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Wang Y, Tian H, Zhang C, Xu J, Liu X, Ma F, Wei X, Sun Y. Degradation and mechanism of PAHs by Fe-based activated persulfate: Effect of temperature and noble metal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:172768. [PMID: 38670359 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The accumulation of contaminants like PAHs in soil due to industrialization, urbanization, and intensified agriculture poses environmental challenges, owing to their persistence, hydrophobic nature, and toxicity. Thus, the degradation of PAHs has attracted worldwide attention in soil remediation. This study explored the effect of noble metal and temperature on the degradation of various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil, as well as the types of reactive radicals generated and mechanism. The Fe-Pd/AC and Fe-Pt/AC activated persulfate exhibited high removal efficiency of 19 kinds of PAHs, about 79.95 % and 83.36 %, respectively. Fe-Pt/AC-activated persulfate exhibits superior degradation efficiency than that on Fe-Pd/AC-activated persulfate, due to the higher specific surface area and dispersity of Pt particles, thereby resulting in increased reactive radicals (·OH, SO4-· and ·OOH). Additionally, thermal activation enhances the degradation of PAHs, with initial efficiencies of 64.20 % and 55.49 % on Fe-Pd/AC- and Fe-Pt/AC-activated persulfate systems respectively, increasing to 76.05 % and 73.14 % with elevated temperatures from 21.5 to 50 °C. Metal and thermal activation facilitate S2O82- activation, generating reactive radicals, crucial for the degradation of PAHs via ring opening and oxygen hydrogenation reactions, yielding low-ring oxygen-containing derivatives such as organic acids, keto compounds, ethers, and esters. Furthermore, understanding the impact of parameters such as activation temperature and the types of noble metals on the degradation of PAHs within the activated persulfate system provides a theoretical foundation for the remediation of PAH-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Huifang Tian
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Congcong Zhang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jingyu Xu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xingshuang Liu
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Fujun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xinqing Wei
- Tianjin JC Environmental Services, Tianjin 300202, China
| | - Yifei Sun
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; Research Center for Advanced Energy and Carbon Neutrality, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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Aso RE, Obuekwe IS. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon: underpinning the contribution of specialist microbial species to contaminant mitigation in the soil. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:654. [PMID: 38913190 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12778-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
The persistence of PAHs poses a significant challenge for conventional remediation approaches, necessitating the exploration of alternative, sustainable strategies for their mitigation. This review underscores the vital role of specialized microbial species (nitrogen-fixing, phosphate-solubilizing, and biosurfactant-producing bacteria) in tackling the environmental impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These resistant compounds demand innovative remediation strategies. The study explores microbial metabolic capabilities for converting complex PAHs into less harmful byproducts, ensuring sustainable mitigation. Synthesizing literature from 2016 to 2023, it covers PAH characteristics, sources, and associated risks. Degradation mechanisms by bacteria and fungi, key species, and enzymatic processes are examined. Nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria contributions in symbiotic relationships with plants are highlighted. Biosurfactant-producing bacteria enhance PAH solubility, expanding microbial accessibility for degradation. Cutting-edge trends in omics technologies, synthetic biology, genetic engineering, and nano-remediation offer promising avenues. Recommendations emphasize genetic regulation, field-scale studies, sustainability assessments, interdisciplinary collaboration, and knowledge dissemination. These insights pave the way for innovative, sustainable PAH-contaminated environment restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufus Emamoge Aso
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Ifeyinwa Sarah Obuekwe
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin, Edo State, Nigeria.
