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Ullah MA, Khanal A, Joyce P, White N, Macnish A, Joyce D. Internal Disorders of Mango Fruit and Their Management-Physiology, Biochemistry, and Role of Mineral Nutrients. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2596. [PMID: 39339571 PMCID: PMC11434751 DOI: 10.3390/plants13182596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a popular fruit grown in tropical and subtropical regions. Mango has a distinctive aroma, flavour, and nutritional properties. Annual global mango production is >50 million tonnes. Major producers of mango include India, Bangladesh, China, Mexico, Pakistan, Indonesia, Brazil, Thailand, and the Philippines, and it is shipped worldwide. Harvested mango fruit are highly perishable, with a short shelf life. Physiological disorders are among the major factors limiting their postharvest quality and shelf life, including when fruit need phytosanitary treatments, such as hot water treatment, vapour heat treatment, and irradiation. This review focuses on problematic physiological disorders of mango flesh, including physiology and biochemistry. It considers factors contributing to the development and/or exacerbation of internal disorders. Improved production practices, including pruning, nutrient application, and irrigation, along with monitoring and managing environmental conditions (viz., temperature, humidity, and vapour pressure deficit), can potentially maintain fruit robustness to better tolerate otherwise stressful postharvest operations. As demand for mangoes on international markets is compromised by internal quality, robust fruit is crucial to maintaining existing and gaining new domestic and export consumer markets. Considering mango quality, a dynamic system, a more holistic approach encompassing pre-, at-, and post-harvest conditions as a continuum is needed to determine fruit predisposition and subsequent management of internal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asad Ullah
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Amit Khanal
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Priya Joyce
- Independent Researcher, Karalee, QLD 4306, Australia
| | - Neil White
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Leslie Research Facility, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
| | - Andrew Macnish
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Maroochy Research Facility, Nambour, QLD 4560, Australia
| | - Daryl Joyce
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4343, Australia
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Gatton Research Facility, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
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2
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Fotovvat M, Najafi F, Khavari-Nejad RA, Talei D, Rejali F. Investigating the simultaneous effect of chitosan and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth, phenolic compounds, PAL enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation in Salvia nemorosa L. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 210:108617. [PMID: 38608504 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Considering the importance of Salvia nemorosa L. in the pharmaceutical and food industries, and also beneficial approaches of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbiosis and the use of bioelicitors such as chitosan to improve secondary metabolites, the aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of chitosan on the symbiosis of AMF and the effect of both on the biochemical and phytochemical performance of this plant and finally introduced the best treatment. Two factors were considered for the factorial experiment: AMF with four levels (non-inoculated plants, Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices and the combination of both), and chitosan with six levels (0, 50, 100, 200, 400 mg L-1 and 1% acetic acid). Four months after treatments, the aerial part and root length, the levels of lipid peroxidation, H2O2, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity, total phenol and flavonoid contents and the main secondary metabolites (rosmarinic acid and quercetin) in the leaves and roots were determined. The flowering stage was observed in R. intraradices treatments and the highest percentage of colonization (78.87%) was observed in the treatment of F. mosseae × 400 mg L-1 chitosan. Furthermore, simultaneous application of chitosan and AMF were more effective than their separate application to induce phenolic compounds accumulation, PAL activity and reduce oxidative compounds. The cluster and principal component analysis based on the measured variables indicated that the treatments could be classified into three clusters. It seems that different treatments in different tissues have different effects. However, in an overview, it can be concluded that 400 mg L-1 chitosan and F. mosseae × R. intraradices showed better results in single and simultaneous applications. The results of this research can be considered in the optimization of this medicinal plant under normal conditions and experiments related to abiotic stresses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Fotovvat
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, 15719-14911, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farzaneh Najafi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, 15719-14911, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ramazan Ali Khavari-Nejad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, 15719-14911, Tehran, Iran
| | - Daryush Talei
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Shahed University, 3319118651, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Rejali
- Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), 3177993545, Karaj, Iran
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Liu B, Fan X, Meng D, Liu Z, Gao D, Chang Q, Bai E. Ectomycorrhizal trees rely on nitrogen resorption less than arbuscular mycorrhizal trees globally. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14346. [PMID: 38009408 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) resorption is an important pathway of N conservation, contributing to an important proportion of plant N requirement. However, whether the ratio of N resorption to N requirement may be affected by environmental factors, mycorrhizal types or atmospheric CO2 concentration remains unclear. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis on the impacts of environmental factors and mycorrhizal types on this ratio. We found this ratio in ectomycorrhizal (EM) trees decreased with mean annual precipitation, mean annual temperature, soil total N content and atmospheric CO2 concentration and was significantly lower than that in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) trees. An in situ 15 N tracing experiment further confirmed that AM trees have a stronger reliance on N resorption than EM trees. Our study suggests that AM and EM trees potentially have different strategies for alleviation of progressive N limitation, highlighting the necessity of incorporating plant mycorrhizal types into Earth System Models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security of Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education; School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xianlei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security of Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education; School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Di Meng
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security of Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education; School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Ziping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security of Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education; School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Decai Gao
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security of Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education; School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security of Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education; School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Edith Bai
