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Matsuda Y, Makino T. Comparative genomics reveals convergent signals associated with the high metabolism and longevity in birds and bats. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20241068. [PMID: 39191281 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.1068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Birds and bats have long lifespans relative to their body size compared with non-flying animals. However, the genomic basis associated with longer lifespan of flying species despite their higher metabolism was unclear. In this study, we hypothesized that genes involved in the regulation of metabolism and lifespan changed with the acquisition of flight and searched for genes that show specific evolutionary patterns in flying species. As a result, we identified several genes that show different evolutionary rates in bird and bat lineages. Genes in pathways involved in lifespan regulation were conserved in birds, while they evolved at an accelerated rate in bats. We also searched for genes in which convergent amino acid substitutions occurred in birds and bats and found such substitutions in genes involved in cancer, reactive oxygen species control and immunity. Our study revealed genomic changes associated with the acquisition of flight in birds and bats and suggested that multiple genes involved in the regulation of lifespan and metabolism support both high metabolism and longevity in flying species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Matsuda
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai-cho , Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku , Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takashi Makino
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku , Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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2
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Li W, Tahiri N. Host-Virus Cophylogenetic Trajectories: Investigating Molecular Relationships between Coronaviruses and Bat Hosts. Viruses 2024; 16:1133. [PMID: 39066295 PMCID: PMC11281392 DOI: 10.3390/v16071133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bats, with their virus tolerance, social behaviors, and mobility, are reservoirs for emerging viruses, including coronaviruses (CoVs) known for genetic flexibility. Studying the cophylogenetic link between bats and CoVs provides vital insights into transmission dynamics and host adaptation. Prior research has yielded valuable insights into phenomena such as host switching, cospeciation, and other dynamics concerning the interaction between CoVs and bats. Nonetheless, a distinct gap exists in the current literature concerning a comparative cophylogenetic analysis focused on elucidating the contributions of sequence fragments to the co-evolution between hosts and viruses. In this study, we analyzed the cophylogenetic patterns of 69 host-virus connections. Among the 69 host-virus links examined, 47 showed significant cophylogeny based on ParaFit and PACo analyses, affirming strong associations. Focusing on two proteins, ORF1ab and spike, we conducted a comparative analysis of host and CoV phylogenies. For ORF1ab, the specific window ranged in multiple sequence alignment (positions 520-680, 770-870, 2930-3070, and 4910-5080) exhibited the lowest Robinson-Foulds (RF) distance (i.e., 84.62%), emphasizing its higher contribution in the cophylogenetic association. Similarly, within the spike region, distinct window ranges (positions 0-140, 60-180, 100-410, 360-550, and 630-730) displayed the lowest RF distance at 88.46%. Our analysis identified six recombination regions within ORF1ab (positions 360-1390, 550-1610, 680-1680, 700-1710, 2060-3090, and 2130-3250), and four within the spike protein (positions 10-510, 50-560, 170-710, and 230-730). The convergence of minimal RF distance regions with combination regions robustly affirms the pivotal role of recombination in viral adaptation to host selection pressures. Furthermore, horizontal gene transfer reveals prominent instances of partial gene transfer events, occurring not only among variants within the same host species but also crossing host species boundaries. This suggests a more intricate pattern of genetic exchange. By employing a multifaceted approach, our comprehensive strategy offers a nuanced understanding of the intricate interactions that govern the co-evolutionary dynamics between bat hosts and CoVs. This deeper insight enhances our comprehension of viral evolution and adaptation mechanisms, shedding light on the broader dynamics that propel viral diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadia Tahiri
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sherbrooke, 2500 Bd University, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada;
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3
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Perumalsamy N, Sharma R, Subramanian M, Nagarajan SA. Hard Ticks as Vectors: The Emerging Threat of Tick-Borne Diseases in India. Pathogens 2024; 13:556. [PMID: 39057783 PMCID: PMC11279560 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hard ticks (Ixodidae) play a critical role in transmitting various tick-borne diseases (TBDs), posing significant global threats to human and animal health. Climatic factors influence the abundance, diversity, and vectorial capacity of tick vectors. It is imperative to have a comprehensive understanding of hard ticks, pathogens, eco-epidemiology, and the impact of climatic changes on the transmission dynamics of TBDs. The distribution and life cycle patterns of hard ticks are influenced by diverse ecological factors that, in turn, can be impacted by changes in climate, leading to the expansion of the tick vector's range and geographical distribution. Vector competence, a pivotal aspect of vectorial capacity, involves the tick's ability to acquire, maintain, and transmit pathogens. Hard ticks, by