1
|
Houle D, Renaudin M, Duchesne L, Moore JD, Benoist A. Soil solution chemistry weak response to long-term N addition points towards a strong resilience of northeastern American forests to past and future N deposition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174387. [PMID: 38955275 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Northern temperate and boreal forests are large biomes playing crucial ecological and environmental roles, such as carbon sequestration. Despite being generally remote, these forests were exposed to anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition over the last two centuries and may still experience elevated N deposition as human activities expand towards high latitudes. However, the impacts of long-term high N deposition on these N-limited forest ecosystems remain unclear. For 18 years, we simulated N deposition by chronically adding ammonium nitrate at rates of 3 (LN treatment) and 10 (HN treatment) times the ambient N deposition estimated at the beginning of the experiment at a temperate sugar maple and a boreal balsam fir forest site, both located in northeastern America. LN and HN treatments corresponded respectively to addition of 26 kgN·ha-1·yr-1 and 85 kgN·ha-1·yr-1 at the temperate site and 17 kgN·ha-1·yr-1 and 57 kgN·ha-1·yr-1 at the boreal site. Between 2002 and 2018, soil solution was collected weekly during summer and concentrations of NO3-, NH4+, Ca2+ and pH were measured, totalling ~12,700-13,500 observations per variable on the study period. N treatments caused soil solution NO3-, NH4+ and Ca2+ concentrations to increase while reducing its pH. However, ion responses manifested through punctual high concentration events (predominantly on the HN plots) that were very rare and leached N quantity was extremely low at both sites. Therefore, N addition corresponding to 54 years (LN treatment) and 180 years (HN treatment) of accelerated ambient N deposition had overall small impacts on soil solution chemistry. Our results indicate an important N retention of northeastern American forests and an unexpected strong resilience of their soil solution chemistry to long-term simulated N deposition, potentially explained by the widespread N-limitation in high latitude ecosystems. This finding can help predict the future productivity of N-limited forests and improve forest management strategies in northeastern America.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Houle
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 105 McGill St., Montréal, QC H2Y 2E7, Canada; Université du Québec à Montréal, Département des Sciences Biologiques, 141 Avenue du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada.
| | - Marie Renaudin
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 105 McGill St., Montréal, QC H2Y 2E7, Canada; Université du Québec à Montréal, Département des Sciences Biologiques, 141 Avenue du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada
| | - Louis Duchesne
- Direction de la recherche forestière, Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs du Québec, 2700 rue Einstein, Québec, QC G1P 3W8, Canada
| | - Jean-David Moore
- Direction de la recherche forestière, Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs du Québec, 2700 rue Einstein, Québec, QC G1P 3W8, Canada
| | - Apolline Benoist
- Université de Sherbrooke, Département de Chimie, 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ramanathan T, Ollivier Q, Rahman A, Hamilton L, Arumugam S. Long-term dissolved organic carbon changes in Woronora drinking water system in Australia. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 364:143047. [PMID: 39121958 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Assessing historical records of DOC concentrations (DOC) in drinking water sources is important for water utilities to understand long-term planning for infrastructure needs. This study investigates 15-20 years of historical data of the Woronora water supply catchment in Australia inclusive of the water filtration plant (WFP), the lake from where the water was drawn for WFP supply, and the two primary river inputs. The DOC at each site ranged from 0.8 mg L-1 to 13.9 mg L-1, with the highest and lowest concentrations observed in Waratah Rivulet. The DOC in the lake and WFP significantly (p < 0.001) increased at annual change rates of 0.192 and 0.180 mg L-1 yr-1. However, Woronora River showed a ∼50% lower rate of DOC increase at 0.096 mg L-1 yr-1 (p < 0.001), while Waratah Rivulet showed no trend (p > 0.05). UV254 also showed increasing trends at Woronora River, Lake Woronora, and Woronora WFP, indicating an increase in aromatic DOC compounds in all three sites. Waratah Rivulet, however, transported more than 60% of the total DOC load into Lake Woronora due to high flow volumes (more than 65% of total annual system flow). Annual DOC load to the lake is positively correlated with annual rainfall (R2 > 0.92; p < 0.001). The higher percentage (>73%) of the samples had SUVA254 greater than 2 L mg -1 m-1 in all four sites indicating a dominance of hydrophobic DOC. The terrestrial plant-derived DOC has increased in Lake Woronora, predominantly influenced by historical rainfall magnitude. The results underscore the importance of considering the impact of increased DOC at the treatment plant intake for the planning and operation of the Woronora water supply system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thusyanthini Ramanathan
- School of Engineering, Design and Built Environment Western Sydney University, NSW, 2747, Australia.