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security of Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education; School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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Färkkilä SMA, Mortimer M, Jaaniso R, Kahru A, Kiisk V, Kikas A, Kozlova J, Kurvet I, Mäeorg U, Otsus M, Kasemets K. Comparison of Toxicity and Cellular Uptake of CdSe/ZnS and Carbon Quantum Dots for Molecular Tracking Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a Fungal Model. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 14:10. [PMID: 38202465 PMCID: PMC10781119 DOI: 10.3390/nano14010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Plant resource sharing mediated by mycorrhizal fungi has been a subject of recent debate, largely owing to the limitations of previously used isotopic tracking methods. Although CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) have been successfully used for in situ tracking of essential nutrients in plant-fungal systems, the Cd-containing QDs, due to the intrinsic toxic nature of Cd, are not a viable system for larger-scale in situ studies. We synthesized amino acid-based carbon quantum dots (CQDs; average hydrodynamic size 6 ± 3 nm, zeta potential -19 ± 12 mV) and compared their toxicity and uptake with commercial CdSe/ZnS QDs that we conjugated with the amino acid cysteine (Cys) (average hydrodynamic size 308 ± 150 nm, zeta potential -65 ± 4 mV) using yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a proxy for mycorrhizal fungi. We showed that the CQDs readily entered yeast cells and were non-toxic up to 100 mg/L. While the Cys-conjugated CdSe/ZnS QDs were also not toxic to yeast cells up to 100 mg/L, they were not taken up into the cells but remained on the cell surfaces. These findings suggest that CQDs may be a suitable tool for molecular tracking in fungi (incl. mychorrhizal fungi) due to their ability to enter fungal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanni M. A. Färkkilä
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Juhan Liivi 2, 50409 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Monika Mortimer
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.M.); (A.K.); (I.K.); (M.O.)
| | - Raivo Jaaniso
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (R.J.); (V.K.); (A.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Anne Kahru
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.M.); (A.K.); (I.K.); (M.O.)
| | - Valter Kiisk
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (R.J.); (V.K.); (A.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Arvo Kikas
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (R.J.); (V.K.); (A.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jekaterina Kozlova
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (R.J.); (V.K.); (A.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Imbi Kurvet
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.M.); (A.K.); (I.K.); (M.O.)
| | - Uno Mäeorg
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Maarja Otsus
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.M.); (A.K.); (I.K.); (M.O.)
| | - Kaja Kasemets
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.M.); (A.K.); (I.K.); (M.O.)
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Luo X, Liu Y, Li S, He X. Interplant carbon and nitrogen transfers mediated by common arbuscular mycorrhizal networks: beneficial pathways for system functionality. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1169310. [PMID: 37502701 PMCID: PMC10369077 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1169310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are ubiquitous in soil and form nutritional symbioses with ~80% of vascular plant species, which significantly impact global carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) biogeochemical cycles. Roots of plant individuals are interconnected by AMF hyphae to form common AM networks (CAMNs), which provide pathways for the transfer of C and N from one plant to another, promoting plant coexistence and biodiversity. Despite that stable isotope methodologies (13C, 14C and 15N tracer techniques) have demonstrated CAMNs are an important pathway for the translocation of both C and N, the functioning of CAMNs in ecosystem C and N dynamics remains equivocal. This review systematically synthesizes both laboratory and field evidence in interplant C and N transfer through CAMNs generated through stable isotope methodologies and highlights perspectives on the system functionality of CAMNs with implications for plant coexistence, species diversity and community stability. One-way transfers from donor to recipient plants of 0.02-41% C and 0.04-80% N of recipient C and N have been observed, with the reverse fluxes generally less than 15% of donor C and N. Interplant C and N transfers have practical implications for plant performance, coexistence and biodiversity in both resource-limited and resource-unlimited habitats. Resource competition among coexisting individuals of the same or different species is undoubtedly modified by such C and N transfers. Studying interplant variability in these transfers with 13C and 15N tracer application and natural abundance measurements could address the eco physiological significance of such CAMNs in sustainable agricultural and natural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie Luo
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Institute of Changjiang Water Environment and Ecological Security, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
- National Base of International Science and Technology (S&T) Collaboration on Water Environmental Monitoring and Simulation in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region and Centre of Excellence for Soil Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yining Liu
- National Base of International Science and Technology (S&T) Collaboration on Water Environmental Monitoring and Simulation in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region and Centre of Excellence for Soil Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Siyue Li
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Institute of Changjiang Water Environment and Ecological Security, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinhua He
- National Base of International Science and Technology (S&T) Collaboration on Water Environmental Monitoring and Simulation in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region and Centre of Excellence for Soil Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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6
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Baldrian P, Bell-Dereske L, Lepinay C, Větrovský T, Kohout P. Fungal communities in soils under global change. Stud Mycol 2022; 103:1-24. [PMID: 36760734 PMCID: PMC9886077 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2022.103.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil fungi play indispensable roles in all ecosystems including the recycling of organic matter and interactions with plants, both as symbionts and pathogens. Past observations and experimental manipulations indicate that projected global change effects, including the increase of CO2 concentration, temperature, change of precipitation and nitrogen (N) deposition, affect fungal species and communities in soils. Although the observed effects depend on the size and duration of change and reflect local conditions, increased N deposition seems to have the most profound effect on fungal communities. The plant-mutualistic fungal guilds - ectomycorrhizal fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi - appear to be especially responsive to global change factors with N deposition and warming seemingly having the strongest adverse effects. While global change effects on fungal biodiversity seem to be limited, multiple studies demonstrate increases in abundance and dispersal of plant pathogenic fungi. Additionally, ecosystems weakened by global change-induced phenomena, such as drought, are more vulnerable to pathogen outbreaks. The shift from mutualistic fungi to plant pathogens is likely the largest potential threat for the future functioning of natural and managed ecosystems. However, our ability to predict global change effects on fungi is still insufficient and requires further experimental work and long-term observations. Citation: Baldrian P, Bell-Dereske L, Lepinay C, Větrovský T, Kohout P (2022). Fungal communities in soils under global change. Studies in Mycology 103: 1-24. doi: 10.3114/sim.2022.103.01.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Baldrian