efficiently feeding on diverse hosts and manipulating their immunity through their saliva, emerge as competent vectors for various pathogens, such as viruses, parasites and bacteria. This ability significantly influences the success of pathogen transmission. Further exploration of genetic diversity, population structure, and hybrid tick vectors is crucial, as they play a substantial role in influencing vector competence and complicating the dynamics of TBDs. This comprehensive review deals with important TBDs in India and delves into a profound understanding of hard ticks as vectors, their biology, and the factors influencing their vector competence. Given that TBDs continue to pose a substantial threat to global health, the review emphasizes the urgency of investigating tick control strategies and advancing vaccine development. Special attention is given to the pivotal role of population genetics in comprehending the genetic diversity of tick populations and providing essential insights into their adaptability to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shriram Ananganallur Nagarajan
- Division of Vector Biology and Control, Indian Council of Medical Research—Vector Control Research Centre (ICMR-VCRC), Puducherry 605006, India; (N.P.); (R.S.); (M.S.)
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4
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Hu B, Wang JM, Zhang QX, Xu J, Xing YN, Wang B, Han SY, He HX. Enterococcus faecalis provides protection during scavenging in carrion crow ( Corvus corone). Zool Res 2024; 45:451-463. [PMID: 38583936 PMCID: PMC11188602 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota significantly influences host physiology and provides essential ecosystem services. While diet can affect the composition of the gut microbiota, the gut microbiota can also help the host adapt to specific dietary habits. The carrion crow ( Corvus corone), an urban facultative scavenger bird, hosts an abundance of pathogens due to its scavenging behavior. Despite this, carrion crows infrequently exhibit illness, a phenomenon related to their unique physiological adaptability. At present, however, the role of the gut microbiota remains incompletely understood. In this study, we performed a comparative analysis using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing technology to assess colonic content in carrion crows and 16 other bird species with different diets in Beijing, China. Our findings revealed that the dominant gut microbiota in carrion crows was primarily composed of Proteobacteria (75.51%) and Firmicutes (22.37%). Significant differences were observed in the relative abundance of Enterococcus faecalis among groups, highlighting its potential as a biomarker of facultative scavenging behavior in carrion crows. Subsequently, E. faecalis isolated from carrion crows was transplanted into model mice to explore the protective effects of this bacterial community against Salmonella enterica infection. Results showed that E. faecalis down-regulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and interleukin 6 (IL-6), prevented S. enterica colonization, and regulated the composition of gut microbiota in mice, thereby modulating the host's immune regulatory capacity. Therefore, E. faecalis exerts immunoregulatory and anti-pathogenic functions in carrion crows engaged in scavenging behavior, offering a representative case of how the gut microbiota contributes to the protection of hosts with specialized diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jia-Min Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing-Xun Zhang
- Beijing Milu Ecological Research Center, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Beijing Capital International Airport Co., Ltd., Beijing 101300, China
| | - Ya-Nan Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bo Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shu-Yi Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong-Xuan He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China. E-mail:
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5
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Melepat B, Li T, Vinkler M. Natural selection directing molecular evolution in vertebrate viral sensors. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 154:105147. [PMID: 38325501 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Diseases caused by pathogens contribute to molecular adaptations in host immunity. Variety of viral pathogens challenging animal immunity can drive positive selection diversifying receptors recognising the infections. However, whether distinct virus sensing systems differ across animals in their evolutionary modes remains unclear. Our review provides a comparative overview of natural selection shaping molecular evolution in vertebrate viral-binding pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Despite prevailing negative selection arising from the functional constraints, multiple lines of evidence now suggest diversifying selection in the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) and oligoadenylate synthetases (OASs). In several cases, location of the positively selected sites in the ligand-binding regions suggests effects on viral detection although experimental support is lacking. Unfortunately, in most other PRR families including the AIM2-like receptor family, C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), and cyclic GMP-AMP synthetase studies characterising their molecular evolution are rare, preventing comparative insight. We indicate shared characteristics of the viral sensor evolution and highlight priorities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balraj Melepat
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague, EU, Czech Republic
| | - Tao Li
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague, EU, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Vinkler
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague, EU, Czech Republic.
