Associations between fine particulate matter and changes in lipids/lipoproteins among midlife women

Circulating metabolomics revealed novel associations between multiple ambient air pollutants exposure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease incidence: Evidence from a prospective cohort study

The mechanisms underlying relationships between ambient air pollution and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) risk remained largely uncertain. In this study, we aim to evaluate whether metabolic signature comprising multiple circulating metabolites can characterize metabolic response to the multiple air pollution; and to assess whether the identified metabolic signature contribute to COPD risk. A total of 227,962 participants with complete data were included from the UK biobank study. Concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) were evaluated by land-use regression models. We newly computed an air pollution score to reflect joint exposure to multiple air pollutants. Circulating metabolome was quantified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. During a median of 12.78 years of follow-up, a total of 8685 incident COPD cases were documented. After multiple correction, the Cox regression models showed that 102 of 143 metabolites were significantly associated with COPD risk. Utilizing elastic net regularized regressions, we identified a metabolic signature comprising 106 metabolites (including lipid, fatty acids, glycolysis and amino acids et al.) were robustly related to air pollution score. In the multivariate-adjusted Cox regression models, the derived metabolic signature showed a positive correlation with incident COPD [HR per SD = 1.20 (95% CI: 1.17-1.22)]. Casual mediation analysis further noted that the constructed metabolic signature mediated 10.5 % (8.3%-13.1%) of the air pollution-COPD associations. Taken together, our findings identified a metabolic signature that captured metabolic response to various air pollutants exposure jointly, and predicted future COPD risk independent of known risk factors.

Clean air policy reduces the atherogenic lipid profile levels: Results from China Health Evaluation And risk Reduction through nationwide Teamwork (ChinaHEART) Study

Evidence of the associations between long-term exposure to PM2.5 and O3 and human blood lipid concentrations is abundant yet inconclusive. Whether clean air policies could improve lipid profiles remains unclear. In total, 2979312 participants from a Chinese nationwide prospective study were included. For cross-sectional analyses, linear mixed-effects models were utilized to assess the associations of pollutants with lipid profiles (TC, LDL-C, TG, HDL-C). For longitudinal analyses, a quasi-experimental design and difference-in-differences models were employed to investigate the impact of China's Clean Air Act. In the cross-sectional analyses, each IQR increase in PM2.5 was associated with 2.49 % (95 % CI: 2.36 %, 2.62 %), 2.51 % (95 % CI: 2.26 %, 2.75 %), 3.94 % (95 % CI: 3.65 %, 4.23 %), and 1.54 % (95 % CI: 1.38 %, 1.70 %) increases in TC, LDL-C, TG, and HDL-C, respectively. For each IQR increase in O3, TC, LDL-C, TG, and HDL-C changed by 1.06 % (95 % CI: 0.95 %, 1.17 %), 1.21 % (95 % CI: 1.01 %, 1.42 %), 1.78 % (95 % CI: 1.54 %, 2.02 %), and -0.63 % (95 % CI: -0.76 %, -0.49 %), respectively. Longitudinal analyses showed that the intervention group experienced greater TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C reductions (1.77 %, 4.26 %, and 7.70 %, respectively). Our findings suggest that clean air policies could improve lipid metabolism and should be implemented in countries with heavy air pollution burdens.

Impaired thyroid hormone sensitivity exacerbates the effect of PM2.5 and its components on dyslipidemia in schizophrenia

BACKGROUND

Dyslipidemia in schizophrenia causes a serious loss of healthy life expectancy, making it imperative to explore key environmental risk factors. We aimed to assess the effect of PM2.5 and its constituents on dyslipidemia in schizophrenia, identify the critical hazardous components, and investigate the role of impaired thyroid hormones (THs) sensitivity in this association.

METHODS

We collected disease data on schizophrenia from the Anhui Mental Health Center from 2019 to 2022. Logistic regression was constructed to explore the effect of average annual exposure to PM2.5 and its components [black carbon (BC), organic matter (OM), sulfate (SO42-), ammonium (NH4+), and nitrate (NO3-)] on dyslipidemia, with subgroup analyses for age and gender. The degree of impaired THs sensitivity in participants was reflected by the Thyroid Feedback Quantile-based Index (TFQI), and its role in the association of PM2.5 components with dyslipidemia was explored.

RESULTS

A total of 5125 patients with schizophrenia were included in this study. Exposure to PM2.5 and its components (BC, OM, SO42-, NH4+, and NO3-) were associated with dyslipidemia with the odds ratios and 95 % confidence interval of 1.13 (1.04, 1.23), 1.16 (1.07, 1.26), 1.15 (1.06, 1.25), 1.11 (1.03, 1.20), 1.09 (1.00, 1.18), 1.12 (1.04, 1.20), respectively. Mixed exposure modeling indicated that BC played a major role in the effects of the mixture. More significant associations were observed in males and groups <45 years. In addition, we found that the effect of PM2.5 and its components on dyslipidemia was exacerbated as impaired THs sensitivity in the patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Exposure to PM2.5 and its components is associated with an increased risk of dyslipidemia in schizophrenia, which may be exacerbated by impaired THs sensitivity. Our results suggest a new perspective for the management of ambient particulate pollution and the protection of thyroid function in schizophrenia.

The modification effect of fasting blood glucose level on the associations between short-term ambient air pollution and blood lipids

The association between short-term ambient air pollution (AAP) exposure and blood lipids is inconsistent across populations. This study aimed to investigate the modifying effects of fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels on the associations between short-term AAP exposure  and blood lipids in 110,637 male participants from Beijing, China. The results showed that FBG modified the association between short-term AAP exposure and blood lipids, especially low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). In the hyperglycemia group, a 10-μg/m3 increase in particles with diameters ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5), particles with diameters ≤ 10 μm (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), or a 1-mg/m3 increase in carbon monoxide (CO) was associated with a 0.454%, 0.305%, 1.507%, 0.872%, or 3.961% increase in LDL-C, respectively. In the nonhyperglycemic group, short-term increases in air pollutants were even associated with small decreases in LDL-C. The findings demonstrate that lipids in hyperglycemic individuals are more vulnerable to short-term AAP exposure than those in normal populations.

Air Pollution in Cardio-Oncology and Unraveling the Environmental Nexus: JACC: CardioOncology State-of-the-Art Review

Although recent advancements in cancer therapies have extended the lifespan of patients with cancer, they have also introduced new challenges, including chronic health issues such as cardiovascular disease arising from pre-existing risk factors or cancer therapies. Consequently, cardiovascular disease has become a leading cause of non-cancer-related death among cancer patients, driving the rapid evolution of the cardio-oncology field. Environmental factors, particularly air pollution, significantly contribute to deaths associated with cardiovascular disease and specific cancers, such as lung cancer. Despite these statistics, the health impact of air pollution in the context of cardio-oncology has been largely overlooked in patient care and research. Notably, the impact of air pollution varies widely across geographic areas and among individuals, leading to diverse exposure consequences. This review aims to consolidate epidemiologic and preclinical evidence linking air pollution to cardio-oncology while also exploring associated health disparities and environmental justice issues.

Longitudinal associations between ambient PM2.5 exposure and lipid levels in two Indian cities

Background

Exposure to ambient PM2.5 is known to affect lipid metabolism through systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. Evidence from developing countries, such as India with high levels of ambient PM2.5 and distinct lipid profiles, is sparse.

Methods

Longitudinal nonlinear mixed-effects analysis was conducted on >10,000 participants of Centre for cArdiometabolic Risk Reduction in South Asia (CARRS) cohort in Chennai and Delhi, India. We examined associations between 1-month and 1-year average ambient PM2.5 exposure derived from the spatiotemporal model and lipid levels (total cholesterol [TC], triglycerides [TRIG], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C]) measured longitudinally, adjusting for residential and neighborhood-level confounders.

Results

The mean annual exposure in Chennai and Delhi was 40 and 102 μg/m3 respectively. Elevated ambient PM2.5 levels were associated with an increase in LDL-C and TC at levels up to 100 µg/m3 in both cities and beyond 125 µg/m3 in Delhi. TRIG levels in Chennai increased until 40 µg/m3 for both short- and long-term exposures, then stabilized or declined, while in Delhi, there was a consistent rise with increasing annual exposures. HDL-C showed an increase in both cities against monthly average exposure. HDL-C decreased slightly in Chennai with an increase in long-term exposure, whereas it decreased beyond 130 µg/m3 in Delhi.

Conclusion

These findings demonstrate diverse associations between a wide range of ambient PM2.5 and lipid levels in an understudied South Asian population. Further research is needed to establish causality and develop targeted interventions to mitigate the impact of air pollution on lipid metabolism and cardiovascular health.

