7.4 g head; = 0.027) for EN compared with Control. In conclusion, although NH emissions were initially lower for EN manures, total NH emitted over 156 h was not affected. Dietary EN lowered CH emissions from manure, and, despite greater NO concentrations in EN manure, NO emissions were not affected in this short-term incubation.
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