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Wang K, Xu J, Guo H, Min Z, Wei Q, Chen P, Sleutel S. Reuse of straw in the form of hydrochar: Balancing the carbon budget and rice production under different irrigation management. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 189:77-87. [PMID: 39180805 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Hydrochar is proposed as a climate-friendly organic fertilizer, but its potential impact on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in paddy cultivation is not fully understood. This two-year study compared the impact of exogenous organic carbon (EOC) application (rice straw and hydrochar) on GHG emissions, the net ecosystem carbon budget (NECB), net global warming potential (net GWP), and GHG emission intensity (GHGI) in a rice pot experiment using either flooding irrigation (FI) or controlled irrigation (CI). Compared with FI, CI increased ecosystem respiration by 23 - 44 % and N2O emissions by 85 - 137 % but decreased CH4 emissions by 30 - 58 % (p < 0.05). Since CH4 contributed more to net GWP than N2O, CI reduced net GWP by 16 - 220 %. EOC amendment increased crop yield by 5 - 9 % (p < 0.05). Compared with CK, hydrochar application increased initial GHG emission, net GWP and GHGI in the first year, while in the second year, there was no significant difference in net GWP and GHGI between CI-hydrochar and CK. Compared with straw addition, hydrochar amendment reduced net GWP and GHGI by 20 - 66 % and 21 - 66 %; and exhibited a lower net CO2 emission when considering the energy input during the hydrochar production. These findings suggest that integrated CI-hydrochar practices would be a sustainable and eco-friendly way for organic waste management in rice production as it holds potential to enhance the NECB and SOC sequestration of rice production, while also offsetting the extra carbon emissions from organic inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kechun Wang
- The National Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Soil - Water Efficient Utilization Carbon Sequestration and Emission Reduction, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Junzeng Xu
- The National Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Soil - Water Efficient Utilization Carbon Sequestration and Emission Reduction, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Hang Guo
- The National Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Soil - Water Efficient Utilization Carbon Sequestration and Emission Reduction, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Zhihui Min
- The National Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Soil - Water Efficient Utilization Carbon Sequestration and Emission Reduction, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Qi Wei
- The National Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Soil - Water Efficient Utilization Carbon Sequestration and Emission Reduction, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Peng Chen
- The National Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Soil - Water Efficient Utilization Carbon Sequestration and Emission Reduction, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Steven Sleutel
- Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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Peng XX, Gai S, Liu Z, Cheng K, Yang F. Effects of Fe 3+ on Hydrothermal Humification of Agricultural Biomass. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301227. [PMID: 37833827 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal humification technology for the preparation of artificial humic matters provides a new strategy, greatly promoting the natural maturation process. Iron, as a common metal, is widely used in the conversion of waste biomass; however, the influence of Fe3+ on hydrothermal humification remains unknown. In this study, FeCl3 is used to catalyze the hydrothermal humification of corn straw, and the influence of Fe3+ on the hydrothermal humification is explored by a series of characterization techniques. Results show that Fe3+ as the catalyst can promote the decomposition of corn straw, shorten the reaction time from 24 h to 6 h, and increase the yield from 6.77 % to 14.08 %. However, artificial humic acid (A-HA) obtained from Fe3+ -catalysis hydrothermal humification contains more unstable carbon and low amount of aromatics, resulting in a significantly decreased stability of the artificial humic acid. These results provide theoretical guidance for regulating the structure and properties of artificial humic acid to meet various maintenance needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong-Xin Peng
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering Department, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial International Joint Laboratory of Smart Soil, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Shuang Gai
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering Department, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial International Joint Laboratory of Smart Soil, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Zhuqing Liu
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering Department, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial International Joint Laboratory of Smart Soil, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Kui Cheng
- Heilongjiang Provincial International Joint Laboratory of Smart Soil, Harbin, 150030, China
- College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering Department, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial International Joint Laboratory of Smart Soil, Harbin, 150030, China
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3
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One Step Catalytic Conversion of Polysaccharides in Ulva prolifera to Lactic Acid and Value-Added Chemicals. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of lactic acid and value-added chemicals (such as hydroxypropanone, glycolic acid, and formic acid) directly from Ulva prolifera via one-step catalytic process was studied. The effect of different amounts of YCl3-derived catalysts on the hydrothermal conversion of carbohydrates in Ulva prolifera was explored, and the reaction conditions were optimized. In this catalytic system, rhamnose could be extracted from Ulva prolifera and converted in situ into lactic acid and hydroxypropanone at 160 °C, while all the glucose, xylose, and rhamnose were fractionated and completely converted to lactic acid at 220 °C or at a higher temperature, via several consecutive and/or parallel catalytic processes. The highest yield of lactic acid obtained was 31.4 wt% under the optimized conditions. The hydrothermal conversion of Ulva prolifera occurred rapidly (within 10 min) and showed promise to valorize Ulva prolifera.