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Williams-Clayson AM, Vane CH, Jones MD, Thomas R, Taylor C, Beriro DJ. Dermal absorption of high molecular weight parent and alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from manufactured gas plant soils using in vitro assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133858. [PMID: 38493626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
An enhanced in vitro human dermal bioavailability method was developed to measure the release of twenty parent and seven alkylated high molecular weight (HMW) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from contaminated soils collected from five former manufactured Gas Plants (MGP) in England. GC-MS/MS was used to quantify HMW PAHs in soil, Strat-M artificial membrane representing skin, and synthetic receptor solution (RS) representing systemic circulation at 1-h, 10-h, and 24-h timesteps. Fluoranthene and pyrene exhibited the highest fluxes from soils to membrane (ranging from 9.5 - 281 ng/cm2/h) and soil to RS (
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Gallego-Ramírez C, Chica E, Rubio-Clemente A. Life Cycle Assessment of Raw and Fe-Modified Biochars: Contributing to Circular Economy. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6059. [PMID: 37687752 PMCID: PMC10488353 DOI: 10.3390/ma16176059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is a carbonaceous material, which can be decorated with metals, that has been garnering attention to be used in the treatment of water due to its contribution to waste management and circular economy. This study presents the life cycle assessment (LCA) regarding the generation of Pinus patula raw biochar and its modification with iron (Fe-modified biochar). SimaPro 9.3.0.3 software was used to simulate the environmental impacts of both carbonaceous materials. The potential environmental effects obtained from the production of Pinus patula raw biochar were mainly ascribed to the source of energy utilized during this process. The potential impacts demonstrated that the generation of gases and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are the main concern. In the case of Fe-modified biochar, the potential environmental effects differed only in the stage of the biomass modification with the metal. These effects are associated with the extraction of Fe and the generation of wastewater. These findings provide an insight into the environmental effects linked to the production of raw and Fe-modified biochar. However, further LCA research should be performed concerning other materials and compounds than can be generated during the biomass thermochemical conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gallego-Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigación Energía Alternativa (GEA), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - Edwin Chica
- Grupo de Investigación Energía Alternativa (GEA), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - Ainhoa Rubio-Clemente
- Grupo de Investigación Energía Alternativa (GEA), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
- Escuela Ambiental, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia
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Thacharodi A, Hassan S, Singh T, Mandal R, Chinnadurai J, Khan HA, Hussain MA, Brindhadevi K, Pugazhendhi A. Bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: An updated microbiological review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 328:138498. [PMID: 36996919 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A class of organic priority pollutants known as PAHs is of critical public health and environmental concern due to its carcinogenic properties as well as its genotoxic, mutagenic, and cytotoxic properties. Research to eliminate PAHs from the environment has increased significantly due to awareness about their negative effects on the environment and human health. Various environmental factors, including nutrients, microorganisms present and their abundance, and the nature and chemical properties of the PAH affect the biodegradation of PAHs. A large spectrum of bacteria, fungi, and algae have ability to degrade PAHs with the biodegradation capacity of bacteria and fungi receiving the most attention. A considerable amount of research has been conducted in the last few decades on analyzing microbial communities for their genomic organization, enzymatic and biochemical properties capable of degrading PAH. While it is true that PAH degrading microorganisms offer potential for recovering damaged ecosystems in a cost-efficient way, new advances are needed to make these microbes more robust and successful at eliminating toxic chemicals. By optimizing some factors like adsorption, bioavailability and mass transfer of PAHs, microorganisms in their natural habitat could be greatly improved to biodegrade PAHs. This review aims to comprehensively discuss the latest findings and address the current wealth of knowledge in the microbial bioremediation of PAHs. Additionally, recent breakthroughs in PAH degradation are discussed in order to facilitate a broader understanding of the bioremediation of PAHs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Thacharodi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Saqib Hassan
- Division of Non-Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, 110029, India; Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | - Tripti Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201309, India
| | - Ramkrishna Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Jeganathan Chinnadurai
- Department of Research and Development, Dr. Thacharodi's Laboratories, No. 24, 5th Cross, Thanthaiperiyar Nagar, Ellapillaichavadi, Puducherry, 605005, India
| | - Hilal Ahmad Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | - Mir Ashiq Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | - Kathirvel Brindhadevi
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research (CFTR), Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; University Centre for Research & Development, Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali,140103, India.