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeòská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic,*Corresponding author: Petr Baldrian,
| | - L. Bell-Dereske
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeòská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - C. Lepinay
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeòská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - T. Větrovský
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeòská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - P. Kohout
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeòská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
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Pócsi I, Szigeti ZM, Emri T, Boczonádi I, Vereb G, Szöllősi J. Use of red, far-red, and near-infrared light in imaging of yeasts and filamentous fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:3895-3912. [PMID: 35599256 PMCID: PMC9200671 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11967-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract While phototoxicity can be a useful therapeutic modality not only for eliminating malignant cells but also in treating fungal infections, mycologists aiming to observe morphological changes or molecular events in fungi, especially when long observation periods or high light fluxes are warranted, encounter problems owed to altered regulatory pathways or even cell death caused by various photosensing mechanisms. Consequently, the ever expanding repertoire of visible fluorescent protein toolboxes and high-resolution microscopy methods designed to investigate fungi in vitro and in vivo need to comply with an additional requirement: to decrease the unwanted side effects of illumination. In addition to optimizing exposure, an obvious solution is red-shifted illumination, which, however, does not come without compromises. This review summarizes the interactions of fungi with light and the various molecular biology and technology approaches developed for exploring their functions on the molecular, cellular, and in vivo microscopic levels, and outlines the progress towards reducing phototoxicity through applying far-red and near-infrared light. Key points • Fungal biological processes alter upon illumination, also under the microscope • Red shifted fluorescent protein toolboxes decrease interference by illumination • Innovations like two-photon, lightsheet, and near IR microscopy reduce phototoxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Zsuzsa M Szigeti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Emri
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Imre Boczonádi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - György Vereb
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.,MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János Szöllősi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.,MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
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8
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Howard N, Pressel S, Kaye RS, Daniell TJ, Field KJ. The potential role of Mucoromycotina 'fine root endophytes' in plant nitrogen nutrition. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13715. [PMID: 35560043 PMCID: PMC9328347 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal associations between fungi and plant roots have globally significant impacts on nutrient cycling. Mucoromycotina 'fine root endophytes' (MFRE) are a distinct and recently characterised group of mycorrhiza-forming fungi that associate with the roots of a range of host plant species. Given their previous misidentification and assignment as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) of the Glomeromycotina, it is now important to untangle the specific form and function of MFRE symbioses. In particular, relatively little is known about the nature of MFRE colonisation and its role in N uptake and transfer to host plants. Even less is known about the mechanisms by which MFRE access and assimilate N, and how this N is processed and subsequently exchanged with host plants for photosynthates. Here, we summarise and contrast the structures formed by MFRE and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in host plants as well as compare the N source preference of each mycorrhizal fungal group with what is currently known for MFRE N uptake. We compare the mechanisms of N assimilation and transfer to host plants utilised by the main groups of mycorrhizal fungi and hypothesise potential mechanisms for MFRE N assimilation and transfer, outlining directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Howard
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life SciencesNatural History MuseumLondonUK
| | - Ryan S. Kaye
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Tim J. Daniell
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Katie J. Field
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
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Tanaka S, Hashimoto K, Kobayashi Y, Yano K, Maeda T, Kameoka H, Ezawa T, Saito K, Akiyama K, Kawaguchi M. Asymbiotic mass production of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus clarus. Commun Biol 2022; 5:43. [PMID: 35022540 PMCID: PMC8755765 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02967-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is a mutually beneficial interaction between fungi and land plants and promotes global phosphate cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. AM fungi are recognised as obligate symbionts that require root colonisation to complete a life cycle involving the production of propagules, asexual spores. Recently, it has been shown that Rhizophagus irregularis can produce infection-competent secondary spores asymbiotically by adding a fatty acid, palmitoleic acid. Furthermore, asymbiotic growth can be supported using myristate as a carbon and energy source for their asymbiotic growth to increase fungal biomass. However, the spore production and the ability of these spores to colonise host roots were still limited compared to the co-culture of the fungus with plant roots. Here we show that a combination of two plant hormones, strigolactone and jasmonate, induces the production of a large number of infection-competent spores in asymbiotic cultures of Rhizophagus clarus HR1 in the presence of myristate and organic nitrogen. Inoculation of asymbiotically-generated spores promoted the growth of host plants, as observed for spores produced by symbiotic culture system. Our findings provide a foundation for the elucidation of hormonal control of the fungal life cycle and the development of inoculum production schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Tanaka
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kayo Hashimoto
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yuuki Kobayashi
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Koji Yano
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Taro Maeda
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Kakuganji 246-2 Mizukami, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
| | - Hiromu Kameoka
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Ezawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Katsuharu Saito
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Kohki Akiyama
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.