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Kumar R, Zhu Z, Chen C, Cai W, Woon-Chung Wong J, Zhao J. Molten Salt-Assisted Synthesis of Co/N-Doped Carbon Hybrids for Aqueous-Phase Aerobic Oxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201333. [PMID: 36120725 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A resource-efficient and facile method of synthesizing 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) from biomass-derived platform chemical 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) was explored using cobalt and nitrogen-doped carbon catalysts (Co/N-C). A molten salts-assisted method proved to be effective in improving the surface area of the catalysts as well as uniformity and dispersibility of the Co species. Detailed investigation of different combinations of precursors revealed that the formation of Co-Nx species was imperative for high FDCA selectivity, and the nitrogen-doped carbon matrix enhanced the catalytic activity by providing good electron mobility. A significant observation was made regarding the change in reaction mechanism with the heating rate of Co/N-C. High HMF conversion of 99 % with 68 % FDCA yield was achieved at 120 °C in water at 24 h. This study shows an eco-friendly and cost-effective method of FDCA production with high yield that overcomes the use of precious metal-based catalysts, organic solvents, and severe reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeti Kumar
- Institute of Bioresource and Agriculture and Sino-Forest Applied Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environment, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Zhu
- Institute of Bioresource and Agriculture and Sino-Forest Applied Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environment, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Changzhou Chen
- Institute of Bioresource and Agriculture and Sino-Forest Applied Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environment, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Wenfei Cai
- Institute of Bioresource and Agriculture and Sino-Forest Applied Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environment, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Jonathan Woon-Chung Wong
- Institute of Bioresource and Agriculture and Sino-Forest Applied Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environment, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Institute of Bioresource and Agriculture and Sino-Forest Applied Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environment, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Hong Kong Baptist University Institute of Research and Continuing Education Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
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5
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Shao Y, Chen J, Ding X, Lu W, Shen D, Long Y. Valorization of hexoses into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and levulinic acid in acidic seawater under microwave hydrothermal conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022:1-10. [PMID: 36369796 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2143294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Typical value-added platform chemicals 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and levulinic acid (LA) can be obtained from hexoses under microwave hydrothermal (MHT) conditions. This study explored the detailed transformation process regarding the MHT products in acidic seawater obtained using glucose and fructose as raw materials. The facile conversion of fructose compared with glucose was mainly ascribed to their different activation energies (56.721 and 88.594 kJ mol-1, respectively). The HMF and LA product yields were strongly affected by the MHT temperature and holding time in two types of hexose solution. Undesirable humins were found to inevitably form under each set of reaction conditions. The carbon balance results for reactants and products showed that up to 60% of fructose carbon was converted into value-added chemicals, while 47% of glucose carbon underwent the same conversion in acidic seawater under the optimal MHT conditions. This study provides further knowledge regarding the role of microwave heating combined with acidic seawater in green chemistry and is a useful reference for the biorefinery industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Shao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Instrumental Analysis Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiansong Chen
- Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Ding
- Shangyu Yingtai Fine Chemical Co., Ltd., Shaoxing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Lu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongsheng Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Instrumental Analysis Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyang Long
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Instrumental Analysis Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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6
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Microwave-assisted hydrothermal preparation of magnetic hydrochar for the removal of organophosphorus insecticides from aqueous solutions. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yek PNY, Liew RK, Wan Mahari WA, Peng W, Sonne C, Kong SH, Tabatabaei M, Aghbashlo M, Park YK, Lam SS. Production of value-added hydrochar from single-mode microwave hydrothermal carbonization of oil palm waste for de-chlorination of domestic water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 833:154968. [PMID: 35367546 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A huge amount of palm waste generated daily represents a problematic high-moisture waste to be disposed of, yet it also represents a promising biomass resource to be transformed into a value-added product. A single-mode microwave hydrothermal carbonization process incorporating steam purging was developed and utilised to convert high-moisture palm waste into hydrochar over a range of process temperatures from 150 to 300 °C. The microwave hydrothermal carbonization recorded a shorter process duration (10 min) and prevented the occurrence of hot spots within the reactor. The resulting hydrochar showed up to 94.3 wt% of mass yield, 69.2 wt% of fixed carbon, and 412.3 m2/g of surface area. The subsequent application of the hydrochar in de-chlorination of domestic water demonstrated an impressive removal performance of up to 98.9% of free chlorine, exhibiting 435 min of breakthrough time, and 40.0 mg/g of bed capacity in continuous column operation. The results show great promise of microwave hydrothermal carbonization as a desirable approach to produce desirable hydrochar for de-chlorination application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Nai Yuh Yek
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Centre for Research of Innovation and Sustainable Development, University of Technology Sarawak, 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Rock Keey Liew
- NV WESTERN PLT, No. 208B, Second Floor, Macalister Road, 10400 Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Wan Adibah Wan Mahari
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Wanxi Peng
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Sieng Huat Kong
- School of Foundation Studies, University of Technology Sarawak, 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Meisam Tabatabaei
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Biofuel Research Team (BRTeam), Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mortaza Aghbashlo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Young-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea.