| | | | - Ataur Rahman
- School of Engineering, Design and Built Environment Western Sydney University, NSW, 2747, Australia.
| | | | - Sathasivan Arumugam
- School of Engineering, Design and Built Environment Western Sydney University, NSW, 2747, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nong X, Luo K, Lin M, Chen L, Long D. Relationships between water quality of a long-distance inter-basin water diversion project and air pollution emissions along the canal: Distributions, lag effects, and nonlinear responses. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 361:124813. [PMID: 39182809 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Understanding and quantifying the influences and contributions of air pollution emissions on water quality variations is critically important for surface water quality protection and management. To address this, we created a five-year daily data matrix of six water quality indicators-permanganate index (CODMn), NH3-N, pH, turbidity, conductivity, and dissolved organic matter (DOM)-and six air pollution indicators-O3, CO, NO2, SO2, 2.5 μm particulate matter (PM2.5), and inhalable particles (PM10)-using data from seven national monitoring stations along the world's longest water-diversion project, the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China (MR-SNWD). Multivariate techniques (Mann-Kendall, Spearman's correlation, lag correlation, and Generalized Additive Models [GAMs]) were applied to examine the nonlinear relationships and lag effects of air pollution on water quality. Air pollution and water quality exhibited marked spatial heterogeneity along the MR-SNWD, with all water quality parameters meeting Class I or II national standards and the air pollution indicators exceeding those thresholds. Except for CODMn and DOM, the other water quality and air pollution indicators exhibited significant seasonal differences. Air pollution exhibited significant lag effects on water quality at the northern stations, with NO2, SO2, PM2.5, and PM10 being highly correlated with changes in pH, with an average lag of 17 d. Based on the GAMs, lag effects enhanced the significant nonlinear relationships between air pollution and water quality, increasing the average deviance explained for CODMn, NH3-N, and pH by 93%, 24%, and 41%, respectively. These findings provide a scientific basis for protecting water quality along the long-distance inter-basin water-diversion project under anthropogenic air pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xizhi Nong
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kunting Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Minzhi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Lihua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Di Long
- State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Swinamer R, Anderson LE, Redden D, Bjorndahl P, Campbell J, Krkošek WH, Gagnon GA. Climate-Driven Increases in Source Water Natural Organic Matter: Implications for the Sustainability of Drinking Water Treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:11958-11969. [PMID: 38922292 PMCID: PMC11238540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c01894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
This study presents an updated analysis spanning over two decades (1999-2023) of climate, water quality, and operational data from two drinking water facilities in Atlantic Canada that previously experienced gradual increases in the natural organic matter (NOM) concentration and brownification. The goal was to assess the impact of recent extreme weather events on acute NOM concentration increases and drinking water treatment processes. In 2023, a dry spring combined with a warm and wet summer caused NOM in the water supplies to increase by >67% (as measured by color). To mitigate increased NOM concentration, the alum dose nearly doubled in 2023 compared to that in 2022. Disinfection byproducts were elevated following the event but remained within the