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Kholif AE, Anele A, Anele UY. Microbial feed additives in ruminant feeding. AIMS Microbiol 2024; 10:542-571. [PMID: 39219749 PMCID: PMC11362274 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2024026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The main purposes of feed additives administration are to increase feed quality, feed utilization, and the performance and health of animals. For many years, antibiotic-based feed additives showed promising results; however, their administration in animal feeds has been banned due to some public concerns regarding their residues in the produced milk and meat from treated animals. Some microorganisms have desirable properties and elicit certain effects, which makes them potential alternatives to antibiotics to enhance intestinal health and ruminal fermentation. The commonly evaluated microorganisms are some species of bacteria and yeasts. Supplementing microorganisms to ruminants boosts animal health, feed digestion, ruminal fermentation, animal performance (meat and milk), and feed efficiency. Moreover, feeding microorganisms helps young calves adapt quickly to consume solid feed and prevents thriving populations of enteric pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract which cause diarrhea. Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Lactococcus, Bacillus, Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Aspergillus oryzae are the commonly used microbial feed additives in ruminant production. The response of feeding such microorganisms depends on many factors including the level of administration, diet fed to animal, physiological status of animal, and many other factors. However, the precise modes of action in which microbial feed additives improve nutrient utilization and livestock production are under study. Therefore, we aim to highlight some of the uses of microorganisms-based feed additives effects on animal production, the modes of action of microorganisms, and their potential use as an alternative to antibiotic feed additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E. Kholif
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
- Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St. Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Anuoluwapo Anele
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Uchenna Y. Anele
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
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Odunfa OA, Dhungana A, Huang Z, Yoon I, Jiang Y. Effects of a liquid and dry Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product feeding program on ruminal fermentation, total tract digestibility, and plasma metabolome of Holstein steers receiving a grain-based diet. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae223. [PMID: 39096210 PMCID: PMC11405127 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the effects of a postbiotic feeding program consisting of liquid and dry Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP) on ruminal fermentation, digestibility, and plasma metabolome of Holstein steers receiving a grain-based diet. Eight Holstein steers (body weight, BW, 467 ± 13.9 kg) equipped with rumen cannulas were used in a crossover design study, with 21 d per period and a 7-d washout period in between periods. Steers were stratified by initial BW and assigned to 1 of 2 treatments. The treatments were 1) Control, basal finishing diet only (CON); 2) SCFP, 1-d feeding of liquid SCFP (infused into the rumen via the cannula at 11 mL/100 kg BW) followed by daily feeding of dry SCFP (12 g/d, top-dressed). Feed and spot fecal samples were collected during days 17 to 20 for determination of digestibility and fecal excretion of N, P, Cu, and Zn. Digestibility was measured using acid-insoluble ash as an internal marker. Blood samples were collected on day 21 before the morning feeding. Rumen fluid samples were collected on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 21 via rumen cannula. Results were analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4 (SAS, 2023). Treatment did not affect dry matter intake (P = 0.15) and digestibility (P ≥ 0.62). The fecal output and absorption of Zn, Cu, P, and N were not affected (P > 0.22) by treatment. On day 1, the liquid SCFP supplementation tended to reduce (P = 0.07) ruminal VFA concentration and increased (P < 0.01) the molar proportion of valerate. Feeding SCFP tended to increase total ruminal VFA on day 5 (P = 0.08) and significantly increased total VFA on day 21 (P = 0.05). Ruminal NH3-N was reduced (P = 0.02) on day 21 by supplementing SCFP. Treatment did not affect the production of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β (P > 0.19), and IL-6 (P > 0.12) in the whole blood in response to various toll-like receptor stimulants in vitro. Feeding SCFP enriched (P ≤ 0.05) plasma metabolic pathways, including citric acid cycle, pyrimidine metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, retinol metabolism, and inositol phosphate metabolism pathways. In summary, supplementing liquid SCFP with subsequent dry SCFP enhanced ruminal total VFA production and reduced NH3-N concentration in the rumen. Furthermore, feeding SCFP enriched several important pathways in lipid, protein, and glucose metabolism, which may improve feed efficiency of energy and protein in Holstein steers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun A Odunfa
