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Yao PT, Peng X, Cao LM, Zeng LW, Feng N, He LY, Huang XF. Evaluation of a new real-time source apportionment system of PM 2.5 and its implication on rapid aging of vehicle exhaust. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 937:173449. [PMID: 38797425 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Accurate identification and rapid analysis of PM2.5 sources and formation mechanisms are essential to mitigate PM2.5 pollution. However, studies were limited in developing a method to apportion sources to the total PM2.5 mass in real-time. In this study, we developed a real-time source apportionment method based on chemical mass balance (CMB) modeling and a mass-closure PM2.5 composition online monitoring system in Shenzhen, China. Results showed that secondary sulfate, secondary organic aerosol (SOA), vehicle emissions and secondary nitrate were the four major PM2.5 sources during autumn 2019 in Shenzhen, together contributed 76 % of PM2.5 mass. The novel method was verified by comparing with other source apportionment methods, including offline filter analysis, aerosol mass spectrometry, and carbon isotopic analysis. The comparison of these methods showed that the new real-time method obtained results generally consistent with the others, and the differences were interpretable and implicative. SOA and vehicle emissions were the major PM2.5 and OA contributors by all methods. Further investigation on the OA sources indicated that vehicle emissions were not only the main source of primary organic aerosol (POA), but also the main contributor to SOA by rapid aging of the exhaust in the atmosphere. Our results demonstrated the great potential of the new real-time source apportionment method for aerosol pollution control and deep understandings on emission sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ting Yao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xing Peng
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Li-Ming Cao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Li-Wu Zeng
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ning Feng
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ling-Yan He
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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2
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Wu X, Kong Q, Lan Y, Sng J, Yu LE. Refined Sea Salt Markers for Coastal Cities Facilitating Quantification of Aerosol Aging and PM 2.5 Apportionment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:8432-8443. [PMID: 38699990 PMCID: PMC11097965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Sea salt (ss) aerosols in PM2.5 are often quantified through source apportionment by applying sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) as the markers, but both markers can be substantially emitted from anthropogenic sources. In this study, we differentiate ss from nonss (nss) portions of Na+ and Cl- to better apportion PM2.5 in a coastal tropical urban environment. Size-resolved ionic profiles accounting for Cl- depletion of aged ss were applied to 162-day measurements during 2012 and 2018-2019. Results show that the nss (likely anthropogenic) portions, on average, account for 50-80% of total Na+ and Cl- in submicron aerosols (PM1). This corresponds to up to 2.5 μg/m3 of ss in submicron aerosols that can be ∼10 times overestimated if one attributes all Na+ and Cl- in PM1 to ss. Employing the newly speciated ss- and nss-portions of Na+ and Cl- to source apportionment of urban PM2.5 via positive matrix factorization uncovers a new source of transported anthropogenic emissions during the southwest monsoon, contributing to 12-15% of PM2.5. This increases anthropogenic PM2.5 by ≥19% and reduces ss-related PM2.5 by >30%. In addition to demonstrating Cl- depletion (aging) in submicron aerosols and quantifying ssNa+, nssNa+, ssCl-, as well as nssCl- therein, the refined PM2.5 apportionment resolves new insights on PM2.5 of anthropogenic origins in urban environments, useful to facilitate policy making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Wu
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576 Singapore, Singapore
- NUS
Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Quan Kong
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576 Singapore, Singapore
- NUS
Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yang Lan
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576 Singapore, Singapore
- NUS
Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Judy Sng
- Saw
Swee Hock School of Public Health, National
University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liya E. Yu
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576 Singapore, Singapore
- NUS
Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411 Singapore, Singapore
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3
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Cheng Y, Chen L, Wu H, Liu J, Ren J, Zhang F. Wintertime fine aerosol particles composition and its evolution in two megacities of southern and northern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169778. [PMID: 38176561 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Study on fine aerosols composition can help understand the particles formation and is crucial for improving the accuracy of model simulations. Based on field data measured by a Q-ACSM (Quadrupole-Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor), we have comprehensively compared the characteristics, evolution, and potential formation mechanisms of the components in NR-PM2.5 during wintertime at two megacities (Beijing and Guangzhou) of southern and northern China. We show that as PM pollution intensifies, the mass fraction of the primary aerosols (e.g., COA, HOA) in PM2.5 in Guangzhou increased, along with a slight decline in proportion of both the secondary organic (SOA) and inorganic (SIA) aerosols; In contrast, in Beijing, the proportion of the SIA ramped up from 28 % to 53 % with the pollution evolution; and the fraction of SOA in total OA also increased due to a substantial increment in the proportion of MO-OOA (from 29 % to 48 %), suggesting a significance of the secondary processes in worsening aerosols pollution in Beijing. Our further analysis demonstrates a leading role of aqueous pathway in the secondary formation of aerosols at the Beijing site, presenting an exponential rising of SIA and SOA with the relative humidity (RH) increase. Compared to Beijing, however, we find that the photochemical oxidation other than aqueous process in Guangzhou plays a more critical role in those secondary aerosols formation. Combined with the Hysplit trajectory model, we identify the high humid conditions in Guangzhou are typically affected by clean marine air masses, explaining the slower response of secondary components to the RH changes. Moreover, the particles in Guangzhou were observed less hygroscopic that is adverse to the aerosol aqueous chemistry. The results provide basis for the precise control of PM pollution in different regions across China and would be helpful in improving model simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Cheng
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lu Chen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China; Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hao Wu
- School of Electronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Jieyao Liu
- School of Geographical Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Jingye Ren
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
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4
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Chen H, Liu P, Wang Q, Huang R, Sarwar G. Impact and pathway of halogens on atmospheric oxidants in coastal city clusters in the Yangtze River Delta region in China. ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION RESEARCH 2024; 15:10.1016/j.apr.2023.101979. [PMID: 39026942 PMCID: PMC11254322 DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2023.101979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Halogens (chlorine, bromine, and iodine) are known to profoundly influence atmospheric oxidants (hydroxyl radical (OH), hydroperoxyl radical (HO2), ozone (O3), and nitrate radical (NO3)) in the troposphere and subsequently affecting air quality. However, their impact on atmospheric oxidation and air pollution in coastal areas in China is poorly characterized. In this study, we use the WRF-CMAQ (Weather Research and Forecasting-Community Multiscale Air Quality) model with full halogen chemistry and process analysis to assess the influences and pathways of halogens on atmospheric oxidants in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, a typical coastal city cluster in China. Halogens cause the annual OH radical increase by up to 16.4% and NO3 decrease by up to 45.3%. O3 increases by 2.0% in the YRD but decreases by 3.3% in marine environment. Halogen induced changes in atmospheric oxidants lead to a general increase of atmospheric oxidation capacity by 5.1% (maximum 48.4%). The production rate of OH (POH) in the YRD is enhanced by anthropogenic chlorine through both increased HO2 pathway and hypohalous acid photolysis pathway, while POH over ocean is enhanced by oceanic halogens through converting HO2 into hypohalous acid. Anthropogenic chlorine enhances both O3 and NO3 production (PNO3) rates through influencing their precursors while oceanic halogens reduce PNO3 and directly destroy ozone. Iodine contributed most (on average of 91% in oceanic halogens) in reducing production rates of oxidants. Thus, halogen emissions and potential effects of halogens on air quality need to be considered in air quality policies and regulations in the YRD region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ping Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - RuiZhu Huang