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Krchlíková V, Lotke R, Haußmann I, Reinišová M, Kučerová D, Pecnová Ľ, Ungrová L, Hejnar J, Sauter D, Elleder D. Independent loss events of a functional tetherin gene in galliform birds. J Virol 2023; 97:e0080323. [PMID: 37712707 PMCID: PMC10617486 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00803-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Birds represent important hosts for numerous viruses, including zoonotic viruses and pathogens with the potential to cause major economic losses to the poultry industry. Viral replication and transmission can be inhibited or blocked by the action of antiviral restriction factors (RFs) encoded by the host. One well-characterized RF is tetherin, a protein that directly blocks the release of newly formed viral particles from infected cells. Here, we describe the evolutionary loss of a functional tetherin gene in two galliform birds, turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) and Mikado pheasant (Syrmaticus mikado). Moreover, we demonstrate that the structurally related protein TMCC(aT) exerts antiviral activity in several birds, albeit by a mechanism different from that of tetherin. The evolutionary scenario described here represents the first documented loss-of-tetherin cases in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Krchlíková
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rishikesh Lotke
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Isabell Haußmann
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markéta Reinišová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Kučerová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ľubomíra Pecnová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Ungrová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Hejnar
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Sauter
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Elleder
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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7
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Karunarathna SC, Haelewaters D, Lionakis MS, Tibpromma S, Jianchu X, Hughes AC, Mortimer PE. Assessing the threat of bat-associated fungal pathogens. One Health 2023; 16:100553. [PMID: 37363244 PMCID: PMC10288076 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens have become an increasingly important topic in recent decades. Yet whilst various cankers and blights have gained attention in temperate woodlands and crops, the scope for fungal pathogens of animals and their potential threat has received far less attention. With a shifting climate, the threat from fungal pathogens is predicted to increase in the future, thus understanding the spread of fungi over landscapes as well as taxa that may be at risk is of particular importance. Cave ecosystems provide potential refugia for various fungi, and roosts for bats. With their well vascularized wings and wide-ranging distributions, bats present potential fungal vectors. Furthermore, whilst bat immune systems are generally robust to bacterial and viral pathogens, they can be susceptible to fungal pathogens, particularly during periods of stress such as hibernation. Here we explore why bats are important and interesting vectors for fungi across landscapes and discuss knowledge gaps that require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha C. Karunarathna
- Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 65201, PR China
| | - Danny Haelewaters
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Research Group Mycology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michail S. Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Saowaluck Tibpromma
- Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 65201, PR China
| | - Xu Jianchu
- Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 65201, PR China
| | - Alice C. Hughes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Peter E. Mortimer
- Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 65201, PR China
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8
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Simancas-Racines A, Cadena-Ullauri S, Guevara-Ramírez P, Zambrano AK, Simancas-Racines D. Avian Influenza: Strategies to Manage an Outbreak. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040610. [PMID: 37111496 PMCID: PMC10145843 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) is a contagious disease among the poultry population with high avian mortality, which generates significant economic losses and elevated costs for disease control and outbreak eradication. AI is caused by an RNA virus part of the Orthomyxoviridae family; however, only Influenzavirus A is capable of infecting birds. AI pathogenicity is based on the lethality, signs, and molecular characteristics of the virus. Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus has a low mortality rate and ability to infect, whereas the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus can cross respiratory and intestinal barriers, diffuse to the blood, damage all tissues of the bird, and has a high mortality rate. Nowadays, avian influenza is a global public health concern due to its zoonotic potential. Wild waterfowl is the natural reservoir of AI viruses, and the oral-fecal path is the main transmission route between birds. Similarly, transmission to other species generally occurs after virus circulation in densely populated infected avian species, indicating that AI viruses can adapt to promote the spread. Moreover, HPAI is a notifiable animal disease; therefore, all countries must report infections to the health authorities. Regarding laboratory diagnoses, the presence of influenza virus type A can be identified by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), enzyme immunoassay (EIA), immunofluorescence assays, and enzyme-linked immunoadsorption assay (ELISAs). Furthermore, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction is used for viral RNA