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Guo X, Yu H, Yao H, Lin F, Salama E, Ossman M, Yan B, Chen G. Green transformation of oily sludge through geopolymer: Material properties and hydration mechanisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 364:143132. [PMID: 39168378 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Oily sludge (OS) is a kind of hazardous waste generated from the petrochemical industry. Currently, pyrolysis has been widely applied for OS disposal, while low-oil content (<5 wt%) OS still lacks novel technology to achieve efficient resource utilization and harmful substances immobilization. In this study, a kind of OS-based geopolymer was developed by OS and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). The results showed that in geopolymer with 30 wt% OS, the content of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) decreased by 82%, Zn achieved 100% stabilization, and the 28 d compressive strength could still reach 32.8 MPa. The appropriate oil content filled the pores and cracks in geopolymer matrix. The constructed model compounds further elucidated the hydration mechanisms of OS-geopolymer. The nucleation effect of crude oil and micro-aggregate effect of minerals jointly improved the polymerization degree of C-(A)-S-H gels. OS promoted the transformation of [SiO4]4- monomers into C-(A)-S-H unbranched middle groups and three-dimensional networks, thereby efficiently stabilizing harmful substances. Sustainability analysis showed that OS-based geopolymer had good environmental and economic benefits. Overall, this work provides theoretical guidance for the green transformation of OS in the construction field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University/Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass/Wastes Utilization, Tianjin, 300072, PR China.
| | - Hongdi Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University/Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass/Wastes Utilization, Tianjin, 300072, PR China.
| | - Hongyun Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University/Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass/Wastes Utilization, Tianjin, 300072, PR China.
| | - Fawei Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University/Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass/Wastes Utilization, Tianjin, 300072, PR China.
| | - Eslam Salama
- Environment and Natural Materials Research Institute (ENMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, 21934, Egypt.
| | - Mona Ossman
- Environment and Natural Materials Research Institute (ENMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, 21934, Egypt.
| | - Beibei Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University/Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass/Wastes Utilization, Tianjin, 300072, PR China.
| | - Guanyi Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, 300134, PR China.
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Bamshad O, Ramezanianpour AM. Optimizing concrete for circularity: a comparative life cycle assessment of geopolymer and ordinary concrete. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:55788-55811. [PMID: 39244520 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34863-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Geopolymer concrete is a sustainable construction material developed with industrial by-products to eliminate the use of cement in concrete production. However, a cradle-to-cradle life cycle assessment (LCA) that accounts for the impact of service life is essential to comprehensively assess the environmental advantages of GPC. In this study, a comparative cradle-to-cradle LCA was performed for circular geopolymer concrete (CGPC), geopolymer concrete (GPC), and circular ordinary concrete (COC), as alternatives to Portland cement concrete (PCC). Also, the biases of common LCA resulted from ignoring service life and end-of-life scenarios were identified. Finally, the sustainability potentials of the alternative scenarios were evaluated. According to the cradle-to-cradle LCA using the adopted functional unit, GPC and CGPC significantly alleviated the environmental impact of cement production, such as global warming potential by about 53%. Ignoring the service life and end-of-life scenarios considerably changed the critical midpoint (ionizing radiation for CGPC and GPC) and endpoint indicators (resources for CGPC and GPC) and priority of alternative concretes. Finally, the CGPC and GPC showed a substantial increase of 213% and 276% in sustainability potential compared to PCC, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Bamshad
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Munir Q, Lahtela V, Kärki T, Koivula A. Assessing life cycle sustainability: A comprehensive review of concrete produced from construction waste fine fractions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 366:121734. [PMID: 38981256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents an overview of the scholarly works employing the life cycle assessment (LCA) approach to evaluate the environmental impact of construction and demolition waste (CDW) fine fractions derived from concrete elements throughout their life cycle. Unlike conventional studies, this work addresses the challenge of reducing the carbon footprint associated with CDW-based building materials, emphasizing environmental impact mitigation. The study highlights that approximately 30% of CDW is landfilled, 50% is recycled, and 20% is used as fill material, underscoring the potential for increasing recycling rates through improved processing techniques and management practices. In the reviewed studies, most research has been conducted in Europe, Asia, the USA, and China. The primary and secondary data sources for the life cycle inventory (LCI) vary depending on the study region and locality. By exploring innovative practices and critical stages in CDW fine fractions utilization for concrete components, the study aims to contribute to greener construction practices and sustainable resource management. The distinctive aspect of this research lies in its comprehensive review of CDW-based aggregates, binders, and alternative cementitious materials, highlighting the significance of sustainable energy resources and transportation strategies in enhancing the sustainability of CDW-derived concrete. Key findings highlight the necessity of sustainable energy for pretreatment and optimized transportation strategies, including route planning and vehicle selection, to produce greener CDW fine fraction-based building materials. Additionally, the study suggests key steps and parameters required for defining the system boundary and preparing the inventory for conducting an LCA of building materials based on CDW fine fractions. Through a detailed analysis of environmental burdens at each production stage, this study seeks to promote the adoption of greener concrete solutions worldwide. The use of CDW in concrete production promotes environmental sustainability and greener concrete regardless of the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qaisar Munir
- Fiber Composite Laboratory, LUT School of Energy Systems, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology, 53850, Lappeenranta, Finland.