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Golam Sarwar
- Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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5
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Wei J, Li Z, Chen X, Li C, Sun Y, Wang J, Lyapustin A, Brasseur GP, Jiang M, Sun L, Wang T, Jung CH, Qiu B, Fang C, Liu X, Hao J, Wang Y, Zhan M, Song X, Liu Y. Separating Daily 1 km PM 2.5 Inorganic Chemical Composition in China since 2000 via Deep Learning Integrating Ground, Satellite, and Model Data. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18282-18295. [PMID: 37114869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) chemical composition has strong and diverse impacts on the planetary environment, climate, and health. These effects are still not well understood due to limited surface observations and uncertainties in chemical model simulations. We developed a four-dimensional spatiotemporal deep forest (4D-STDF) model to estimate daily PM2.5 chemical composition at a spatial resolution of 1 km in China since 2000 by integrating measurements of PM2.5 species from a high-density observation network, satellite PM2.5 retrievals, atmospheric reanalyses, and model simulations. Cross-validation results illustrate the reliability of sulfate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3-), ammonium (NH4+), and chloride (Cl-) estimates, with high coefficients of determination (CV-R2) with ground-based observations of 0.74, 0.75, 0.71, and 0.66, and average root-mean-square errors (RMSE) of 6.0, 6.6, 4.3, and 2.3 μg/m3, respectively. The three components of secondary inorganic aerosols (SIAs) account for 21% (SO42-), 20% (NO3-), and 14% (NH4+) of the total PM2.5 mass in eastern China; we observed significant reductions in the mass of inorganic components by 40-43% between 2013 and 2020, slowing down since 2018. Comparatively, the ratio of SIA to PM2.5 increased by 7% across eastern China except in Beijing and nearby areas, accelerating in recent years. SO42- has been the dominant SIA component in eastern China, although it was surpassed by NO3- in some areas, e.g., Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region since 2016. SIA, accounting for nearly half (∼46%) of the PM2.5 mass, drove the explosive formation of winter haze episodes in the North China Plain. A sharp decline in SIA concentrations and an increase in SIA-to-PM2.5 ratios during the COVID-19 lockdown were also revealed, reflecting the enhanced atmospheric oxidation capacity and formation of secondary particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wei
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Zhanqing Li
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Xi Chen
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chi Li
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Iowa Technology Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Alexei Lyapustin
- Laboratory for Atmospheres, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, United States
| | - Guy Pierre Brasseur
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg 20146, Germany
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80307, United States
| | - Mengjiao Jiang
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg 20146, Germany
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Lin Sun
- College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Chang Hoon Jung
- Department of Health Management, Kyungin Women's University, Incheon 21041, Korea
| | - Bing Qiu
- Civil Aviation Medical Center, Civil Aviation Administration of China, Beijing 100123, China
| | - Cuilan Fang
- Jiulongpo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400039, China
| | - Xuhui Liu
- Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan 030015, China
| | - Jinrui Hao
- Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan 030015, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Harbin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin 150010, China
| | - Ming Zhan
- Pudong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200120, China
| | | | - Yuewei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
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6
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Caumo S, Yera AB, Alves C, Rienda IC, Kováts N, Hubai K, de Castro Vasconcellos P. Assessing the chemical composition, potential toxicity and cancer risk of airborne fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) near a petrochemical industrial area. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023:104170. [PMID: 37295738 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the vicinity of a petrochemical industrial region in São Paulo, Brazil, PM2.5-bound organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro-PAHs, oxy-PAHs, hopanes, and inorganic species were evaluated. Oxidative potential (OP), burden (OB), and Alivibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition (AFBIA) assays were conducted to determine the potential health effects of exposure to these compounds. The PM2.5 mean concentration was 32.0±18.2µgm-3, and benzo (a)pyrene was found to exceed recommended levels by at least four times. Secondary sources and vehicular emissions were indicated by nitro-PAHs, oxy-PAHs, and inorganic species. The OP and OB results revealed that secondary compounds favored antioxidant depletion. The AFBIA results showed that 64% of the samples were toxic. These findings emphasize the need to reduce the exposure risk and take measures to protect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Caumo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Aleinnys B Yera
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Célia Alves
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ismael Casotti Rienda
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Nora Kováts
- Centre of Natural Environmental Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Katalin Hubai
- Centre of Natural Environmental Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary
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7
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Liu L, Zhang L, Wen W, Jiao J, Cheng H, Ma X, Sun C. Chemical composition, oxidative potential and identifying the sources of outdoor PM 2.5 after the improvement of air quality in Beijing. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:1537-1553. [PMID: 35526191 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01275-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution poses a serious threat to human health. The implementation of air pollution prevention and control policies has gradually reduced the level of atmospheric fine particles in Beijing. Exploring the latest characteristics of PM2.5 has become the key to further improving pollution reduction measures. In the current study, outdoor PM2.5 samples were collected in the spring and summer of Beijing, and the chemical species, oxidative potential (OP), and sources of PM2.5 were characterized. The mean PM2.5 concentration during the entire study period was 41.6 ± 30.9 μg m-3. Although the PM2.5 level in summer was lower, its OP level was significantly higher than that in spring. SO42-, NH4+, EC, NO3-, and OC correlated well with volume-normalized OP (OPv). Strong positive correlations were found between OPv and the following elements: Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, As, Cr, Sn, Cd, Al, and Mn. Seven sources of PM2.5 were identified, including traffic, soil dust, secondary sulfate, coal and biomass burning, oil combustion, secondary nitrate, and industry. Multiple regression analysis indicated that coal and biomass combustion, industry, and traffic were the main contributors to the OPv in spring, while secondary sulfate, oil combustion, and industry played a leading role in summer. The source region analysis revealed that different pollution sources were related to specific geographic distributions. In addition to local emission reduction policies, multi-provincial cooperation is necessary to further improve Beijing's air quality and reduce the adverse health effects of PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wei Wen
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Jiao Jiao
- Beijing Polytechnic, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Hongbing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xin Ma
- National Meteorological Center, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chang Sun
- Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
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8