compliance levels. From 1999 to 2023, the two plants responded to gradual climate change impacts and brownification, with alum dose increases of between 4.1 and 8.3 times. Equivalent CO2 emissions were estimated for alum usage, which increased by 3 to 7-fold in 2023 compared to when the plants were commissioned decades prior. The plants were not only adversely impacted by climate change but also contributed to the global CO2 burden. Thus, a paradigm shift toward sustainable alternatives for NOM removal is required in the water sector, and climate change adaptation and mitigation principles are urgently needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Swinamer
- Centre
for Water Resources Studies, Faculty of Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Lindsay E. Anderson
- Centre
for Water Resources Studies, Faculty of Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Dave Redden
- Centre
for Water Resources Studies, Faculty of Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Paul Bjorndahl
- Department
of Mathematics & Statistics, Dalhousie
University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jessica Campbell
- Halifax
Water, 450 Cowie Hill
Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3P 2 V3, Canada
| | - Wendy H. Krkošek
- Halifax
Water, 450 Cowie Hill
Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3P 2 V3, Canada
| | - Graham A. Gagnon
- Centre
for Water Resources Studies, Faculty of Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pilote M, Houle D, Gagnon C, Couture S, Dastoor A, Ryjkov A. Key factors influencing Hg levels and trends in unperturbed oligotrophic temperate and boreal lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 356:124232. [PMID: 38823549 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a toxic metal that presents a major risk to ecosystems, biota, human health, and remains a priority concern. In temperate and boreal lakes Hg and methylmercury (MMHg) are expected to vary as a function of atmospheric Hg deposition, lake water chemistry, catchment characteristics and climate variables. The aim of this study was to quantify Hg and MMHg in unperturbed oligotrophic lakes and to identify the factors controlling their distribution. We first hypothesized that lake Hg (and MMHg to lesser extent) spatial variations are linked to atmospheric deposition, catchment characteristics, and terrestrial exportation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). We secondly examined if lake Hg concentrations have followed the decrease in atmospheric Hg emission observed between the mid-1990s to the end-2010s. We found that overall, atmospheric Hg has little impact on lake Hg and MMHg concentrations, which are both primarily influenced by DOC input originating from the forest catchment. The relationship between DOC and Hg differed between the spring and the fall, with a Hg-to-DOC ratio twice as high in spring. This seems related to snowmelt input of Hg (with a relatively reduced input of DOC) or the internal lake build-up of Hg during the ice-covered period. Of the 10 lakes intensively visited over a 20-year period, only 3 showed significant lake Hg decreases despite significant negative trends in atmospheric Hg concentrations, suggesting a lag between atmospheric and surface water temporal trends. Overall, terrestrial catchments retain around 80% of atmospheric Hg implying that large Hg pools have been built up in soils in the last decades. As such, the reduction of atmospheric Hg alone will not necessarily result in Hg decreases in lakes, since the Hg concentrations may be modulated by DOC export trends and catchment characteristics. This stresses the need to improve our understanding of the processes governing Hg transfers from catchments into lakes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Pilote
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Water Science and Technology, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, 105 McGill Street, Montreal, Qc, H2Y 2E7, Canada.