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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8
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Preparation and Characterization of Apricot Kernel Shell Biochar and Its Adsorption Mechanism for Atrazine. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14074082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the preparation of apricot kernel shell biochar by a hydrothermal method and its adsorption mechanism for atrazine was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectrum (FTIR) analytical techniques. The results show that the biochar prepared from the apricot kernel shell has an evenly distributed, nonaggregated carbon microsphere structure and contains a large number of oxygen-containing groups. The higher the preparation temperature is, the more functional groups exist and the better the potential adsorption performance is. The adsorption kinetics of atrazine on apricot kernel shell biochar were fitted with a quasi-second-order kinetic equation (R2 ≥ 0.995, p < 0.05). The isothermal adsorption data were in accordance with the Freundlich model (R2 ≥ 0.911, p < 0.05). The adsorption of atrazine on apricot kernel shell biochar includes two processes: surface adsorption and diffusion. The adsorption capacity of apricot kernel shell biochar for atrazine increases with increasing preparation temperature and decreases with increasing pH and Ca2+ concentration. The adsorption mechanism includes hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Therefore, biochar prepared from apricot shells, an agricultural waste, exhibits good adsorption performance for atrazine and has a good application prospect in addressing agricultural non-point source pollution, especially in pesticide residue pollution control.
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Hydrothermal liquefaction of green macroalgae Cladophora glomerata: Effect of functional groups on the catalytic performance of graphene oxide/polyurethane composite. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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10
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Hu Y, Li H, Hu P, Li L, Wu D, Xue Z, Zhu L, Hu C. Probing the effects of fructose concentration on the evolution of humins during fructose dehydration. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00324d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A universal understanding on the concentration-aggravated evolution of humins during fructose dehydration has been demonstrated, wherein difructose anhydrides act as the key intermediates for both 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and humin formations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yexin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Ping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Linzhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Zhidan Xue
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Liangfang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Changwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
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Huang T, Yuan K, Nie XL, Chen J, Zhang HX, Chen JZ, Xiong WM. Preparation of Furfural From Xylose Catalyzed by Diimidazole Hexafluorophosphate in Microwave. Front Chem 2021; 9:727382. [PMID: 34540802 PMCID: PMC8440960 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.727382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, functionalized alkyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ILs were synthesized and characterized; then, they were applied in the conversion of xylose to furfural under the microwave method. The results showed that when CnMF was used as a catalyst, an acidic environment was provided to promote the formation of furfural. In addition, the heating method, the solvent, and the different structures of cations in the ionic liquid influenced their catalytic activity. In an aqueous solution, the yield of furfural obtained using the microwave method was better than that of the conventional heating method, and the catalytic activity of diimidazole hexafluorophosphate was better than that of monoimidazole. Meanwhile, for the diimidazole hexafluorophosphate, the change of the carbon chain length between the imidazole rings also slightly influenced the yield. Finally, the optimal yield of 49.76% was obtained at 205°C for 8 min using 3,3′-methylenebis(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium), C1MF, as a catalyst. Mechanistic studies suggested that the catalytic activity of C1MF was mainly due to the combined effect of POFn (OH)3-n and imidazole ring. Without a doubt, the catalytic activity of C1MF was still available after five cycles, which not only showed its excellent catalytic activity in catalyzing the xylose to prepare the biomass platform compound furfural but also could promote the application of functionalized ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Huang
- College of Science, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Kun Yuan
- College of Science, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xu-Liang Nie
- Knowledge Innovation Team of Organic Functional Materials and Agricultural Applications of Nanchang City, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Information and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huang-Xian Zhang
- College of Science, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jin-Zhu Chen
- College of Science, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wan-Ming Xiong
- Knowledge Innovation Team of Organic Functional Materials and Agricultural Applications of Nanchang City, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
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