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Unger S, Habermann FM, Schenke K, Jongen M. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Nutrition Determine the Outcome of Competition Between Lolium multiflorum and Trifolium subterraneum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:778861. [PMID: 35003164 PMCID: PMC8733683 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.778861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may affect competitive plant interactions, which are considered a prevalent force in shaping plant communities. Aiming at understanding the role of AMF in the competition between two pasture species and its dependence on soil nutritional status, a pot experiment with mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Lolium multiflorum and Trifolium subterraneum was conducted, with manipulation of species composition (five levels), and nitrogen (N)- and phosphorus (P)- fertilization (three levels). In the non-mycorrhizal state, interspecific competition did not play a major role. However, in the presence of AMF, Lolium was the strongest competitor, with this species being facilitated by Trifolium. While N-fertilization did not change the competitive balance, P-fertilization gave Lolium, a competitive advantage over Trifolium. The effect of AMF on the competitive outcome may be driven by differential C-P trade benefits, with Lolium modulating carbon investment in the mycorrhizal network and the arbuscule/vesicle ratio at the cost of Trifolium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Unger
- Department of Experimental and Systems Ecology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Franziska M. Habermann
- Department of Experimental and Systems Ecology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Katarina Schenke
- Department of Experimental and Systems Ecology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Marjan Jongen
- MARETEC—Marine, Environment and Technology Centre, LARSyS, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Fontes AM, Oliveira C, Bargiela P, da Rocha MDGC, Geris R, da Silva AF, Gangishetty MK, Scott RWJ, Malta M. Unveiling the Surface and the Ultrastructure of Palladized Fungal Biotemplates. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:12961-12971. [PMID: 34714089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, two biosystems based on filamentous fungi and Pd nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized and structurally characterized. In the first case, results concerning the integration and distribution of Pd-NPs on Phialomyces macrosporus revealed that nanoparticles are accumulated on the cell wall, keeping the cytoplasm isolated from abiotic particles. However, the Penicillium sp. species showed an unexpected internalization of Pd-NPs in the fungal cytosol, becoming a promising biosystem to further studies of in vivo catalytic reactions. Next, we report a new solution-based strategy to prepare palladized biohybrids through sequential reduction of Pd2+ ions over previously harvested fungus/Au-NP composites. The chemical composition and the morphology of the biohybrid surface were characterized using a combination of scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and photoelectron spectroscopy. The deposition of Pd0 over the fungal surface produced biohybrids with a combination of Au and Pd in the NPs. Interestingly, other chemical species such as Au+ and Pd2+ are also observed on the outermost wall of microorganisms. Finally, the application of A. niger/AuPd-NP biohybrids in the 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol hydrogenation reaction is presented for the first time. Biohybrids with a high fraction of Pd0 are active for this catalytic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M Fontes
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Campus Ondina, Salvador, Bahia 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Camila Oliveira
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Campus Ondina, Salvador, Bahia 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Pascal Bargiela
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Campus Ondina, Salvador, Bahia 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Maria da G C da Rocha
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Campus Ondina, Salvador, Bahia 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Regina Geris
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Campus Ondina, Salvador, Bahia 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Antonio F da Silva
- Institute of Physics, Federal University of Bahia, Campus Ondina, Salvador, Bahia 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Mahesh K Gangishetty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Robert W J Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Marcos Malta
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Campus Ondina, Salvador, Bahia 40170-115, Brazil
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal tree communities have greater soil fungal diversity and relative abundances of saprotrophs and pathogens compared to ectomycorrhizal tree communities. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 88:e0178221. [PMID: 34669435 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01782-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trees associating with different mycorrhizas often differ in their effects on litter decomposition, nutrient cycling, soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics, and plant-soil interactions. For example, due to differences between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) tree leaf and root traits, ECM-associated soil has slower rates of C and N cycling and lower N availability compared to AM-associated soil. These observations suggest many groups of non-mycorrhizal fungi should be affected by the mycorrhizal associations of dominant trees through controls on nutrient availability. To test this overarching hypothesis, we explored the influence of predominant forest mycorrhizal type and mineral N availability on soil fungal communities using next-generation amplicon sequencing. Soils from four temperate hardwood forests in Southern Indiana, USA, were studied; three forests formed a natural gradient of mycorrhizal dominance (100% AM tree basal area - 100% ECM basal area), while the fourth forest contained a factorial experiment testing long-term N addition in both dominant mycorrhizal types. We found that overall fungal diversity, as well as the diversity and relative abundance of plant pathogenic and saprotrophic fungi, increased with greater AM tree dominance. Additionally, tree community mycorrhizal associations explained more variation in fungal community composition than abiotic variables, including soil depth, SOM content, nitrification rate, and mineral N availability. Our findings suggest that tree mycorrhizal associations may be good predictors of the diversity, composition, and functional potential of soil fungal communities in temperate hardwood forests. These observations help explain differing biogeochemistry and community dynamics found in forest stands dominated by differing mycorrhizal types. Importance Our work explores how differing mycorrhizal associations of temperate hardwood trees (i.e., arbuscular (AM) vs ectomycorrhizal (ECM) associations) affect soil fungal communities by altering the diversity and relative abundance of saprotrophic and plant pathogenic fungi along natural gradients of mycorrhizal dominance. Because temperate hardwood forests are predicted to become more AM-dominant with climate change, studies examining soil communities along mycorrhizal gradients are necessary to understand how these global changes may alter future soil fungal communities and their functional potential. Ours, along with other recent studies, identify possible global trends in the frequency of specific fungal functional groups responsible for nutrient cycling and plant-soil interactions as they relate to mycorrhizal associations.