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Zhang Q, Hu W, Ren H, Yang J, Deng J, Wang D, Sun Y, Wang Z, Kawamura K, Fu P. Diurnal variations in primary and secondary organic aerosols in an eastern China coastal city: The impact of land-sea breezes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 319:121016. [PMID: 36610651 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The land-sea breeze circulation significantly impacts the atmospheric transport of organic aerosols in coastal regions. However, the links between organic aerosols and land-sea breezes remain poorly understood. In this study, organic marker compounds for biomass burning, primary biological aerosols, biogenic and anthropogenic secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in fine particles from a coastal city in East China were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Land-sea breeze circulations were identified to explore their potential influence on organic molecular compositions. Organic marker compounds showed obvious diurnal/seasonal patterns. Surprisingly, due to the combined influence of weakened East Asian monsoons and land-sea breezes, all detected organic markers decreased except α/β-pinene SOA markers during land-sea breeze periods in early autumn; whereas, all the organic markers increased except α/β-pinene SOA markers, pollen and plant debris markers during land-sea breeze periods in early spring. Furthermore, the reaction pathway and aging of biogenic SOA were also related to land-sea breezes. During the land-sea breeze periods, the ratios of 2-methylglyceric acid (2-MGA) to 2-methyltetrols increased in early autumn, indicating that more isoprene-derived SOA generated from the high-NOx (nitrogen oxides) pathway when the land-sea breezes occurred; while the ratios decreased in early spring, this may be related to the chemical transformation of 2-MGA to 2-MGA sulfates. Changes in the ratio of monoterpene SOA markers demonstrate that monoterpene SOA was relatively aged during sea breeze periods, while it was fresher when the land breeze occurred. Although boundary layer height, emissions, gas/particle partitioning, etc. are important reasons for the diurnal variations of organic aerosols, night/day ratios of molecular markers increased obviously when land-sea breezes occurred in both early autumn and early spring. Our results provide new insights into the shift in the chemical composition of organic aerosols over coastal areas that are influenced by land-sea breezes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Hong Ren
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; Chengdu Plain Urban Meteorology and Environment Observation and Research Station of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610225, China
| | - Jianbo Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Meteorological Science, Tianjin, 300074, China
| | - Junjun Deng
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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9
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Tao J, Huang J, Bian G, Zhang L, Zhou Z, Zhang Z, Li J, Miao Y, Yuan Z, Sha Q, Xiao L, Wang B. Fine particulate pollution driven by nitrate in the moisture urban atmospheric environment in the Pearl River Delta region of south China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 326:116704. [PMID: 36356536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To identify potential sources of fine particles (PM2.5, with aerodynamic diameter (Da) ≤ 2.5 μm) in urban Dongguan of south China, a comprehensive campaign was carried out in the whole 2019. Hourly PM2.5 and its dominant chemical components including organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) and thirteen elements were measured using online instruments. Gaseous pollutants including NH3, HNO3, NO2, NO and O3 and meteorological parameters were also synchronously measured. PM2.5 was dominated by carbonaceous aerosols in summer and by WSIIs in the other seasons. PM2.5 and its dominant chemical components mostly peaked around noon (10:00-14:00 LST). Furthermore, high PM2.5 levels during the daytime were closely related with the increased NO3- levels. The high mass concentrations of NO3- in urban Dongguan during the daytime were likely related with regional transport of NO3- from suburban Dongguan, which was originated from the reaction between NO2 and O3 under the moisture condition during the nighttime. Seven major source factors for PM2.5 including secondary sulfate, ship emission, traffic emission, secondary nitrate, industrial processes, soil dust and coal combustion were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis, which contributed 26 ± 14%, 16 ± 16%, 16 ± 10%, 14 ± 11%, 12 ± 11%, 8 ± 6% and 8 ± 6%, respectively, to annual PM2.5 mass concentration. Although secondary sulfate contributed much more than secondary nitrate to PM2.5 on annual basis, the latter exceeded the former source factor when daily PM2.5 mass concentration was higher than 60 μg m-3, indicating the critical role nitrate played in PM2.5 episode events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Junjun Huang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guojian Bian
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Dongguan Sub-branch of Guangdong Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Dongguan, China
| | - Zhisheng Zhang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- RCE-TEA, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yucong Miao
- Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyang Yuan
- Sailbri Cooper Inc., Tigard, Oregon, United States
| | - Qinge Sha
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linhai Xiao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Boguang Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Xiao Y, Hu M, Li X, Zong T, Xu N, Hu S, Zeng L, Chen S, Song Y, Guo S, Wu Z. Aqueous secondary organic aerosol formation attributed to phenols from biomass burning. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 847:157582. [PMID: 35882337 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning emits large quantities of phenols, which readily partition into the atmospheric aqueous phase and subsequently may react to produce aqueous secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA). For the first time, we quantitatively explored the influence of phenols emitted from biomass burning on aqSOA formation in the winter of Beijing. A typical haze episode associated with significant aqSOA formation was captured. During this episode, aqueous-phase processing of biomass burning promoted aqSOA formation was identified. Furthermore, high-resolution mass spectrum analysis provided molecular-level evidence of the phenolic aqSOA tracers. Estimation of aqSOA formation rate (RaqSOA) with compiled laboratory kinetic data indicated that biomass-burning phenols can efficiently produce aqSOA at midday, with RaqSOA of 0.42 μg m-3 h-1 accounting for 15 % of total aqSOA formation rate. The results highlight that aqSOA formation of phenols contributes the haze pollution. This implies the importance of regional joint control of biomass burning to mitigate the heavy haze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xiao Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Taomou Zong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Nan Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuya Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Song
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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11
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Liu J, Zhang T, Ding X, Li X, Liu Y, Yan C, Shen Y, Yao X, Zheng M. A clear north-to-south spatial gradience of chloride in marine aerosol in Chinese seas under the influence of East Asian Winter Monsoon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 832:154929. [PMID: 35367263 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Particulate chloride is a major component of sea salt particles and plays a key role in atmospheric chemistry. Anthropogenic pollutants over the northeastern Asia can be transported to the adjacent seas through the northwest monsoon, which profoundly influences the chloride chemistry over the seas. In this study, spatial distribution of particulate chloride and its sources over the Chinese seas were investigated based on shipboard particle samplings especially online Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (SPAMS) over Bohai Sea, North Yellow Sea, and South Yellow Sea (SYS) during a cruise in November 2012. A strong north-to-south (N-S) gradience in marine aerosol composition was found. The Cl-/Na+ ratios in PM2.5 and single particle composition by SPAMS indicated remarkable chloride enrichment in marine aerosol in the north (Bohai Sea), while depletion in southern SYS. The results of size distribution showed that particulate chloride had higher concentration in coarse particles, while the Cl-/Na+ ratio was much higher in submicron particles. In the north (38-40°N), biomass burning, carbonaceous, and Pb-rich type particles had high fractions in all chloride-containing particles identified by SPAMS (on average 66%). Combining chemical composition with back trajectory, it was found that fine-mode chloride enrichment in the north was mainly due to anthropogenic emission especially coal combustion and biomass burning from northern China. However, the high fine-mode chloride depletion in the south (32-34°N) was probably due to acid replacement by sulfate in aged aerosol during atmospheric transport. Our new findings reveal that marine aerosol in Chinese seas would show a clear N-S pattern of more fresh and anthropogenic enriched particles in the north, but more aged aerosol in the south during the East Asia Winter Monsoon, which provides new insights for the quantitative assessment of anthropogenic impact on marine aerosol and future modeling study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tianle Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yue Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Caiqing Yan
