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Lado JJ, García-Quismondo E, Fombona-Pascual A, Mavrandonakis A, de la Cruz C, Oropeza FE, de la Peña O'Shea VA, de Smet LCPM, Palma J. Tuning mono-divalent cation water composition by the capacitive ion-exchange mechanism. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 255:121469. [PMID: 38493740 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Soil salinization poses a significant challenge to agricultural activities. To address this, the agricultural industry seeks an irrigation water solution that reduces both ionic conductivity and sodium adsorption rate (SAR), thereby diminishing the risks of soil sodification and fostering sustainable crop production. Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an attractive electrochemical technology to advance this search. Recently, a one-dimensional transient CDI model unveiled a capacitive ion-exchange mechanism presenting the potential to adjust the treated water composition by modifying monovalent and divalent cation concentrations, thereby influencing the SAR index. This behavior would be achieved by using electrodes rich in surface functional groups able to efficiently capture divalent cations during conditioning and releasing them during charging while capturing monovalent ions. Beyond the theoretical modelling, the current experimental research demonstrates, for the first time, the effectiveness of the capacitive ion-exchange mechanism in a CDI pilot plant using real water samples spiked with solutions containing specific mono and divalent ions. Electrosorption experiments and computational modeling, specifically Density-Functional Theory (DFT), were used along with the analysis of the surface functional groups present in the electrodes to describe the capacitive ion-exchange phenomenon and validate the steps involved on it, highlighting the conditioning as a critical step. Various operational and flow modes confirm the versatility of CDI technology, achieving separation factors (RMg/Na) of 5-6 in batch, raising production from 0.5 to 0.8 L m-2 h-1 (batch) to 8.0-8.1 L m-2 h-1 when using single pass although reducing RMg/Na to 2. The reliability of the CDI technology in reducing SAR was also successfully tested with different influent compositions, including magnesium and calcium. Finally, the robustness of the capacitive ion-exchange mechanism was validated by a second CDI laboratory 9-cell stack cycled over 350 cycles. Our results confirm the reported theoretical model and expands the conclusions through the experiments in a pilot plant showing direct implications for employing CDI in agricultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio J Lado
- Electrochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, Móstoles 28935, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Enrique García-Quismondo
- Electrochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, Móstoles 28935, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Fombona-Pascual
- Electrochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, Móstoles 28935, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreas Mavrandonakis
- Electrochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, Móstoles 28935, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos de la Cruz
- Electrochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, Móstoles 28935, Madrid, Spain
| | - Freddy E Oropeza
- Photoactivated Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, Móstoles, 28935, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor A de la Peña O'Shea
- Photoactivated Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, Móstoles, 28935, Madrid, Spain
| | - Louis C P M de Smet
- Advanced Interfaces & Materials, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen 6708 WE, the Netherlands
| | - Jesús Palma
- Electrochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, Móstoles 28935, Madrid, Spain
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Liu Y, Tian Y, Xu J, Wang C, Wang Y, Yuan D, Chew JW. Electrosorption performance on graphene-based materials: a review. RSC Adv 2023; 13:6518-6529. [PMID: 36845580 PMCID: PMC9950858 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra08252g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its unique advantages such as flexible planar structure, ultrahigh specific surface area, superior electrical conductivity and electrical double-layer capacitance in theory, graphene has unparalleled virtues compared with other carbon materials. This review summarizes the recent research progress of various graphene-based electrodes on ion electrosorption fields, especially for water desalination utilizing capacitive deionization (CDI) technology. We present the latest advances of graphene-based electrodes, such as 3D graphene, graphene/metal oxide (MO) composites, graphene/carbon composites, heteroatom-doped graphene and graphene/polymer composites. Furthermore, a brief outlook on the challenges and future possible developments in the electrosorption area are also addressed for researchers to design graphene-based electrodes towards practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Nuclear Technology Application (East China Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education Nanchang 330013 China
| | - Yun Tian
- Engineering Research Center of Nuclear Technology Application (East China Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education Nanchang 330013 China
| | - Jianda Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Nuclear Technology Application (East China Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education Nanchang 330013 China
| | - Changfu Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Nuclear Technology Application (East China Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education Nanchang 330013 China
| | - Yun Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Nuclear Technology Application (East China Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education Nanchang 330013 China
| | - Dingzhong Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Nuclear Technology Application (East China Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education Nanchang 330013 China
| | - Jia Wei Chew
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637459 Singapore
- Singapore Membrane Technology Center, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University Singapore 639798 Singapore
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