| | - Ville Lahtela
- Fiber Composite Laboratory, LUT School of Energy Systems, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology, 53850, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Timo Kärki
- Fiber Composite Laboratory, LUT School of Energy Systems, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology, 53850, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Aki Koivula
- Kymenlaakson Jäte Oy, Ekokaari 50, 46860, Keltakangas, Finland
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Fořt J, Mildner M, Černý R. Consequences of omitting some important factors in the environmental analyses of commercial sodium silicate/sodium hydroxide use for alkaline activation in the light of comparison with cement-based composites. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 928:172324. [PMID: 38604364 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) based on various waste precursors were considered mostly as a sustainable alternative to Portland cement-based composites to date. However, a narrow focus on carbon dioxide savings in the environmental assessment of AAMs may not be sufficient to achieve a truly sustainable solution. Therefore, this paper provides a detailed insight into midpoint impact categories related to the production of AAMs based on waste precursors and conventional activators, as compared with common cement-based materials. The obtained results point to a higher environmental load of AAMs in several categories, such as ozone layer depletion, primary resource consumption, and terrestrial and aquatic ecotoxicity. In a hypothetical scenario, it is demonstrated that 10 % replacement of global concrete production by AAMs may result in notably increased emissions of ozone depletion substances (+35 %) and damage to the aquatic environment (+ 40 %). The risk for human health can then be higher. As for the aquatic environment, eutrophication can also lead to a significant increase in indirect emissions of CH4 and N2O having a high impact on the greenhouse effect. Hence, the importance of robust interdisciplinary research in the environmental assessment of AAMs should be emphasized, together with the need to use alternative alkaline substances, which would be more environment-friendly than conventional activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Fořt
- Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thákurova 7, 16629, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Mildner
- Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thákurova 7, 16629, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Černý
- Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thákurova 7, 16629, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Alves BIA, Marvila MT, Linhares Júnior JAT, Vieira CMF, Alexandre J, de Azevedo ARG. Alkaline Activation of Binders: A Comparative Study. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:667. [PMID: 38591511 PMCID: PMC10856149 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Binders formulated with activated alkali materials to replace Portland cement, which has high polluting potential due to CO2 emissions in its manufacture, have increasingly been developed. The objective of this study is to evaluate the main properties of activated alkali materials (AAM) produced by blast furnace slag, fly ash, and metakaolin. Initially, binders were characterized by their chemical, mineralogical and granulometric composition. Later, specimens were produced, with molarity variation between 4.00 and 5.50, using the binders involved in the research. In preparing the activating solution, sodium hydroxide and silicate were used. The evaluated properties of AAM were consistency, viscosity, water absorption, density, compressive strength (7 days of cure), calorimetry, mineralogical analysis by X-ray diffraction, and morphological analysis by scanning electron microscopy. The results of evaluation in the fresh state demonstrate that metakaolin has the lowest workability indices of the studied AAM. The results observed in the hardened state indicate that the metakaolin activation process is optimized with normal cure and molarity of 4.0 and 4.5 mol/L, obtaining compressive strength results after 7 days of curing of approximately 30 MPa. The fly ash activation process is the least intense among the evaluated binders. This can be seen from the absence of phases formed in the XRD in the compositions containing fly ash as binder. Unlike blast furnace slag and metakaolin, the formation of sodalite, faujasite or tobermorite is not observed. Finally, the blast furnace slag displays more intense reactivity during thermal curing, obtaining compressive strength results after 7 days of curing of around 25 MPa. This is because the material's reaction kinetics are low but can be increased in an alkaline environment, and by the effect of temperature. From these results, it is concluded that each precursor has its own activation mechanism, observed by the techniques used in this research. From the results obtained in this study, it is expected that the alkaline activation process of the types of binders evaluated herein will become a viable alternative for replacing Portland cement, thus contributing to cement technology and other cementitious materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Ignacio Almeida Alves
- LAMAV—Advanced Materials Laboratory, UENF—University of the Northern Rio de Janeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil; (B.I.A.A.); (J.A.T.L.J.); (C.M.F.V.)