The association of in-utero exposure to air pollution and atherogenic index of plasma in newborns

BACKGROUND

Prenatal exposure to particulate matter (PM) and traffic was associated with the programming of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in early life. However, the exact underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the association between in-utero exposure to PMs and traffic indicators with the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) in newborns, which is a precise index reflecting an enhancement of lipid risk factors for CVDs.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, a total of 300 mother-newborn pairs were enrolled in Sabzevar, Iran. Spatiotemporal land-use regression models were used to estimate the level of PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 at the mother's residential address. The total length of streets in different buffers (100,300 and 500m) and proximity to major roads were calculated as indicators of traffic. The AIP of cord blood samples was calculated using an AIP calculator. Multiple linear regression models were used to examine the association of PM concentrations as well as traffic indicators with AIP controlled for relevant covariates.

RESULTS

PM2.5 exposure was significantly associated with higher levels of AIP in newborns. Each interquartile range (IQR) increment of PM2.5 concentration at the mothers' residential addresses was associated with a 5.3% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.0, 10.6%, P = 0.04) increase in the AIP. Associations between PM1, PM10 and traffic indicators with cord blood level of AIP were positive but not statistically significant.

CONCLUSION

Our findings showed that in utero exposure to PM2.5 may be associated with CVDs programming through the increase of atherogenic lipids.

Concentration-dependent alterations in the human plasma proteome following controlled exposure to diesel exhaust

Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) exposure is associated with systemic health effects, which can be studied using blood-based markers. Although we have previously shown that high TRAP concentrations alter the plasma proteome, the concentration-response relationship between blood proteins and TRAP is unexplored in controlled human exposure studies. We aimed to identify concentration-dependent plasma markers of diesel exhaust (DE), a model of TRAP. Fifteen healthy non-smokers were enrolled into a double-blinded, crossover study where they were exposed to filtered air (FA) and DE at 20, 50 and 150 μg/m3 PM2.5 for 4h, separated by ≥ 4-week washouts. We collected blood at 24h post-exposure and used label-free mass spectrometry to quantify proteins in plasma. Proteins exhibiting a concentration-response, as determined by linear mixed effects models (LMEMs), were assessed for pathway enrichment using WebGestalt. Top candidates, identified by sparse partial least squares discriminant analysis and LMEMs, were confirmed using enzyme-linked immunoassays. Thereafter, we assessed correlations between proteins that showed a DE concentration-response and acute inflammatory endpoints, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and methacholine provocation concentration causing a 20% drop in FEV1 (PC20). DE exposure was associated with concentration-dependent alterations in 45 proteins, which were enriched in complement pathways. Of the 9 proteins selected for confirmatory immunoassays, based on complementary bioinformatic approaches to narrow targets and availability of high-quality assays, complement factor I (CFI) exhibited a significant concentration-dependent decrease (-0.02 μg/mL per μg/m3 of PM2.5, p = 0.04). Comparing to FA at discrete concentrations, CFI trended downward at 50 (-2.14 ± 1.18, p = 0.08) and significantly decreased at 150 μg/m3 PM2.5 (-2.93 ± 1.18, p = 0.02). CFI levels were correlated with FEV1, PC20 and nasal interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β. This study details concentration-dependent alterations in the plasma proteome following DE exposure at concentrations relevant to occupational and community settings. CFI shows a robust concentration-response and association with established measures of airway function and inflammation.

Association between exposure to air pollution and blood lipids in the general population of Spain

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

We aimed to assess the associations of exposure to air pollutants and standard and advanced lipoprotein measures, in a nationwide sample representative of the adult population of Spain.

METHODS

We included 4647 adults (>18 years), participants in the national, cross-sectional, population-based di@bet.es study, conducted in 2008-2010. Standard lipid measurements were analysed on an Architect C8000 Analyzer (Abbott Laboratories SA). Lipoprotein analysis was made by an advanced 1 H-NMR lipoprotein test (Liposcale®). Participants were assigned air pollution concentrations for particulate matter <10 μm (PM10 ), <2.5 μm (PM2.5 ) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ), corresponding to the health examination year, obtained by modelling combined with measurements taken at air quality stations (CHIMERE chemistry-transport model).

RESULTS

In multivariate linear regression models, each IQR increase in PM10 , PM2.5 and NO2 was associated with 3.3%, 3.3% and 3% lower levels of HDL-c and 1.3%, 1.4% and 1.1% lower HDL particle (HDL-p) concentrations (p < .001 for all associations). In multivariate logistic regression, there was a significant association between PM10 , PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations and the odds of presenting low HDL-c (<40 mg/dL), low HDL-p (

CONCLUSIONS

Our study shows an association between the exposure to air pollutants and blood lipids in the general population of Spain, suggesting a link to atherosclerosis.

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Key Words

• HDL
• air pollution
• cholesterol
• lipids
• lipoprotein
• triglyceride

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MESH Headings

• Male
• Adult
• Humans
• Nitrogen Dioxide/analysis
• Spain/epidemiology
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Air Pollution/adverse effects
• Air Pollution/analysis
• Air Pollutants/analysis
• Particulate Matter/analysis
• Lipids
• Lipoproteins/analysis
• Environmental Exposure/adverse effects

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Grants

• RC-0006-2016 Consejería de Salud y Bienestar Social, Junta de Andalucía
• CM21/00214 Instituto de Salud Carlos III
• INT21/00037 Instituto de Salud Carlos III
• PI17/02136 Instituto de Salud Carlos III
• PI20/01322 Instituto de Salud Carlos III

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Affiliation(s)

Sergio Valdés Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga/Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomedica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
Viyey Doulatram-Gamgaram Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga/Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomedica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
Cristina Maldonado-Araque Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga/Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomedica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
Eva García-Escobar Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga/Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomedica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
Sara García-Serrano Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga/Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomedica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
Wasima Oualla-Bachiri Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga/Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomedica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
Marta García-Vivanco Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) - División de Contaminación Atmosférica, Madrid, Spain
Juan Luis Garrido Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) - División de Contaminación Atmosférica, Madrid, Spain
Victoria Gil Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) - División de Contaminación Atmosférica, Madrid, Spain
Fernando Martín-Llorente Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) - División de Contaminación Atmosférica, Madrid, Spain
Alfonso Calle-Pascual Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria University Hospital S. Carlos (IdISSC), Department Medicine II, Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain
Luis Castaño Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Hospital Universitario Cruces, BioCruces, UPV/EHU, Barakaldo, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
Elías Delgado Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias/University of Oviedo, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
Edelmiro Menéndez Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias/University of Oviedo, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
Josep Franch-Nadal Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain EAP Raval Sud, Institut Català de la Salut, Red GEDAPS, Primary Care, Unitat de Suport a la Recerca (IDIAP - Fundació Jordi Gol), Barcelona, Spain
Sonia Gaztambide Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Cruces - BioCruces Bizkaia - UPV-EHU, Baracaldo, Barcelona, Spain
Joan Girbés Diabetes Unit, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Valencia, Spain
F Javier Chaves Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Genomic Studies and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, Fundación de Investigación del Hospital Clínico de Valencia - INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
José L Galán-García Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
Gabriel Aguilera-Venegas Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
Joan Carles Vallvé Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, Rovira i Virgili University, IISPV, Reus, Spain
Núria Amigó Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Metabolomics Platform, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISRV, Reus, Spain Biosfer Teslab, Reus, Spain
Montse Guardiola Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, Rovira i Virgili University, IISPV, Reus, Spain
Josep Ribalta Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, Rovira i Virgili University, IISPV, Reus, Spain
Gemma Rojo-Martínez Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga/Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomedica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

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Impact of climate and environmental change on the menopause

The huge impact of climate change on humankind is multidimensional, and includes direct and indirect challenges to the physical, psychological and socio-cultural wellbeing. Women may be more vulnerable to climate-sensitive diseases, but little attention has been paid to specific needs and challenges associated with the menopause transition. The increase in average and extreme temperatures may modulate the manifestation of vasomotor symptoms; in particular, environmental temperature and seasonality may affect hot flushes and night sweats. However, more research is needed to define the impact of climate-related factors among the determinants influencing the individual experience of menopause. In addition, increased exposure to environmental pollution and toxins may also have a role in the modulation of ovarian aging mechanisms, possibly influencing timing of menopause. Finally, both air pollution and menopause transition are associated with unfavorable modifications of cardio-metabolic, bone and cognitive health, and account should be taken of these in the evaluation of the individual woman's health vulnerabilities. Overall, the evidence reported in this narrative review supports the need for specific strategies aimed at reducing the burden of climate and environmental change on menopausal women. Healthcare providers should promote behavioral measures that reduce anthropogenic climate change and at the same time have a beneficial role on several domains of physical and psychological wellbeing. From this perspective, menopause represents a golden moment to implement virtuous behaviors that will benefit at the same time women's longevity and the planet.

Environmental exposures and blood pressure in adolescents and adults in the T1D exchange clinic registry

AIMS

To examine the associations between environmental determinants of health and blood pressure and whether age, sex, or race moderated the associations among 18,754 adolescents and adults from the type 1 diabetes (T1D) Exchange Clinic Registry.

METHODS

We used multivariable linear regression. Environmental determinants included exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5, obtained from an integrated model), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), noise and light pollution, and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI, a marker of green space) at the ZIP code level of residence.