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Lofgren LA, Stajich JE. Fungal biodiversity and conservation mycology in light of new technology, big data, and changing attitudes. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R1312-R1325. [PMID: 34637742 PMCID: PMC8516061 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Fungi have successfully established themselves across seemingly every possible niche, substrate, and biome. They are fundamental to biogeochemical cycling, interspecies interactions, food production, and drug bioprocessing, as well as playing less heroic roles as difficult to treat human infections and devastating plant pathogens. Despite community efforts to estimate and catalog fungal diversity, we have only named and described a minute fraction of the fungal world. The identification, characterization, and conservation of fungal diversity is paramount to preserving fungal bioresources, and to understanding and predicting ecosystem cycling and the evolution and epidemiology of fungal disease. Although species and ecosystem conservation are necessarily the foundation of preserving this diversity, there is value in expanding our definition of conservation to include the protection of biological collections, ecological metadata, genetic and genomic data, and the methods and code used for our analyses. These definitions of conservation are interdependent. For example, we need metadata on host specificity and biogeography to understand rarity and set priorities for conservation. To aid in these efforts, we need to draw expertise from diverse fields to tie traditional taxonomic knowledge to data obtained from modern -omics-based approaches, and support the advancement of diverse research perspectives. We also need new tools, including an updated framework for describing and tracking species known only from DNA, and the continued integration of functional predictions to link genetic diversity to functional and ecological diversity. Here, we review the state of fungal diversity research as shaped by recent technological advancements, and how changing viewpoints in taxonomy, -omics, and systematics can be integrated to advance mycological research and preserve fungal biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotus A Lofgren
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Jason E Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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14
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Färkkilä SMA, Kiers ET, Jaaniso R, Mäeorg U, Leblanc RM, Treseder KK, Kang Z, Tedersoo L. Fluorescent nanoparticles as tools in ecology and physiology. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2392-2424. [PMID: 34142416 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent nanoparticles (FNPs) have been widely used in chemistry and medicine for decades, but their employment in biology is relatively recent. Past reviews on FNPs have focused on chemical, physical or medical uses, making the extrapolation to biological applications difficult. In biology, FNPs have largely been used for biosensing and molecular tracking. However, concerns over toxicity in early types of FNPs, such as cadmium-containing quantum dots (QDs), may have prevented wide adoption. Recent developments, especially in non-Cd-containing FNPs, have alleviated toxicity problems, facilitating the use of FNPs for addressing ecological, physiological and molecule-level processes in biological research. Standardised protocols from synthesis to application and interdisciplinary approaches are critical for establishing FNPs in the biologists' tool kit. Here, we present an introduction to FNPs, summarise their use in biological applications, and discuss technical issues such as data reliability and biocompatibility. We assess whether biological research can benefit from FNPs and suggest ways in which FNPs can be applied to answer questions in biology. We conclude that FNPs have a great potential for studying various biological processes, especially tracking, sensing and imaging in physiology and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanni M A Färkkilä
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Raivo Jaaniso
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi Str 1, 50411, Tartu, Tartumaa, Estonia
| | - Uno Mäeorg
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Roger M Leblanc
- Department of Chemistry, Cox Science Center, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL, 33124, U.S.A
| | - Kathleen K Treseder
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 3106 Biological Sciences III, Mail Code: 2525, 92697, Irvine, CA, U.S.A
| | - Zhenhui Kang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Leho Tedersoo
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
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15
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Peng Y, Li SJ, Yan J, Tang Y, Cheng JP, Gao AJ, Yao X, Ruan JJ, Xu BL. Research Progress on Phytopathogenic Fungi and Their Role as Biocontrol Agents. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:670135. [PMID: 34122383 PMCID: PMC8192705 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.670135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi decrease crop yield and quality and cause huge losses in agricultural production. To prevent the occurrence of crop diseases and insect pests, farmers have to use many synthetic chemical pesticides. The extensive use of these pesticides has resulted in a series of environmental and ecological problems, such as the increase in resistant weed populations, soil compaction, and water pollution, which seriously affect the sustainable development of agriculture. This review discusses the main advances in research on plant-pathogenic fungi in terms of their pathogenic factors such as cell wall-degrading enzymes, toxins, growth regulators, effector proteins, and fungal viruses, as well as their application as biocontrol agents for plant pests, diseases, and weeds. Finally, further studies on plant-pathogenic fungal resources with better biocontrol effects can help find new beneficial microbial resources that can control diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Peng