| | - Markssuel Teixeira Marvila
- Rio Paranaíba Campus, UFV—Federal University of Viçosa, Rodovia BR 230 Km 7, Rio Paranaíba 38810-000, Brazil;
| | - José Alexandre Tostes Linhares Júnior
- LAMAV—Advanced Materials Laboratory, UENF—University of the Northern Rio de Janeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil; (B.I.A.A.); (J.A.T.L.J.); (C.M.F.V.)
| | - Carlos Maurício Fontes Vieira
- LAMAV—Advanced Materials Laboratory, UENF—University of the Northern Rio de Janeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil; (B.I.A.A.); (J.A.T.L.J.); (C.M.F.V.)
| | - Jonas Alexandre
- LECIV—Civil Engineering Laboratory, UENF—State University of the Northern Rio de Janeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil;
| | - Afonso Rangel Garcez de Azevedo
- LECIV—Civil Engineering Laboratory, UENF—State University of the Northern Rio de Janeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil;
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Raza MH, Khan M, Zhong RY. Strength, porosity and life cycle analysis of geopolymer and hybrid cement mortars for sustainable construction. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167839. [PMID: 37863214 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the application of industrial wastes, geopolymers are generally regarded as a sustainable alternative to traditional construction materials. However, their lack of adoption on the industrial scale demands detailed investigations. This study conducts a comparative analysis of the compressive strength of different geopolymer and hybrid cement mortars with varying proportions of sodium hydroxide (from 5 to 25 wt%) and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) (from 15 to 35 wt%), respectively. The porosity of all designed mixtures was also analyzed using X-ray computed tomography (XCT) and water absorption tests. ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint (H) method was used for the Life cycle analysis of the geopolymer and hybrid cement mortars. Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach was used to assess the sustainability potential of the designed mixtures based on compressive strength, porosity and overall environmental impact. Experimental results revealed that the increase in sodium hydroxide in geopolymer mortars up to 15 wt% offered its maximum compressive strength. Superior compressive strength was obtained at 35 wt% of OPC in hybrid cement mortars due to the formation of more C-S-H, C-A-S-H and N-A-S-H gels which fill up the voids and pores. Analysis of the macro and micro-porosity revealed that hybrid cement mortars yield denser structure than geopolymer mortars. Life cycle analysis based on 8 distinct impact categories showed that hybrid cement mortars outperform the geopolymers in all impact categories except 'mineral resource scarcity'. However, the overall environmental impact assessment using the 'coefficient of performance' depicts that hybrid cement mortars offer a significantly lower environmental burden than geopolymers. MCDM analysis shows that hybrid cement mortar with 5 wt% of sodium hydroxide and 35 wt% of OPC is the best choice for construction applications. This idea of sustainable hybrid cement mortar will be helpful for the construction industry to limit the environmental impact without compromising their structural performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Huzaifa Raza
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Mahram Khan
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Ray Y Zhong
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Ji X, Wang X, Zhao X, Wang Z, Zhang H, Liu J. Properties, Microstructure Development and Life Cycle Assessment of Alkali-Activated Materials Containing Steel Slag under Different Alkali Equivalents. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 17:48. [PMID: 38203902 PMCID: PMC10779984 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
To improve solid waste resource utilization and environmental sustainability, an alkali-activated material (AAM) was prepared using steel slag (SS), fly ash, blast furnace slag and alkali activators in this work. The evolutions of SS content (10-50%) and alkali equivalent (4.0-8.0%) on workability, mechanical strength and environmental indicators of the AAM were investigated. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques were adopted to characterize micromorphology, reaction products and pore structure, and the reaction mechanism was summarized. Results showed that the paste fluidity and setting time gradually increased with the increase in SS content. The highest compressive strength was obtained for the paste at 8.0% alkali equivalent due to the improved reaction rate and process, but it also increased the risk of cracking. However, SS was able to exert a microaggregate filling effect, where SS particles filling the pores increased the structural compactness and hindered crack development. Based on the optimal compressive strength, global warming, abiotic resource depletion, acidification and eutrophication potential of the paste are reduced by 76.7%, 53.0%, 51.6%, and 48.9%, respectively, compared with cement. This work is beneficial to further improve the utilization of solid waste resources and expand the application of environmentally friendly AAMs in the field of construction engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ji
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710061, China; (X.J.); (H.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Henan Provincial Communications Planning & Design Institute, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Shaanxi Provincial Communications Planning & Design Institute, Xi’an 710065, China;
| | - Zhenjun Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710061, China; (X.J.); (H.Z.); (J.L.)