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yanjie Shen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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12
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Zhang B, Shen H, Yun X, Zhong Q, Henderson BH, Wang X, Shi L, Gunthe SS, Huey LG, Tao S, Russell AG, Liu P. Global Emissions of Hydrogen Chloride and Particulate Chloride from Continental Sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3894-3904. [PMID: 35319880 PMCID: PMC10558010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gaseous and particulate chlorine species play an important role in modulating tropospheric oxidation capacity, aerosol water uptake, visibility degradation, and human health. The lack of recent global continental chlorine emissions has hindered modeling studies of the role of chlorine in the atmosphere. Here, we develop a comprehensive global emission inventory of gaseous HCl and particulate Cl- (pCl), including 35 sources categorized in six source sectors based on published up-to-date activity data and emission factors. These emissions are gridded at a spatial resolution of 0.1° × 0.1° for the years 1960 to 2014. The estimated emissions of HCl and pCl in 2014 are 2354 (1661-3201) and 2321 (930-3264) Gg Cl a-1, respectively. Emissions of HCl are mostly from open waste burning (38%), open biomass burning (19%), energy (19%), and residential (13%) sectors, and the major sources classified by fuel type are combustion of waste (43%), biomass (32%), and coal (25%). Emissions of pCl are mostly from biofuel (29%) and open biomass burning processes (44%). The sectoral and spatial distributions of HCl and pCl emissions are very heterogeneous along the study period, and the temporal trends are mainly driven by the changes in emission factors, energy intensity, economy, and population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Zhang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Huizhong Shen
- School of Environmental science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xiao Yun
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qirui Zhong
- Department of Earth Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Barron H. Henderson
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Xuan Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Liuhua Shi
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Sachin S. Gunthe
- EWRE Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
| | - Lewis Gregory Huey
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Shu Tao
- School of Environmental science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Armistead G. Russell
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Pengfei Liu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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13
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Peng X, Wang T, Wang W, Ravishankara AR, George C, Xia M, Cai M, Li Q, Salvador CM, Lau C, Lyu X, Poon CN, Mellouki A, Mu Y, Hallquist M, Saiz-Lopez A, Guo H, Herrmann H, Yu C, Dai J, Wang Y, Wang X, Yu A, Leung K, Lee S, Chen J. Photodissociation of particulate nitrate as a source of daytime tropospheric Cl 2. Nat Commun 2022; 13:939. [PMID: 35177585 PMCID: PMC8854671 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorine atoms (Cl) are highly reactive and can strongly influence the abundances of climate and air quality-relevant trace gases. Despite extensive research on molecular chlorine (Cl2), a Cl precursor, in the polar atmosphere, its sources in other regions are still poorly understood. Here we report the daytime Cl2 concentrations of up to 1 ppbv observed in a coastal area of Hong Kong, revealing a large daytime source of Cl2 (2.7 pptv s−1 at noon). Field and laboratory experiments indicate that photodissociation of particulate nitrate by sunlight under acidic conditions (pH < 3.0) can activate chloride and account for the observed daytime Cl2 production. The high Cl2 concentrations significantly increased atmospheric oxidation. Given the ubiquitous existence of chloride, nitrate, and acidic aerosols, we propose that nitrate photolysis is a significant daytime chlorine source globally. This so far unaccounted for source of chlorine can have substantial impacts on atmospheric chemistry. This study unravels an important daytime Cl2 source in the extra-polar atmosphere and shows that photolysis of particle nitrate at high acidity produced unprecedented levels of Cl2, boosting the oxidative power and air pollutants like O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Peng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China.,Department of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring, China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
| | - Weihao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China.,Hangzhou PuYu Technology Development Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China
| | - A R Ravishankara
- Departments of Atmospheric Science and Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Christian George
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne, 69626, France
| | - Men Xia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Min Cai
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), CNRS/OSUC, 45071, Orléans, Cedex 2, France
| | - Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Christian Mark Salvador
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden.,Balik Scientist Program, Department of Science and Technology - Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research and Development, Bicutan, Taguig, 1630, Philippines
| | - Chiho Lau
- Air Science Group Environmental Protection Department, HKSAR, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xiaopu Lyu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Chun Nan Poon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Abdelwahid Mellouki
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), CNRS/OSUC, 45071, Orléans, Cedex 2, France
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Mattias Hallquist
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Hai Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), 04318, Leipzig, Germany.,School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Chuan Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China.,Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Jianing Dai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China.,Environmental Modeling Group, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, 20146, Germany
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xinke Wang
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne, 69626, France
| | - Alfred Yu
- Air Science Group Environmental Protection Department, HKSAR, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Kenneth Leung
- Air Science Group Environmental Protection Department, HKSAR, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Shuncheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Shanghai, 200433, China
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14
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Peng X, Wang W, Xia M, Chen H, Ravishankara AR, Li Q, Saiz-Lopez A, Liu P, Zhang F, Zhang C, Xue L, Wang X, George C, Wang J, Mu Y, Chen J, Wang T. An unexpected large continental source of reactive bromine and chlorine with significant impact on wintertime air quality. Natl Sci Rev 2021; 8:nwaa304. [PMID: 34691692 PMCID: PMC8310770 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Halogen atoms affect the budget of ozone and the fate of pollutants such as hydrocarbons and mercury. Yet their sources and significances in polluted continental regions are poorly understood. Here we report the observation of unprecedented levels (averaging at 60 parts per trillion) of bromine chloride (BrCl) at a mid-latitude site in North China during winter. Widespread coal burning in rural households and a photo-assisted process were the primary source of BrCl and other bromine gases. BrCl contributed about 55% of both bromine and chlorine atoms. The halogen atoms increased the abundance of 'conventional' tropospheric oxidants (OH, HO2 and RO2) by 26%-73%, and enhanced oxidation of hydrocarbon by nearly a factor of two and the net ozone production by 55%. Our study reveals the significant role of reactive halogen in winter atmospheric chemistry and the deterioration of air quality in continental regions where uncontrolled coal combustion is prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Peng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Weihao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Men Xia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering and Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - A R Ravishankara
- Departments of Atmospheric Science and Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering and Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Christian George
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne 69626, France
| | - Jinhe Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering and Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
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15