| | - D Houle
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Water Science and Technology, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, 105 McGill Street, Montreal, Qc, H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - C Gagnon
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Water Science and Technology, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, 105 McGill Street, Montreal, Qc, H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - S Couture
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Water Science and Technology, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, 105 McGill Street, Montreal, Qc, H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - A Dastoor
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Atmospheric Science and Technology, Air Quality Research Division, 2121 route Transcanadienne, Dorval, Qc, H9P 1J3, Canada
| | - A Ryjkov
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Atmospheric Science and Technology, Air Quality Research Division, 2121 route Transcanadienne, Dorval, Qc, H9P 1J3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Houle D, Moore JD, Renaudin M. Eastern Canadian boreal forest soil and foliar chemistry show evidence of resilience to long-term nitrogen addition. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2024; 34:e2958. [PMID: 38425036 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The boreal forest is one of the world's largest terrestrial biome and plays crucial roles in global biogeochemical cycles, such as carbon (C) sequestration in vegetation and soil. However, the impacts of decades of N deposition on N-limited ecosystems, like the eastern Canadian boreal forest, remain unclear. For 13 years, N deposition was simulated by periodically adding ammonium nitrate on soils of two boreal coniferous forests (i.e., balsam fir and black spruce) of eastern Canada, at low (LN) and high (HN) rates, corresponding to 3 and 10 times the ambient N deposition, respectively. We show that more than a decade of N addition had no strong effects on mineral soil C, N, P, and cation concentrations and on foliar total Ca, K, Mg, and Mn concentrations. In organic soil, C stock was not affected by N addition while N stock increased, and exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ decreased at the balsam fir site under HN treatment. At both sites, LN treatment had nearly no impact on foliage and soil chemistry but foliar N and N:P significantly increased under HN treatment, potentially leading to foliar nutrient imbalance. Overall, our work indicates that, in the eastern Canadian boreal forest, soil and foliar nutrient concentrations and stocks are resilient to increasing N deposition potentially because, in the context of N limitation, extra N would be rapidly immobilized by soil micro-organisms and vegetation. These findings could improve modeling future boreal forest soil C stocks and biomass growth and could help in planning forest management strategies in eastern Canada.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Houle
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-David Moore
- Direction de la recherche forestière, Ministère des Ressources naturelles et des Forêts, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie Renaudin
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xie D, Zhao B, Kang R, Ma X, Larssen T, Jin Z, Duan L. Delayed recovery of surface water chemistry from acidification in subtropical forest region of China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169126. [PMID: 38070570 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The three largest acid rain regions of current earth are located in northern and western Europe, eastern North America, and East Asia. Sulfur and nitrate concentrations in headwater streams in Europe and North America decreased as atmospheric sulfur and nitrogen deposition decreased, albeit with a considerable delay. However, how water chemistry responds to the declining sulfur and nitrogen deposition in China is unclear. The regional survey of surface water chemistry during 2010 and 2018 within the Sichuan Basin in southwestern China showed that the recovery of the surface water chemistry was delayed for at least 5 years owing to the release of previously deposited sulfur and nitrogen stored in the soil. After sulfur deposition declined from its peak value, the subregions of purplish soil with low sulfate adsorption capacity still exhibited a net sulfur release in 2010, but this release was no longer evident by 2018. The subregions with the red and yellow soils, which have a high sulfate adsorption capacity, operated as sulfur sinks during 2010 and 2018, indicating a continuous immobilization process through sulfate reduction despite a decrease in sulfur deposition. Additionally, this sulfate reduction countered the release of sulfate caused by sulfur desorption. There was a substantial nitrogen sink within the Sichuan Basin. Nitrogen leaching decreased slowly with the declined nitrogen deposition, except in regions where nitrogen deposition exceeded the critical threshold. Compared to temperate forest regions in Europe, the Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas have experienced higher decline rates in the leaching of sulfur and nitrogen, highlighting that the subtropical forest region undergoes a faster restoration of surface water chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danni Xie
- School of Land Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China; SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ronghua Kang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Ma
- State Grid Xinyuan Company Ltd., Beijing 100052, China
| | - Thorjørn Larssen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Økernveien 94, Oslo 0579, Norway
| | - Zhangdong Jin