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Modern Transportation Function Materials, Xi’an 710064, China
| | - Haibao Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710061, China; (X.J.); (H.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Jianfei Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710061, China; (X.J.); (H.Z.); (J.L.)
- Henan Provincial Communications Planning & Design Institute, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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Hu H, Yao W, Wei Y. Recycling waste dolomite powder in cement paste: Early hydration process, microscale characteristics, and life-cycle assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 902:166008. [PMID: 37544440 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Waste dolomite powder (WDP) is a byproduct obtained from dolomite quarries during the preparation of dolomite products. To study the re-utilisation of WDP, an eco-friendly cement-based material was prepared using WDP as a micro-aggregate. The effects of WDP on the early hydration process, microscale characteristics, and life-cycle assessment of cement paste are discussed in this study. The isothermal calorimetry results showed that the incorporating WDP in cement paste accelerated the early hydration process of cement according to the degree of reaction. In this case, the setting time of the cement pastes with WDP was shortened, and the early compressive strength was significantly improved. The results of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analysis at early curing ages (1 and 3 d) showed changes in the peak intensity of ettringite and portlandite and a denser microstructure. Mercury intrusion porosimetry tests showed that the middle and large capillary pores were refined by the nucleation and filling effects of WDP. Based on environmental and economic evaluations, the utilisation of WDP reduced energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and economic costs. Compared to the sample without WDP, the energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and economic cost indices were 42 %, 42.69 %, and 39.4 % lower, respectively. Our results may provide valuable references for the re-utilisation of WDP in low-carbonation cement-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Wu Yao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China.
| | - Yongqi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
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Chen CC, Tsai YK, Lin YK, Ho PH, Kuo CY. Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of a Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymer Mortar Blast Resistant Panel. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3440. [PMID: 37631497 PMCID: PMC10458215 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Geopolymer materials have excellent properties such as high strength, low thermal conductivity, fire resistance, acid and alkali resistance, and low carbon emissions. They can be used as protective engineering materials in places with explosion risks. At present, the common composite blast resistant panel is in the form of a sandwich: the outer layer isgalvanized steel plate, and fiber cement board or calcium carbonate board is used as the inner layer material, as these boards have the advantages of easy installation, good fire resistance, and explosion resistance. This study investigates the effect of adding different types of fibers to geopolymer mortar on the mortar's basic mechanical properties, such as compression strength, bending strength, and impact resistance. The explosive resistance of the fiber-reinforced geopolymer mortar blast resistant panels was evaluated through free-air explosion. In this paper, experimental procedures and numerical simulation have been performed to study the failure modes, maximum deflection, and dynamic response of the fiber-reinforced geopolymer mortar blast resistant panel under free-air explosion. The research results can provide a reference for the design and production of blast resistant panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chin Chen
- Department of Environmental Information and Engineering, Chung Cheng Institute of Technology, National Defense University, Taoyuan 33550, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Kuan Tsai
- Department of Environmental Information and Engineering, Chung Cheng Institute of Technology, National Defense University, Taoyuan 33550, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Lin
- Department of Environmental Information and Engineering, Chung Cheng Institute of Technology, National Defense University, Taoyuan 33550, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Hsuan Ho
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Yu Kuo
- Department of Environmental Information and Engineering, Chung Cheng Institute of Technology, National Defense University, Taoyuan 33550, Taiwan
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