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Yerulker G, Patel P, Chafale A, Rathod V, Das S, Pandey P, Khan NA, Devi A, Munshi NS, Dhodapkar R, Kapley A. Comparative assessment of soil microbial community in crude oil contaminated sites. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 328:121578. [PMID: 37028789 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Petroleum refineries generate oily sludge that contains hazardous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and hence, its proper disposal is of foremost concern. Analysis of the physicochemical properties and functions of indigenous microbes of the contaminated sites are essential in deciding the strategy for bioremediation. This study analyses both parameters at two geographically distant sites, with different crude oil sources, and compares the metabolic capability of soil bacteria with reference to different contamination sources and the age of the contaminated site. The results indicate that organic carbon and total nitrogen derived from petroleum hydrocarbon negatively affect microbial diversity. Contamination levels vary widely on site, with levels of PAHs ranging from 5.04 to 1.66 × 103 μg kg-1 and 6.20 to 5.64 × 103 μg kg-1 in Assam and Gujarat sites respectively, covering a higher proportion of low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs (fluorene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and anthracene). Functional diversity values were observed to be positively correlated (p < 0.05) with acenaphthylene, fluorene, anthracene, and phenanthrene. Microbial diversity was the highest in fresh oily sludge which decreased upon storage, indicating that immediate bioremediation, soon after its generation, would be beneficial. Improvement in the bio-accessibility of hydrocarbon compounds by the treatment of biosurfactant produced by a (soil isolate/isolate) was demonstrated., with respect to substrate utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guneshwari Yerulker
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur, 440020, India; Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, India
| | - Priya Patel
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad, 382481, India
| | - Ayushi Chafale
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur, 440020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Visha Rathod
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad, 382481, India
| | - Sandeep Das
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, India
| | | | - Noor Afshan Khan
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Arundhuti Devi
- Institute of Advanced Study in Science & Technology (IASST), Guwahati, India
| | - Nasreen S Munshi
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad, 382481, India
| | - Rita Dhodapkar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur, 440020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Atya Kapley
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur, 440020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Lara-Moreno A, Merchán F, Morillo E, Zampolli J, Di Gennaro P, Villaverde J. Genome analysis for the identification of genes involved in phenanthrene biodegradation pathway in Stenotrophomonas indicatrix CPHE1. Phenanthrene mineralization in soils assisted by integrated approaches. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1158177. [PMID: 37214282 PMCID: PMC10192627 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1158177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenanthrene (PHE) is a highly toxic compound, widely present in soils. For this reason, it is essential to remove PHE from the environment. Stenotrophomonas indicatrix CPHE1 was isolated from an industrial soil contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and was sequenced to identify the PHE degrading genes. Dioxygenase, monooxygenase, and dehydrogenase gene products annotated in S. indicatrix CPHE1 genome were clustered into different trees with reference proteins. Moreover, S. indicatrix CPHE1 whole-genome sequences were compared to genes of PAHs-degrading bacteria retrieved from databases and literature. On these basis, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis pointed out that cysteine dioxygenase (cysDO), biphenyl-2,3-diol 1,2-dioxygenase (bphC), and aldolase hydratase (phdG) were expressed only in the presence of PHE. Therefore, different techniques have been designed to improve the PHE mineralization process in five PHE artificially contaminated soils (50 mg kg-1), including biostimulation, adding a nutrient solution (NS), bioaugmentation, inoculating S. indicatrix CPHE1 which was selected for its PHE-degrading genes, and the use of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) as a bioavailability enhancer. High percentages of PHE mineralization were achieved for the studied soils. Depending on the soil, different treatments resulted to be successful; in the case of a clay loam soil, the best strategy was the inoculation of S. indicatrix CPHE1 and NS (59.9% mineralized after 120 days). In sandy soils (CR and R soils) the highest percentage of mineralization was achieved in presence of HPBCD and NS (87.3% and 61.3%, respectively). However, the combination of CPHE1 strain, HPBCD, and NS showed to be the most efficient strategy for sandy and sandy loam soils (LL and ALC soils showed 35% and 74.6%, respectively). The results indicated a high degree of correlation between gene expression and the rates of mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Lara-Moreno
- Department of Agrochemistry, Environmental Microbiology and Soil Conservation, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Seville, Spanish National Research Council (IRNAS-CSIC), Seville, Spain
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco Merchán
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Esmeralda Morillo
- Department of Agrochemistry, Environmental Microbiology and Soil Conservation, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Seville, Spanish National Research Council (IRNAS-CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Jessica Zampolli
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Di Gennaro
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Jaime Villaverde
- Department of Agrochemistry, Environmental Microbiology and Soil Conservation, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Seville, Spanish National Research Council (IRNAS-CSIC), Seville, Spain