- School of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Anjan Dhungana
- School of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601, USA
| | - Zhengyan Huang
- Markey Cancer Center, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | | | - Yun Jiang
- School of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Seifalinasab A, Mousaie A, Doomary H. Dietary High Chromium-Methionine Supplementation in Summer-Exposed Finishing Lambs: Impacts on Feed Intake, Growth Performance, and Blood Cells, Antioxidants, and Minerals. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:156-163. [PMID: 33590455 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02633-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary high doses of chromium-methionine (CrMet) supplementation on blood hemato-biochemical parameters and growth performance of finishing lambs reared under warm condition with average temperature-humidity index (THI) of 85.8 unit. Fifteen male lambs (31.9 ± 1.2 kg) fed with either un-supplemented diet (CON) or supplemented with 1.5 (Cr1.5) and 3 (Cr3) mg of Cr/kg dry matter (DM) for 8 weeks. The results showed that high levels of supplemental Cr had no negative impacts on red (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC). Blood total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) tended to be higher in CrMet-fed lambs than those of CON (P < 0.1). Serum malondialdehyde (MDA), as a lipid peroxidation marker, was, respectively, 20.24 and 22.1%, lower in lambs given 1.5 and 3 mg of chromium comparing those of CON (P < 0.05). Moreover, erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX, U/dL) displayed higher activity in Cr3 (421.2) group than those of CON (334.6) and Cr1.5 (351.2) groups (P < 0.05). Accordingly, GSH-PX activity per gram hemoglobin (U/gHb) was 45.9% greater in lambs of Cr3 than the CON (P < 0.05). Furthermore, feeding 3 mg of Cr led to increased erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (P < 0.05): as such, SOD was 1193.1, 1281.5, and 1433.0 U/gHb in CON, Cr1.5, and Cr3, respectively. Chromium supplementation linearly decreased serum iron concentration (P < 0.05), but neither blood calcium, phosphorous, copper, zinc, and glucose concentrations nor aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities were affected by supplemental CrMet. In comparison with CON (1250), lambs in Cr1.5 (1199) and Cr3 (1192) groups had lower daily feed intake (g/d, P < 0.01). In addition, feed to gain ratio was 21.5% lower in the Cr3 group than the control (P < 0.05). Collectively, these findings suggest that feeding summer-exposed finishing lambs with 3 mg of Cr/kg DM improves blood antioxidant status and feed to gain efficiency without adverse effects on lambs' health and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Seifalinasab
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Amir Mousaie
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran.
| | - Hossein Doomary
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran
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Effects of sodium bicarbonate and chromium propionate supplementation on growth performance, blood indices of Beetal bucks under heat stress. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:496. [PMID: 34608511 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02931-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the current experiment was to determine the effects of sodium bicarbonate (SBC) and chromium propionate (Cr) supplementation on dry matter intake (DMI), growth performance, blood indices, feed sorting behavior, and digestibility of nutrients during the hot and humid condition in Beetal bucks. Twenty-eight Beetal bucks were randomly assigned to four concentrates treatments (n = 7 bucks/treatment) under 2 × 2 factorial arrangements. The factors were (1) chromium supplementation, basal diet without any supplementation (C) and basal diet with Cr @ 1.5 mg Cr/head/day (Cr), and (2) sodium bircbonate supplementation, basal diet supplemented with SBC @15 g/kg of DM (SBC) and diet containing SBC @ 15 g/kg of DM) and Cr @ 1.5 mg/day/animal (SBC + Cr). Chromium was drenched to each animal during the morning feeding. The average daily noon temperature-humidity index (THI) was 86.37 ± 4.01. The daily DMI and ADG was higher (P < .0001) in the SBC, and trend for daily DMI was observed (P < 0.01) for the Cr. The feed to gain ratio was tended to improve (P = 0.056) by the supplementation of Cr. Plasma glucose, cholesterol, and catalase concentration were lower (P < 0.05) in the Cr supplemented, whereas plasma BUN and TPP were not influenced (P > 0.05) by the Cr or the SBC supplementation. The feed selection index indicated that supplementation of Cr and SBC had no effects on selection or rejection of feed particles. In Cr-supplemented bucks, there was a trend for higher ADF digestibility. Digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, NDF, and ADF were not affected by Cr or SBC supplementation. In conclusion, co supplementation of Cr @ 1.5 mg/d and SBC @ 15 g/kg resulted in highest DMI, ADG and improved the feed efficiency in heat-stressed fattening bucks by alleviating negative impacts of HS.