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Li J, Zhang N, Wang P, Choi M, Ying Q, Guo S, Lu K, Qiu X, Wang S, Hu M, Zhang Y, Hu J. Impacts of chlorine chemistry and anthropogenic emissions on secondary pollutants in the Yangtze river delta region. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 287:117624. [PMID: 34192645 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Multiphase chemistry of chlorine is coupled into a 3D regional air quality model (CMAQv5.0.1) to investigate the impacts on the atmospheric oxidation capacity, ozone (O3), as well as fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its major components over the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region. The developed model has significantly improved the simulated hydrochloric acid (HCl), particulate chloride (PCl), and hydroxyl (OH) and hydroperoxyl (HO2) radicals. O3 is enhanced in the high chlorine emission regions by up to 4% and depleted in the rest of the region. PM2.5 is enhanced by 2-6%, mostly due to the increases in PCl, ammonium, organic aerosols, and sulfate. Nitrate exhibits inhomogeneous variations, by up to 8% increase in Shanghai and 2-5% decrease in most of the domain. Radicals show different responses to the inclusion of the multiphase chlorine chemistry during the daytime and nighttime. Both OH and HO2 are increased throughout the day, while nitrate radicals (NO3) and organic peroxy radicals (RO2) show an opposite pattern during the daytime and nighttime. Higher HCl and PCl emissions can further enhance the atmospheric oxidation capacity, O3, and PM2.5. Therefore, the anthropogenic chlorine emission inventory must be carefully evaluated and constrained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 99907, Hong Kong, China
| | - Minsu Choi
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xionghui Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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16
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Yi X, Yin S, Huang L, Li H, Wang Y, Wang Q, Chan A, Traoré D, Ooi MCG, Chen Y, Allen DT, Li L. Anthropogenic emissions of atomic chlorine precursors in the Yangtze River Delta region, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 771:144644. [PMID: 33736175 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine radical plays an important role in the formation of ozone and secondary aerosols in the troposphere. It is hence important to develop comprehensive emissions inventory of chlorine precursors in order to enhance our understanding of the role of chlorine chemistry in ozone and secondary pollution issues. Based on a bottom-up methodology, this study presents a comprehensive emission inventory for major atomic chlorine precursors in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region of China for the year 2017. Four primary chlorine precursors are considered in this study: hydrogen chloride (HCl), fine particulate chloride (Cl-) (Cl- in PM2.5), chlorine gas (Cl2), and hypochlorous acid (HClO) with emissions estimated for twelve source categories. The total emissions of these four species in the YRD region are estimated to be 20,424 t, 15,719 t, 1556 and 9331 t, respectively. The emissions of HCl are substantial, with major emissions from biomass burning and coal combustion, together accounting for 68% of the total HCl emissions. Fine particulate Cl- is mainly emitted from industrial processing, biomass burning and waste incineration. The emissions of Cl2 and HClO are mainly associated with usage of chlorine-containing disinfectants, for example, water treatment, wastewater treatment, and swimming pools. Emissions of each chlorine precursor are spatially allocated based on the characteristics of individual source category. This study provides important basic dataset for further studies with respect to the effects of chlorine chemistry on the formation of air pollution complex in the YRD region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Sijia Yin
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ling Huang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hongli Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yangjun Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Andy Chan
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih 43500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Dramane Traoré
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Maggie Chel Gee Ooi
- Institute of Climate Change, National University of Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yonghang Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - David T Allen
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Resources, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78758, United States
| | - Li Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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17
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Rai P, Furger M, Slowik JG, Zhong H, Tong Y, Wang L, Duan J, Gu Y, Qi L, Huang RJ, Cao J, Baltensperger U, Prévôt ASH. Characteristics and sources of hourly elements in PM 10 and PM 2.5 during wintertime in Beijing. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 278:116865. [PMID: 33714061 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Characteristics and sources of ambient particle elements in urban Beijing were studied by hourly observations in two size fractions (PM10 and PM2.5) during November and December 2017 using an online multi-element analyzer. The reconstructed oxide concentrations of 24 elements (from Al to Pb) comprise an appreciable fraction of PM10 and PM2.5, accounting for 37% and 17%, respectively on average. We demonstrate the benefit of using high-time-resolution chemical speciation data in achieving robust source apportionment of the total elemental PM10 (PM10el) and elemental PM2.5 (PM2.5el) mass using positive matrix factorization (PMF). Biomass burning, coal combustion, secondary sulfate, industry, non-exhaust traffic and dust were identified in both size fractions (with varying relative concentrations), which accounted on average for 4%, 12%, 5%, 2%, 14%, and 63%, respectively to the total PM10el, and 14%, 35%, 21%, 6%, 12% and 12%, respectively to the total PM2.5el. Biomass burning and coal combustion exhibited higher concentrations during haze episodes of the heating season. In contrast, secondary sulfate and industry contributed more to haze episodes during the non-heating season. The fractional contribution of dust was mostly high during clean days, while the fractional non-exhaust traffic emission contribution was similar throughout the measurement period. The non-exhaust traffic emissions contributed locally, while the remaining sources were dominated by neighboring areas. Furthermore, trajectory analysis showed that the origin of the industrial sources roughly agreed with the locations of the main point sources. Overall, this work provides detailed information on the characteristics of the elements during different haze events during heating and non-heating seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragati Rai
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
| | - Markus Furger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland.
| | - Jay G Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
| | - Haobin Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 710075, Xi'an, China
| | - Yandong Tong
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
| | - Liwei Wang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jing Duan
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 710075, Xi'an, China
| | - Yifang Gu
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 710075, Xi'an, China
| | - Lu Qi
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 710075, Xi'an, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 710075, Xi'an, China
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
| | - André S H Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland.
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Hydrogeochemical evaluation and mechanisms controlling groundwater in different geologic environments, Western Sokoto Basin, Northwestern Nigeria. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-03589-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
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19
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Wang X, Jacob DJ, Fu X, Wang T, Breton ML, Hallquist M, Liu Z, McDuffie EE, Liao H. Effects of Anthropogenic Chlorine on PM 2.5 and Ozone Air Quality in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9908-9916. [PMID: 32600027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
China has large anthropogenic chlorine emissions from agricultural fires, residential biofuel, waste incineration, coal combustion, and industrial processes. Here we quantify the effects of chlorine on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone air quality across China by using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model with comprehensive anthropogenic emissions and detailed representation of gas-phase and heterogeneous chlorine chemistry. Comparison of the model to observed ClNO2, HCl, and particulate Cl- concentrations shows that reactive chlorine in China is mainly anthropogenic, unlike in other continental regions where it is mostly of marine origin. The model is successful in reproducing observed concentrations and their distributions, lending confidence in the anthropogenic chlorine emission estimates and the resulting chemistry. We find that anthropogenic chlorine emissions increase total inorganic PM2.5 by as much as 3.2 μg m-3 on an annual mean basis through the formation of ammonium chloride, partly compensated by a decrease of nitrate because ClNO2 formation competes with N2O5 hydrolysis. Annual mean MDA8 surface ozone increases by up to 1.9 ppb, mainly from ClNO2 chemistry, while reactivities of volatile organic compounds increase (by up to 48% for ethane). We find that a sufficient representation of chlorine chemistry in air quality models can be obtained from consideration of HCl/Cl- thermodynamics and ClNO2 chemistry, because other more complicated aspects of chlorine chemistry have a relatively minor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Daniel J Jacob
