1
|
Lin H, Xing J, Wang H, Wang S, Fang R, Li X, Li Z, Song N. Roles of Lipolytic enzymes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1329715. [PMID: 38357346 PMCID: PMC10865251 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1329715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a bacterial pathogen that can endure for long periods in an infected patient, without causing disease. There are a number of virulence factors that increase its ability to invade the host. One of these factors is lipolytic enzymes, which play an important role in the pathogenic mechanism of Mtb. Bacterial lipolytic enzymes hydrolyze lipids in host cells, thereby releasing free fatty acids that are used as energy sources and building blocks for the synthesis of cell envelopes, in addition to regulating host immune responses. This review summarizes the relevant recent studies that used in vitro and in vivo models of infection, with particular emphasis on the virulence profile of lipolytic enzymes in Mtb. A better understanding of these enzymes will aid the development of new treatment strategies for TB. The recent work done that explored mycobacterial lipolytic enzymes and their involvement in virulence and pathogenicity was highlighted in this study. Lipolytic enzymes are expected to control Mtb and other intracellular pathogenic bacteria by targeting lipid metabolism. They are also potential candidates for the development of novel therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lin
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jiayin Xing
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Shuxian Wang
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Ren Fang
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiaotian Li
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Zhaoli Li
- SAFE Pharmaceutical Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Ningning Song
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rohilla A, Singh AK, Koleske B, Srikrishna G, Bishai WR. Structure-based virtual screening and in vitro validation of inhibitors of cyclic dinucleotide phosphodiesterases ENPP1 and CdnP. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0201223. [PMID: 38095464 PMCID: PMC10783014 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02012-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE In this paper, we describe novel inhibitors of cyclic dinucleotide phosphodiesterase enzymes from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) (CdnP) and mammals (ENPP1). The phosphodiesterase enzymes hydrolyze cyclic dinucleotides, such as 2',3'-cyclic GMP-AMP and c-di-AMP, which are stimulator of interferon gene (STING) agonists. By blocking the hydrolysis of STING agonists, the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-STING-IRF3 pathway is potentiated. There is strong evidence in tuberculosis and in cancer biology that potentiation of the cGAS-STING-IRF3 pathway leads to improved M.tb clearance and also improved antitumor responses in cancer. In addition to the identification of novel inhibitors and their biochemical characterization, we provide proof-of-concept evidence that our E-3 inhibitor potentiates the cGAS-STING-IRF3 pathway in both macrophage cell lines and also in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Rohilla
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alok Kumar Singh
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Benjamin Koleske
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Geetha Srikrishna
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William R. Bishai
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu X, Zhou L, Ye C, Zha Z, Li C, Feng C, Zhang Y, Jin Q, Pan J. Destruction of self-derived PAMP via T3SS2 effector VopY to subvert PAMP-triggered immunity mediates Vibrio parahaemolyticus pathogenicity. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113261. [PMID: 37847589 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is a unique bacterial second messenger but is hijacked by host cells during bacterial infection as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) to trigger STING-dependent immune responses. Here, we show that upon infection, VopY, an effector of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, is injected into host cells by type III secretion system 2 (T3SS2), a secretion system unique to its pathogenic strains and indispensable for enterotoxicity. VopY is an EAL-domain-containing phosphodiesterase and is capable of hydrolyzing c-di-GMP. VopY expression in host cells prevents the activation of STING and STING-dependent downstream signaling triggered by c-di-GMP and, consequently, suppresses type I interferon immune responses. The presence of VopY in V. parahaemolyticus enables it to cause both T3SS2-dependent enterotoxicity and cytotoxicity. These findings uncover the destruction of self-derived PAMPs by injecting specific effectors to suppress PAMP-triggered immune responses as a unique strategy for bacterial pathogens to subvert immunity and cause disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Lantian Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Chen Ye
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhenzhong Zha
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Chuchu Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Chao Feng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Qian Jin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jianyi Pan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kumar R, Gandham S, Rana A, Maity HK, Sarkar U, Dey B. Divergent proinflammatory immune responses associated with the differential susceptibility of cattle breeds to tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1199092. [PMID: 37795082 PMCID: PMC10546398 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1199092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) in the bovine is one of the most predominant chronic debilitating infectious diseases primarily caused by Mycobacterium bovis. Besides, the incidence of TB in humans due to M. bovis, and that in bovines (bovine TB, bTB) due to M. tuberculosis- indicates cattle as a major reservoir of zoonotic TB. While India accounts for the highest global burden of both TB and multidrug-resistant TB in humans, systematic evaluation of bTB prevalence in India is largely lacking. Recent reports emphasized markedly greater bTB prevalence in exotic and crossbred cattle compared to indigenous cattle breeds that represent more than one-third of the total cattle population in India, which is the largest globally. This study aimed at elucidating the immune responses underlying the differential bTB incidence in prominent indigenous (Sahiwal), and crossbred (Sahiwal x Holstein Friesian) cattle reared in India. Employing the standard Single Intradermal Tuberculin Test (SITT), and mycobacterial gene-targeting single as well as multiplex-PCR-based screening revealed higher incidences of bovine tuberculin reactors as well as Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex specific PCR positivity amongst the crossbred cattle. Further, ex vivo mycobacterial infection in cultures of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from SITT, and myco-PCR negative healthy cattle exhibited significantly higher intracellular growth of M. bovis BCG, and M. tuberculosis H37Ra in the crossbred cattle PBMCs compared to native cattle. In addition, native cattle PBMCs induced higher pro-inflammatory cytokines and signaling pathways, such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-17 (IL-17), tank binding kinase-1 (TBK-1), and nitric oxide (NO) upon exposure to live mycobacterial infection in comparison to PBMCs from crossbred cattle that exhibited higher expression of IL-1β transcripts. Together, these findings highlight that differences in the innate immune responses of these cattle breeds might be contributing to the differential susceptibility to bTB infection, and the resultant disparity in bTB incidence amongst indigenous, and crossbred cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Kumar
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sripratyusha Gandham
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Avi Rana
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Hemanta Kumar Maity
- Department of Avian Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Uttam Sarkar
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Bappaditya Dey
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Krol E, Werel L, Essen LO, Becker A. Structural and functional diversity of bacterial cyclic nucleotide perception by CRP proteins. MICROLIFE 2023; 4:uqad024. [PMID: 37223727 PMCID: PMC10187061 DOI: 10.1093/femsml/uqad024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a ubiquitous second messenger synthesized by most living organisms. In bacteria, it plays highly diverse roles in metabolism, host colonization, motility, and many other processes important for optimal fitness. The main route of cAMP perception is through transcription factors from the diverse and versatile CRP-FNR protein superfamily. Since the discovery of the very first CRP protein CAP in Escherichia coli more than four decades ago, its homologs have been characterized in both closely related and distant bacterial species. The cAMP-mediated gene activation for carbon catabolism by a CRP protein in the absence of glucose seems to be restricted to E. coli and its close relatives. In other phyla, the regulatory targets are more diverse. In addition to cAMP, cGMP has recently been identified as a ligand of certain CRP proteins. In a CRP dimer, each of the two cyclic nucleotide molecules makes contacts with both protein subunits and effectuates a conformational change that favors DNA binding. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on structural and physiological aspects of E. coli CAP compared with other cAMP- and cGMP-activated transcription factors, and point to emerging trends in metabolic regulation related to lysine modification and membrane association of CRP proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta Krol
- Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 14, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Laura Werel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lars Oliver Essen
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Anke Becker
- Corresponding author. Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 14, 35043 Marburg. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Leopold Wager CM, Bonifacio JR, Simper J, Naoun AA, Arnett E, Schlesinger LS. Activation of transcription factor CREB in human macrophages by Mycobacterium tuberculosis promotes bacterial survival, reduces NF-kB nuclear transit and limits phagolysosome fusion by reduced necroptotic signaling. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011297. [PMID: 37000865 PMCID: PMC10096260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are a first line of defense against pathogens. However, certain invading microbes modify macrophage responses to promote their own survival and growth. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is a human-adapted intracellular pathogen that exploits macrophages as an intracellular niche. It was previously reported that M.tb rapidly activates cAMP Response Element Binding Protein (CREB), a transcription factor that regulates diverse cellular responses in macrophages. However, the mechanism(s) underlying CREB activation and its downstream roles in human macrophage responses to M.tb are largely unknown. Herein we determined that M.tb-induced CREB activation is dependent on signaling through MAPK p38 in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). Using a CREB-specific inhibitor, we determined that M.tb-induced CREB activation leads to expression of immediate early genes including COX2, MCL-1, CCL8 and c-FOS, as well as inhibition of NF-kB p65 nuclear localization. These early CREB-mediated signaling events predicted that CREB inhibition would lead to enhanced macrophage control of M.tb growth, which we observed over days in culture. CREB inhibition also led to phosphorylation of RIPK3 and MLKL, hallmarks of necroptosis. However, this was unaccompanied by cell death at the time points tested. Instead, bacterial control corresponded with increased colocalization of M.tb with the late endosome/lysosome marker LAMP-1. Increased phagolysosomal fusion detected during CREB inhibition was dependent on RIPK3-induced pMLKL, indicating that M.tb-induced CREB signaling limits phagolysosomal fusion through inhibition of the necroptotic signaling pathway. Altogether, our data show that M.tb induces CREB activation in human macrophages early post-infection to create an environment conducive to bacterial growth. Targeting certain aspects of the CREB-induced signaling pathway may represent an innovative approach for development of host-directed therapeutics to combat TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chrissy M. Leopold Wager
- Host Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jordan R. Bonifacio
- Host Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jan Simper