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shi J Li
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing in Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Schools of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Tang
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jian P Cheng
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - An J Gao
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xin Yao
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jing J Ruan
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Bing L Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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16
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Kiefer JST, Batsukh S, Bauer E, Hirota B, Weiss B, Wierz JC, Fukatsu T, Kaltenpoth M, Engl T. Inhibition of a nutritional endosymbiont by glyphosate abolishes mutualistic benefit on cuticle synthesis in Oryzaephilus surinamensis. Commun Biol 2021; 4:554. [PMID: 33976379 PMCID: PMC8113238 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02057-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate is widely used as a herbicide, but recent studies begin to reveal its detrimental side effects on animals by targeting the shikimate pathway of associated gut microorganisms. However, its impact on nutritional endosymbionts in insects remains poorly understood. Here, we sequenced the tiny, shikimate pathway encoding symbiont genome of the sawtoothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis. Decreased titers of the aromatic amino acid tyrosine in symbiont-depleted beetles underscore the symbionts' ability to synthesize prephenate as the precursor for host tyrosine synthesis and its importance for cuticle sclerotization and melanization. Glyphosate exposure inhibited symbiont establishment during host development and abolished the mutualistic benefit on cuticle synthesis in adults, which could be partially rescued by dietary tyrosine supplementation. Furthermore, phylogenetic analyses indicate that the shikimate pathways of many nutritional endosymbionts likewise contain a glyphosate sensitive 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase. These findings highlight the importance of symbiont-mediated tyrosine supplementation for cuticle biosynthesis in insects, but also paint an alarming scenario regarding the use of glyphosate in light of recent declines in insect populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Simon Thilo Kiefer
- Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Suvdanselengee Batsukh
- Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eugen Bauer
- Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bin Hirota
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Benjamin Weiss
- Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Research Group Insect Symbiosis, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen C Wierz
- Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Takema Fukatsu
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Martin Kaltenpoth
- Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Research Group Insect Symbiosis, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias Engl
- Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
- Research Group Insect Symbiosis, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.
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van ’t Padje A, Bonfante P, Ciampi LT, Kiers ET. Quantifying Nutrient Trade in the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Under Extreme Weather Events Using Quantum-Dot Tagged Phosphorus. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.613119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the current trends in climate change, extreme weather events are expected to increase in strength and frequency. Such events can impact species survival and species interactions. One of the most ubiquitous symbioses on earth is the nutrient exchange partnership between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and their host plants. While past work has shown that mycorrhizal fungi can help alleviate stress, it is unknown how phosphorus uptake by plants to fungi is affected by extreme weather events, such as flooding and heat waves. To test this response, we grewMedicago truncatulahost plants with or without mycorrhizal fungi and then exposed them to extreme weather treatments: increasing soil temperature by 12°C, or by flooding the plant roots for 7 days. We measured plant and fungal performance, and quantified phosphorus (P) uptake before and after extreme weather treatments using a technique in which we tagged apatite, a form of rock phosphorus, with fluorescing quantum-dots (QDs) nanoparticles. We then measured fluorescence in root and shoot tissue at harvest. We found that plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were affected by soil flooding, with plant survival, fungal colonization and QD-apatite uptake decreasing under flooded conditions. We did not see these negative effects in the heat treatment. While the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi affected plant biomass allocation, leading to an increase in shoot biomass, the symbiosis did not increase plant survival, total biomass or QD uptake in either treatment. More generally, we found host tissue contained roughly 80% more QD-apatite from the pre-treatment compared to the post-treatment nutrient injection. Future studies should focus on various plant-fungal combinations to create databases on which predictive models to extreme weather events can be constructed.