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Amin AB, Mao S. Influence of yeast on rumen fermentation, growth performance and quality of products in ruminants: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 7:31-41. [PMID: 33997329 PMCID: PMC8110857 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to give an overview of the efficacy of yeast supplementation on growth performance, rumen pH, rumen microbiota, and their relationship to meat and milk quality in ruminants. The practice of feeding high grain diets to ruminants in an effort to increase growth rate and weight gain usually results in excess deposition of saturated fatty acids in animal products and increased incidence of rumen acidosis. The supplementation of yeast at the right dose and viability level could counteract the acidotic effects of these high grain diets in the rumen and positively modify the fatty acid composition of animal products. Yeast exerts its actions by competing with lactate-producing (Streptococcus bovis and Lactobacillus) bacteria for available sugar and encouraging the growth of lactate-utilising bacteria (Megasphaera elsdenii). M. elsdenii is known to convert lactate into butyrate and propionate leading to a decrease in the accumulation of lactate thereby resulting in higher rumen pH. Interestingly, this creates a conducive environment for the proliferation of vaccenic acid-producing bacteria (Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens) and ciliate protozoa, both of which have been reported to increase the ruminal concentration of trans-11 and cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) at a pH range between 5.6 and 6.3. The addition of yeast into the diet of ruminants has also been reported to positively modify rumen biohydrogenation pathway to synthesise more of the beneficial biohydrogenation intermediates (trans -11 and cis -9, trans -11). This implies that more dietary sources of linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and oleic acid along with beneficial biohydrogenation intermediates (cis-9, trans-11-CLA, and trans-11) would escape complete biohydrogenation in the rumen to be absorbed into milk and meat. However, further studies are required to substantiate our claim. Therefore, techniques like transcriptomics should be employed to identify the mRNA transcript expression levels of genes like stearoyl-CoA desaturase, fatty acid synthase, and elongase of very long chain fatty acids 6 in the muscle. Different strains of yeast need to be tested at different doses and viability levels on the fatty acid profile of animal products as well as its vaccenic acid and rumenic acid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmumini B. Amin
- Centre for Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University Dutse, P.M.B 7156, Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria
| | - Shengyong Mao
- Centre for Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Jilin Inter-Regional Cooperation Centre for the Scientific and Technological Innovation of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, 132109, Jilin, China
- Corresponding author.
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Moreno-Camarena L, Arturo Domínguez-Vara I, Morales-Almaráz E, Bórquez-Gastelum JL, Trujillo-Gutiérrez D, Acosta-Dibarrat JP, Sánchez-Torres JE, Pinos-Rodríguez JM, Modragón-Ancelmo J, Barajas-Cruz R, Rodríguez-Gaxiola MÁ. Effects of dietary chromium-yeast level on growth performance, blood metabolites, meat traits and muscle fatty acids profile, and microminerals content in liver and bone of lambs. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1853620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Moreno-Camarena
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | | | - Ernesto Morales-Almaráz
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | | | - Daniel Trujillo-Gutiérrez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | | | - Juan Edrei Sánchez-Torres
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | | | - Jaime Modragón-Ancelmo
- Centro Universitario Temascaltepec, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Campus Universitario Temascaltepec, Temascaltepec, México
| | - Rubén Barajas-Cruz
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, México
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Direkvandi E, Mohammadabadi T, Salem AZM. Oral administration of lactate producing bacteria alone or combined with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Megasphaera elsdenii on performance of fattening lambs. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2020.1773830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Direkvandi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Tahereh Mohammadabadi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Abdelfattah Z. M. Salem
- Depto. de Nutrición Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico
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