- Host Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UT Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Adrian A. Naoun
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eusondia Arnett
- Host Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- Host Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Korotetskaya MV, Rubakova EI. Metabolic biological markers for diagnosing and monitoring the course of tuberculosis. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2022. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-mbm-1947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The international biomedical community has been currently facing a need to find a simple and most accessible type of analysis that helps to diagnose tuberculosis (TB) with the maximum reliability even before the onset of clinical manifestations. Tuberculosis results in more deaths than any other pathogen, second only to pneumonia caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, but the majority of infected people remain asymptomatic. In addition, it is important to develop methods to distinguish various forms of tuberculosis infection course at early stages and to reliably stratify patients into appropriate groups (persons with a rapidly progressing infection, chronic course, latent infection carriers). Immunometabolism investigates a relationship between bioenergetic pathways and specific functions of immune cells that has recently become increasingly important in scientific research. The host anti-mycobacteria immune response in tuberculosis is regulated by a number of metabolic networks that can interact both cooperatively and antagonistically, influencing an outcome of the disease. The balance between inflammatory and immune reactions limits the spread of mycobacteria in vivo and protects from developing tuberculosis. Cytokines are essential for host defense, but if uncontrolled, some mediators may contribute to developing disease and pathology. Differences in plasma levels of metabolites between individuals with advanced infection, LTBI and healthy individuals can be detected long before the onset of the major related clinical signs. Changes in amino acid and cortisol level may be detected as early as 12 months before the onset of the disease and become more prominent at verifying clinical diagnosis. Assessing serum level of certain amino acids and their ratios may be used as additional diagnostic markers of active pulmonary TB. Metabolites, including serum fatty acids, amino acids and lipids may contribute to detecting active TB. Metabolic profiles indicate about increased indolamine 2.3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) activity, decreased phospholipase activity, increased adenosine metabolite level, and fibrous lesions in active vs. latent infection. TB treatment can be adjusted based on individual patient metabolism and biomarker profiles. Thus, exploring immunometabolism in tuberculosis is necessary for development of new therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
8
|
Guo J, Zhang X, Chen X, Cai Y. Proteomics in Biomarker Discovery for Tuberculosis: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:845229. [PMID: 35558124 PMCID: PMC9087271 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.845229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to threaten many peoples' health worldwide, regardless of their country of residence or age. The current diagnosis of TB still uses mainly traditional, time-consuming, and/or culture-based techniques. Efforts have focused on discovering new biomarkers with higher efficiency and accuracy for TB diagnosis. Proteomics-the systematic study of protein diversity-is being applied to the discovery of novel protein biomarkers for different types of diseases. Mass spectrometry (MS) technology plays a revolutionary role in proteomics, and its applicability benefits from the development of other technologies, such as matrix-based and immune-based methods. MS and derivative strategies continuously contribute to disease-related discoveries, and some promising proteomic biomarkers for efficient TB diagnosis have been identified, but challenges still exist. For example, there are discrepancies in the biomarkers identified among different reports and the diagnostic accuracy of clinically applied proteomic biomarkers. The present review summarizes the current status and future perspectives of proteomics in the field of TB biomarker discovery and aims to elicit more promising findings for rapid and accurate TB diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiubiao Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ximeng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinchun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ahmad F, Rani A, Alam A, Zarin S, Pandey S, Singh H, Hasnain SE, Ehtesham NZ. Macrophage: A Cell With Many Faces and Functions in Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:747799. [PMID: 35603185 PMCID: PMC9122124 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.747799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of human tuberculosis (TB) which primarily infects the macrophages. Nearly a quarter of the world's population is infected latently by Mtb. Only around 5%-10% of those infected develop active TB disease, particularly during suppressed host immune conditions or comorbidity such as HIV, hinting toward the heterogeneity of Mtb infection. The aerosolized Mtb first reaches the lungs, and the resident alveolar macrophages (AMs) are among the first cells to encounter the Mtb infection. Evidence suggests that early clearance of Mtb infection is associated with robust innate immune responses in resident macrophages. In addition to lung-resident macrophage subsets, the recruited monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) have been suggested to have a protective role during Mtb infection. Mtb, by virtue of its unique cell surface lipids and secreted protein effectors, can evade killing by the innate immune cells and preferentially establish a niche within the AMs. Continuous efforts to delineate the determinants of host defense mechanisms have brought to the center stage the crucial role of macrophage phenotypical variations for functional adaptations in TB. The morphological and functional heterogeneity and plasticity of the macrophages aid in confining the dissemination of Mtb. However, during a suppressed or hyperactivated immune state, the Mtb virulence factors can affect macrophage homeostasis which may skew to favor pathogen growth, causing active TB. This mini-review is aimed at summarizing the interplay of Mtb pathomechanisms in the macrophages and the implications of macrophage heterogeneity and plasticity during Mtb infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Ahmad
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Cell Signaling, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Anshu Rani
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi (IIT-D), New Delhi, India
| | - Anwar Alam
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Cell Signaling, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sheeba Zarin
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Cell Signaling, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Saurabh Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Hina Singh
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi (IIT-D), New Delhi, India
| | - Seyed Ehtesham Hasnain
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi (IIT-D), New Delhi, India
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Nasreen Zafar Ehtesham
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Cell Signaling, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cabezas A, Costas MJ, Canales J, Pinto RM, Rodrigues JR, Ribeiro JM, Cameselle JC. Enzyme Characterization of Pro-virulent SntA, a Cell Wall-Anchored Protein of Streptococcus suis, With Phosphodiesterase Activity on cyclic-di-AMP at a Level Suited to Limit the Innate Immune System. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:843068. [PMID: 35391727 PMCID: PMC8981391 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.843068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis and Streptococcus agalactiae evade the innate immune system of the infected host by mechanisms mediated by cell wall-anchored proteins: SntA and CdnP, respectively. The former has been reported to interfere with complement responses, and the latter dampens STING-dependent type-I interferon (IFN) response by hydrolysis of bacterial cyclic-di-AMP (c-di-AMP). Both proteins are homologous but, while CdnP has been studied as a phosphohydrolase, the enzyme activities of SntA have not been investigated. The core structure of SntA was expressed in Escherichia coli as a GST-tagged protein that, after affinity purification, was characterized as phosphohydrolase with a large series of substrates. This included 3′-nucleotides, 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotides, cyclic and linear dinucleotides, and a variety of phosphoanhydride or phosphodiester compounds, most of them previously considered as substrates of E. coli CpdB, a periplasmic protein homologous to SntA and CdnP. Catalytic efficiency was determined for each SntA substrate, either by dividing parameters kcat/KM obtained from saturation curves or directly from initial rates at low substrate concentrations when saturation curves could not be obtained. SntA is concluded to act as phosphohydrolase on two groups of substrates with efficiencies higher or lower than ≈ 105 M–1 s–1 (average value of the enzyme universe). The group with kcat/KM ≥ 105 M–1 s–1 (good substrates) includes 3′-nucleotides, 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotides, and linear and cyclic dinucleotides (notably c-di-AMP). Compounds showing efficiencies <104 M–1 s–1 are considered poor substrates. Compared with CpdB, SntA is more efficient with its good substrates and less efficient with its poor substrates; therefore, the specificity of SntA is more restrictive. The efficiency of the SntA activity on c-di-AMP is comparable with the activity of CdnP that dampens type-I IFN response, suggesting that this virulence mechanism is also functional in S. suis. SntA modeling revealed that Y530 and Y633 form a sandwich with the nitrogen base of nucleotidic ligands in the substrate-binding site. Mutants Y530A-SntA, Y633A-SntA, and Y530A+Y633A-SntA were obtained and kinetically characterized. For orientation toward the catalytic site, one tyrosine is enough, although this may depend on the substrate being attacked. On the other hand, both tyrosines are required for the efficient binding of good SntA substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Cabezas
- Grupo de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - María Jesús Costas
- Grupo de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - José Canales
- Grupo de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Rosa María Pinto
- Grupo de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Joaquim Rui Rodrigues
- Laboratório Associado Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
| | - João Meireles Ribeiro
- Grupo de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - José Carlos Cameselle
- Grupo de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Pulmonary Rehabilitation: From Novel Pharmacotherapeutic Approaches to Management of Post-Tuberculosis Sequelae. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12040569. [PMID: 35455684 PMCID: PMC9027178 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12040569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is still a worldwide public health burden, as more than 1.3 million deaths are expected to be reported in 2021. Even though almost 20 million patients have completed specific anti-TB treatment and survived in 2020, little information is known regarding their pulmonary sequelae, quality of life, and their need to follow rehabilitation services as researchers shifted towards proper diagnosis and treatment rather than analyzing post-disease development. Understanding the underlying immunologic and pathogenic mechanisms during mycobacterial infection, which have been incompletely elucidated until now, and the development of novel anti-TB agents could lead to the proper application of rehabilitation care, as TB sequelae result from interaction between the host and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This review addresses the importance of host immune responses in TB and novel potential anti-TB drugs’ mechanisms, as well as the assessment of risk factors for post-TB disease and usefulness of guidance and optimization of pulmonary rehabilitation. The use of rehabilitation programs for patients who successfully completed anti-tuberculotic treatment represents a potent multifaceted measure in preventing the increase of mortality rates, as researchers conclude that a patient with a TB diagnosis, even when properly completing pharmacotherapy, is threatened by a potential life loss of 4 years, in comparison to healthy individuals. Dissemination of pulmonary rehabilitation services and constant actualization of protocols could strengthen management of post-TB disease among under-resourced individuals.