detection and is considered the gold standard for the management of suspect and confirmed cases of AI. If there is suspicion of a case, epidemiological surveillance protocols must be initiated until a definitive diagnosis is obtained. Moreover, if there is a confirmed case, containment actions should be prompt and strict precautions must be taken when handling infected poultry cases or infected materials. The containment measures for confirmed cases include the sanitary slaughter of infected poultry using methods such as environment saturation with CO2, carbon dioxide foam, and cervical dislocation. For disposal, burial, and incineration, protocols should be followed. Lastly, disinfection of affected poultry farms must be carried out. The present review aims to provide an overview of the avian influenza virus, strategies for its management, the challenges an outbreak can generate, and recommendations for informed decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Simancas-Racines
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales, Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi, Latacunga 050108, Ecuador
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170129, Ecuador
- Centro de Investigación de Salud Pública y Epidemiología Clínica (CISPEC), Universidad UTE, Quito 170129, Ecuador
| | - Santiago Cadena-Ullauri
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170129, Ecuador
| | - Patricia Guevara-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170129, Ecuador
| | - Ana Karina Zambrano
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170129, Ecuador
| | - Daniel Simancas-Racines
- Centro de Investigación de Salud Pública y Epidemiología Clínica (CISPEC), Universidad UTE, Quito 170129, Ecuador
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9
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Marchenko V, Danilenko A, Kolosova N, Bragina M, Molchanova M, Bulanovich Y, Gorodov V, Leonov S, Gudymo A, Onkhonova G, Svyatchenko S, Ryzhikov A. Diversity of gammacoronaviruses and deltacoronaviruses in wild birds and poultry in Russia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19412. [PMID: 36371465 PMCID: PMC9653423 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23925-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses of the genera Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus are globally widespread and circulate primarily in wild and domestic birds. Prior studies have established frequently occurring crossover events from avian to mammalian reservoirs. However, there is limited understanding of the diversity and geographical distribution of coronaviruses among birds. In this study, the surveillance of coronaviruses in birds in Russia during 2020 revealed the presence of coronaviruses in 12% of samples from birds. Targeted NGS approach was used for the evaluation of genetic diversity based on RdRp gene. While gammacoronviruses were found in both wild birds and poultry, deltacoronaviruses were found in wild birds only and represent the first detections for Russia. A number of cases with the simultaneous detection of gamma- and deltacoronaviruses in one bird was reported. The results of this study highlight the importance of further research concerning the spread and diversity of coronaviruses among birds within and migrating throughout the territory of Russia across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily Marchenko
- grid.419755.bState Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - Alexey Danilenko
- grid.419755.bState Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - Natalia Kolosova
- grid.419755.bState Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - Maria Bragina
- grid.419755.bState Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - Marina Molchanova
- grid.419755.bState Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - Yuliya Bulanovich
- grid.419755.bState Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - Vladimir Gorodov
- Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-BioTechnologies, RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey Leonov
- Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-BioTechnologies, RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Andrey Gudymo
- grid.419755.bState Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - Galina Onkhonova
- grid.419755.bState Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - Svetlana Svyatchenko
- grid.419755.bState Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - Alexander Ryzhikov
- grid.419755.bState Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
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10
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Schulze AS, Kleinau G, Krakowsky R, Rochmann D, Das R, Worth CL, Krumbholz P, Scheerer P, Stäubert C. Evolutionary analyses reveal immune cell receptor GPR84 as a conserved receptor for bacteria-derived molecules. iScience 2022; 25:105087. [PMID: 36164652 PMCID: PMC9508565 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor 84 (GPR84) is found in immune cells and its expression is increased under inflammatory conditions. Activation of GPR84 by medium-chain fatty acids results in pro-inflammatory responses. Here, we screened available vertebrate genome data and found that GPR84 is present in vertebrates for more than 500 million years but absent in birds and a pseudogene in bats. Cloning and functional characterization of several mammalian GPR84 orthologs in combination with evolutionary and model-based structural analyses revealed evidence for positive selection of bear GPR84 orthologs. Naturally occurring human GPR84 variants are most frequent in Asian populations causing a loss of function. Further, we identified cis- and trans-2-decenoic acid, both known to mediate bacterial communication, as evolutionary highly conserved ligands. Our integrated set of approaches contributes to a comprehensive understanding of GPR84 in terms of evolutionary and structural aspects, highlighting GPR84 as a conserved immune cell receptor for bacteria-derived molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadeus Samuel Schulze