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Van't Padje A, Oyarte Galvez L, Klein M, Hink MA, Postma M, Shimizu T, Kiers ET. Temporal tracking of quantum-dot apatite across in vitro mycorrhizal networks shows how host demand can influence fungal nutrient transfer strategies. THE ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:435-449. [PMID: 32989245 PMCID: PMC8027207 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00786-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi function as conduits for underground nutrient transport. While the fungal partner is dependent on the plant host for its carbon (C) needs, the amount of nutrients that the fungus allocates to hosts can vary with context. Because fungal allocation patterns to hosts can change over time, they have historically been difficult to quantify accurately. We developed a technique to tag rock phosphorus (P) apatite with fluorescent quantum-dot (QD) nanoparticles of three different colors, allowing us to study nutrient transfer in an in vitro fungal network formed between two host roots of different ages and different P demands over a 3-week period. Using confocal microscopy and raster image correlation spectroscopy, we could distinguish between P transfer from the hyphae to the roots and P retention in the hyphae. By tracking QD-apatite from its point of origin, we found that the P demands of the younger root influenced both: (1) how the fungus distributed nutrients among different root hosts and (2) the storage patterns in the fungus itself. Our work highlights that fungal trade strategies are highly dynamic over time to local conditions, and stresses the need for precise measurements of symbiotic nutrient transfer across both space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Van't Padje
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Loreto Oyarte Galvez
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- AMOLF Institute, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Malin Klein
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A Hink
- Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science park 904, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marten Postma
- Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science park 904, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Shimizu
- AMOLF Institute, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Kong D, Wang J, Valverde-Barrantes OJ, Kardol P. A framework to assess the carbon supply-consumption balance in plant roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:659-664. [PMID: 32654148 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deliang Kong
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Change, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Junjian Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | | | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden
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20
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Teste FP, Jones MD, Dickie IA. Dual-mycorrhizal plants: their ecology and relevance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1835-1851. [PMID: 31514244 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dual-mycorrhizal plants are capable of associating with fungi that form characteristic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (EM) structures. Here, we address the following questions: (1) How many dual-mycorrhizal plant species are there? (2) What are the advantages for a plant to host two, rather than one, mycorrhizal types? (3) Which factors can provoke shifts in mycorrhizal dominance (i.e. mycorrhizal switching)? We identify a large number (89 genera within 32 families) of confirmed dual-mycorrhizal plants based on observing arbuscules or coils for AM status and Hartig net or similar structures for EM status within the same plant species. We then review the possible nutritional benefits and discuss the possible mechanisms leading to net costs and benefits. Cost and benefits of dual-mycorrhizal status appear to be context dependent, particularly with respect to the life stage of the host plant. Mycorrhizal switching occurs under a wide range of abiotic and biotic factors, including soil moisture and nutrient status. The relevance of dual-mycorrhizal plants in the ecological restoration of adverse sites where plants are not carbon limited is discussed. We conclude that dual-mycorrhizal plants are underutilized in ecophysiological-based experiments, yet are powerful model plant-fungal systems to better understand mycorrhizal symbioses without confounding host effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- François P Teste
- Grupo de Estudios Ambientales, IMASL-CONICET & Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Av. Ejercito de los Andes 950 (5700), San Luis, Argentina
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley (Perth), WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Melanie D Jones
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Ian A Dickie
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
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21
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Foliar Application of Chitosan Increases Tomato Growth and Influences Mycorrhization and Expression of Endochitinase-Encoding Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020535. [PMID: 31947682 PMCID: PMC7013828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, applying bio-organic fertilizer (e.g., chitosan, Ch) or integrating beneficial microorganisms (e.g., arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF) are among the successful strategies to promote plant growth. Here, the effect of two application modes of Ch (foliar spray or root treatment) and Ch-derived nanoparticles (NPs) on tomato plants colonized with the AMF Rhizophagus irregularis were analyzed, thereby focusing on plant biomass, flowering and mycorrhization. An increase of shoot biomass and flower number was observed in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) plants sprayed with Ch. The interaction with AMF, however, was reduced as shown by decreased mycorrhization rates and AM-specific gene expression. To get insights into Ch effect on mycorrhization, levels of sugars, jasmonates, abscisic acid, and the expression of two chitinase-encoding genes were determined in mycorrhizal roots. Ch had no effect on sugar and phytohormone levels, but the reduced mycorrhization was correlated with down- and upregulated expression of Chi3 and Chi9, respectively. In contrast, application of NPs to leaves and Ch applied to the soil did not show any effect, neither on mycorrhization rate nor on growth of mycorrhizal plants. Concluding, Ch application to leaves enhanced plant growth and flowering and reduced interaction with AMF, whereas root treatment did not affect these parameters.
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Thirkell T, Cameron D, Hodge A. Contrasting Nitrogen Fertilisation Rates Alter Mycorrhizal Contribution to Barley Nutrition in a Field Trial. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1312. [PMID: 31736991 PMCID: PMC6831614 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Controlled environment studies show that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may contribute to plant nitrogen (N) uptake, but the role of these near-ubiquitous symbionts in crop plant N nutrition under natural field conditions remains largely unknown. In a field trial, we tested the effects of N fertilisation and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar identity on the contribution of AMF to barley N uptake using 15N tracers added to rhizosphere soil compartments. AMF were shown capable of significantly increasing plant 15N acquisition from root exclusion zones, and this was influenced by nitrogen addition type, N fertiliser application rate and barley cultivar identity. Our data demonstrate a previously overlooked potential route of crop plant N uptake which may be influenced substantially and rapidly in response to shifting agricultural management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Thirkell
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Cameron
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Hodge
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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Wooliver R, Pellegrini AFA, Waring B, Houlton BZ, Averill C, Schimel J, Hedin LO, Bailey JK, Schweitzer JA. Changing perspectives on terrestrial nitrogen cycling: The importance of weathering and evolved resource‐use traits for understanding ecosystem responses to global change. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Wooliver
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee
| | | | - Bonnie Waring
- Department of Biology Utah State University Logan Utah
| | - Benjamin Z. Houlton
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources University of California, Davis Davis California