Collapse
|
12
|
Kim JK, Park EJ, Jo EK. Itaconate, Arginine, and Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: A Host Metabolite Triad Protective Against Mycobacterial Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:832015. [PMID: 35185924 PMCID: PMC8855927 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.832015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune metabolic regulation shapes the host-pathogen interaction during infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the pathogen of human tuberculosis (TB). Several immunometabolites generated by metabolic remodeling in macrophages are implicated in innate immune protection against Mtb infection by fine-tuning defensive pathways. Itaconate, produced by the mitochondrial enzyme immunoresponsive gene 1 (IRG1), has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects, restricting intracellular mycobacterial growth. L-arginine, a component of the urea cycle, is critical for the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) and is implicated in M1-mediated antimycobacterial responses in myeloid cells. L-citrulline, a by-product of NO production, contributes to host defense and generates L-arginine in myeloid cells. In arginase 1-expressing cells, L-arginine can be converted into ornithine, a polyamine precursor that enhances autophagy and antimicrobial protection against Mtb in Kupffer cells. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a metabolite and neurotransmitter, activate autophagy to induce antimycobacterial host defenses. This review discusses the recent updates of the functions of the three metabolites in host protection against mycobacterial infection. Understanding the mechanisms by which these metabolites promote host defense will facilitate the development of novel host-directed therapeutics against Mtb and drug-resistant bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kyung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Park
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Eun-Kyeong Jo,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang Q, Wang Q, Zhao Z, Fan J, Qin L, Alexander DB, Tsuda H, Zhao D, Xu J. Surfactant Proteins A/D-CD14 on Alveolar Macrophages Is a Common Pathway Associated With Phagocytosis of Nanomaterials and Cytokine Production. Front Immunol 2021; 12:758941. [PMID: 34777371 PMCID: PMC8578846 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.758941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages are responsible for clearance of airborne dust and pathogens. How they recognize and phagocytose a variety of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) with different properties is an important issue for safety assessment of ENMs. Surfactant-associated proteins, specifically existing in the pulmonary surfactant, are important opsonins for phagocytosis of airborne microorganisms. The purposes of the current study are to understand whether opsonization of ENMs by surfactant-associated proteins promotes phagocytosis of ENMs and cytokine production, and to determine whether a common pathway for phagocytosis of ENMs with different properties exists. For these purposes, four ENMs, MWCNT-7, TiO2, SiO2, and fullerene C60, with different shapes, sizes, chemical compositions, and surface reactivities, were chosen for this study. Short-term pulmonary exposure to MWCNT-7, TiO2, SiO2, and C60 induced inflammation in the rat lung, and most of the administered ENMs were phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages. The ENMs were phagocytosed by isolated primary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) in vitro, and phagocytosis was enhanced by rat bronchioalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), suggesting that proteins in the BALF were associated with phagocytosis. Analysis of proteins bound to the 4 ENMs by LC/MS indicated that surfactant-associated proteins A and D (SP-A, SP-D) were common binding proteins for all the 4 ENMs. Both BALF and SP-A, but not SP-D, enhanced TNF-α production by MWCNT-7 treated PAMs; BALF, SP-A, and SP-D increased IL-1β production in TiO2 and SiO2 treated PAMs; and BALF, SP-A, and SP-D enhanced IL-6 production in C60 treated PAMs. Knockdown of CD14, a receptor for SP-A/D, significantly reduced phagocytosis of ENMs and SP-A-enhanced cytokine production by PAMs. These results indicate that SP-A/D can opsonize all the test ENMs and enhance phagocytosis of the ENMs by alveolar macrophages through CD14, suggesting that SP-A/D-CD14 is a common pathway mediating phagocytosis of ENMs. Cytokine production induced by ENMs, however, is dependent on the type of ENM that is phagocytosed. Our results demonstrate a dual role for surfactant proteins as opsonins for both microbes and for inhaled dusts and fibers, including ENMs, allowing macrophages to recognize and remove the vast majority of these particles, thereby, greatly lessening their toxicity in the lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Anhui General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Hefei, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ziyue Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jingbo Fan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Linghan Qin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - David B Alexander
- Laboratory of Nanotoxicology Project, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuda
- Laboratory of Nanotoxicology Project, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Dahai Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiegou Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Laboratory of Nanotoxicology Project, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Saha S, Hazra A, Ghatak D, Singh AV, Roy S, BoseDasgupta S. A Bumpy Ride of Mycobacterial Phagosome Maturation: Roleplay of Coronin1 Through Cofilin1 and cAMP. Front Immunol 2021; 12:687044. [PMID: 34630380 PMCID: PMC8495260 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.687044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagosome-lysosome fusion in innate immune cells like macrophages and neutrophils marshal an essential role in eliminating intracellular microorganisms. In microbe-challenged macrophages, phagosome-lysosome fusion occurs 4 to 6 h after the phagocytic uptake of the microbe. However, live pathogenic mycobacteria hinder the transfer of phagosomes to lysosomes, up to 20 h post-phagocytic uptake. This period is required to evade pro-inflammatory response and upregulate the acid-stress tolerant proteins. The exact sequence of events through which mycobacteria retards phagolysosome formation remains an enigma. The macrophage coat protein Coronin1(Cor1) is recruited and retained by mycobacteria on the phagosome membrane to retard its maturation by hindering the access of phagosome maturation factors. Mycobacteria-infected macrophages exhibit an increased cAMP level, and based on receptor stimulus, Cor1 expressing cells show a higher level of cAMP than non-Cor1 expressing cells. Here we have shown that infection of bone marrow-derived macrophages with H37Rv causes a Cor1 dependent rise of intracellular cAMP levels at the vicinity of the phagosomes. This increased cAMP fuels cytoskeletal protein Cofilin1 to depolymerize F-actin around the mycobacteria-containing phagosome. Owing to reduced F-actin levels, the movement of the phagosome toward the lysosomes is hindered, thus contributing to the retarded phagosome maturation process. Additionally, Cor1 mediated upregulation of Cofilin1 also contributes to the prevention of phagosomal acidification, which further aids in the retardation of phagosome maturation. Overall, our study provides first-hand information on Cor1 mediated retardation of phagosome maturation, which can be utilized in developing novel peptidomimetics as part of host-directed therapeutics against tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saradindu Saha
- Molecular Immunology and Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Arnab Hazra
- Molecular Immunology and Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Debika Ghatak
- Molecular Immunology and Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Ajay Vir Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, ICMR-National JALMA Institute of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - Sadhana Roy
- Molecular Immunology and Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Somdeb BoseDasgupta
- Molecular Immunology and Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kravitz A, Pelzer K, Sriranganathan N. The Paratuberculosis Paradigm Examined: A Review of Host Genetic Resistance and Innate Immune Fitness in Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis Infection. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:721706. [PMID: 34485444 PMCID: PMC8414637 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.721706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis, or Johne's Disease (JD) is a debilitating chronic enteritis mainly affecting ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). This organism causes worldwide economic losses to the livestock industry, and is of public health importance due to the potential zoonotic risk between MAP and Crohn's disease (CD) in humans. Without economical treatments, or a vaccine capable of preventing infection without causing cross-reactions with bovine tuberculosis, test-and-cull methods for disease control are imperative. Unfortunately, difficulties in diagnostics and long subclinical stage hinder adequate control and is further complicated by variation in MAP exposure outcome. Interestingly, the majority of infections result in asymptomatic presentation and never progress to clinical disease. One contributing factor is host genetics, where polymorphisms in innate immune genes have been found to influence resistance and susceptibility to disease. Candidate genes identified across studies overlap with those found in CD and tuberculosis including; Solute carrier family 11 member 1 gene (SLC11A1), Nucleotide-binding-oligomerization domain containing gene 2 (NOD2), Major histocompatibility complex type II (MHC-II), and Toll-like receptor (TLR) genes. This review will highlight evidence supporting the vital role of these genes in MAP infection outcome, associated challenges, and implications for the future of JD research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Kravitz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for One Health Research, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Kevin Pelzer
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Nammalwar Sriranganathan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for One Health Research, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Biofilm formation in the lung contributes to virulence and drug tolerance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1606. [PMID: 33707445 PMCID: PMC7952908 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21748-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a chronic disease that displays several features commonly associated with biofilm-associated infections: immune system evasion, antibiotic treatment failures, and recurrence of infection. However, although Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) can form cellulose-containing biofilms in vitro, it remains unclear whether biofilms are formed during infection in vivo. Here, we demonstrate the formation of Mtb biofilms in animal models of infection and in patients, and that biofilm formation can contribute to drug tolerance. First, we show that cellulose is also a structural component of the extracellular matrix of in vitro biofilms of fast and slow-growing nontuberculous mycobacteria. Then, we use cellulose as a biomarker to detect Mtb biofilms in the lungs of experimentally infected mice and non-human primates, as well as in lung tissue sections obtained from patients with tuberculosis. Mtb strains defective in biofilm formation are attenuated for survival in mice, suggesting that biofilms protect bacilli from the host immune system. Furthermore, the administration of nebulized cellulase enhances the antimycobacterial activity of isoniazid and rifampicin in infected mice, supporting a role for biofilms in phenotypic drug tolerance. Our findings thus indicate that Mtb biofilms are relevant to human tuberculosis.
Collapse
|
17
|
López-Villamizar I, Cabezas A, Pinto RM, Canales J, Ribeiro JM, Rodrigues JR, Costas MJ, Cameselle JC. Molecular Dissection of Escherichia coli CpdB: Roles of the N Domain in Catalysis and Phosphate Inhibition, and of the C Domain in Substrate Specificity and Adenosine Inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041977. [PMID: 33671286 PMCID: PMC7922932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CpdB is a 3′-nucleotidase/2′3′-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, active also with reasonable efficiency on cyclic dinucleotides like c-di-AMP (3′,5′-cyclic diadenosine monophosphate) and c-di-GMP (3′,5′-cyclic diadenosine monophosphate). These are regulators of bacterial physiology, but are also pathogen-associated molecular patterns recognized by STING to induce IFN-β response in infected hosts. The cpdB gene of Gram-negative and its homologs of gram-positive bacteria are virulence factors. Their protein products are extracytoplasmic enzymes (either periplasmic or cell–wall anchored) and can hydrolyze extracellular cyclic dinucleotides, thus reducing the innate immune responses of infected hosts. This makes CpdB(-like) enzymes potential targets for novel therapeutic strategies in infectious diseases, bringing about the necessity to gain insight into the molecular bases of their catalytic behavior. We have dissected the two-domain structure of Escherichia coli CpdB to study the role of its N-terminal and C-terminal domains (CpdB_Ndom and CpdB_Cdom). The specificity, kinetics and inhibitor sensitivity of point mutants of CpdB, and truncated proteins CpdB_Ndom and CpdB_Cdom were investigated. CpdB_Ndom contains the catalytic site, is inhibited by phosphate but not by adenosine, while CpdB_Cdom is inactive but contains a substrate-binding site that determines substrate specificity and adenosine inhibition of CpdB. Among CpdB substrates, 3′-AMP, cyclic dinucleotides and linear dinucleotides are strongly dependent on the CpdB_Cdom binding site for activity, as the isolated CpdB_Ndom showed much-diminished activity on them. In contrast, 2′,3′-cyclic mononucleotides and bis-4-nitrophenylphosphate were actively hydrolyzed by CpdB_Ndom, indicating that they are rather independent of the CpdB_Cdom binding site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iralis López-Villamizar
- Grupo de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (I.L.-V.); (A.C.); (R.M.P.); (J.C.); (J.M.R.); (M.J.C.)