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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhang L, Ning G, Feng S, Zhang A, Yang Z. Enhancement of soil high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation by Fusarium sp. ZH-H2 using different carbon sources. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114379. [PMID: 36508814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
High-molecular-weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs) in soil cannot be easily degraded. However, nutrient supplementation could stimulate the growth of exogenously added strains to enhance the degradation of HMW-PAHs in polluted soil. This study evaluated the applicability of Fusarium sp. ZH-H2, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-degrading strain isolated by our research group, for the bioremediation of contaminated soil from the Hebei coal mining area in China. A soil incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of two carbon sources and different carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus (C:N:P) ratios on the remediation of high-molecular-weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs) in soil by Fusarium sp. ZH-H2, as well as the induction of lignin peroxidase activity. Our findings indicated that the HDF2 treatment (equal parts of humic acid and starch as carbon sources at a 50:1:0.5 C:N:P ratio) enhanced the removal rate of total HMW-PAHs from soil, reaching a maximum removal rate of 37.15 %. The removal rates of Pyr (a 4-ring PAH), BaP (a 5-ring PAH), and BghiP (a 6-ring PAH) were the highest in HDF2 treatment, and the removal rates were 39.51 %, 54.63 %, and 38.60 %, respectively. Compared with the ZH-H2 treatment, different carbon sources and C:N:P ratios significantly induced soil lignin peroxidase activity and the HDF2 treatment also resulted in the highest enzyme activity (up to 34.68 U/L). Furthermore, there was a significant or highly significant linear positive correlation between the removal rate of HMW-PAHs and enzyme activity in all cases. Our findings suggest that the optimal HMW-PAH degradation performance and enhancement of lignin peroxidase activity by ZH-H2 were achieved when both starch and humic acid were used as carbon sources at a C:N:P ratio of 50:1:0.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Farmland Eco-environment of Hebei Province, Hebei, Baoding 0710001, China
| | - Yukun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Farmland Eco-environment of Hebei Province, Hebei, Baoding 0710001, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Farmland Eco-environment of Hebei Province, Hebei, Baoding 0710001, China
| | - Lixiu Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Farmland Eco-environment of Hebei Province, Hebei, Baoding 0710001, China
| | - Guohui Ning
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Farmland Eco-environment of Hebei Province, Hebei, Baoding 0710001, China
| | - Shengdong Feng
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Farmland Eco-environment of Hebei Province, Hebei, Baoding 0710001, China
| | - Aijun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Farmland Eco-environment of Hebei Province, Hebei, Baoding 0710001, China.
| | - Zhixin Yang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Farmland Eco-environment of Hebei Province, Hebei, Baoding 0710001, China; State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding 071001, China.
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Wang W, Li D, Xiang P, Zheng Y, Zheng Z, Lin X, He X, Liu C. One-Step Pyrolysis of Nitrogen-Containing Chemicals and Biochar Derived from Walnut Shells to Absorb Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315193. [PMID: 36499539 PMCID: PMC9739699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The pyrolysis of biomass is an efficient means of utilizing biomass resources. Biomass can be converted into various high-performance chemicals and functional materials through pyrolysis. However, current pyrolysis technologies suffer from low conversion rates and single products, so the preparation of nitrogen compounds with high economic value remains a challenge. The walnut shell was soaked in three nitrogen-containing compound solutions before carbonization to produce high-value-added nitrogen-containing chemicals (with a nitrogen content of 59.09%) and biochar for the adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). According to biochar analysis, biochar has a porous structure with a specific surface area of 1161.30 m2/g and a high level of rocky desertification. The surface forms a dense pyrrole structure, and the structure produces π-π interactions with naphthalene molecules, exhibiting excellent naphthalene adsorption with a maximum capacity of 214.98 mg/g. This study provides an efficient, rapid, and environmentally friendly method for producing nitrogen-containing chemicals with high-added value and biochar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendong Wang
- National Joint Engineering Research Center for Highly-Efficient Utilization Technology of Forestry Resources, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Donghua Li
- National Joint Engineering Research Center for Highly-Efficient Utilization Technology of Forestry Resources, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- National Joint Engineering Research Center for Highly-Efficient Utilization Technology of Forestry Resources, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Yunwu Zheng
- National Joint Engineering Research Center for Highly-Efficient Utilization Technology of Forestry Resources, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Zhifeng Zheng
- National Joint Engineering Research Center for Highly-Efficient Utilization Technology of Forestry Resources, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Xu Lin
- National Joint Engineering Research Center for Highly-Efficient Utilization Technology of Forestry Resources, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Xiahong He
- National Joint Engineering Research Center for Highly-Efficient Utilization Technology of Forestry Resources, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (C.L.)
| | - Can Liu
- National Joint Engineering Research Center for Highly-Efficient Utilization Technology of Forestry Resources, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (C.L.)
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