RESULTS

Higher exposure to PM2.5 and NO2, and lower NDVI, was associated with higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and higher light pollution exposure were similarly associated with higher diastolic blood pressure. These associations between environmental exposures and blood pressure remained significant after accounting for other covariates (age, sex, race/ethnicity, BMI, and T1D duration). With aging, the negative association between NDVI and blood pressure weakened.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings emphasize the significance of minimizing exposure to environmental pollutants, including PM2.5 and NO2, as well as ensuring access to areas with higher NDVI, to promote cardiovascular health in individuals with T1D.

Assessing the timing and the duration of exposure to air pollution on cardiometabolic biomarkers in patients suspected of coronary artery disease

Air pollution can affect cardiometabolic biomarkers in susceptible populations, but the most important exposure window (lag days) and exposure duration (length of averaging period) are not well understood. We investigated air pollution exposure across different time intervals on ten cardiometabolic biomarkers in 1550 patients suspected of coronary artery disease. Daily residential PM2.5 and NO2 were estimated using satellite-based spatiotemporal models and assigned to participants for up to one year before the blood collection. Distributed lag models and generalized linear models were used to examine the single-day-effects by variable lags and cumulative effects of exposures averaged over different periods before the blood draw. In single-day-effect models, PM2.5 was associated with lower apolipoprotein A (ApoA) in the first 22 lag days with the effect peaking on the first lag day; PM2.5 was also associated with elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) with significant exposure windows observed after the first 5 lag days. For the cumulative effects, short- and medium-term exposure was associated with lower ApoA (up to 30wk-average) and higher hs-CRP (up to 8wk-average), triglycerides and glucose (up to 6 d-average), but the associations were attenuated to null over the long term. The impacts of air pollution on inflammation, lipid, and glucose metabolism differ by the exposure timing and durations, which can inform our understanding of the cascade of underlying mechanisms among susceptible patients.

Causality of particulate matter on cardiovascular diseases and cardiovascular biomarkers

Background

Previous observational studies have shown that the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is related to particulate matter (PM). However, given the methodological limitations of conventional observational research, it is difficult to identify causality conclusively. To explore the causality of PM on CVDs and cardiovascular biomarkers, we conducted a Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis.

Method

In this study, we obtained summary-level data for CVDs and cardiovascular biomarkers including atrial fibrillation (AF), heart failure (HF), myocardial infarction (MI), ischemic stroke (IS), stroke subtypes, body mass index (BMI), lipid traits, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and blood pressure from several large genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Then we used two-sample MR to assess the causality of PM on CVDs and cardiovascular biomarkers, 16 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for PM2.5 and 6 SNPs for PM10 were obtained from UK Biobank participants. Inverse variance weighting (IVW) analyses under the fixed effects model were used as the main analytical method to calculate MR Estimates, followed by multiple sensitivity analyses to confirm the robustness of the results.

Results

Our study revealed increases in PM2.5 concentration were significantly related to a higher risk of MI (odds ratio (OR), 2.578; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.611-4.127; p = 7.920 × 10-5). Suggestive evidence was found between PM10 concentration and HF (OR, 2.015; 95% CI, 1.082-3.753; p = 0.027) and IS (OR, 2.279; 95% CI,1.099-4.723; p = 0.027). There was no evidence for an effect of PM concentration on other CVDs. Furthermore, PM2.5 concentration increases were significantly associated with increases in triglyceride (TG) (OR, 1.426; 95% CI, 1.133-1.795; p = 2.469 × 10-3) and decreases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (OR, 0.779; 95% CI, 0.615-0.986; p = 0.038). The PM10 concentration increases were also closely related to the decreases in HDL-C (OR, 0.563; 95% CI, 0.366-0.865; p = 8.756 × 10-3). We observed no causal effect of PM on other cardiovascular biomarkers.

Conclusion

At the genetic level, our study suggested the causality of PM2.5 on MI, TG, as well HDL-C, and revealed the causality of PM10 on HF, IS, and HDL-C. Our findings indicated the need for continued improvements in air pollution abatement for CVDs prevention.

Pollution from fine particulate matter and atherosclerosis: A narrative review

According to the WHO, the entire global population is exposed to air pollution levels higher than recommended for health preservation. Air pollution is a complex mixture of nano- to micro-sized particles and gaseous components that poses a major global threat to public health. Among the most important air pollutants, causal associations have been established between particulate matter (PM), mainly < 2.5 μm, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), i.e., hypertension, coronary artery disease, ischemic stroke, congestive heart failure, arrhythmias as well as total cardiovascular mortality. Aim of this narrative review is to describe and critically discuss the proatherogenic effects of PM_2.5 that have been attributed to many direct or indirect effects comprising endothelial dysfunction, a chronic low-grade inflammatory state, increased production of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of metalloproteases, all leading to unstable arterial plaques. Higher concentrations of air pollutants are associated with the presence of vulnerable plaques and plaque ruptures witnessing coronary artery instability. Air pollution is often disregarded as a CVD risk factor, in spite of the fact that it is one of the main modifiable factors relevant for prevention and management of CVD. Thus, not only structural actions should be taken in order to mitigate emissions, but health professionals should also take care to counsel patients on the risks of air pollution.

Exposure to ambient air pollution and lipid levels and blood pressure in an adult, Danish cohort

BACKGROUND

Air pollution is a well-recognized risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, the mechanistic pathways underlying the association are not completely understood. Hence, further studies are required to shed light on potential mechanisms, through which air pollution may affect the development from subclinical to clinical cardiovascular disease.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate associations between short-term exposure to air pollution and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), non-high density lipoprotein (non-HDL), systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

METHODS

The study was conducted among 32,851 Danes from the Diet, Cancer and Health - Next Generations cohort, who had a blood sample taken and blood pressure measured. We measured HDL and non-HDL in the blood samples. We modelled exposure to fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), ultrafine particles (UFP), elemental carbon (EC) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) in time-windows from 24 h up to 90 days before blood sampling. Pollutants were modelled as total air pollution from all sources, and apportioned into contributions from non-traffic and traffic sources. We analyzed data using linear and logistic regression, with adjustment for socio-economic and lifestyle factors.

RESULTS

Air pollution exposure over 24 h to 30 days was generally adversely associated with lipid profile and blood pressure, e.g. for 30-day UFP-exposure, adjusted β-estimates were: -0.025 (-0.043; -0.006) for HDL, 0.086 (0.042; 0.130) for non-HDL, 2.45 (1.70; 3.11) for systolic and 1.56 (1.07; 20.4) for diastolic blood pressure, per 10,000 particles/cm³. The strongest associations were found for the non-traffic components of air pollution, and among those who were overweight/obese.

DISCUSSION

In this large study of air pollution and lipid levels and blood pressure, we found that 24-h to 30-day PM_2.5, UFP, EC and NO₂ concentrations were generally adversely associated with lipid profile and blood pressure, two important cardiovascular risk factors. The study suggests potential pathways, through which air pollution could affect the development of cardiovascular disease.

PM2.5 induce lifespan reduction, insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway disruption and lipid metabolism disorder in Caenorhabditis elegans

Introduction

Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM), especially PM2.5, can induce various adverse health effects in populations, including diseases and premature death, but the mechanism of its toxicity is largely unknown.

Methods

Water-soluble components of PM2.5 (WS-PM2.5) were collected in the north of China in winter, and combined in two groups with the final concentrations of 94 μg/mL (CL group, AQI ≤ 100) and 119 μg/mL (CH group, 100 < AQI ≤ 200), respectively. The acute and long-term toxic effects of WS-PM2.5 samples were evaluated in several aspects such as development, lifespan, healthspan (locomotion behavior, heat stress tolerance, lipofucin). DAF mutants and genes were applied to verify the action of IIS pathway in WS-PM2.5 induced-effects. RNA-Sequencing was performed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms, as well as ROS production and Oil red O staining were also served as means of mechanism exploration.

Results

Body length and lifespan were shortened by exposure to WS-PM2.5. Healthspan of nematodes revealed adverse effects evaluated by head thrash, body bend, pharyngeal pump, as well as intestinal lipofuscin accumulation and survival time under heat stress. The abbreviated lifespan of daf-2(e1370) strain and reduced expression level of daf-16 and hsp-16.2 indicated that IIS pathway might be involved in the mechanism. Thirty-five abnormally expressed genes screened out by RNA-Sequencing techniques, were functionally enriched in lipid/lipid metabolism and transport, and may contribute substantially to the regulation of PM2.5 induced adverse effects in nematodes.

Conclusion

WS-PM2.5 exposure induce varying degrees of toxic effects, such as body development, shorten lifespan and healthspan. The IIS pathway and lipid metabolism/transport were disturbed by WS-PM2.5 during WS-PM2.5 exposure, suggesting their regulatory role in lifespan determination.