- School of Land Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China; SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Lei Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Anderson LE, DeMont I, Dunnington DD, Bjorndahl P, Redden DJ, Brophy MJ, Gagnon GA. A review of long-term change in surface water natural organic matter concentration in the northern hemisphere and the implications for drinking water treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159699. [PMID: 36306839 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Reduced atmospheric acid deposition has given rise to recovery from acidification - defined as increasing pH, acid neutralization capacity (ANC), or alkalinity in surface waters. Strong evidence of recovery has been reported across North America and Europe, driving chemical responses. The primary chemical responses identified in this review were increasing concentration and changing character of natural organic matter (NOM) towards predominantly hydrophobic nature. The concentration of NOM also influenced trace metal cycling as many browning surface waters also reported increases in Fe and Al. Further, climate change and other factors (e.g., changing land use) act in concert with reductions in atmospheric deposition to contribute to widespread browning and will have a more pronounced effect as deposition stabilizes. The observed water quality trends have presented challenges for drinking water treatment (e.g., increased chemical dosing, poor filter operations, formation of disinfection by-products) and many facilities may be under designed as a result. This comprehensive review has identified key research areas to be addressed, including 1) a need for comprehensive monitoring programs (e.g., larger timescales; consistency in measurements) to assess climate change impacts on recovery responses and NOM dynamics, and 2) a better understanding of drinking water treatment vulnerabilities and the transition towards robust treatment technologies and solutions that can adapt to climate change and other drivers of changing water quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay E Anderson
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil & Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington St. Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Isobel DeMont
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil & Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington St. Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Dewey D Dunnington
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil & Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington St. Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Paul Bjorndahl
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Dave J Redden
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil & Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington St. Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Graham A Gagnon
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil & Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington St. Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jeljli A, Houle D, Duchesne L, El-Shaarawi A, Chebana F. Evaluation of the factors governing dissolved organic carbon concentration in the soil solution of a temperate forest organic soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158240. [PMID: 36075430 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The widespread increase of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in northern hemisphere surface waters have been generally attributed to the recovery from acidic deposition and to climatic variations. The long-term responses of DOC to environmental drivers could be better predicted with a better understanding of the mechanisms taking place at the soil level given organic forest soils are the main site of DOC production in forested watersheds. Here, we assess the long-term variation (25 years) of DOC concentration in the solution leaching from the soil organic layer (DOCOL) of a temperate forest. Our results show that DOCOL increased by 32 % (p < 0.001) during the period of study while the lake outlet DOC concentration did not show any changes. Weekly and annual models based on a simple set of explicative variables including throughfall DOC, throughfall precipitation, temperature, litterfall amounts and organic layer leachate calcium concentration (CaOL, taken as a proxy for soil solution ionic strength) explain between 17 and 58 % of the variance in DOCOL depending on model structures and temporal scales. Throughfall DOC and CaOL were both positively related to DOCOL in the models describing its variations at the weekly and annual scale. Temperature was positively correlated to DOCOL, probably due to increased microbial activity, while precipitation had a negative effect on DOCOL (only at the weekly scale), most probably due to a dilution effect. Contrary to our expectations, annual litterfall inputs had no impacts on annual DOCOL variations. Overall, the results shows that DOCOL control is a complex process implicating a set of environmental factors that are acting in different ways while no single variable alone can explain a large part of the variation in both, weekly or annual DOCOL variations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amal Jeljli
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Daniel Houle
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC), 105 McGill St., Montreal, QC H2Y 2E7, Canada.
| | - Louis Duchesne
- Direction de la Recherche Forestière, Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, 2700 rue Einstein, Québec, QC G1P 3W8, Canada
| | - Abdelhamid El-Shaarawi
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Fateh Chebana