| | - Alicia Cabezas
- Grupo de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (I.L.-V.); (A.C.); (R.M.P.); (J.C.); (J.M.R.); (M.J.C.)
| | - Rosa María Pinto
- Grupo de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (I.L.-V.); (A.C.); (R.M.P.); (J.C.); (J.M.R.); (M.J.C.)
| | - José Canales
- Grupo de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (I.L.-V.); (A.C.); (R.M.P.); (J.C.); (J.M.R.); (M.J.C.)
| | - João Meireles Ribeiro
- Grupo de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (I.L.-V.); (A.C.); (R.M.P.); (J.C.); (J.M.R.); (M.J.C.)
| | - Joaquim Rui Rodrigues
- Laboratório Associado LSRE-LCM, Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal;
| | - María Jesús Costas
- Grupo de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (I.L.-V.); (A.C.); (R.M.P.); (J.C.); (J.M.R.); (M.J.C.)
| | - José Carlos Cameselle
- Grupo de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (I.L.-V.); (A.C.); (R.M.P.); (J.C.); (J.M.R.); (M.J.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-924-289-470
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis Identifies Key Modules and Hub Genes Associated with Mycobacterial Infection of Human Macrophages. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10020097. [PMID: 33498280 PMCID: PMC7909288 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is still a leading cause of death worldwide. Treatments remain unsatisfactory due to an incomplete understanding of the underlying host–pathogen interactions during infection. In the present study, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was conducted to identify key macrophage modules and hub genes associated with mycobacterial infection. WGCNA was performed combining our own transcriptomic results using Mycobacterium aurum-infected human monocytic macrophages (THP1) with publicly accessible datasets obtained from three types of macrophages infected with seven different mycobacterial strains in various one-to-one combinations. A hierarchical clustering tree of 11,533 genes was built from 198 samples, and 47 distinct modules were revealed. We identified a module, consisting of 226 genes, which represented the common response of host macrophages to different mycobacterial infections that showed significant enrichment in innate immune stimulation, bacterial pattern recognition, and leukocyte chemotaxis. Moreover, by network analysis applied to the 74 genes with the best correlation with mycobacteria infection, we identified the top 10 hub-connecting genes: NAMPT, IRAK2, SOCS3, PTGS2, CCL20, IL1B, ZC3H12A, ABTB2, GFPT2, and ELOVL7. Interestingly, apart from the well-known Toll-like receptor and inflammation-associated genes, other genes may serve as novel TB diagnosis markers and potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
19
|
He W, Sun J, Zhang Q, Li Y, Fu Y, Zheng Y, Jiang X. Andrographolide exerts anti-inflammatory effects in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages by regulating the Notch1/Akt/NF-κB axis. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1747-1764. [PMID: 32991757 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ma1119-584rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a serious public health problem aggravated by the slow progress in the development of new anti-tuberculosis drugs. The hyper-reactive TB patients have suffered from chronic inflammation which could cause deleterious effects on their bodies. Therefore, it is imperative to develop an adjunctive therapy based on inflammatory modulation during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. The present study aims to investigate the immune regulatory effects of Andrographolide (Andro) on Mtb-infected macrophages and its underlying mechanisms. The results showed that Andro inhibits the production of IL-1β and other inflammatory cytokines in a dose-dependent manner. The down-regulation of IL-1β expression causes the declining expression of IL-8 and MCP-1 in lung epithelial cells which were co-cultured with Mtb-infected macrophages. The inhibition of the activation of NF-κB pathway, but not the inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway, accounts for the anti-inflammatory role of Andro. Further studies elucidated that Andro could evoke the activation of autophagy to degrade NLRP3, which ultimately inhibited inflammasome activation and subsequent IL-1β production. Finally, the relevant results demonstrated that Andro inhibited the Notch1 pathway to down-regulate the phosphorylation of Akt/mTOR and NF-κB p65 subunit. Taken together, Andro has been found to suppress the Notch1/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway. Both Akt inhibition-induced autophagy and inhibition of the NF-κB pathway contributed to restraining the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and subsequent IL-1β production. Then, the decreased production of IL-1β influenced chemokine expression in lung epithelial cells. Based on these results, anti-inflammatory effect of Andro in TB infection is merit further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weigang He
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
| | - Jinxia Sun
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
| | - Qingwen Zhang
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China.,Department of Inspection and Quarantine, School of Medical Technology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, P.R. China
| | - Yinhong Li
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
| | - Yan Fu
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
| | - Yuejuan Zheng
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cui Z, Dang G, Song N, Cui Y, Li Z, Zang X, Liu H, Wang Z, Liu S. Rv3091, An Extracellular Patatin-Like Phospholipase in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Prolongs Intracellular Survival of Recombinant Mycolicibacterium smegmatis by Mediating Phagosomal Escape. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2204. [PMID: 33042041 PMCID: PMC7517356 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.532371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Patatin-like phospholipases (PLPs) are important virulence factors of many pathogens. However, there are no prevailing studies regarding PLPs as a virulence factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Analysis of Rv3091, a putative protein of Mtb, shows that it belongs to the PLPs family. Here, we cloned and expressed the rv3091 gene in Mycobacterium smegmatis and, subsequently, conducted protein purification and characterization. We show that it possesses phospholipase A1, phospholipase A2, and lipase activity. We confirm the putative active site residues, namely, Ser214 and Asp407, using site directed mutagenesis. The Rv3091 is an extracellular protein that alters the colony morphology of M. smegmatis. The presence of Rv3091 enhances the intracellular survival capability of M. smegmatis in murine peritoneal macrophages. Additionally, it promotes M. smegmatis phagosomal escape from macrophages. Moreover, Rv3091 significantly increased the survival of M. smegmatis and aggravated lesions in C57BL/6 J murine lungs in vivo. Taken together, our results indicate that Rv3091 as an extracellular PLP that is critical to the pathogenicity of mycobacterium as it allows mycobacterium to utilize phospholipids for its growth and provides resistance to phagosome killing, resulting in its enhanced intracellular survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guanghui Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ningning Song
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yingying Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xinxin Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongxiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhongxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Siguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Infection of pulmonary epithelial cells by clinical strains of M. tuberculosis induces alternate splicing events. Gene 2020; 750:144755. [PMID: 32380040 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
22
|
Vavougios GD, Zarogiannis SG, Krogfelt KA, Stamoulis G, Gourgoulianis KI. Epigenetic regulation of apoptosis via the PARK7 interactome in peripheral blood mononuclear cells donated by tuberculosis patients vs. healthy controls and the response to treatment: A systems biology approach. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2020; 123:101938. [PMID: 32741527 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.101938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aims of our study were to determine for the first time differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and enriched molecular pathways involving the PARK7 interactome in PBMCs donated from tuberculosis patients. METHODS Data on a previously reconstructed PARK7 interactome (Vavougios et al., 2017) from datasets GDS4966 (Case-Control) and GDS4781 (Treatment Series) were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository. Gene Enrichment analysis was performed via the STRING algorithm and the GeneTrail2 software. RESULTS 17 and 22 PARK7 interactores were determined as DEGs in the active TB vs HD and Treatment Series subset analyses, correspondingly, associated with significantly enriched pathways (FDR <0.05) involving p53 and PTEN mediated, stress responsive apoptosis regulation pathways. The treatment subset was characterized by the emergence of an additional layer of transcriptional regulation mediated by polycomb proteins among others, as well as TLR-mediated and cytokine survival signaling. Finally, the enrichment of a Parkinson's disease signature including PARK7 interactors was determined by its differential regulation both in the exploratory analyses (FDR = 0.024), as well as the confirmatory analyses (FDR = 1.81e-243). CONCLUSIONS Our in silico analysis revealed for the first time the role of PARK7's interactome in regulating the epigenetics of the PBMC lifecycle and Mtb symbiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George D Vavougios
- Department of Neurology, Athens Naval Hospital, Deinokratous 70, 115 21, Athens, Greece; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 37 Glavani - 28th October Street, Deligiorgi Building, 4th floor, 382 21, Volos, Greece.