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gunnar Kleinau
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rosanna Krakowsky
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Rochmann
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ranajit Das
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Catherine L Worth
- Independent Data Lab UG, Frauenmantelanger 31, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Krumbholz
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Stäubert
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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11
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Wegner GI, Murray KA, Springmann M, Muller A, Sokolow SH, Saylors K, Morens DM. Averting wildlife-borne infectious disease epidemics requires a focus on socio-ecological drivers and a redesign of the global food system. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 47:101386. [PMID: 35465645 PMCID: PMC9014132 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A debate has emerged over the potential socio-ecological drivers of wildlife-origin zoonotic disease outbreaks and emerging infectious disease (EID) events. This Review explores the extent to which the incidence of wildlife-origin infectious disease outbreaks, which are likely to include devastating pandemics like HIV/AIDS and COVID-19, may be linked to excessive and increasing rates of tropical deforestation for agricultural food production and wild meat hunting and trade, which are further related to contemporary ecological crises such as global warming and mass species extinction. Here we explore a set of precautionary responses to wildlife-origin zoonosis threat, including: (a) limiting human encroachment into tropical wildlands by promoting a global transition to diets low in livestock source foods; (b) containing tropical wild meat hunting and trade by curbing urban wild meat demand, while securing access for indigenous people and local communities in remote subsistence areas; and (c) improving biosecurity and other strategies to break zoonosis transmission pathways at the wildlife-human interface and along animal source food supply chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia I. Wegner
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Abingdon OX13 5QL, UK
| | - Kris A. Murray
- MRC Unit the Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Gambia
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Marco Springmann
- Oxford Martin Programme on the Future of Food and Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, 34 Broad Street, Oxford OX1 3BD, UK
| | - Adrian Muller
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH, Sonneggstrasse 33, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Ackerstrasse 113, Frick 5070, Switzerland
| | - Susanne H. Sokolow
- Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, Jerry Yang & Akiko Yamazaki Environment & Energy Building, MC 4205, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-6150, USA
| | - Karen Saylors
- Labyrinth Global Health, 15th Ave NE, St Petersburg, FL 33704, USA
| | - David M. Morens
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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12
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Guth S, Mollentze N, Renault K, Streicker DG, Visher E, Boots M, Brook CE. Bats host the most virulent-but not the most dangerous-zoonotic viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2113628119. [PMID: 35349342 DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.25.453574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
SignificanceThe clear need to mitigate zoonotic risk has fueled increased viral discovery in specific reservoir host taxa. We show that a combination of viral and reservoir traits can predict zoonotic virus virulence and transmissibility in humans, supporting the hypothesis that bats harbor exceptionally virulent zoonoses. However, pandemic prevention requires thinking beyond zoonotic capacity, virulence, and transmissibility to consider collective "burden" on human health. For this, viral discovery targeting specific reservoirs may be inefficient as death burden correlates with viral, not reservoir, traits, and depends on context-specific epidemiological dynamics across and beyond the human-animal interface. These findings suggest that longitudinal studies of viral dynamics in reservoir and spillover host populations may offer the most effective strategy for mitigating zoonotic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Guth
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Nardus Mollentze
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Katia Renault
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Daniel G Streicker
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Visher
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Mike Boots
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Exeter TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Cara E Brook
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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13
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Guth S, Mollentze N, Renault K, Streicker DG, Visher E, Boots M, Brook CE. Bats host the most virulent-but not the most dangerous-zoonotic viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2113628119. [PMID: 35349342 PMCID: PMC9168486 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113628119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SignificanceThe clear need to mitigate zoonotic risk has fueled increased viral discovery in specific reservoir host taxa. We show that a combination of viral and reservoir traits can predict zoonotic virus virulence and transmissibility in humans, supporting the hypothesis that bats harbor exceptionally virulent zoonoses. However, pandemic prevention requires thinking beyond zoonotic capacity, virulence, and transmissibility to consider collective "burden" on human health. For this, viral discovery targeting specific reservoirs may be inefficient as death burden correlates with viral, not reservoir, traits, and depends on context-specific epidemiological dynamics across and beyond the human-animal interface. These findings suggest that longitudinal studies of viral dynamics in reservoir and spillover host populations may offer the most effective strategy for mitigating zoonotic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Guth