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Xiao Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael Le Breton
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mattias Hallquist
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Erin E McDuffie
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Energy, Environment, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Hong Liao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
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Gen M, Zhang R, Li Y, Chan CK. Multiphase Photochemistry of Iron-Chloride Containing Particles as a Source of Aqueous Chlorine Radicals and Its Effect on Sulfate Production. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9862-9871. [PMID: 32668147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photolysis of iron chlorides is a well-known photolytic source of Cl• in environmental waters. However, the role of particulate chlorine radicals (Cl• and Cl2•-) in their multiphase oxidative potential has been much less explored. Herein, we examine the effect of Cl•/Cl2•- produced from photolysis of particulate iron chlorides on atmospheric multiphase oxidation. As a model system, experiments on multiphase oxidation of SO2 by Cl•/Cl2•- were performed. Fast sulfate production from SO2 oxidation was observed with reactive uptake coefficients of ∼10-5, comparable to the values necessary for explaining the observations in the haze events in China. The experimental and modeling results found a good positive correlation between the uptake coefficient, γSO2, and the Cl• production rate, d[Cl•]/dt, as γSO2 = 5.3 × 10-6 × log(d[Cl•]/dt) + 4.9 × 10-5. When commonly found particulate dicarboxylic acids (oxalic acid or malonic acid) were added, sulfate production was delayed due to the competition of Fe3+ between chloride and the dicarboxylic acid for its complexation at the initial stage. After the delay, comparable sulfate production was observed. The present study highlights the importance of photochemistry of particulate iron chlorides in multiphase oxidation processes in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Gen
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Faculty of Frontier Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ruifeng Zhang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yongjie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Chak K Chan
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Luo L, Kao S, Wu Y, Zhang X, Lin H, Zhang R, Xiao H. Stable oxygen isotope constraints on nitrate formation in Beijing in springtime. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114515. [PMID: 32283400 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rapid accumulation of aerosol nitrate (NO3-) contributes to haze pollution; however, studies quantifying NO3- formation mechanisms remain scarce. To explore aerosol nitrate formation pathways, total suspended particulate (TSP) samples were collected in Beijing during the spring of 2013, and the concentration of NO3- and δ18O- NO3- value were analyzed. The NO3- concentrations on polluted days (PD) were higher than those on non-polluted days (NPD). Furthermore, higher δ18O- NO3- values were observed on PD (86.8 ± 8.1‰) as compared with NPD (73.7 ± 11.0‰) suggest that more nitrate was produced by pathways with relative high δ18O-HNO3 values during PD. Based on the calculated δ18O-HNO3 values from different formation pathways and the observed δ18O- NO3- values, the possible fractional contributions of HNO3 formed via various pathways to TSP NO3- were estimated using the Bayesian isotope mixing model. The δ18O- NO3- constrained calculations suggest that the pathways of N2O5 + H2O/Cl-, NO3 + VOCs, and ClNO3 + H2O possibly contributed 53%-89% to nitrate production during PD. During NPD, the NO2 + OH pathway produced 37%-69% of the NO3-. Using the δ18O- NO3- value combined with the isotope mixing model is a promising approach for exploring NO3- formation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Luo
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - ShuhJi Kao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - YunFei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - XiaoLing Zhang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences/Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610225, China
| | - Hua Lin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - RenJian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - HuaYun Xiao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
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Chen X, Yang T, Wang Z, Hao Y, He L, Sun H. Investigating the impacts of coal-fired power plants on ambient PM 2.5 by a combination of a chemical transport model and receptor model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 727:138407. [PMID: 32498204 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aimed at evaluating the impacts of coal-fired power plants on urban air quality and human health, a one-month intensive observation campaign was conducted in a typical polluted city located in the 2 + 26 city cluster (Beijing, Tianjin and 26 other cities) of the North China Plain in December 2017. The observation results illustrated that the coal-fired power plant in this city increased the monthly average fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration by ~5% at the city scale. The impacts differed under various diffusion conditions. A three-dimensional nested air quality condition model (the Nested Air Quality Perdition Model System or NAQPMS) with source apportionment was employed to analyze the impacts. The results indicated that power plants had the largest effect on regional air quality during the severe-pollution period, while any influence could be ignored during periods with excellent dissipation under robust winds. PM2.5 contributed by the power plant mainly occurred below 150 m, diffused 100 km away, and reached a level of approximately 5 μg m-3 during the light-pollution period. During the accumulation period, the plume reached a height of 500 m, diffused to the downwind area approximately 100 km away within half a day, and contributed at most 40 μg m-3 to PM2.5. The affected area expanded to 250 km during the severe-pollution period, and the contribution to PM2.5 was at least 10 μg m-3 at different distances. The affected height reached approximately 500 m, with PM2.5 exceeding 10 μg m-3, mainly constrained below 150 m. Overall, regional integrated control strategies should be implemented for the power plants in the 2 + 26 city cluster during pollution episodes to further improve air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yufang Hao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Litao He
- Hengshui Municipal Ecology and Environment Bureau, Hengshui 053000, China
| | - Huanhuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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Lang-Yona N, Öztürk F, Gat D, Aktürk M, Dikmen E, Zarmpas P, Tsagkaraki M, Mihalopoulos N, Birgül A, Kurt-Karakuş PB, Rudich Y. Links between airborne microbiome, meteorology, and chemical composition in northwestern Turkey. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 725:138227. [PMID: 32302827 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The composition of atmospheric aerosols is dynamic and influenced by their emission sources, organic and inorganic composition, transport pathways, chemical and physical processes, microorganisms' content and more. Characterization of such factors can improve the ability to evaluate air quality and health risks under different atmospheric scenarios. Here we investigate the microbial composition of the atmospheric particulate matter (<10 μm; PM10), sampled in Bolu, Turkey, and the linkage to the chemical composition changes, and different environmental factors. We show distinct differences between aerosol composition of different sources and air-mass transport patterns, sampled in July-August 2017 and in February 2018. The summer samples had a typical northern component air mass trajectories and higher local wind speed. They were characterized by high PM10 levels, marine and mineral dust tracers and high relative abundance of Ascomycota, suggesting long-range transport of the particles from remote sources. In contrast, samples collected in February were characterized by a dominant contribution of southern air masses, and low wind speed. They had low PM10 values, higher relative abundance of antibiotic resistance genes and anthropogenic ions related to local industries and farming, suggesting a dominance of local sources. With the microbiome analyses reported here for the first time for this region, we show good agreement between airborne microbial composition, aerosol mass load, chemistry, and meteorology. These results allow better air quality evaluation and prediction capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naama Lang-Yona
- Plant and Environmental Science Department, Weizmann Institute for Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Fatma Öztürk
- Environmental Engineering Department, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Golkoy Campus, 14030 Bolu, Turkey.