| | - Sotirios G Zarogiannis
- Department of Pleural Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Mezourlo, 41500, Larisa, Greece
| | - Karen A Krogfelt
- Department of Science and Environment, Molecular and Medical Biology, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, 28A.1, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - George Stamoulis
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 37 Glavani - 28th October Street, Deligiorgi Building, 4th floor, 382 21, Volos, Greece
| | - Konstantinos I Gourgoulianis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Mezourlo, 41110, Larisa, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Miyata M, Robinson RC, Uyeda TQP, Fukumori Y, Fukushima SI, Haruta S, Homma M, Inaba K, Ito M, Kaito C, Kato K, Kenri T, Kinosita Y, Kojima S, Minamino T, Mori H, Nakamura S, Nakane D, Nakayama K, Nishiyama M, Shibata S, Shimabukuro K, Tamakoshi M, Taoka A, Tashiro Y, Tulum I, Wada H, Wakabayashi KI. Tree of motility - A proposed history of motility systems in the tree of life. Genes Cells 2020; 25:6-21. [PMID: 31957229 PMCID: PMC7004002 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Motility often plays a decisive role in the survival of species. Five systems of motility have been studied in depth: those propelled by bacterial flagella, eukaryotic actin polymerization and the eukaryotic motor proteins myosin, kinesin and dynein. However, many organisms exhibit surprisingly diverse motilities, and advances in genomics, molecular biology and imaging have showed that those motilities have inherently independent mechanisms. This makes defining the breadth of motility nontrivial, because novel motilities may be driven by unknown mechanisms. Here, we classify the known motilities based on the unique classes of movement‐producing protein architectures. Based on this criterion, the current total of independent motility systems stands at 18 types. In this perspective, we discuss these modes of motility relative to the latest phylogenetic Tree of Life and propose a history of motility. During the ~4 billion years since the emergence of life, motility arose in Bacteria with flagella and pili, and in Archaea with archaella. Newer modes of motility became possible in Eukarya with changes to the cell envelope. Presence or absence of a peptidoglycan layer, the acquisition of robust membrane dynamics, the enlargement of cells and environmental opportunities likely provided the context for the (co)evolution of novel types of motility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Miyata
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.,The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Robert C Robinson
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, Thailand
| | - Taro Q P Uyeda
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Fukumori
- Faculty of Natural System, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Fukushima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Haruta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michio Homma
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuo Inaba
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ito
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Chikara Kaito
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kato
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kenri
- Laboratory of Mycoplasmas and Haemophilus, Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Seiji Kojima
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tohru Minamino
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mori
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuichi Nakamura
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakane
- Department of Physics, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Nakayama
- Department of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nishiyama
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shibata
- Molecular Cryo-Electron Microscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Katsuya Shimabukuro
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Ube College, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Masatada Tamakoshi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Azuma Taoka
- Faculty of Natural System, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tashiro
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Isil Tulum
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hirofumi Wada
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Wakabayashi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lochab S, Singh Y, Sengupta S, Nandicoori VK. Mycobacterium tuberculosis exploits host ATM kinase for survival advantage through SecA2 secretome. eLife 2020; 9:51466. [PMID: 32223892 PMCID: PMC7162654 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
(Mtb) produces inflections in the host signaling networks to create a favorable milieu for survival. The virulent Mtb strain, Rv caused double strand breaks (DSBs), whereas the non-virulent Ra strain triggered single-stranded DNA generation. The effectors secreted by SecA2 pathway were essential and adequate for the genesis of DSBs. Accumulation of DSBs mediated through Rv activates ATM-Chk2 pathway of DNA damage response (DDR) signaling, resulting in altered cell cycle. Instead of the classical ATM-Chk2 DDR, Mtb gains survival advantage through ATM-Akt signaling cascade. Notably, in vivo infection with Mtb led to sustained DSBs and ATM activation during chronic phase of tuberculosis. Addition of ATM inhibitor enhances isoniazid mediated Mtb clearance in macrophages as well as in murine infection model, suggesting its utility for host directed adjunct therapy. Collectively, data suggests that DSBs inflicted by SecA2 secretome of Mtb provides survival niche through activation of ATM kinase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Savita Lochab
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India.,Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Yogendra Singh
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhu Y, Xiao Y, Kong D, Liu H, Chen X, Chen Y, Zhu T, Peng Y, Zhai W, Hu C, Chen H, Suo Lang SZ, Guo A, Niu J. Down-Regulation of miR-378d Increased Rab10 Expression to Help Clearance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:108. [PMID: 32257967 PMCID: PMC7094154 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) can survive in the hostile microenvironment of cells by escaping host surveillance, but the molecular mechanisms are far from being fully understood. MicroRNAs might be involved in regulation of this intracellular process. By RNAseq of M. tb-infected PMA-differentiated THP-1 macrophages, we previously discovered down-regulation of miR-378d during M. tb infection. This study aimed to investigate the roles of miR-378d in M. tb infection of THP-1 cells by using a miR-378d mimic and inhibitor. First, M. tb infection was confirmed to decrease miR-378d expression in THP-1 and Raw 264.7 macrophages. Then, it was demonstrated that miR-378d mimic promoted, while its inhibitor decreased, M. tb survival in THP-1 cells. Further, the miR-378d mimic suppressed, while its inhibitor enhanced the protein production of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and Rab10 expression. By using siRNA of Rab10 (siRab10) to knock-down the Rab10 gene in THP-1 with or without miR-378d inhibitor transfection, Rab10 was determined to be a miR-378d target during M. tb infection. In addition, a dual luciferase reporter assay with the Rab10 wild-type sequence and mutant for miR-378d binding sites confirmed Rab10 as the target of miR-378d associated with M. tb infection. The involvement of four signal pathways NF-κB, P38, JNK, and ERK in miR-378d regulation was determined by detecting the effect of their respective inhibitors on miR-378d expression, and miR-378d inhibitor on activation of these four signal pathways. As a result, activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway was associated with the down-regulation of miR-378d. In conclusion, during M. tb infection of macrophages, miR-378d was down-regulated and functioned on decreasing M. tb intracellular survival by targeting Rab10 and the process was regulated by activation of the NF-κB and induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6. These findings shed light on further understanding the defense mechanisms in macrophages against M. tb infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Delai Kong
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Han Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongchong Peng
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjun Zhai
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changmin Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Si Zhu Suo Lang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaqiang Niu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Feng L, Hu J, Zhang W, Dong Y, Xiong S, Dong C. RELL1 inhibits autophagy pathway and regulates Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival in macrophages. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2020; 120:101900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.101900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
27
|
Li Y, Yin Z, Fan J, Zhang S, Yang W. The roles of exosomal miRNAs and lncRNAs in lung diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:47. [PMID: 31728212 PMCID: PMC6851157 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0080-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have reported that exosomes released from various cells can serve as mediators of information exchange between different cells. With further exploration of exosome content, a more accurate molecular mechanism involved in the process of cell-to-cell communication has been revealed; specifically, microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are shuttled by exosomes. In addition, exosomal miRNAs and lncRNAs may play vital roles in the pathogenesis of several respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, and asthma. Consequently, exosomal miRNAs and lncRNAs show promise as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in several lung diseases. This review will summarize recent knowledge about the roles of exosomal miRNAs and lncRNAs in lung diseases, which has shed light on the discovery of novel diagnostic methods and treatments for these disorders. Because there is almost no published literature about exosomal lncRNAs in COPD, asthma, interstitial lung disease, or tuberculosis, we summarize the roles of exosomal lncRNAs only in lung cancer in the second section. This may inspire some new ideas for researchers who are interested in whether lncRNAs shuttled by exosomes may play roles in other lung diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, 430022 Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengrong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, 430022 Wuhan, China
| | - Jinshuo Fan
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, 430022 Wuhan, China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, 430022 Wuhan, China
| | - Weibing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, 430022 Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sei CJ, Shey BA, Schuman RF, Rikhi N, Muema K, Rodriguez JD, Daum LT, Fourie PB, Fischer GW. Opsonic monoclonal antibodies enhance phagocytic killing activity and clearance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from blood in a quantitative qPCR mouse model. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02260. [PMID: 31517107 PMCID: PMC6734336 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with impaired immunity often have rapid progression of tuberculosis (TB) which can lead to highly lethal Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) sepsis. Opsonic monoclonal antibodies (MABs) directed against MTB that enhance phagocytic killing activity and clearance of MTB from blood may be useful to enhance TB immunity. Methods BALB/c mice were immunized with ethanol-killed MTB (EK-MTB) and MABs were produced and screened by ELISA for binding to killed and live Mycobacterium smegmatis (SMEG) and MTB. MAB opsonophagocytic killing activity (OPKA) was examined using SMEG with HL60 and U-937 cells and MTB with U-937 cells. Clearance of MTB from blood was evaluated in Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice given opsonic anti-MTB MABs or saline (control) 24 h prior to intravenous infusion with 108 CFUs gamma-irradiated MTB (HN878). MTB levels in murine blood collected 0.25, 4 and 24 h post-challenge were assessed by qPCR. MAB binding to peptidoglycan (PGN) was examined by ELISA using PGN cell wall mixture and ultra-pure PGN. Results Two MABs (GG9 and JG7) bound to killed and live SMEG and MTB (susceptible and resistant), and promoted OPKA with live MTB. MAB JG7 significantly enhanced OPKA of MTB. Both MABs significantly enhanced clearance of killed MTB from murine blood at 4 and 24 h as measured by qPCR. These opsonic MABs bound to PGN, a major cell wall constituent. Conclusions Anti-MTB MABs that promote bactericidal phagocytic activity of MTB and enhance clearance of killed MTB from the blood, may offer an immunotherapeutic approach for treatment of MTB bacteremia or sepsis, and augment treatment of multi-drug resistant (MDR) or extensively drug resistant (XDR) TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara J Sei
- Longhorn Vaccines and Diagnostics, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Bong-Akee Shey
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Prinshof, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Nimisha Rikhi
- Longhorn Vaccines and Diagnostics, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Kevin Muema
- Longhorn Vaccines and Diagnostics, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | | | - Luke T Daum
- Longhorn Vaccines and Diagnostics, San Antonio, TX, 78209, USA
| | - P Bernard Fourie
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Prinshof, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sawettanai N, Leelayuwapan H, Karoonuthaisiri N, Ruchirawat S, Boonyarattanakalin S. Synthetic Lipomannan Glycan Microarray Reveals the Importance of α(1,2) Mannose Branching in DC-SIGN Binding. J Org Chem 2019; 84:7606-7617. [PMID: 31099561 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lipomannan (LM), a glycophospholipid found on the cell surface of mycobacteria, involves the virulence and survival in host cells. However, there is little to no information on how exactly mannan alignment, including the number of mannose units and the branched motif of LM, affects protein engagement during host-pathogen interactions. In this study, we synthesized the exact substructures of the LM glycans that consist of an α(1,6) mannan core, with and without the complete α(1,2) mannose branching, and comparatively studied their protein-carbohydrate interactions. The synthetic LM glycans were equipped with a thiol linker for immobilizations on the surfaces of microarrays. As per our findings, the presence of the branching α(1,2) mannose on the LM glycans increases their binding toward the dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3 grabbing non-integrin receptor. An increase in the number of mannose units on the glycans also increases the binding with the mannose receptor. Thus, the set of synthetic glycans can serve as a useful tool to study the biological activities of LM and can provide a better understanding of host-pathogen interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nithinan Sawettanai
