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Wakuda H, Xiang Y, Sodhi JK, Uemura N, Benet LZ. An Explanation of Why Dose-Corrected Area Under the Curve for Alternate Administration Routes Can Be Greater than for Intravenous Dosing. AAPS J 2024; 26:22. [PMID: 38291293 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-024-00887-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
It is generally believed that bioavailability (F) calculated based on systemic concentration area under the curve (AUC) measurements cannot exceed 1.0, yet some published studies report this inconsistency. We teach and believe, based on differential equation derivations, that rate of absorption has no influence on measured systemic clearance following an oral dose, i.e., determined as available dose divided by AUC. Previously, it was thought that any difference in calculating F from urine data versus that from systemic concentration AUC data was due to the inability to accurately measure urine data. A PubMed literature search for drugs exhibiting F > 1.0 and studies for which F was measured using both AUC and urinary excretion dose-corrected analyses yielded data for 35 drugs. We show and explain, using Kirchhoff's Laws, that these universally held concepts concerning bioavailability may not be valid in all situations. Bioavailability, determined using systemic concentration measurements, for many drugs may be overestimated since AUC reflects not only systemic elimination but also absorption rate characteristics, which is most easily seen for renal clearance measures. Clearance of drug from the absorption site must be significantly greater than clearance following an iv bolus dose for F(AUC) to correctly correspond with F(urine). The primary purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that studies resulting in F > 1.0 and/or greater systemic vs urine bioavailability predictions may be accurate. Importantly, these explications have no significant impact on current regulatory guidance for bioequivalence testing, nor on the use of exposure (AUC) measures in making drug dosing decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Wakuda
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143-0912, USA
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idai gaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu City, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Yue Xiang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143-0912, USA
| | - Jasleen K Sodhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143-0912, USA
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Septerna, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Naoto Uemura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idai gaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu City, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Leslie Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143-0912, USA.
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Liu H, Wu Z, Yu P, Dong Z, Du H, Guo H, Zhang Y. Solubility measurement, correlation and dissolution thermodynamics properties of marbofloxacin in binary solvents. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sánchez Larrañaga J, Kreil V, Esmoris S, Veksler Hess J, Ambros L. Marbofloxacin pharmacokinetics in goats during the lactation. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Tavella A, Bettini A, Cocchi M, Idrizi I, Colorio S, Viel L, Zanardello C, Zanolari P. Isolation of Streptococcus agalactiae in a female llama (Lama glama) in South Tyrol (Italy). BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:343. [PMID: 30424747 PMCID: PMC6234556 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1676-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus agalactiae is pathogenic for both animals and humans. In dairy cattle it commonly causes mastitis, with great economic losses, and there is scientific evidence of mastitis, caseous lymphadenitis, contagious skin necrosis and purulent infections associated with S. agalactiae in camels (Camelus dromedarius) as well. In humans, it is a common component of the respiratory and gastrointestinal microflora, but it can also act as a pathogen, especially in elderly people and immunocompromised patients, as well as in pregrant women and newborns. CASE PRESENTATION A 10-year old non-pregnant female llama (Lama glama) was conferred to the Institute for Animal Health Control, in Bolzano for necropsy after sudden death. The animal had not shown unusual behaviour and had a low to normal nutritional condition (body condition score 2/5). The breeder had reported a chronic suppurative subcutaneous infection in the intermandibular area, resistant to therapy (therapy unknown). After necropsy, several samples were processed for histological, bacteriological and parasitological examinations. CONCLUSIONS This report describes, to the best of our knowledge, the first isolation of S. agalactiae in llamas (Lama glama). The animal came from a herd that counts approximately 200 South American camelids (llamas, alpacas) along with several horses, chicken, rabbits, cats and dogs; this farm offers services, such as trekking and pet therapy activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Tavella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Astrid Bettini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Monia Cocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Ilda Idrizi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Colorio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Laura Viel
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Claudia Zanardello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Patrik Zanolari
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109A, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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Rubio-Langre S, Aguilar-Sola S, Lorenzutti AM, San Andrés MI, De Lucas JJ, Litterio NJ. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of marbofloxacin after intravenous administration at different ages in llama crias, and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis by Monte Carlo simulation. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 41:861-870. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Rubio-Langre
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Soledad Aguilar-Sola
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; IRNASUS CONICET-Universidad Católica de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
| | - Augusto Matías Lorenzutti
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; IRNASUS CONICET-Universidad Católica de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
| | - Manuel I. San Andrés
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - José J. De Lucas
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Nicolás J. Litterio
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; IRNASUS CONICET-Universidad Católica de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
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Altan F, Corum O, Corum DD, Atik O, Uney K. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of marbofloxacin in lambs following administration of intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous. Small Rumin Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Montesano C, Curini R, Sergi M, Compagnone D, Celani G, Varasano V, Petrizzi L, Amorena M. Determination of marbofloxacin in plasma and synovial fluid by ultrafiltration followed by HPLC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 123:31-6. [PMID: 26859613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A rapid LC-MS/MS method for the determination of marbofloxacin in plasma and synovial fluid is presented in this study. The method uses a rapid sample preparation which only requires an ultrafiltration step with centrifugal filter devices. The optimized procedure allows a minimal need of sample (175 μL), particularly useful for synovial fluid samples which amount is rather limited; it is simple, rapid and easily applicable providing anyhow a satisfactory clean up, demonstrated by post-infusion experiments. On the other hand to maximize the speed of the analysis an ultrafast chromatographic separation has been obtained by selecting a column of 20 mm; the reduced run-time is suitable for processing numerous samples on a daily basis. Linearity was assessed in the range 5-2500 ng mL(-1); ofloxacin was used as internal standard. LOD and LOQ were respectively 1 and 5 ng/mL. The method was successfully applied to a set of samples generated during an experimental veterinary study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Montesano
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Chemistry, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Curini
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Chemistry, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuel Sergi
- University of Teramo, Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, 64023 Mosciano Sant'Angelo, TE, Italy.
| | - Dario Compagnone
- University of Teramo, Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, 64023 Mosciano Sant'Angelo, TE, Italy
| | - Gianluca Celani
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Varasano
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Lucio Petrizzi
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Michele Amorena
- University of Teramo, Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, 64023 Mosciano Sant'Angelo, TE, Italy
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Peng Z, Wang Y, Gu X, Guo X, Yan C. Study on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of costunolide and dehydrocostus lactone in rats by HPLC-UV and UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 28:1325-34. [PMID: 24889523 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A method based on high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet detection was developed for studying the pharmacokinetics of costunolide (Cos) and dehydrocostus lactone (Dehy) in rats after intravenous (i.v.) administration. Following i.v. administration, the maximum plasma concentrations of Cos and Dehy were observed to be 12.29 ± 1.47 and 5.79 ± 0.13 µg/mL, respectively. The bioavailability of Cos was larger than that of Dehy; however, the clearance and the volume of distribution of Dehy were much larger than those of Cos. An ultraperformance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry system with automated MS(E) (E represents collision energy) data analysis software (MetaboLynx(TM)) was used to analyze and identify the metabolites of Cos and Dehy in vivo. Four metabolites of Cos and six metabolites of Dehy were discovered from the plasma, urine and feces of rats. The main metabolic pathway of Cos was phase II biotransformation, but the main metabolic pathways of Dehy was phase І biotransformation. Two sequential desaturations and N-acetylcysteine conjugation were the common metabolic pathways of Cos and Dehy in rats. This information may be useful for the further development of the two drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangxiao Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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