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Nardus Mollentze
- Medical Research Council–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Katia Renault
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Daniel G. Streicker
- Medical Research Council–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Visher
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Mike Boots
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Exeter TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Cara E. Brook
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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14
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Kawasaki J, Kojima S, Tomonaga K, Horie M. Hidden Viral Sequences in Public Sequencing Data and Warning for Future Emerging Diseases. mBio 2021; 12:e0163821. [PMID: 34399612 PMCID: PMC8406186 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01638-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses cause numerous emerging diseases, mostly due to transmission from mammalian and avian reservoirs. Large-scale surveillance of RNA viral infections in these animals is a fundamental step for controlling viral infectious diseases. Metagenomic analysis is a powerful method for virus identification with low bias and has contributed substantially to the discovery of novel viruses. Deep-sequencing data have been collected from diverse animals and accumulated in public databases, which can be valuable resources for identifying unknown viral sequences. Here, we screened for infections of 33 RNA viral families in publicly available mammalian and avian sequencing data and found approximately 900 hidden viral infections. We also discovered six nearly complete viral genomes in livestock, wild, and experimental animals: hepatovirus in a goat, hepeviruses in blind mole-rats and a galago, astrovirus in macaque monkeys, parechovirus in a cow, and pegivirus in tree shrews. Some of these viruses were phylogenetically close to human-pathogenic viruses, suggesting the potential risk of causing disease in humans upon infection. Furthermore, infections of five novel viruses were identified in several different individuals, indicating that their infections may have already spread in the natural host population. Our findings demonstrate the reusability of public sequencing data for surveying viral infections and identifying novel viral sequences, presenting a warning about a new threat of viral infectious disease to public health. IMPORTANCE Monitoring the spread of viral infections and identifying novel viruses capable of infecting humans through animal reservoirs are necessary to control emerging viral diseases. Massive amounts of sequencing data collected from various animals are publicly available, and these data may contain sequences originating from a wide variety of viruses. Here, we analyzed more than 46,000 public sequencing data and identified approximately 900 hidden RNA viral infections in mammalian and avian samples. Some viruses discovered in this study were genetically similar to pathogens that cause hepatitis, diarrhea, or encephalitis in humans, suggesting the presence of new threats to public health. Our study demonstrates the effectiveness of reusing public sequencing data to identify known and unknown viral infections, indicating that future continuous monitoring of public sequencing data by metagenomic analyses would help prepare and mitigate future viral pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junna Kawasaki
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shohei Kojima
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keizo Tomonaga
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Horie
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
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15
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Macdonald A, Hawkes LA, Corrigan DK. Recent advances in biomedical, biosensor and clinical measurement devices for use in humans and the potential application of these technologies for the study of physiology and disease in wild animals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200228. [PMID: 34176326 PMCID: PMC8237170 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of achieving enhanced diagnosis and continuous monitoring of human health has led to a vibrant, dynamic and well-funded field of research in medical sensing and biosensor technologies. The field has many sub-disciplines which focus on different aspects of sensor science; engaging engineers, chemists, biochemists and clinicians, often in interdisciplinary teams. The trends which dominate include the efforts to develop effective point of care tests and implantable/wearable technologies for early diagnosis and continuous monitoring. This review will outline the current state of the art in a number of relevant fields, including device engineering, chemistry, nanoscience and biomolecular detection, and suggest how these advances might be employed to develop effective systems for measuring physiology, detecting infection and monitoring biomarker status in wild animals. Special consideration is also given to the emerging threat of antimicrobial resistance and in the light of the current SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, zoonotic infections. Both of these areas involve significant crossover between animal and human health and are therefore well placed to seed technological developments with applicability to both human and animal health and, more generally, the reviewed technologies have significant potential to find use in the measurement of physiology in wild animals. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measuring physiology in free-living animals (Part II)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Macdonald