- Program in Chemical Biology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute , Chulabhorn Royal Academy , Bangkok 10210 , Thailand
| | - Harin Leelayuwapan
- Program in Chemical Biology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute , Chulabhorn Royal Academy , Bangkok 10210 , Thailand
| | - Nitsara Karoonuthaisiri
- Microarray Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC) , National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) , Pathum Thani 12120 , Thailand
| | - Somsak Ruchirawat
- Program in Chemical Biology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute , Chulabhorn Royal Academy , Bangkok 10210 , Thailand.,Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry , Chulabhorn Research Institute, and Centre of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology , Bangkok 10210 , Thailand
| | - Siwarutt Boonyarattanakalin
- School of Bio-Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology , Thammasat University , Pathum Thani 12121 , Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
De Santis F, Poerio N, Gismondi A, Nanni V, Di Marco G, Nisini R, Thaller MC, Canini A, Fraziano M. Hydroalcoholic extract from Origanum vulgare induces a combined anti-mycobacterial and anti-inflammatory response in innate immune cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213150. [PMID: 30830942 PMCID: PMC6398838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In nature, many plants or their extracted compounds have been found to possess anti-inflammatory features and therapeutic properties against infectious as well as non-infectious diseases, including cancer. In this study, we analysed the immunomodulatory effects on innate immune cells of hydroalcoholic extract from Origanum vulgare L. ssp. hirtum (HyE-Ov), a plant traditionally known for its anti-oxidative properties. The effects of HyE-Ov were tested on human monocyte derived dendritic cells (DC), type-1 (M1) and type-2 macrophages (M2) infected with M. bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), used as a model of persistent intracellular bacterium. DC, M1 and M2 treated with HyE-Ov significantly enhanced their mycobactericidal activity, which was associated with phagosomal acidification in M1 and M2 and increase of phagosomal, but not mitochondrial ROS production in M1, M2, and DC. Treatment of BCG-infected DC with HyE-Ov significantly reduced TNF-α and IL-12 production and increased TGF-β synthesis. Finally, experiments were repeated using eight different HPLC fractions of HyE-Ov. Results showed that the capability to activate anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory response is shared by different fractions, suggesting that diverse bioactive molecules are present within the hydroalcoholic extract. Altogether, these results show that HyE-Ov promotes anti-mycobacterial innate immunity and limits inflammatory response in vitro and suggest that this plant extract may be exploitable as phytocomplex or nutraceutical for novel host-directed therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Noemi Poerio
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Gismondi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Nanni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Di Marco
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Nisini
- Department of infectious diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Canini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fraziano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Johnson RM, McDonough KA. Cyclic nucleotide signaling in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: an expanding repertoire. Pathog Dis 2019; 76:4995197. [PMID: 29905867 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is one of the most successful microbial pathogens, and currently infects over a quarter of the world's population. Mtb's success depends on the ability of the bacterium to sense and respond to dynamic and hostile environments within the host, including the ability to regulate bacterial metabolism and interactions with the host immune system. One of the ways Mtb senses and responds to conditions it faces during infection is through the concerted action of multiple cyclic nucleotide signaling pathways. This review will describe how Mtb uses cyclic AMP, cyclic di-AMP and cyclic di-GMP to regulate important physiological processes, and how these signaling pathways can be exploited for the development of novel thereapeutics and vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY 12201-2002, USA
| | - Kathleen A McDonough
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY 12201-2002, USA.,Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201-2002, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
PE17 protein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis enhances Mycobacterium smegmatis survival in macrophages and pathogenicity in mice. Microb Pathog 2019; 126:63-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
33
|
Mohareer K, Asalla S, Banerjee S. Cell death at the cross roads of host-pathogen interaction in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 113:99-121. [PMID: 30514519 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be the leading cause of death by any single infectious agent, accounting for around 1.7 million annual deaths globally, despite several interventions and support programs by national and international agencies. With the development of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), there has been a paradigm shift in TB research towards host-directed therapy. The potential targets include the interactions between host and bacterial proteins that are crucial for pathogenesis. Hence, collective efforts are being made to understand the molecular details of host-pathogen interaction for possible translation into host-directed therapy. The present review focuses on 'host cell death modalities' of host-pathogen interaction, which play a crucial role in determining the outcome of TB disease progression. Several cell death modalities that occur in response to mycobacterial infection have been identified in human macrophages either as host defences for bacterial clearance or as pathogen strategies for multiplication and dissemination. These cell death modalities include apoptosis, necrosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, pyronecrosis, NETosis, and autophagy. These processes are highly overlapping with several mycobacterial proteins participating in more than one cell death pathway. Until now, reviews in M. tb and host cell death have discussed either focusing on host evasion strategies, apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis or describing all these forms with limited discussions of their role in host-pathogen interactions. Here, we present a comprehensive review of various mycobacterial factors modulating host cell death pathways and the cross-talk between them. Besides this, we have discussed the networking of host cell death pathways including the interference of host miRNA during M. tb infection with their respective targets. Through this review, we present the host targets that overlap across several cell death modalities and the technical limitations of methodology in cell death research. Given the compelling need to discover alternative drug target(s), this review identifies these overlapping cell death factors as potential targets for host-directed therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnaveni Mohareer
- Molecular Pathogenesis Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500046
| | - Suman Asalla
- Molecular Pathogenesis Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500046
| | - Sharmistha Banerjee
- Molecular Pathogenesis Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500046.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Manicheva OA, Dogonadze MZ, Melnikova NN, Vishnevskiy BI, Manichev SA. THE GROWTH RATE PHENOTYPIC PROPERTY OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS CLINICAL STRAINS: DEPENDENCE ON TUBERCULOSIS LOCALIZATION, TREATMENT, DRUG SUSCEPTIBILITY. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2018. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-2018-2-175-186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The phenotypic properties of the M. tuberculosis strains obtained from patients with pulmonary or extra-pulmonary tuberculosis are determined by a complex set of factors: the genetic characteristics of the pathogen, its ability to adapt in vivo and in vitro, the influence of the host’s immune system and chemotherapy. The growth rate as the phenotypic property is the most accessible for the study of the host-pathogen relationships at the level of host/strain population interactions. The aim of the study is to assess in vitro of the growth rate of M. tuberculosis strains isolated from patients with pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis: untreated and treated (with surgical and non-surgical treatment) and also sensitive and resistant isolates in comparison with the reference strain H37Rv. To estimate the growth rate of 116 clinical isolates we have used the modified method originally developed by von Groll and co-authors: to get the bacteria growth curve the fluorescence intensity of growing strains (with indicator resazurin) has been measured daily for 8 days in 96- well plate. The growth rate is determined as the slope of the growth curve. The mean values of the growth rate have been calculated in the following groups of patients: 1 — untreated patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PT), respiratory material; 2 — non-surgical treated PT patients, respiratory material; 3 — surgical treated PT patients (mainly with chronic and hyperchronic process), respiratory material; 4 — patients like in 3rd group, surgical material; 5 — bone and joint tuberculosis (BJT), surgical material. In addition, groups of sensitive and resistant strains have been examined, but there are no significant differences in growth rates. It has been obtained that the growth rate of strains isolated from the PT patients is higher than in BJT patients: it can be explained less favorable conditions for the pathogen vegetation in the BJT. In the case of a closed tuberculous lesion where the pathogen transmission to another host is impossible, then the selection of strains with the property to survive in the tissues of the osteoarticular system is impossible too, therefor it should be observed only an adaptation of the pathogen strain population to the individual host. The growth rate of isolates from untreated PT patients is higher than that of the treated ones. Comparison of the growth parameters of only MDR strains 1–5 groups to eliminate the influence of the sensitivity/resistance has resulted in the same conclusions. We suggest that the decrease in the growth rate of strains from the treated PT patients is in not only result of the treatment, but also is conditioned by adaptation of the pathogen to its external environment, which is the internal environment of the macroorganism. To confirm this assumption, the bacterial load of 1,083 diagnostic specimens grouped in a similar manner has been estimated, taking into account only MDR/XDR strains. In the group of treated patients the frequency of high bacterial load (CFU ≥ 100) reached 52.5–63.8% that shows the conserved fitness of bacteria in such patients. The mean values of the growth rate of the strain H37Rv non-adapted to the macroorganism (due to numerous passages on artificial media) are higher than in all groups of clinical strains. Thus, heterogeneity of phenotypic properties of M. tuberculosis clinical strains on the basis of growth rate has been obtained. The growth rate of M. tuberculosis clinical strains is depended on the tuberculosis localization (PT, BJT) and on the joint effect of patient treatment and pathogen adaptation to the host.
Collapse
|
35
|
Fan L, Wu X, Jin C, Li F, Xiong S, Dong Y. MptpB Promotes Mycobacteria Survival by Inhibiting the Expression of Inflammatory Mediators and Cell Apoptosis in Macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:171. [PMID: 29888212 PMCID: PMC5981270 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a severe contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). To develop new vaccines and medicine against TB, there is an urgent need to provide insights into the mechanisms by which Mtb induces tuberculosis. In this study, we found that secreted Mtb virulence factor MptpB significantly enhanced the survival of H37Rv in macrophages. MptpB suppressed the production of iNOS, the expression of inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-6, as well as the apoptosis of the macrophage in Mtb infected RAW264.7 cells. Mechanism investigation showed that MptpB simultaneously hampered the NF-κB and MAPK signal pathways, evidenced by its blocking of p65, IKKα, Erk1/2, and p38 phosphorylation induced by Mtb infection. MptpB also inhibited host cell p53 expression. The results demonstrated that MptpB contributed to the survival of H37Rv by inhibiting host inflammatory responses and apoptosis through impeding the NF-κB and MAPK signal pathways and p53 expression in the macrophage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingbo Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Fengge Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Sidong Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuanshu Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
xCT increases tuberculosis susceptibility by regulating antimicrobial function and inflammation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:31001-13. [PMID: 27129162 PMCID: PMC5058734 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological functions of macrophage, which plays a central role in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis, depend on its redox state. System xc-, a cystine-glutamate transporter, which consists of xCT and CD98, influences many ROS-dependent pathways by regulating the production of the antioxidant glutathione. xCT's ability to alter this critical host redox balance by increasing the glutathione synthesis aspect of phagocyte physiology suggested that it might influence tuberculosis pathogenesis. In this study, we found that the xCT expression was increased in peripheral blood monocyte of active tuberculosis. xCT expression in macrophage was induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) through TLR2/Akt- and p38-dependent signaling pathway. Importantly, xCT deficiency conferred protection against tuberculosis, as xCT knock out mice displayed increased Mtb load and reduced pulmonary pathology in lung compared to wild type mice. xCT disruption enhanced the mycobateriacidal activity of macrophage through increasing the mycothiol oxidation. Importantly, chemical inhibition of xCT with sulfasalazine, a specific xCT inhibitor that is already approved by the FDA for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, produces similar protective effects in vivo and in vitro, indicating xCT might be a novel and useful target for host-directed TB treatment strategy.