Long-term effect of submicronic particulate matter (PM1) and intermodal particulate matter (PM1-2.5) on incident dyslipidemia in China: A nationwide 5-year cohort study

BACKGROUND

There is insufficient evidence of associations between incident dyslipidemia with PM₁ (submicronic particulate matter) and PM_1-2.5 (intermodal particulate matter) in the middle-aged and elderly. We aimed to determine the long-term effects of PM₁ and PM_1-2.5 on incident dyslipidemia respectively.

METHODS

We studied 6976 individuals aged ≥45 from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study from 2013 to 2018. The concentrations of particular matter (PM) for every individual's address were evaluated using a satellite-based spatiotemporal model. Dyslipidemia was evaluated by self-reported. The generalized linear mixed model was applied to quantify the correlations between PM and incident dyslipidemia.

RESULTS

After a 5-year follow-up, 333 (4.77%) participants developed dyslipidemia. Per 10 μg/m³ uptick in four-year average concentrations of PMs (PM₁ and PM_1-2.5) corresponded to 1.11 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-1.23)] and 1.23 (95% CI: 1.06-1.43) fold risks of incident dyslipidemia. Nonlinear exposure-response curves were observed between PM and incident dyslipidemia. The effect size of PM₁ on incident dyslipidemia was slightly higher in males [1.14 (95% CI: 0.98-1.32) vs. 1.04 (95% CI: 0.89-1.21)], the elderly [1.23 (95% CI: 1.04-1.45) vs. 1.03 (95% CI: 0.91-1.17)], people with less than primary school education [1.12 (95% CI: 0.94-1.33) vs. 1.08 (95% CI: 0.94-1.23)], and solid cooking fuel users [1.17 (95% CI: 1.00-1.36) vs. 1.06 (95% CI: 0.93-1.21)], however, the difference was not statistically significant (Z = -0.82, P = 0.413; Z = -1.66, P = 0.097; Z = 0.32, P = 0.752; Z = -0.89, P = 0.372).

CONCLUSIONS

Long-term exposure to PM₁ and PM_1-2.5 were linked with an increased morbidity of dyslipidemia in the middle-aged and elderly population. Males, the elderly, and solid cooking fuel users had higher risk. Further studies would be warranted to establish an accurate reference value of PM to mitigate growing dyslipidemia.

Cardiovascular benefits of air purifier in patients with stable coronary artery disease: A randomized single-blind crossover study

Background

Exposure to PM_2.5 will accelerate the progression of cardiovascular diseases. Air purifier can reduce the PM_2.5 exposure and theoretically alleviate the influence of PM_2.5 on patients with stable coronary artery disease (SCAD). However, few studies of the protective effect showed significant results because the interferent effects of routine medication had not been taken into account. In order to explore the actual effect on patients with SCAD, we conducted a randomized single-blind crossover air purifier intervention trial.

Method

Levels of PM_2.5 exposure during intervention and cardiovascular indicators (inflammation, coagulation, plaque stability, and blood lipids) after intervention were detected, meanwhile the information of drug use was obtained by questionnaire. The kinds of drug used by more than 20% of the subjects were sorted out. And the influence of these drugs on cardiovascular indicators was summarized through literature review. Based on that, the drug use was included as a variable in linear mixed effects models that used to analyze the associations between PM_2.5 exposure reduction by air purifier and cardiovascular indicators.

Results

The result revealed that the interpretation contribution rate of drug use was more than that of PM_2.5 exposure. The level of C-reactive protein significantly decreased by 20.93% (95%CI: 6.56%, 33.10%), 23.44% (95%CI: 2.77%, 39.39%) and 24.11% (95%CI: 4.21%, 39.69%) on lag1, lag01 and lag02 respectively, while the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly increased by 5.10% (95%CI: 0.69%, 9.05%), 3.71% (95%CI: 0.92%, 6.60%) and 6.48% (95%CI: 2.58%, 10.24%) respectively on lag0, lag1 and lag01 associated with an interquartile range decrease of 22.51 μg/m³ in PM_2.5 exposure.

Conclusion

The study shows positive effects of air purifier on SCAD, and also provides methodological reference for future related research.

Effects of short-term exposure to gaseous pollutants on metabolic health indicators of patients with metabolic syndrome in Northwest China

Currently few studies have explored the relationship between exposure to gaseous pollutants and metabolic health indicators in patients, especially in patients with metabolic syndrome (Mets). This study collected 15,520 patients with Mets in a prospective cohort of nearly 50,000 people with 7 years of follow-up from 2011 to 2017, and matched air pollutants and meteorological data during the same period. The mixed effects model was used to analyze the relationship between different short exposure windows (1-week, 1-month, 2-month, and 3-month) of gaseous pollutants (SO2, NO2, and O3) and the metabolic health indicators of patients after controlled the confounding factors. Stratified analysis was performed by demographic characteristics and behavioral factors. The effects of gaseous pollutants on patients with different Met components were also analyzed. The results showed that the short-term exposure to SO2, NO2, and O3 had a certain effect on the metabolic health indicators of patients with Mets in different exposure windows, and with the extension of the exposure window period, the effects increased. The stratified analysis showed that gender, age, and life behaviors might modify these detrimental effects. In addition, the effects of gaseous pollutants on metabolic health indicators in G4 and G7 were more obvious than other Met components, and the effects of gaseous pollutants on the level of LDL-C were found to be statistically significant in most components. Therefore, patients with Mets should pay more attention to the influence of gaseous pollutants to take appropriate protection to reduce potential health risk.

The pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms of atmospheric PM2.5 affecting cardiovascular health: A review

BACKGROUND

Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5, with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm) is a leading environmental risk factor for global cardiovascular health concern.

OBJECTIVE

To provide a roadmap for those new to this field, we reviewed the new insights into the pathophysiological and cellular/molecular mechanisms of PM2.5 responsible for cardiovascular health.

MAIN FINDINGS

PM2.5 is able to disrupt multiple physiological barriers integrity and translocate into the systemic circulation and get access to a range of secondary target organs. An ever-growing body of epidemiological and controlled exposure studies has evidenced a causal relationship between PM2.5 exposure and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. A variety of cellular and molecular biology mechanisms responsible for the detrimental cardiovascular outcomes attributable to PM2.5 exposure have been described, including metabolic activation, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, inflammation, dysregulation of Ca2+ signaling, disturbance of autophagy, and induction of apoptosis, by which PM2.5 exposure impacts the functions and fates of multiple target cells in cardiovascular system or related organs and further alters a series of pathophysiological processes, such as cardiac autonomic nervous system imbalance, increasing blood pressure, metabolic disorder, accelerated atherosclerosis and plaque vulnerability, platelet aggregation and thrombosis, and disruption in cardiac structure and function, ultimately leading to cardiovascular events and death. Therein, oxidative stress and inflammation were suggested to play pivotal roles in those pathophysiological processes.

CONCLUSION

Those biology mechanisms have deepen insights into the etiology, course, prevention and treatment of this public health concern, although the underlying mechanisms have not yet been entirely clarified.

Air Pollution: Another Threat to HDL Function

Epidemiological studies have consistently demonstrated a positive association between exposure to air pollutants and the incidence of cardiovascular disease, with the strongest evidence for particles with a diameter < 2.5 μm (PM2.5). Therefore, air pollution has been included among the modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular outcomes as cardiovascular mortality, acute coronary syndrome, stroke, heart failure, and arrhythmias. Interestingly, the adverse effects of air pollution are more pronounced at higher levels of exposure but were also shown in countries with low levels of air pollution, indicating no apparent safe threshold. It is generally believed that exposure to air pollution in the long-term can accelerate atherosclerosis progression by promoting dyslipidemia, hypertension, and other metabolic disorders due to systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. Regarding high density lipoproteins (HDL), the impact of air pollution on plasma HDL-cholesterol levels is still debated, but there is accumulating evidence that HDL function can be impaired. In particular, the exposure to air pollution has been variably associated with a reduction in their cholesterol efflux capacity, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, and ability to promote the release of nitric oxide. Further studies are needed to fully address the impact of various air pollutants on HDL functions and to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for HDL dysfunction.

Association of Short-Term Exposure to PM2.5 with Blood Lipids and the Modification Effects of Insulin Resistance: A Panel Study in Wuhan

Results of previous studies about the acute effects of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on blood lipids were inconsistent. This study aimed to quantify the short-term effects of PM2.5 on blood lipids and estimate the modifying role of insulin resistance, reflected by the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). From September 2019 to January 2020, the study recruited 70 healthy adults from Wuhan University for a total of eight repeated data collections. At each visit, three consecutive days were monitored for personal exposure to PM2.5, and then a physical examination was carried out on the fourth day. The linear mixed-effect models were operated to investigate the impact of PM2.5 over diverse exposure windows on blood lipids. With the median of the HOMA-IR 1.820 as the cut-off point, participants were assigned to two groups for the interaction analyses. We found the overall mean level (standard deviation, SD) of PM2.5 was 38.34 (18.33) μg/m3. Additionally, with a 10 μg/m3 rise in PM2.5, the corresponding largest responses in triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), as well as high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), were −0.91% (95% confidence interval (CI): −1.63%, −0.18%), −0.33% (95% CI: −0.64%, −0.01%,), −0.94% (95% CI: −1.53%, −0.35%), and 0.67% (95% CI: 0.32%, 1.02%), respectively. The interaction analyses revealed that a significantly greater reduction in the four lipids corresponded to PM2.5 exposure when in the group with the lower HOMA-IR (<1.820). In conclusion, short-term PM2.5 exposure over specific time windows among healthy adults was associated with reduced TG, TC, as well as LDL-C levels, and elevated HDL-C. Additionally, the association of PM2.5−lipids may be modulated by insulin resistance.