| | - Daniella Gat
- Earth and Planetary Science Department, Weizmann Institute for Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Merve Aktürk
- Environmental Engineering Department, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Golkoy Campus, 14030 Bolu, Turkey
| | - Emre Dikmen
- Environmental Engineering Department, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Golkoy Campus, 14030 Bolu, Turkey
| | - Pavlos Zarmpas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 71003, Voutes, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Tsagkaraki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 71003, Voutes, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Mihalopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 71003, Voutes, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aşkın Birgül
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Bursa Technical University, 16310 Bursa, Turkey
| | | | - Yinon Rudich
- Earth and Planetary Science Department, Weizmann Institute for Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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Li Q, Badia A, Wang T, Sarwar G, Fu X, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Fung J, Cuevas CA, Wang S, Zhou B, Saiz-Lopez A. Potential Effect of Halogens on Atmospheric Oxidation and Air Quality in China. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2020; 125:10.1029/2019JD032058. [PMID: 32523860 PMCID: PMC7286431 DOI: 10.1029/2019jd032058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution has been a hazard in China over recent decades threatening the health of half a billion people. Much effort has been devoted to mitigating air pollution in China leading to a significant reduction in primary pollutants emissions from 2013 to 2017, while a continuously worsening trend of surface ozone (O3, a secondary pollutant and greenhouse gas) was observed over the same period. Atmospheric oxidation, dominated by daytime reactions involving hydroxyl radicals (OH), is the critical process to convert freshly-emitted compounds into secondary pollutants, and is underestimated in current models of China's air pollution. Halogens (chlorine, bromine, and iodine) are known to profoundly influence oxidation chemistry in the marine environment; however, their impact on atmospheric oxidation and air pollution in China is unknown. In the present study, we report for the first time that halogens substantially enhance the total atmospheric oxidation capacity in polluted areas of China, typically 10% to 20% (up to 87% in winter) and mainly by significantly increasing OH level. The enhanced oxidation along the coast is driven by oceanic emissions of bromine and iodine, and that over the inland areas by anthropogenic emission of chlorine. The extent and seasonality of halogen impact are largely explained by the dynamics of Asian monsoon, location and intensity of halogen emissions, and O3 formation regime. The omission of halogen emissions and chemistry may lead to significant errors in historical re-assessments and future projections of the evolution of atmospheric oxidation in polluted regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Alba Badia
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Golam Sarwar
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
| | - Xiao Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544, United States
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jimmy Fung
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Carlos A. Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Corresponding author: Alfonso Saiz-Lopez ()
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Concentration Variability of Water-Soluble Ions during the Acceptable and Exceeded Pollution in an Industrial Region. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17103447. [PMID: 32429130 PMCID: PMC7277652 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the chemical composition of water-soluble inorganic ions at eight localities situated in the Moravian-Silesian Region (the Czech Republic) at the border with Poland. Water-soluble inorganic ions were monitored in the winter period of 2018 (January, 11 days and February, 5 days). The set was divided into two periods: the acceptable period (the 24-h concentration of PM10 < 50 µg/m3) and the period with exceeded pollution (PM10 ˃ 50 µg/m3). Air quality in the Moravian-Silesian Region and Upper Silesia is among the most polluted in Europe, especially in the winter season when the concentration of PM10 is repeatedly exceeded. The information on the occurrence and behaviour of water-soluble inorganic ions in the air during the smog episodes in Europe is insufficient. The concentrations of water-soluble ions (chlorides, sulphates, nitrates, ammonium ions, potassium) during the exceeded period are higher by two to three times compared with the acceptable period. The major anions for both acceptable period and exceeded pollution are nitrates. During the period of exceeded pollution, percentages of water-soluble ions in PM10 decrease while percentages of carbonaceous matter and insoluble particles (fly ash) increase.
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Zhang R, Gen M, Huang D, Li Y, Chan CK. Enhanced Sulfate Production by Nitrate Photolysis in the Presence of Halide Ions in Atmospheric Particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:3831-3839. [PMID: 32126769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 is an effective production pathway of sulfate in the atmosphere. We recently reported a novel pathway for the heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 by in-particle oxidants (OH, NO2, and NO2-/HNO2) produced from particulate nitrate photolysis (Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 53, 8757-8766). Particulate nitrate is often found to coexist with chloride and other halide ions, especially in aged sea-salt aerosols and combustion aerosols. Reactive uptake experiments of SO2 with UV-irradiated nitrate particles showed that sulfate production rates were enhanced by a factor of 1.4, 1.3, and 2.0 in the presence of Cl-, Br-, and I-, respectively, compared to those in the absence of halide ions. The larger sulfate production was attributed to enhanced nitrate photolysis promoted by the increased incomplete solvation of nitrate at the air-particle interface due to the presence of surface-active halide ions. Modeling results based on the experimental data showed that the nitrate photolysis rate constants increased by a factor of 2.0, 1.7, and 3.7 in the presence of Cl-, Br-, and I-, respectively. A linear relation was found between the nitrate photolysis rate constant, jNO3-, and the initial molar ratio of Cl- to NO3-, [Cl-]0/[NO3-]0, as jNO3- = 9.7 × 10-5[Cl-]0/[NO3-]0 + 1.9 × 10-5 at [Cl-]0/[NO3-]0 below 0.2. The present study demonstrates that the presence of halide ions enhances sulfate production produced during particulate nitrate photolysis and provides insights into the enhanced formation of in-particle oxidants that may increase atmospheric oxidative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Zhang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Masao Gen
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Faculty of Frontier Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Dandan Huang
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yongjie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Chak K Chan
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Sun X, Wang H, Guo Z, Lu P, Song F, Liu L, Liu J, Rose NL, Wang F. Positive matrix factorization on source apportionment for typical pollutants in different environmental media: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:239-255. [PMID: 31916559 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00529c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A bibliometric analysis of published papers with the key words "positive matrix factorization" and "source apportionment" in 'Web of Science', reveals that more than 1000 papers are associated with this research and that approximately 50% of these were produced in Asia. As a receptor-based model, positive matrix factorization (PMF) has been widely used for source apportionment of various environmental pollutants, such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), heavy metals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as well as inorganic cations and anions in the last decade. In this review, based on the papers mainly from 2008 to 2018 that focused on source apportionment of pollutants in different environmental media, we provide a comparison and summary of the source categories of typical environmental pollutants, with a special focus on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), apportioned using PMF. Based on the statistical average, coal combustion and vehicular emission, are shown to be the two most common sources of PAHs, and contribute much more to emissions than other sources, such as biomass burning, biogenic sources and waste incineration. Heavy metals were mainly from agricultural activities, industrial and vehicular emissions and mining activities. Quantitative source apportionment on pollutants such as VOCs and particulate matter were also apportioned, showing a prominent contribution from fossil-fuel combustion. We conclude that, aside from natural sources, abatement strategies should be focused on changes in energy structure and industrial activities, especially in China. Source apportionment of typical POPs including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) is less comprehensive and further study is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Haoqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China and Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Peili Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China and Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Fuzhong Song
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Neil L Rose
- Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Fengwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China and Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China. and Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Spatial Distributions and Sources of Inorganic Chlorine in PM2.5 across China in Winter. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10090505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine is an important atmospheric photochemical oxidant, but few studies have focused on atmospheric chlorine. In this study, PM2.5 samples were collected from urban and rural sites across China in January 2018, and concentrations of Cl− and other water-soluble ions in PM2.5 were analyzed. The size-segregated aerosol Cl− data measured across Chinese cities by other studies were compiled for comparison. The observed data demonstrated that the Cl− concentrations of PM2.5 in northern cities (5.0 ± 3.7 µg/m3) were higher than those in central (1.9 ± 1.2 µg/m3) and southern cities (0.84 ± 0.54 µg/m3), suggesting substantial chlorine emissions in northern cities during winter. The concentrations of Cl− in aerosol were significantly higher in urban regions (0.11–26.7 µg/m3) compared to than in rural regions (0.03–0.61 µg/m3) across China during winter, implying strong anthropogenic chlorine emission in cities. Based on the mole ratios of Cl−/Na+, Cl−/K+ and Cl−/ SO 4 2 − and the PMF model, Cl− in northern and central cities was mainly sourced from the coal combustion and biomass burning, but in southern cities, Cl− in PM2.5 was mainly affected by the equilibrium between gas-phase HCl and particulate Cl−. The size-segregated statistical data demonstrated that particulate Cl− had a bimodal pattern, and more Cl− was distributed in the fine model than that in the coarse mode in winter, with the opposite pattern was observed in summer. This may be attributed to both sources of atmospheric Cl− and Cl− involved in chemical processes. This study reports the concentrations of aerosol Cl− on a national scale, and provides important information for modeling the global atmospheric reactive chlorine distribution and the effects of chlorine on atmospheric photochemistry.