Collapse
|
37
|
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Exploits a Molecular Off Switch of the Immune System for Intracellular Survival. Sci Rep 2018; 8:661. [PMID: 29330469 PMCID: PMC5766484 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) survives and multiplies inside human macrophages by subversion of immune mechanisms. Although these immune evasion strategies are well characterised functionally, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we show that during infection of human whole blood with M. tuberculosis, host gene transcriptional suppression, rather than activation, is the predominant response. Spatial, temporal and functional characterisation of repressed genes revealed their involvement in pathogen sensing and phagocytosis, degradation within the phagolysosome and antigen processing and presentation. To identify mechanisms underlying suppression of multiple immune genes we undertook epigenetic analyses. We identified significantly differentially expressed microRNAs with known targets in suppressed genes. In addition, after searching regions upstream of the start of transcription of suppressed genes for common sequence motifs, we discovered novel enriched composite sequence patterns, which corresponded to Alu repeat elements, transposable elements known to have wide ranging influences on gene expression. Our findings suggest that to survive within infected cells, mycobacteria exploit a complex immune “molecular off switch” controlled by both microRNAs and Alu regulatory elements.
Collapse
|
38
|
Liu C, Yue R, Yang Y, Cui Y, Yang L, Zhao D, Zhou X. AIM2 inhibits autophagy and IFN-β production during M. bovis infection. Oncotarget 2018; 7:46972-46987. [PMID: 27409673 PMCID: PMC5216917 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria can trigger the AIM2 inflammasome, autophagy activation and type-I interferon release, which are both activated by cytosolic DNA. We have recently demonstrated that activation of the AIM2 inflammasome during M. bovis infection is the result of mycobacterial translocation into the cytosol. To elucidate the effects of inflammasome activation on autophagy, we investigated the role of the AIM2 inflammasome from macrophages infected with a virulent strain of M. bovis. The results showed that the M. bovis-induced AIM2 inflammasome activation decreases autophagy in immortalized and primary murine macrophages. This relied on the inflammasome sensor AIM2 which conjugates with cytosolic DNA to inhibit the STING-dependent pathway involved in selective autophagy and interferon-β release in Mycobacterium-infected macrophages. These results suggest that the AIM2 cytosolic DNA sensor may conjugate competitively with cytosolic M. bovis DNA to restrict M. bovis induced STING-TBK1-dependent autophagy activation and IFN-β secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunfa Liu
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruichao Yue
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, China
| | - Yongyong Cui
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Deming Zhao
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lundahl MLE, Scanlan EM, Lavelle EC. Therapeutic potential of carbohydrates as regulators of macrophage activation. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 146:23-41. [PMID: 28893617 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is well established for a broad range of disease states, including cancer and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, that pathogenesis is bolstered by polarisation of macrophages towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype, known as M2. As these innate immune cells are relatively long-lived, their re-polarisation to pro-inflammatory, phagocytic and bactericidal "classically activated" M1 macrophages is an attractive therapeutic approach. On the other hand, there are scenarios where the resolving inflammation, wound healing and tissue remodelling properties of M2 macrophages are beneficial - for example the successful introduction of biomedical implants. Although there are numerous endogenous and exogenous factors that have an impact on the macrophage polarisation spectrum, this review will focus specifically on prominent macrophage-modulating carbohydrate motifs with a view towards highlighting structure-function relationships and therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mimmi L E Lundahl
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin 2, Ireland; School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Pearse St, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Eoin M Scanlan
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Pearse St, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ed C Lavelle
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin 2, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Leelayuwapan H, Kangwanrangsan N, Chawengkirttikul R, Ponpuak M, Charlermroj R, Boonyarattanakalin K, Ruchirawat S, Boonyarattanakalin S. Synthesis and Immunological Studies of the Lipomannan Backbone Glycans Found on the Surface of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Org Chem 2017; 82:7190-7199. [PMID: 28682637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Investigations into novel bacterial drug targets and vaccines are necessary to overcome tuberculosis. Lipomannan (LM), found on the surface of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is actively involved in the pathogenesis and survival of Mtb. Here, we report for the first time a rapid synthesis and biological activities of an LM glycan backbone, α(1-6)mannans. The rapid synthesis is achieved via a regio- and stereoselective ring opening polymerization to generate multiple glycosidic bonds in one simple chemical step, allowing us to finish assembling the defined polysaccharides of 5-20 units within days rather than years. Within the same pot, the polymerization is terminated by a thiol-linker to serve as a conjugation point to carrier proteins and surfaces for immunological experiments. The synthetic glycans are found to have adjuvant activities in vivo. The interactions with DC-SIGN demonstrated the significance of α(1-6)mannan motif present in LM structure. Moreover, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) showed that longer chain of synthetic α(1-6)mannans gain better lectin's binding affinity. The chemically defined components of the bacterial envelope serve as important tools to reveal the interactions of Mtb with mammalian hosts and facilitate the determination of the immunologically active molecular components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harin Leelayuwapan
- Chemical Biology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT) , Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Niwat Kangwanrangsan
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Marisa Ponpuak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Ratthaphol Charlermroj
- Microarray Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) , Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kanokthip Boonyarattanakalin
- College of Nanotechnology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang , Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Somsak Ruchirawat
- Chemical Biology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT) , Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Siwarutt Boonyarattanakalin
- School of Bio-Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University , Pathumthani 12121, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Liposomes loaded with bioactive lipids enhance antibacterial innate immunity irrespective of drug resistance. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45120. [PMID: 28345623 PMCID: PMC5366871 DOI: 10.1038/srep45120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a key mechanism of innate immunity, and promotion of phagosome maturation may represent a therapeutic target to enhance antibacterial host response. Phagosome maturation is favored by the timely and coordinated intervention of lipids and may be altered in infections. Here we used apoptotic body-like liposomes (ABL) to selectively deliver bioactive lipids to innate cells, and then tested their function in models of pathogen-inhibited and host-impaired phagosome maturation. Stimulation of macrophages with ABLs carrying phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) or PI5P increased intracellular killing of BCG, by inducing phagosome acidification and ROS generation. Moreover, ABLs carrying PA or PI5P enhanced ROS-mediated intracellular killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in macrophages expressing a pharmacologically-inhibited or a naturally-mutated cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. Finally, we show that bronchoalveolar lavage cells from patients with drug-resistant pulmonary infections increased significantly their capacity to kill in vivo acquired bacterial pathogens when ex vivo stimulated with PA- or PI5P-loaded ABLs. Altogether, these results provide the proof of concept of the efficacy of bioactive lipids delivered by ABL to enhance phagosome maturation dependent antimicrobial response, as an additional host-directed strategy aimed at the control of chronic, recurrent or drug-resistant infections.
Collapse
|
42
|
Barel M, Charbit A. Role of Glycosylation/Deglycolysation Processes in Francisella tularensis Pathogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:71. [PMID: 28377902 PMCID: PMC5359314 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is able to invade, survive and replicate inside a variety of cell types. However, in vivo F. tularensis preferentially enters host macrophages where it rapidly escapes to the cytosol to avoid phagosomal stresses and to multiply to high numbers. We previously showed that human monocyte infection by F. tularensis LVS triggered deglycosylation of the glutamine transporter SLC1A5. However, this deglycosylation, specifically induced by Francisella infection, was not restricted to SLC1A5, suggesting that host protein deglycosylation processes in general might contribute to intracellular bacterial adaptation. Indeed, we later found that Francisella infection modulated the transcription of numerous glycosidase and glycosyltransferase genes in human macrophages and analysis of cell extracts revealed an important increase of N and O-protein glycosylation. In eukaryotic cells, glycosylation has significant effects on protein folding, conformation, distribution, stability, and activity and dysfunction of protein glycosylation may lead to development of diseases like cancer and pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Pathogenic bacteria have also evolved dedicated glycosylation machineries and have notably been shown to use these glycoconjugates as ligands to specifically interact with the host. In this review, we will focus on Francisella and summarize our current understanding of the importance of these post-translational modifications on its intracellular niche adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monique Barel
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bâtiment Leriche, Université Paris DescartesParis, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151 -Team 11, Pathogenesis of Systemic InfectionsParis, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8253Paris, France
| | - Alain Charbit
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bâtiment Leriche, Université Paris DescartesParis, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151 -Team 11, Pathogenesis of Systemic InfectionsParis, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8253Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Primary macrophages and J774 cells respond differently to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42225. [PMID: 28176867 PMCID: PMC5296737 DOI: 10.1038/srep42225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play an essential role in the early immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and are the cell type preferentially infected in vivo. Primary macrophages and macrophage-like cell lines are commonly used as infection models, although the physiological relevance of cell lines, particularly for host-pathogen interaction studies, is debatable. Here we use high-throughput RNA-sequencing to analyse transcriptome dynamics of two macrophage models in response to M. tuberculosis infection. Specifically, we study the early response of bone marrow-derived mouse macrophages and cell line J774 to infection with live and γ-irradiated (killed) M. tuberculosis. We show that infection with live bacilli specifically alters the expression of host genes such as Rsad2, Ifit1/2/3 and Rig-I, whose potential roles in resistance to M. tuberculosis infection have not yet been investigated. In addition, the response of primary macrophages is faster and more intense than that of J774 cells in terms of number of differentially expressed genes and magnitude of induction/repression. Our results point to potentially novel processes leading to immune containment early during M. tuberculosis infection, and support the idea that important differences exist between primary macrophages and cell lines, which should be taken into account when choosing a macrophage model to study host-pathogen interactions.