Associations between Individual Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter Elemental Constituent Mixtures and Blood Lipid Profiles: A Panel Study in Chinese People Aged 60-69 Years

Dyslipidemia may be a potential mechanism linking fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) to adverse cardiovascular outcomes. However, inconsistent associations between PM_2.5 and blood lipids have resulted from the existing research, and the joint effect of PM_2.5 elemental constituents on blood lipid profiles remains unclear. We aimed to explore the overall associations between PM_2.5 elemental constituents and blood lipid profiles and to identify the significant PM_2.5 elemental constituents in this association. Sixty-nine elderly people were recruited between September 2018 and January 2019. Each participant completed a survey questionnaire, 3 days of individual exposure monitoring, health examination, and biological sample collection at each follow-up visit. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were used to identify the joint effects of the 17 elemental constituents on blood lipid profiles. Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) levels were significantly increased in older adults when exposed to the mixture of PM_2.5 elemental constituents. Copper and titanium had higher posterior inclusion probabilities than other constituents, ranging from 0.76 to 0.90 (Cu) and 0.74 to 0.94 (Ti). Copper and titanium in the PM_2.5 elemental constituent mixture played an essential role in changes to blood lipid levels. This study highlights the importance of identifying critical hazardous PM_2.5 constituents that may cause adverse cardiovascular outcomes in the future.

Effects of long-term exposure to PM2.5 and chemical constituents on blood lipids in an essential hypertensive population: A multi-city study in China

Previous studies on the effects of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) and chemical constituents on lipid disorder among hypertension populations, particularly in China, are very limited. We aimed to examine the effects of long-term exposure to PM_2.5 and chemical constituents on dyslipidemias in China. Finally, we included 34,841 participants with essential hypertension from 19 regions in China during 2010-2011. Data were modeled using the generalized additive mixed model. We found that PM_2.5 and chemical constituents exposure were positively associated with the increased risk of dyslipidemias and increased levels of total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG). The odds ratio for hypercholesterolemia was 1.356 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.246, 1.477] for PM_2.5, and the strongest association with PM_2.5 constituents was found for nitrate. Each 10 μg/m³ increase in PM_2.5 showed a significant increase of TC by 2.60% (95% CI: 2.03, 3.17) and TG by 2.91% (95% CI: 1.60, 4.24), respectively. Meanwhile, an interquartile range increase in nitrate, ammonium and organic matter had stronger associations with TC and TG parameters than black carbon, sulfate, and mineral dust. Our findings may contribute to a better understanding of the chronic effects of PM_2.5 and chemical constituents on lipid disorder in an essential hypertensive population.

Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement

This 2022 European Atherosclerosis Society lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] consensus statement updates evidence for the role of Lp(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and aortic valve stenosis, provides clinical guidance for testing and treating elevated Lp(a) levels, and considers its inclusion in global risk estimation. Epidemiologic and genetic studies involving hundreds of thousands of individuals strongly support a causal and continuous association between Lp(a) concentration and cardiovascular outcomes in different ethnicities; elevated Lp(a) is a risk factor even at very low levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. High Lp(a) is associated with both microcalcification and macrocalcification of the aortic valve. Current findings do not support Lp(a) as a risk factor for venous thrombotic events and impaired fibrinolysis. Very low Lp(a) levels may associate with increased risk of diabetes mellitus meriting further study. Lp(a) has pro-inflammatory and pro-atherosclerotic properties, which may partly relate to the oxidized phospholipids carried by Lp(a). This panel recommends testing Lp(a) concentration at least once in adults; cascade testing has potential value in familial hypercholesterolaemia, or with family or personal history of (very) high Lp(a) or premature ASCVD. Without specific Lp(a)-lowering therapies, early intensive risk factor management is recommended, targeted according to global cardiovascular risk and Lp(a) level. Lipoprotein apheresis is an option for very high Lp(a) with progressive cardiovascular disease despite optimal management of risk factors. In conclusion, this statement reinforces evidence for Lp(a) as a causal risk factor for cardiovascular outcomes. Trials of specific Lp(a)-lowering treatments are critical to confirm clinical benefit for cardiovascular disease and aortic valve stenosis.

Abnormal fasting blood glucose enhances the risk of long-term exposure to air pollution on dyslipidemia: A cross-sectional study

Both long-term exposure to air pollution and abnormal fasting blood glucose (FBG) are linked to dyslipidemia prevalence. However, the joint role of air pollution and FBG on dyslipidemia remains unknown clearly. In this study, we aimed to test whether abnormal FBG could enhance the risks of long-term exposure to air pollutants on dyslipidemia in general Chinese adult population. The present study recruited 8917 participants from 4 cities in Hebei province, China. Participants' individual exposure to air pollutants was evaluated by the Empirical Bayesian Kriging statistical model in ArcGIS10.2 geographic information system. Dyslipidemia was defined according to Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Chinese Adults. Subjects were grouped into normal, prediabetes, diabetes according to FBG level. Generalized linear models were applied to analyze the interaction of air pollutants and FBG on dyslipidemia prevalence. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was 43.83% in our investigation. After adjusting all covariates, we found the risk of four air pollutants (PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂) on dyslipidemia prevalence was stronger as higher FBG level, and the adjusted odd ratio of interaction (OR_inter (95% CI)) between PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂ and FBG levels on dyslipidemia was 1.171 (1.162, 1.189), 1.119 (1.111, 1.127), 1.124 (1.115, 1.130), 1.107 (1.098, 1.115), respectively. Stratified analyses indicated the modifying effects of FBG on the association of air pollution with dyslipidemia were stronger among male, less than 65 years old, overweight/obesity (all P_inter<0.1). Our study concluded that high FBG levels strengthened the risk of long-term exposure to air pollution on dyslipidemia, especially more noticeable in male, less than 65 years old, overweight.

Long-term exposure to air pollution and the blood lipid levels of healthy young men

BACKGROUND

There is insufficient evidence of an association between long-term exposure to air pollution and changes in blood lipid levels, and assessments may be influenced by residual confounding factors, such as socioeconomic status.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the associations between long-term exposure to air pollution and blood lipid profiles while controlling for the risk of residual confounding factors.

METHODS

We conducted a study involving conscripted Korean soldiers to assess the associations between air pollution and blood lipid levels. The soldiers, who were randomly distributed among military units throughout the country, led homogenous lives and were subjected to health checkups 8-12 months post-enlistment. We analyzed data pertaining to those who enlisted and underwent health checkups in 2019 (n = 12,778) using linear mixed models. Additionally, we evaluated quantile-specific associations using quantile regression models. We also assessed interactions based on body mass index (BMI) at the time of enlistment (≥25.0 vs. < 25.0 kg/m²).

RESULTS

The linear mixed models revealed that a 10-µg/m³ increase in fine particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels by -0.66% (95% confidence interval [CI]: -1.21, -0.10), and a 10-ppb increase in nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) increased total cholesterol (TC) levels by 1.04% (95% CI: 0.24, 1.84). In the quantile regression models, associations were also found at specific deciles. PM_2.5 exposure contributed to higher TC, NO₂ resulted in higher triglycerides and lower HDL-C, and ozone (O₃) led to lower HDL-C. The association between O₃ and TC differed according to BMI (p-value for interaction = 0.03); among those with a BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m², a 10-ppb increase in O₃ increased TC by 1.09% (95% CI: 0.20, 1.09).

DISCUSSION

These results shed new light on the importance of controlling air pollution, which can contribute to abnormal blood lipid levels, an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

Chronic fine particulate matter exposure, habitual exercise, and dyslipidemia: A longitudinal cohort study

Background:

Physical activity may increase the intake of air pollutants due to a higher ventilation rate, which may exacerbate the adverse health effects. This study investigated the combined effects of habitual exercise and long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) on the incidence of dyslipidemia in a large longitudinal cohort in Taiwan.

Methods:

A total of 121,948 adults (≥18 years) who received at least two medical examinations from 2001 to 2016 were recruited, yielding 407,821 medical examination records. A satellite-based spatiotemporal model was used to estimate the 2-year average PM_2.5 concentration (i.e., the year of and the year before the medical examination) at each participant’s address. Information on habitual exercise within 1 month before the medical examination was collected using a standard self-administered questionnaire. A Cox regression model with time-dependent covariates was used to investigate the combined effects.