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29
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Air Mass Trajectories to Estimate the “Most Likely” Areas to Be Affected by the Release of Hazardous Materials in the Atmosphere—Feasibility Study. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10050253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Countries continuously review and improve their Emergency Preparedness and Response (EP&R) arrangements and capabilities to take agile and rapid actions with the intent of minimizing health, environmental and economic impacts of potential harmful releases into the atmosphere. One of the specific topics within the EP&R field is the estimation of the areas that might be affected. A proposal is presented to estimate the spatial distribution of the released material. The methodology combines the computation of air mass trajectories and the elaboration of density maps from the corresponding end-point positions. To this purpose, density maps are created in a three-way procedure; first, forward trajectories are calculated from a certain location and for a long period of time, e.g., a decade; second, the selected end-point positions are aggregated in a density field by applying the kernel density estimation method, and then the density field is visualized. The final product reports the areas with the longest residence time of air masses, and hence, the areas “most likely” to be affected and where the deposit may be substantial. The usefulness of this method is evaluated taking as reference a ten-year period (2007–2016) and against two different radioactive release scenarios, such as the Chernobyl accident and the Algeciras release. While far from being fully comprehensive, as only meteorological data are used, the performance of this method is reasonably efficient, and hence, it is a desirable alternative to estimating those areas potentially affected by a substantial deposit following the releases of a harmful material in the atmosphere.
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Mancilla Y, Hernandez Paniagua IY, Mendoza A. Spatial differences in ambient coarse and fine particles in the Monterrey metropolitan area, Mexico: Implications for source contribution. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2019; 69:548-564. [PMID: 30513261 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2018.1549121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ambient air of the Monterrey Metropolitan Area (MMA) in Mexico frequently exhibits high levels of PM10 and PM2.5. However, no information exists on the chemical composition of coarse particles (PMc = PM10 - PM2.5). A monitoring campaign was conducted during the summer of 2015, during which 24-hr average PM10 and PM2.5 samples were collected using high-volume filter-based instruments to chemically characterize the fine and coarse fractions of the PM. The collected samples were analyzed for anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42-), cations (Na+, NH4+, K+), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and 35 trace elements (Al to Pb). During the campaign, the average PM2.5 concentrations did not showed significance differences among sampling sites, whereas the average PMc concentrations did. In addition, the PMc accounted for 75% to 90% of the PM10 across the MMA. The average contribution of the main chemical species to the total mass indicated that geological material including Ca, Fe, Si, and Al (45%) and sulfates (11%) were the principal components of PMc, whereas sulfates (54%) and organic matter (30%) were the principal components of PM2.5. The OC-to-EC ratio for PMc ranged from 4.4 to 13, whereas that for PM2.5 ranged from 3.97 to 6.08. The estimated contribution of Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) to the total mass of organic aerosol in PM2.5 was estimated to be around 70-80%; for PMc, the contribution was lower (20-50%). The enrichment factors (EF) for most of the trace elements exhibited high values for PM2.5 (EF: 10-1000) and low values for PMc (EF: 1-10). Given the high contribution of crustal elements and the high values of EFs, PMc is heavily influenced by soil resuspension and PM2.5 by anthropogenic sources. Finally, the airborne particles found in the eastern region of the MMA were chemically distinguishable from those in its western region. Implications: Concentration and chemical composition patterns of fine and coarse particles can vary significantly across the MMA. Public policy solutions have to be built based on these observations. There is clear evidence that the spatial variations in the MMA's coarse fractions are influenced by clearly recognizable primary emission sources, while fine particles exhibit a homogeneous concentration field and a clear spatial pattern of increasing secondary contributions. Important reductions in the coarse fraction can come from primary particles' emission controls; for fine particles, control of gaseous precursors-particularly sulfur-containing species and organic compounds-should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Mancilla
- a Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias , Tecnologico de Monterrey , Monterrey , Nuevo León , México
| | | | - A Mendoza
- a Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias , Tecnologico de Monterrey , Monterrey , Nuevo León , México
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31
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Li H, Wang D, Cui L, Gao Y, Huo J, Wang X, Zhang Z, Tan Y, Huang Y, Cao J, Chow JC, Lee SC, Fu Q. Characteristics of atmospheric PM 2.5 composition during the implementation of stringent pollution control measures in shanghai for the 2016 G20 summit. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:1121-1129. [PMID: 30340258 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To reduce air pollution within a 300 km radius from Hangzhou (the capital city of Zhejiang Province in East China) for the 2016 G20 summit (9/4-9/5), the 14-day (8/24-9/6) stringent pollution control measures were implemented in Shanghai. Changes in atmospheric concentrations during the same 14-day period from 2014 to 2016 were examined at two Supersites, i.e., urban Pudong site (PD) and Dianshan Lake regional site (DSL). Up to 50% reductions were found for PM2.5, with 13.1% and 9.7% reductions for SO2 and NO2, respectively. No apparent improvements were found for 8-h average O3 concentrations. Large reductions were also found for SO42- (51.4%), NO3- (68.8%), and NH4+ (84.4%), on average. Elevated coefficient of divergence values (0.52-0.56) suggested that pollutant sources differed at the two sites. Biomass burning, resuspended dust, combustion, iron and steel industry, sea salt, secondary aerosol, and vehicle exhaust were identified at the DSL site by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF). Secondary aerosol and vehicle exhaust accounted for 45.7% of PM2.5 mass, followed 11.2%-13.7% each by industry, resuspended dust, and coal and oil combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Dongfang Wang
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Long Cui
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Yuan Gao
- Chu Hai College of Higher Education, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong
| | - Juntao Huo
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinning Wang
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuozhi Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Yan Tan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Yu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Judith C Chow
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Shun-Cheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong.
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai, China.
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