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wolfson Centre, University of Strathclyde, 106 Rottenrow, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
| | - Lucy A. Hawkes
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Damion K. Corrigan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wolfson Centre, University of Strathclyde, 106 Rottenrow, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
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16
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Williams HJ, Shipley JR, Rutz C, Wikelski M, Wilkes M, Hawkes LA. Future trends in measuring physiology in free-living animals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200230. [PMID: 34176330 PMCID: PMC8237165 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thus far, ecophysiology research has predominantly been conducted within controlled laboratory-based environments, owing to a mismatch between the recording technologies available for physiological monitoring in wild animals and the suite of behaviours and environments they need to withstand, without unduly affecting subjects. While it is possible to record some physiological variables for free-living animals using animal-attached logging devices, including inertial-measurement, heart-rate and temperature loggers, the field is still in its infancy. In this opinion piece, we review the most important future research directions for advancing the field of 'physiologging' in wild animals, including the technological development that we anticipate will be required, and the fiscal and ethical challenges that must be overcome. Non-invasive, multi-sensor miniature devices are ubiquitous in the world of human health and fitness monitoring, creating invaluable opportunities for animal and human physiologging to drive synergistic advances. We argue that by capitalizing on the research efforts and advancements made in the development of human wearables, it will be possible to design the non-invasive loggers needed by ecophysiologists to collect accurate physiological data from free-ranging animals ethically and with an absolute minimum of impact. In turn, findings have the capacity to foster transformative advances in human health monitoring. Thus, we invite biomedical engineers and researchers to collaborate with the animal-tagging community to drive forward the advancements necessary to realize the full potential of both fields. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measuring physiology in free-living animals (Part II)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. J. Williams
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464, Konstanz, Germany
| | - J. Ryan Shipley
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464, Konstanz, Germany
| | - C. Rutz
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK
| | - M. Wikelski
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464, Konstanz, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - M. Wilkes
- Extreme Environments Research Group, University of Portsmouth, Spinnaker Building, Cambridge Road, Portsmouth PO1 2EF, UK
| | - L. A. Hawkes
- Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK
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17
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Ratnadass A, Deguine JP. Crop protection practices and viral zoonotic risks within a One Health framework. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 774:145172. [PMID: 33610983 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent viral zoonotic epidemics have been attributed partially to the negative impact of human activities on ecosystem biodiversity. Agricultural activities, particularly conventional crop protection (CP) practices, are a major threat to global biodiversity, ecosystem health and human health. Here we review interactions between CP practices and viral zoonoses (VZs), the first time this has been done. It should be noted that a) VZs stand at the interface between human, animal and ecosystem health; b) some VZs involve arthropod vectors that are affected by CP practices; and c) some crop pests, or their natural enemies are vertebrate reservoirs/carriers of certain VZs, and their contact with humans or domestic animals is affected by CP practices. Our review encompasses examples highlighting interactions between VZs and CP practices, both efficiency improvement-based (i.e. conventional with agrochemical insecticides and rodenticides), substitution-based (i.e. mainly with physical/mechanical or biopesticidal pest control), and redesign-based (i.e. mainly with conservation biological pest control, including some forms of crop-livestock integration). These CP practices mainly target arthropod and vertebrate pests. They also target, to a lesser extent, weeds and plant pathogens. Conventional and some physical/mechanical control methods and some forms of biopesticidal and crop-livestock integration practices were found to have mixed outcomes in terms of VZ risk management. Conversely, practices based on biological control by habitat conservation of arthropod or vertebrate natural enemies, falling within the Agroecological Crop Protection (ACP) framework, result in VZ prevention at various scales (local to global, and short-term to long-term). ACP addresses major global challenges including climate resilience, biodiversity conservation and animal welfare, and helps integrate plant health within the extended "One Health" concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Ratnadass
- CIRAD, UPR HortSys, F-97455 Saint-Pierre, Réunion, France; HortSys, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France.