Collapse
|
44
|
Inhibition of innate immune cytosolic surveillance by an M. tuberculosis phosphodiesterase. Nat Chem Biol 2016; 13:210-217. [PMID: 28106876 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection leads to cytosolic release of the bacterial cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) c-di-AMP and a host-generated CDN, cGAMP, both of which trigger type I interferon (IFN) expression in a STING-dependent manner. Here we report that M. tuberculosis has developed a mechanism to inhibit STING activation and the type I IFN response via the bacterial phosphodiesterase (PDE) CdnP, which mediates hydrolysis of both bacterial-derived c-di-AMP and host-derived cGAMP. Mutation of cdnP attenuates M. tuberculosis virulence, as does loss of a host CDN PDE known as ENPP1. CdnP is inhibited by both US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved PDE inhibitors and nonhydrolyzable dinucleotide mimetics specifically designed to target the enzyme. These findings reveal a crucial role of CDN homeostasis in governing the outcome of M. tuberculosis infection as well as a unique mechanism of subversion of the host's cytosolic surveillance pathway (CSP) by a bacterial PDE that may serve as an attractive antimicrobial target.
Collapse
|
45
|
MicroRNAs play big roles in modulating macrophages response toward mycobacteria infection. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 45:378-382. [PMID: 27693402 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are crucial player in the defense against multiple intracellular pathogens. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis which inflicted around one third of global population, can replicate and persist within macrophages. MicroRNAs, endogenous, small noncoding RNA, can regulate the expression of macrophages genes required for appropriate signaling. Mycobacteria can manipulate the expression of macrophages microRNAs to subvert cell response for its survival and persistence. This review summarized the progress of microRNAs in mycobacterial pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
46
|
Bao Z, Chen R, Zhang P, Lu S, Chen X, Yao Y, Jin X, Sun Y, Zhou J. A potential target gene for the host-directed therapy of mycobacterial infection in murine macrophages. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:823-33. [PMID: 27432120 PMCID: PMC4990325 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), one of the major bacterial pathogens for lethal infectious diseases, is capable of surviving within the phagosomes of host alveolar macrophages; therefore, host genetic variations may alter the susceptibility to MTB. In this study, to identify host genes exploited by MTB during infection, genes were non-selectively inactivated using lentivirus-based antisense RNA methods in RAW264.7 macrophages, and the cells that survived virulent MTB infection were then screened. Following DNA sequencing of the surviving cell clones, 26 host genes affecting susceptibility to MTB were identified and their pathways were analyzed by bioinformatics analysis. In total, 9 of these genes were confirmed as positive regulators of collagen α-5(IV) chain (Col4a5) expression, a gene encoding a type IV collagen subunit present on the cell surface. The knockdown of Col4a5 consistently suppressed intracellular mycobacterial viability, promoting the survival of RAW264.7 macrophages following mycobacterial infection. Furthermore, Col4a5 deficiency lowered the pH levels of intracellular vesicles, including endosomes, lysosomes and phagosomes in the RAW264.7 cells. Finally, the knockdown of Col4a5 post-translationally increased microsomal vacuolar-type H+-ATPase activity in macrophages, leading to the acidification of intracellular vesicles. Our findings reveal a novel role for Col4a5 in the regulation of macrophage responses to mycobacterial infection and identify Col4a5 as a potential target for the host-directed anti-mycobacterial therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Bao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Ran Chen
- Zhejiang JFK Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310052, P.R. China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Shan Lu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yake Yao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozheng Jin
- Zhejiang JFK Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310052, P.R. China
| | - Yilan Sun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jianying Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
López-Villamizar I, Cabezas A, Pinto RM, Canales J, Ribeiro JM, Cameselle JC, Costas MJ. The Characterization of Escherichia coli CpdB as a Recombinant Protein Reveals that, besides Having the Expected 3´-Nucleotidase and 2´,3´-Cyclic Mononucleotide Phosphodiesterase Activities, It Is Also Active as Cyclic Dinucleotide Phosphodiesterase. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157308. [PMID: 27294396 PMCID: PMC4905662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous cyclic diadenylate phosphodiesterase activity was accidentally detected in lysates of Escherichia coli BL21. Since this kind of activity is uncommon in Gram-negative bacteria, its identification was undertaken. After partial purification and analysis by denaturing gel electrophoresis, renatured activity correlated with a protein identified by fingerprinting as CpdB (cpdB gene product), which is annotated as 3´-nucleotidase / 2´,3´-cyclic-mononucleotide phosphodiesterase, and it is synthesized as a precursor protein with a signal sequence removable upon export to the periplasm. It has never been studied as a recombinant protein. The coding sequence of mature CpdB was cloned and expressed as a GST fusion protein. The study of the purified recombinant protein, separated from GST, confirmed CpdB annotation. The assay of catalytic efficiencies (kcat/Km) for a large substrate set revealed novel CpdB features, including very high efficiencies for 3´-AMP and 2´,3´-cyclic mononucleotides, and previously unknown activities on cyclic and linear dinucleotides. The catalytic efficiencies of the latter activities, though low in relative terms when compared to the major ones, are far from negligible. Actually, they are perfectly comparable to those of the ‘average’ enzyme and the known, bona fide cyclic dinucleotide phosphodiesterases. On the other hand, CpdB differs from these enzymes in its extracytoplasmic location and in the absence of EAL, HD and DHH domains. Instead, it contains the domains of the 5´-nucleotidase family pertaining to the metallophosphoesterase superfamily, although CpdB lacks 5´-nucleotidase activity. The possibility that the extracytoplasmic activity of CpdB on cyclic dinucleotides could have physiological meaning is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iralis López-Villamizar
- Grupo de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Alicia Cabezas
- Grupo de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Rosa María Pinto
- Grupo de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - José Canales
- Grupo de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - João Meireles Ribeiro
- Grupo de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - José Carlos Cameselle
- Grupo de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - María Jesús Costas
- Grupo de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Imkamp F, Ziemski M, Weber-Ban E. Pupylation-dependent and -independent proteasomal degradation in mycobacteria. Biomol Concepts 2016; 6:285-301. [PMID: 26352358 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2015-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria make use of compartmentalizing protease complexes, similar in architecture but not homologous to the eukaryotic proteasome, for the selective and processive removal of proteins. Mycobacteria as members of the actinobacteria harbor proteasomes in addition to the canonical bacterial degradation complexes. Mycobacterial proteasomal degradation, although not essential during normal growth, becomes critical for survival under particular environmental conditions, like, for example, during persistence of the pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis in host macrophages or of environmental mycobacteria under starvation. Recruitment of protein substrates for proteasomal degradation is usually mediated by pupylation, the post-translational modification of lysine side chains with the prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein Pup. This substrate recruitment strategy is functionally reminiscent of ubiquitination in eukaryotes, but is the result of convergent evolution, relying on chemically and structurally distinct enzymes. Pupylated substrates are recognized by the ATP-dependent proteasomal regulator Mpa that associates with the 20S proteasome core. A pupylation-independent proteasome degradation pathway has recently been discovered that is mediated by the ATP-independent bacterial proteasome activator Bpa (also referred to as PafE), and that appears to play a role under stress conditions. In this review, mechanistic principles of bacterial proteasomal degradation are discussed and compared with functionally related elements of the eukaryotic ubiquitin-proteasome system. Special attention is given to an understanding on the molecular level based on structural and biochemical analysis. Wherever available, discussion of in vivo studies is included to highlight the biological significance of this unusual bacterial degradation pathway.
Collapse
|
49
|
Tong J, Meng L, Wang X, Liu L, Lyu L, Wang C, Li Y, Gao Q, Yang C, Niu C. The FBPase Encoding Gene glpX Is Required for Gluconeogenesis, Bacterial Proliferation and Division In Vivo of Mycobacterium marinum. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156663. [PMID: 27233038 PMCID: PMC4883791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids have been identified as important carbon sources for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to utilize in vivo. Thus gluconeogenesis bears a key role for Mtb to survive and replicate in host. A rate-limiting enzyme of gluconeogenesis, fructose 1, 6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) is encoded by the gene glpX. The functions of glpX were studied in M. marinum, a closely related species to Mtb. The glpX deletion strain (ΔglpX) displayed altered gluconeogenesis, attenuated virulence, and altered bacterial proliferation. Metabolic profiles indicate an accumulation of the FBPase substrate, fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate (FBP) and altered gluconeogenic flux when ΔglpX is cultivated in a gluconeogenic carbon substrate, acetate. In both macrophages and zebrafish, the proliferation of ΔglpX was halted, resulting in dramatically attenuated virulence. Intracellular ΔglpX exhibited an elongated morphology, which was also observed when ΔglpX was grown in a gluconeogenic carbon source. This elongated morphology is also supported by the observation of unseparated multi-nucleoid cell, indicating that a complete mycobacterial division in vivo is correlated with intact gluconeogenesis. Together, our results indicate that glpX has essential functions in gluconeogenesis, and plays an indispensable role in bacterial proliferation in vivo and virulence of M. marinum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingfeng Tong
- MOE & MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Meng
- MOE & MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinwei Wang
- MOE & MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangdong Lyu
- MOE & MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- MOE & MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- MOE & MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Gao
- MOE & MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (CY); (CN)
| | - Chen Niu
- MOE & MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (CY); (CN)
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Shi L, Eugenin EA, Subbian S. Immunometabolism in Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2016; 7:150. [PMID: 27148269 PMCID: PMC4838633 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunometabolism, the study of the relationship between bioenergetic pathways and specific functions of immune cells, has recently gained increasing appreciation. In response to infection, activation of the host innate and adaptive immune cells is accompanied by a switch in the bioenergetic pathway from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, a metabolic remodeling known as the Warburg effect, which is required for the production of antimicrobial and pro-inflammatory effector molecules. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the Warburg effect and discuss its association with the expression of host immune responses in tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). We also discuss potential mechanisms underlying the Warburg effect with a focus on the expression and regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α), the regulatory subunit of HIF-1, a major transcription regulator involved in cellular stress adaptation processes, including energy metabolism and antimicrobial responses. We also propose a novel hypothesis that Mtb perturbs the Warburg effect of immune cells to facilitate its survival and persistence in the host. A better understanding of the dynamics of metabolic states of immune cells and their specific functions during TB pathogenesis can lead to the development of immunotherapies capable of promoting Mtb clearance and reducing Mtb persistence and the emergence of drug resistant strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lanbo Shi
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ , USA
| | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ , USA
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ , USA
| |
Collapse
|