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nonlinear Mixed Effect Model Used in a Simulation of the Impact of Climate Change on Height Growth of Cyclobalanopsis glauca. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13030463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Localized climate is sensitive to terrain, underlying surface material, building distribution, green coverage and CO2 emissions. The Regional Climate Model (RegCM) was used to make a statistical detailed analysis of the climate change data in a specific study area to obtain fine-scale distribution of climatic elements data over time. The effects of climate change factors on height growth trends of a climate-sensitive tree species (Cyclobalanopsis glauca) were simulated based on historical climate base line data (1961–2010) and future climate change (2010–2100) predictions. Cyclobalanopsis glauca growth trends were simulated and analyzed by using a nonlinear mixed effect model (NLME). The results showed that under the RCP8.5 emissions scenario, the growth promotion effect on the height growth of Cyclobalanopsis glauca will be obvious. Under RCP4.5 and RCP2.6 emissions scenarios, although the inhibition intensity is not exactly the same, height growth will still be inhibited to a certain extent, which may lead to the gradual extinction of this species, affecting the composition of dominant tree species in the study area. The results indirectly reflect the impact of climate change on tree species diversity in the future.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ferretto A, Brooker R, Matthews R, Smith P. Climate change and drinking water from Scottish peatlands: Where increasing DOC is an issue? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 300:113688. [PMID: 34525430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) have been detected in the last decades in water bodies of the Northern hemisphere, and climate change might fuel this rise. For drinking water reservoirs located in peatland catchments, already subjected to elevated amounts of DOC that needs to be removed, this might pose a further problem. Scotland is predicted to face warmer temperatures and a change in rainfall patterns, which will result in more frequent and severe summer droughts and in heavier winter precipitation. These conditions are not ideal for peatlands, which may undergo a drastic reduction in area. Using two bioclimatic envelope models (Blanket bog Tree model and Lindsay Modified model) that project blanket bog distribution in Scotland in the 2050s, we extracted the area of blanket bog that is at risk of loss. Assuming that part of the carbon stored in this area is likely to be lost, we calculated how much of it could be added to DOC in catchments that contain public drinking water reservoirs each year. This analysis is a first estimate of the risk for the provision of drinking water from peatlands in Scotland due to climate change. The aim is to identify the catchments that may face the highest consequences of future climates in terms of the concentration of DOC ([DOC]), where more sophisticated water treatments might be needed. Our results show a great variability among the catchments, with only a few being unaffected by this problem, whereas others could experience substantial seasonal increase in [DOC]. This highlights the necessity to frequently monitor DOC levels in the reservoirs located in catchments where the major problems could arise, and to take the necessary measures to reduce it. Given that peatland condition and vegetation cover play a fundamental role in influencing DOC losses, this study also offers an indication of where peatland restoration might be useful to counteract the projected DOC increase and bring the highest benefits in terms of safe drinking water provision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ferretto
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, 23 St Machar Drive, AB24 3UU, UK; The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK.
| | - Rob Brooker
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Robin Matthews
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Pete Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, 23 St Machar Drive, AB24 3UU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Redden D, Trueman BF, Dunnington DW, Anderson LE, Gagnon GA. Chemical recovery and browning of Nova Scotia surface waters in response to declining acid deposition. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:446-456. [PMID: 33565526 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00425a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Declining emissions of sulfur and nitrogen have curtailed acid deposition across large areas of North America and Europe. This has allowed many lakes to recover from acidification, with decreases in sulfate, increases in pH, and increases in alkalinity. But reduced acid deposition has not always coincided with chemical lake recovery. Surface waters in Nova Scotia did not exhibit clear evidence of recovery as recently as 2007, due in part to increasing organic acidity and slow replenishment of base cations. In an updated assessment with data collected as recently as 2019, we analyze water chemistry representing 81 lakes and rivers and two precipitation monitoring stations over up to 41 years. We find that Nova Scotia surface waters are now exhibiting signs of chemical recovery. We estimated the linear decrease in precipitation sulfate and nitrate yield at up to 0.31 and 0.18 kg ha-1 year-2, respectively, and the linear increase in precipitation pH at up to 0.014 year-1. Sulfate decreased in 60 of 62 lakes and 14 of 17 rivers (-0.0051 to -0.23 mg L-1 year-1), while pH increased in 55 of 64 lakes and 11 of 17 rivers (0.0015-0.072 year-1). Apparent colour increased in 54 of 62 lakes and 13 of 17 rivers (0.0026-3.9 Pt-Co year-1). We identified increasing aluminum trends in 46 of 61 lakes, and we show using size-exclusion chromatography that binding to organic and iron-based colloids may help to explain these trends. To the extent that increases in apparent colour are explained by chromophoric dissolved organic matter (DOM), they imply greater binding capacity for metals in surface waters, and greater capacity for DOM to stabilize metal (oxyhydr)oxide colloids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Redden
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil & Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington St., Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|