Results:

Compared with inactivity, moderate and high levels of exercise were associated with a lower incidence of dyslipidemia, with hazard ratios (HRs) (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) of 0.91 (0.88, 0.94) and 0.73 (0.71, 0.75), respectively. Participants with a moderate (22.37–25.96 μg/m³) or high (>25.96 μg/m³) level of PM_2.5 exposure had a higher incidence of dyslipidemia than those with a low level of PM_2.5 exposure (≤22.37 μg/m³), with HRs (95% CIs) of 1.36 (1.32, 1.40), and 1.90 (1.81, 1.99), respectively. We observed a statistically significant, but minor, interaction effect of PM_2.5 exposure and exercise on the development of dyslipidemia, with an overall hazard ratios (95% CI) of 1.08 (1.05, 1.10), indicating that an incremental increase in the level of exercise was associated with an 8% increase in the risk of dyslipidemia associated with every 10 μg/m³ increase in PM_2.5 exposure. However, the negative association between habitual exercise and dyslipidemia remained, regardless of the level of PM_2.5 exposure, suggesting that the benefits of increased habitual exercise outweighed the adverse effects of the increase in PM_2.5 intake during exercise.

Conclusions:

Increased levels of exercise and reduced levels of PM_2.5 exposures were associated with a lower incidence of dyslipidemia. Although an increase in habitual exercise slightly increased the risk of dyslipidemia associated with PM_2.5 exposure, the benefits of the increased habitual exercise outweighed the risks. Our findings suggest that habitual exercise is an effective approach for dyslipidemia prevention, even for people residing in relatively polluted areas.

PM2.5 Exposure associated with Microbiota Gut-Brain Axis: Multi-omics Mechanistic Implications from the China BAPE study

Recent studies have shown that PM_2.5 may activate the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by inducing hormonal changes, potentially explaining the increase in neurological and cardiovascular risks. In addition, an association between PM_2.5 and gut microbiota and metabolites was established. The above evidence represents crucial parts of the gut-brain axis (GBA). In view of this evidence, we proposed a hypothesis that PM_2.5 exposure may affect the HPA axis through the gastrointestinal tract microbiota pathway (GBA mechanism), leading to an increased risk of neurological and cardiovascular diseases. We conducted a real-world prospective repeated panel study in Jinan, China. At each visit, we measured real-time personal PM_2.5 and collected fecal and blood samples. A linear mixed-effects model was used to analyze the association between PM_2.5 and serum biomarkers, gut microbiota, and metabolites. We found that PM_2.5 was associated with increased serum levels of hormones, especially the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol, which are reliable hormones of the HPA axis. Gut microbiota and tryptophan metabolites and inflammation, which are important components of the GBA, were significantly associated with PM_2.5. We also found links between PM_2.5 and changes in the nervous and cardiovascular outcomes, e.g., increases of 19.77% (95% CI: −36.44, 125.69) in anxiety, 1.19% (95% CI: 0.65, 1.74) in fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2.09% (95% CI: 1.48, 2.70) in total cholesterol (TCHOL), and 0.93% (95% CI: 0.14, 1.72) in triglycerides (TG), were associated with 10 μg/m³ increase in PM_2.5 at the lag 0–72 h, which represent the main effects of GBA. This study indicated the link between PM_2.5 and the microbiota GBA for the first time, providing evidence of the potential mechanism for PM_2.5 with neurological and cardiovascular system dysfunction.

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This is a real-world population based panel study using multi-omics technology

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Link between PM_2.5 and microbiota gut-brain axis is reported for the first time

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PM_2.5 affected gut microbiota, tryptophan metabolism, and inflammatory factors

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Important hormones of the HPA axis increased with PM_2.5 exposure

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PM_2.5 was associated with nervous and cardiovascular outcomes

Long-term ambient PM2.5 exposure associated with cardiovascular risk factors in Chinese less educated population

INTRODUCTION

Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution is related to major cardiovascular risk factors including diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and overweight, but with few studies in high-concentration nations like China so far. We aimed to investigate the association between long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (particles with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm, PM_2.5) and major cardiovascular risk factors in China.

METHODS

Adult participants with selected biochemical tests were recruited from the Chinese Physiological Constant and Health Condition (CPCHC) survey conducted from 2007 to 2011. Gridded PM_2.5 data used were derived from satellite-observed data with adjustment of ground-observed data. District-level PM_2.5 data were generated to estimate the association using multivariate logistic regression model and generalized additive model.

RESULTS

A total of 19,236 participants from the CPCHC survey were included with an average age of 42.8 ± 16.1 years, of which nearly half were male (47.0%). The annual average PM_2.5 exposure before the CPCHC survey was 33.4 (14.8-53.4) μg/m³, ranging from 8.0 μg/m³ (Xiwuqi) to 94.7 μg/m³ (Chengdu). Elevated PM_2.5 was associated with increased prevalence of hypertension (odds ratio (OR) =1.022, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 1.001, 1.043) and decreased prevalence of overweight (OR = 0.926, 95%CI: 0.910, 0.942). Education significantly interacted with PM_2.5 in association with all the interesting risk factors. Each 10 μg/m³ increment of PM_2.5 was associated with increased prevalence of diabetes (OR = 1.118, 95%CI: 1.037, 1.206), hypertension (OR = 1.101, 95%CI: 1.056, 1.147), overweight (OR = 1.071, 95%CI: 1.030, 1.114) in participants with poor education, but not in well-educated population. PM_2.5 exposure was negatively associated with hyperlipidemia in all participants (OR = 0.939, 95%CI: 0.921, 0.957). The results were robust in all the sensitivity analyses.

CONCLUSION

Association between long-term PM_2.5 exposure and cardiovascular risk factors might be modified by education. PM_2.5 was associated with a higher prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and overweight in a less-educated population with time-expose dependency. Long-term exposure to PM_2.5 might be associated with a lower prevalence of hyperlipidemia.

NLRP3 inflammasome is involved in ambient PM2.5-related metabolic disorders in diabetic model mice but not in wild-type mice

AIMS

To explore the role of nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in ambient fine particulate matter (PM_2.5)-related metabolic disorders.

METHODS

In this study, the C57BL/6 and db/db mice were exposed to concentrated PM_2.5 or filtered air (FA) using Shanghai Meteorological and Environmental Animal Exposure System (Shanghai-METAS) for 12 weeks. Indices of lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and protein expression of NLRP3 inflammasome in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were measured, respectively.

RESULTS

The results showed that PM_2.5 exposure increased circulatory insulin, triglycerides (TG), and total cholesterol (TC), and decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in both C57BL/6 and db/db mice. The levels of NLRP3-related circulatory inflammatory cytokines including both interleukin (IL)-18 and IL-1β in serum were increased in the PM_2.5-exposed mice and accompanied by the elevation in fasting blood glucose and insulin. The results also showed that exposure to PM_2.5 promoted the activation of NLRP3, pro-caspase-1, caspase-1, and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD (ASC), simultaneously accompanied by the increase of IL-18 and IL-1β expression in VAT, but the statistically significant difference only found in the db/db mice, not in C57BL/6 mice.

CONCLUSION

The activation of NLRP3 inflammasome might be not the main mechanism of PM_2.5-related metabolic disorders in wide type mice but it partly mediated the exacerbation of metabolic disorders in diabetic model mice.

Association of PM2.5 with Insulin Resistance Signaling Pathways on a Microfluidic Liver-Kidney Microphysiological System (LK-MPS) Device

Insulin resistance (IR) is a typical sign of metabolic dysregulation caused by fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), but the underlying signaling has not been clearly determined. Herein, a microfluidic liver-kidney microphysiological system (LK-MPS) is presented to assess the signaling pathways of IR generated by PM_2.5 at 200 μg/mL for 24 h. The LK-MPS device consisted of a biomimetic liver-kidney architecture and reconstructed two circulation paths: the liver metabolism-kidney excretion (LM-KE) and kidney excretion-liver metabolism (KE-LM), by which PM_2.5 is feasibly distributed in the two organs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed that PM_2.5 can embed in the cytoplasm and nuclei, undergo transport by vesicles, and lead to the destruction of mitochondria. Further comprehensive immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and untargeted metabolomic analyses confirmed that PM_2.5 disturbed the classic IRS-1/AKT signaling pathway (INSR, IRS-1, PI3K, AKT, GLUT2, GLUT4, and FOXO1 downregulated) and IR-related metabolic pathways: UDP-hexosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), gluconeogenesis (β-d-glucose 6-phosphate), and lipid biosynthesis (ceramide (Cer) and triacylglycerol (TG)) pathways, leading to the disorder of glucose levels. Collectively, these disorders aggravate hepatic and renal IR. Pearson's correlation coefficient test showed that elemental carbon (EC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and metals (Ca, Co, and V) were negatively correlated to the dysregulated proteins (INSR, IRS-1, AKT, FOXO1, GLUT2, and GLUT4). These findings may partially explain IR-related signaling pathways triggered by PM_2.5.

Does psychosocial stress modify the association of fine particulate matter and ozone with cardiovascular health indicators?

Fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) and ozone (O₃) air pollution can cause abnormal changes in blood pressure (BP), blood glucose and lipids, which are important indicators for cardiovascular health. Psychosocial stress could be a potential effect modifier for adverse health effects of air pollution, but research evidence is scarce. A cross-sectional study with 373 elderly subjects was conducted in Beijing during 2018-2019. We collected psychosocial stress information on anxiety, perceived stress and depression, obtained daily environmental data, measured resting BP, blood glucose and lipids in study participants, and analyzed the associations of PM_2.5 or O₃ with cardiovascular health indicators and the modification effect by psychosocial stress. Results showed that PM_2.5 was significantly associated with increased systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and pulse pressure (PP) ; and O₃ was significantly associated with elevated DBP, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and total triglyceride (TG). In addition, the associations of PM_2.5 with TG, and O₃ with SBP and TG were higher in participants with high psychosocial stress, whereas the associations of O₃ with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were higher in participants with low psychosocial stress. For an interquartile range (IQR) (56.8 μg/m³) increase in PM_2.5 at 4-d moving average, TG increased by 21.43% (95% CI: 2.90, 43.29) in high perceived-stress group, and decreased by 20.05% (95% CI: -30.31, -8.28) in low perceived-stress group (p for interaction = 0.04). For an IQR (63.0 μg/m³) increase in O₃ at 2-d moving average, TG increased by 32.01% (95% CI: 7.65, 61.89) in high perceived-stress group, and increased by 7.95% (95% CI: -9.80, 29.20) only in low perceived-stress group (p for interaction = 0.04). For an IQR (64.0 μg/m³) increase in O₃ at 3-d moving average, HDL-C decreased by 4.55% (95% CI: -12.15, 3.72) in high perceived-stress group, and increased by 0.57% (95% CI: -6.99, 8.75) in low perceived-stress group (p for interaction=0.002). In conclusion, our results indicated that short-term exposures to PM_2.5 and O₃ were associated with significant changes in BP, blood glucose and lipids, and psychosocial stress may increase the susceptibility of the participants to the adverse cardiovascular effects of PM_2.5 and O₃.

Associations of Particulate Matter Sizes and Chemical Constituents with Blood Lipids: A Panel Study in Guangzhou, China

Existing evidence is scarce concerning the various effects of different PM sizes and chemical constituents on blood lipids. A panel study that involved 88 healthy college students with five repeated measurements (440 blood samples in total) was performed. We measured mass concentrations of particulate matter with diameters ≤ 2.5 μm (PM_2.5), ≤1.0 μm (PM_1.0), and ≤0.5 μm (PM_0.5) as well as number concentrations of particulate matter with diameters ≤ 0.2 μm (PN_0.2) and ≤0.1 μm (PN_0.1). We applied linear mixed-effect models to assess the associations between short-term exposure to different PM size fractions and PM_2.5 constituents and seven lipid metrics. We found significant associations of greater concentrations of PM in different size fractions within 5 days before blood collection with lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoprotein A (ApoA1) levels, higher apolipoprotein B (ApoB) levels, and lower ApoA1/ApoB ratios. Among the PM_2.5 constituents, we observed that higher concentrations of tin and lead were significantly associated with decreased HDL-C levels, and higher concentrations of nickel were associated with higher HDL-C levels. Our results suggest that short-term exposure to PM in different sizes was deleteriously associated with blood lipids. Some constituents, especially metals, might be the major contributors to the detrimental effects.

The association between ambient air pollution and blood lipids: A longitudinal study in Shijiazhuang, China

BACKGROUND

Few studies have explored the associations between ambient air pollution and blood lipid levels. This study aimed to fill this knowledge gap based on a routine health examination cohort in Shijiazhuang, China.

METHODS

We included 7063 participants who took the routine health examination for 2-3 times at Hebei General Hospital from January 2016 to December 2018. Individual serum levels of cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured. Their three-month average exposure to air pollution prior to the routine health examinations was estimated using inverse distance weighted method. We used linear mixed-effects regression models to examine the associations between air pollution and levels of blood lipids while controlling for age, gender, body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol drinking, temperature, humidity, with a random effect for each individual.

RESULTS

Particles with diameters ≤2.5 μm and ≤10 μm (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and ozone (O₃) were all positively associated with TC, TG, and LDL-C and negatively associated with HDL-C, in single pollutant models. Each 10 μg/m³ increment of 3-month average PM_2.5 was associated with 0.65% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.03%-1.28%], 0.56% (95%CI: 0.33%-0.79%) and 0.63% (95%CI: 0.35%-0.91%) increment in TG, TC, and LDL-C, and 0.91% (95%CI: 0.68%-1.13%) decrease in HDL-C. In two-pollutant models, the effects of gaseous pollutants on blood lipids were weakened, while those of PMs were strengthened. Stronger associations were presented in the elderly (≥60 years) and overweight/obese (BMI ≥ 24) participants.

CONCLUSIONS

Ambient air pollution had significantly adverse effects on blood lipid levels, especially in overweight/obese and elderly individuals.

CAPSULE

Significant associations between increased air pollution and worse blood lipid levels were found, especially in overweight/obese and elderly individuals.

Effects of particulate matter on atherosclerosis: a link via high-density lipoprotein (HDL) functionality?

BACKGROUND

Exposure to air pollution has been associated with adverse effects on human health, and ultimately increased morbidity and mortality. This is predominantly due to hazardous effects on the cardiovascular system. Exposure to particulate matter (PM) is considered to be responsible for the most severe effects.

MAIN BODY

Here we summarize current knowledge from existing epidemiological, clinical and animal studies on the influence of PM exposure on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) functionality and the potential initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. We highlight experimental studies that bring support to the causality and point to possible mechanistic links. Recent studies indicate that the functional properties of HDL are more important than the levels per se. Fine (PM_2.5-0.1) and ultrafine (UFP) PM are composed of chemicals as well as biological elements that are redox-active and may trigger pro-inflammatory responses. Experimental studies indicate that these properties and responses may promote HDL dysfunction via oxidative pathways. By affecting protein and lipid components of the HDL particle, its anti-atherosclerotic characteristics including cholesterol efflux capacity, as well as other anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory features might be impaired.

CONCLUSION

Current literature suggests that PM promotes HDL dysfunction via oxidative pathways. However, as relatively few studies so far have evaluated the impact of particulate air pollution on HDL functionality, more human epidemiological as well as experimental studies are needed to strengthen any possible causal relationship and determine any relevance to atherosclerosis.

Effects of ambient PM2.5 and particle-bound metals on the healthy residents living near an electric arc furnace: A community- based study

Fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) emitted from electric arc furnaces (EAFs) poses health concerns. However, little research has been done on the impact of EAF on the health of community residents. This cross-sectional study conducted a PM_2.5 exposure assessment and health examination of community residents living near an EAF. A total of 965 residents aged 40-90 years were recruited. The residents' exposure to PM_2.5 was categorized according to the distance of their residence from the EAFs (<500, 500-1000, 1000-1500, 1500-2000, and > 2000 m). Average ambient PM_2.5 concentrations were estimated using a hybrid kriging/land-use regression (LUR) model. In addition, we selected two air-sampling sites to monitor the 2-year levels of PM_2.5 and particle-bound metals. A spot urine sample and blood samples were collected and ten heavy metal concentrations in the blood were analyzed. Inflammation- and oxidative stress-related biomarkers were measured. The associations between environmental factors and a biochemical examination were estimated using a generalized linear model. Active air sampling and hybrid kriging/LUR model simulation indicated increased levels of PM_2.5 near the EAF. The metal concentrations in PM_2.5 included Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, As, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Al, which also significantly increased near the EAF. PM_2.5 levels were significantly associated with an increased total cholesterol-high-density lipoprotein (TC/HDL) ratio. High levels of PM_2.5 and malondialdehyde were associated with a 1.72-fold increased risk of TC/HDL ratio ≥ 4 (95% CI: 1.12-2.65) after adjusting for potential confounding factors. Blood Pb levels were significantly associated with increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure and decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate but negatively associated with distance from the EAF. The results show that people living near EAFs should pay more attention to adverse health problems, including atherogenic dyslipidemia, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease associated with exposure to PM_2.5 and particle-bound metals.

Role of air pollution by particulate matter in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Prevention measures

The review highlights contemporary concepts about the role of atmospheric air pollution by particulate matter (PM) in pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). We used publications from the PubMed and Russian Science Citation Index databases. The influence of PM on the development and progression of CVD is considered depending on size, origin, chemical composition, concentration in air. PM with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤2,5 μm (PM2,5) are recognized as the most dangerous. Epidemiological studies have established a dose-dependent effect PM. Oxidative stress, damage of genome of cell and epigenetic changes associated with PM effect are the important component of CVD pathogenesis. Systematization of scientific data through a formalized description helps to understand the pathogenesis of CVD and facilitates its practical use for assessing the risk of occurrence, early diagnosing, prognostication, increasing the effectiveness of treatment, and developing preventive measures.