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18
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Garg KM, Chattopadhyay B. Gene Flow in Volant Vertebrates: Species Biology, Ecology and Climate Change. J Indian Inst Sci 2021; 101:165-176. [PMID: 34155425 PMCID: PMC8207815 DOI: 10.1007/s41745-021-00239-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gene flow, the exchange of genetic material between populations is an important biological process, which shapes and maintains biodiversity. The successful movement of individuals between populations depends on multiple factors determined by species biology and the environment. One of the most important factors regulating gene flow is the ability to move, and flight allows individuals to easily move across geographical barriers. Volant vertebrates are found on some of the remotest islands and contribute significantly to the biodiversity and ecosystem. The availability of next-generation sequencing data for non-model animals has substantially improved our understanding of gene flow and its consequences, allowing us to look at fine-scale patterns. However, most of our understanding regarding gene flow comes from the temperate regions and the Neotropics. The lack of studies from species-rich Asia is striking. In this review, we outline the importance of gene flow and the factors affecting gene flow, especially for volant vertebrates. We especially discuss research studies from tropical biomes of South and Southeast Asia, highlight the lacuna in literature and provide an outline for future studies in this species-rich region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika M. Garg
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bengaluru, Karnataka India
- Department of Biology, Ashoka University, Sonipat, Haryana India
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Hanan N, Doud RL, Park IW, Jones HP, Mathew SO. The Many Faces of Innate Immunity in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060596. [PMID: 34199761 PMCID: PMC8228170 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is important for initial antiviral response. SARS-CoV-2 can result in overactivity or suppression of the innate immune system. A dysregulated immune response is associated with poor outcomes; with patients having significant Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte ratios (NLR) due to neutrophilia alongside lymphopenia. Elevated interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 leads to overactivity and is a prominent feature of severe COVID-19 patients. IL-6 can result in lymphopenia; where COVID-19 patients typically have significantly altered lymphocyte subsets. IL-8 attracts neutrophils; which may play a significant role in lung tissue damage with the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps leading to cytokine storm or acute respiratory distress syndrome. Several factors like pre-existing co-morbidities, genetic risks, viral pathogenicity, and therapeutic efficacy act as important modifiers of SARS-CoV-2 risks for disease through an interplay with innate host inflammatory responses. In this review, we discuss the role of the innate immune system at play with other important modifiers in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Hanan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (N.H.); (R.L.D.J.); (I.-W.P.); (H.P.J.)
| | - Ronnie L. Doud
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (N.H.); (R.L.D.J.); (I.-W.P.); (H.P.J.)
| | - In-Woo Park
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (N.H.); (R.L.D.J.); (I.-W.P.); (H.P.J.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Harlan P. Jones
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (N.H.); (R.L.D.J.); (I.-W.P.); (H.P.J.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Stephen O. Mathew
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (N.H.); (R.L.D.J.); (I.-W.P.); (H.P.J.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-817-735-5407
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20
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Wang L, Nabi G, Yin L, Wang Y, Li S, Hao Z, Li D. Birds and plastic pollution: recent advances. AVIAN RESEARCH 2021; 12:59. [PMID: 34745642 PMCID: PMC8561682 DOI: 10.1186/s40657-021-00293-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plastic waste and debris have caused substantial environmental pollution globally in the past decades, and they have been accumulated in hundreds of terrestrial and aquatic avian species. Birds are susceptible and vulnerable to external environments; therefore, they could be used to estimate the negative effects of environmental pollution. In this review, we summarize the effects of macroplastics, microplastics, and plastic-derived additives and plastic-absorbed chemicals on birds. First, macroplastics and microplastics accumulate in different tissues of various aquatic and terrestrial birds, suggesting that birds could suffer from the macroplastics and microplastics-associated contaminants in the aquatic and terrestrial environments. Second, the detrimental effects of macroplastics and microplastics, and their derived additives and absorbed chemicals on the individual survival, growth and development, reproductive output, and physiology, are summarized in different birds, as well as the known toxicological mechanisms of plastics in laboratory model mammals. Finally, we identify that human commensal birds, long-life-span birds, and model bird species could be utilized to different research objectives to evaluate plastic pollution burden and toxicological effects of chronic plastic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024 China
| | - Ghulam Nabi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024 China
| | - Liyun Yin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024 China
| | - Yanqin Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024 China
| | - Shuxin Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024 China
| | - Zhuang Hao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024 China
| | - Dongming Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024 China
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