Maternal exposure to ambient air pollution during pregnancy and lipid profile in umbilical cord blood samples; a cross-sectional study

Adverse health effects of exposure to air pollution have been investigated in many previous studies. However, there is no study available on the association between maternal exposure to air pollution during pregnancy and cord blood lipid profile. This study, based on 150 mother-newborn pairs residing in Sabzevar, Iran (2018), evaluated the association of exposure to ambient air pollution as well as traffic indicators (total street length in different buffers around residential address and distance to major roads) during entire pregnancy with lipid levels cord blood lipid profile. Concentrations of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and PM₁ at maternal residential address were estimated using land use regression (LUR) models. We measured triglyceride (TAG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC) levels and TC/HDL-C and TAG/HDL-C ratio in the cord blood samples to characterize their lipid profile. Multiple linear regression models were developed to estimate the association of exposure to air pollution and traffic indicators with cord blood lipid profile controlled for relevant covariates. Higher concentrations of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were associated with higher levels of TAG, TC, HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, and TAG/HDL-C in cord blood samples. Moreover, higher concentration of PM₁ was associated with higher levels of TAG, TC and LDL-C. There was also a positive association between total street length in 100 m buffer around home and serum levels of TC, TAG, LDL-C and TC/HDL ratio (β = 3.73, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.76, 5.71; β = 2.75, 95% CI: 0.97, 4.53; β = 1.87, 95% CI: 0.64, 3.09; β = 0.06, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.11, respectively). However, the associations for total street length in larger buffers and distance to major roads were not statistically significant. Our findings support a relationship between exposure to air pollution during pregnancy and increase in cord blood lipid levels.

Correlation of α/γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles with the toxicity of particulate matter originating from subway tunnels in Seoul stations, Korea

According to the increasing concern about particulate matter (PM) pollution at subway systems, particularly its potentially severe effects on human health, this study investigated the constituents, characteristics, and toxicity of PM collected at underground subway stations in Seoul, Korea. It was found that α/γ-Fe₂O₃ NPs, which are considered as thermal products derived from the brake-wheel-rail interface, were the main components of PM (57.6% and 48% of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5, respectively). In addition, hydrothermally synthesized α/γ-Fe₂O₃ NPs, proposing to possess similar properties to those of Fe₂O₃ contained in PM, were used to investigate the correlation of these oxides with PM toxicity. In particular, the synthesized γ-Fe₂O₃ NPs induced a negligibly toxic, while the synthesized α-Fe₂O₃ NPs and PM showed remarkably toxic effects on HeLa cells and zebrafish embryos, specifically in reducing cell proliferation to 85% and 72% survival, causing high apoptosis of 29.8% and 29.3%, and inhibiting the development of embryos up to 60% and 8% after prolonged exposure, respectively. It is considered that α-Fe₂O₃ NPs were primarily responsible for the harmful effects of PM, resulting in significant damage to DNA due to their capacity of producing high reactive oxygen species (ROS) and, thus, deleterious effects on the human body.

Investigating potential associations between O3 exposure and lipid profiles: A longitudinal study of older adults in Beijing

BACKGROUND

Little information exists on the lipidemic effects of ozone exposure. Few studies have focused on the different patterns of the association among older adults population, and little attention has been given to comprehensive lipid indices when evaluating the effect of O3 exposure on the metabolism.

METHODS

We conducted a longitudinal study involving 201 older adults in Beijing, China between 2016 and 2018. A mixed regression model was applied with random effects to investigate the relationship between O3 and lipid profiles.

RESULTS

O3 exposure positively correlated with TC, LDL-C, CRI-I, CRI-II and AC at short-term and medium-term exposure periods. The largest increases in TC, LDL-C, CRI-I and CRI-II were found in the 28-days moving average indicating accumulative effects over prolonged exposure period. A 10 μg/m³ increase of O3 at the 28-days moving average was associated with a significant increase of 3.9% (95% CI: 1.0, 6.9) in TC, 8.2% (95% CI: 4.2, 12.4) in LDL-C, 4.8% (95% CI: 1.1, 8.5) in CRI-I and 7.0% (95% CI: 2.7, 11.5) in CRI-II. Stratification by health status and characteristics revealed different patterns of lipid changes among older adults, lipid status, age, sex and BMI may modify the relationship between O3 exposure and lipid profiles.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that short-term and medium-term O3 exposure is associated with lipid profiles abnormalities among the older adults. Evidence also suggests there are patterns within population which differ according to both health status and demographic characteristics.

Associations of air pollution, obesity and cardiometabolic health in young adults: The Meta-AIR study

OBJECTIVE

Growing evidence indicates exposure to air pollution contributes to obesity and cardiometabolic disease risk in children and adults, however studies are lacking in young adulthood, an important transitional period in the life course. The aim of this study was to examine the associations of short- and long-term regional ambient and near-roadway air pollution (NRAP) exposures on adiposity and cardiometabolic health in young adults aged 17-22 years.

METHODS

From 2014 to 2018, a subset of participants (n = 158) were recruited from the Children's Health Study to participate in the Meta-AIR (Metabolic and Asthma Incidence Research) study to assess obesity (body composition and abdominal adiposity) and cardiometabolic health (fasting glucose, fasting insulin and lipid profiles) measures. Prior 1-month and 1-year average air pollution exposures were calculated from residential addresses. This included nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), ozone (O₃), particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 10 μm (PM₁₀), particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) and NRAP (freeway, non-freeway, and total nitrogen oxides (NO_x)) exposures. Linear regression models examined associations of prior 1-month (short-term) and 1-year (long-term) air pollution exposures on obesity and cardiometabolic factors adjusting for covariates and past childhood air pollution exposures.

RESULTS

In the Meta-AIR study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis with short- and long-term regional ambient and NRAP exposures (in both single- and multi-pollutant models) and obesity- and cardiometabolic-related outcomes and found associations with a few outcomes. A 1 standard deviation (SD) change in long-term NO₂ exposure was associated with a 11.3 mg/dL higher level of total cholesterol (p = 0.04) and 9.4 mg/dL higher level of low-density lipoproteins (LDL)-cholesterol (p = 0.04). Amongst obese participants, associations between long-term NO₂ and total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were 4.5 and 9 times larger than the associations in non-obese participants (p_interaction = 0.008 and 0.03, respectively). Additionally, we observed a statistically significant association with increased short-term O₃ exposure and higher triglyceride and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol levels (p = 0.04), lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels (p = 0.03), and higher hepatic fat levels (p = 0.02). Amongst glucose-related factors, long-term PM_2.5 exposure was associated with higher levels of insulin area under the curve (p = 0.03). There were no other statistically significant associations with short- or long-term air pollutants and BMI, other measures of adiposity, and cardiometabolic outcomes.

CONCLUSION

Higher exposure to regional air pollutants, namely prior 1-year average NO₂, was associated with higher fasting serum lipid measures. These associations were more pronounced in obese participants, suggesting obesity may exacerbate the effects of air pollution exposure on lipid levels in young adults. This study did not find any other associations between short- and long-term ambient and NRAP exposures across a range of other obesity and cardiometabolic indicators. Further studies in young adults are warranted as our study suggests potential deleterious associations of both short- and long-term air pollution exposures and lipid metabolism.

Ambient air pollution and lipid profile: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Ambient air pollution (AAP) is recognized a cardiovascular risk factor and lipid profile dysregulation seems to be one of the potential mediators involved. However, results from epidemiologic research on the association between exposure to AAP and altered lipid profile have been inconsistent. This study aims to systematically review and meta-analyse epidemiologic evidence on the association between exposure to ambient air pollutants (particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide, back carbon) and lipid profile parameters (Total cholesterol; High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; TG-Triglycerides) or dyslipidaemia. Systematic electronic literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases (last search on 24th May 2019) using keywords related to the exposure (ambient air pollutants) and to the outcomes (lipid profile parameters/dyslipidaemia). Qualitative and quantitative information of the studies were extracted and fixed or random-effects models were used to obtain a pooled effect estimate per each pollutant/outcome combination. 22 studies were qualitatively analysed and, from those, 3 studies were quantitatively analysed. Particulate matters were the most studied pollutants and a considerable heterogeneity in air pollution assessment methods and outcomes definitions was detected. Age, obesity related measures, tobacco consumption, sex and socioeconomic factors were the most frequent considered variables for confounding adjustment in the models. In a long-term exposure scenario, we found a 3.14% (1.36%-4.95%) increase in TG levels per 10 μg/m³ PM₁₀ increment and a 4.24% (1.37%-7.19%) increase in TG levels per 10 μg/m³ NO₂ increment. No significant associations were detected for the remaining pollutant/outcome combinations. Despite the few studies included in the meta-analysis, our study suggests some epidemiologic evidence supporting the association between PM₁₀ and NO₂ exposures and increased TG levels. Due to the very low level of evidence, more studies are needed to clarify the role of lipid profile dysregulation as a mediator on the AAP adverse cardiovascular effects.