| | - Colin Averill
- Department of Biology Boston University Boston Massachusetts
| | - Joshua Schimel
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California
| | - Lars O. Hedin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University Princeton New Jersey
| | - Joseph K. Bailey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee
| | - Jennifer A. Schweitzer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee
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24
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Whiteside MD, Werner GDA, Caldas VEA, Van't Padje A, Dupin SE, Elbers B, Bakker M, Wyatt GAK, Klein M, Hink MA, Postma M, Vaitla B, Noë R, Shimizu TS, West SA, Kiers ET. Mycorrhizal Fungi Respond to Resource Inequality by Moving Phosphorus from Rich to Poor Patches across Networks. Curr Biol 2019; 29:2043-2050.e8. [PMID: 31178314 PMCID: PMC6584331 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The world's ecosystems are characterized by an unequal distribution of resources [1]. Trade partnerships between organisms of different species-mutualisms-can help individuals cope with such resource inequality [2-4]. Trade allows individuals to exchange commodities they can provide at low cost for resources that are otherwise impossible or more difficult to access [5, 6]. However, as resources become increasingly patchy in time or space, it is unknown how organisms alter their trading strategies [7, 8]. Here, we show how a symbiotic fungus mediates trade with a host root in response to different levels of resource inequality across its network. We developed a quantum-dot-tracking technique to quantify phosphorus-trading strategies of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi simultaneously exposed to rich and poor resource patches. By following fluorescent nanoparticles of different colors across fungal networks, we determined where phosphorus was hoarded, relocated, and transferred to plant hosts. We found that increasing exposure to inequality stimulated trade. Fungi responded to high resource variation by (1) increasing the total amount of phosphorus distributed to host roots, (2) decreasing allocation to storage, and (3) differentially moving resources within the network from rich to poor patches. Using single-particle tracking and high-resolution video, we show how dynamic resource movement may help the fungus capitalize on value differences across the trade network, physically moving resources to areas of high demand to gain better returns. Such translocation strategies can help symbiotic organisms cope with exposure to resource inequality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Whiteside
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 108, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gijsbert D A Werner
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK; Balliol College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3BJ, UK
| | - Victor E A Caldas
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 108, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; AMOLF Institute, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk Van't Padje
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 108, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Simon E Dupin
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 108, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bram Elbers
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 108, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Milenka Bakker
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 108, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gregory A K Wyatt
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Malin Klein
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 108, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mark A Hink
- Section of Molecular Cytology and van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marten Postma
- Section of Molecular Cytology and van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bapu Vaitla
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ronald Noë
- Faculté Psychologie, Université de Strasbourg, 12 Rue Goethe, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas S Shimizu
- AMOLF Institute, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stuart A West
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 108, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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25
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Rosário J, da Luz LL, Geris R, Ramalho JGS, da Silva AF, Júnior SA, Malta M. Photoluminescent organisms: how to make fungi glow through biointegration with lanthanide metal-organic frameworks. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7302. [PMID: 31086220 PMCID: PMC6513872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43835-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that filamentous fungi can emit green or red light after the accumulation of particulate lanthanide metal-organic frameworks over the cell wall. These new biohybrids present photoluminescence properties that are unaffected by the components of the cell wall. In addition, the fungal cells internalise lanthanide metal-organic framework particles, storing them into organelles, thereby making these materials promising for applications in living imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeferson Rosário
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Campus Ondina, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Leonis L da Luz
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Regina Geris
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Campus Ondina, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Jéssica G S Ramalho
- Institute of Physics, Federal University of Bahia, Campus Ondina, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Antônio F da Silva
- Institute of Physics, Federal University of Bahia, Campus Ondina, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Severino Alves Júnior
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Malta
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Campus Ondina, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
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Lohberger A, Spangenberg JE, Ventura Y, Bindschedler S, Verrecchia EP, Bshary R, Junier P. Effect of Organic Carbon and Nitrogen on the Interactions of Morchella spp. and Bacteria Dispersing on Their Mycelium. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:124. [PMID: 30881350 PMCID: PMC6405442 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we investigated how the source of organic carbon (Corg) and nitrogen (Norg) affects the interactions between fungi of the genus Morchella and bacteria dispersing along their hyphae (fungal highways; FH). We demonstrated that bacteria using FH increase the hydrolysis of an organic nitrogen source that only the fungus can degrade. Using purified fungal exudates, we found that this increased hydrolysis was due to bacteria enhancing the activity of proteolytic enzymes produced by the fungus. The same effect was shown for various fungal and bacterial strains. The effect of this enhanced proteolytic activity on bacterial and fungal biomass production varied accordingly to the source of Corg and Norg provided. An increase in biomass for both partners 5 days post-inoculation was only attained with a Norg source that the bacterium could not degrade and when additional Corg was present in the medium. In contrast, all other combinations yielded a decrease on biomass production in the co-cultures compared to individual growth. The coupled cycling of Corg and Norg is rarely considered when investigating the role of microbial activity on soil functioning. Our results show that cycling of these two elements can be related through cross-chemical reactions in independent, albeit interacting microbes. In this way, the composition of organic material could greatly alter nutrient turnover due to its effect on the outcome of interactions between fungi and bacteria that disperse on their mycelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lohberger
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Biogeosciences, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jorge E. Spangenberg
- Stable Isotope and Organic Geochemistry Laboratories, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yolanda Ventura
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Saskia Bindschedler
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Eric P. Verrecchia
- Laboratory of Biogeosciences, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Redouan Bshary
- Laboratory of Eco-ethology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Pilar Junier
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Averill C, Dietze MC, Bhatnagar JM. Continental-scale nitrogen pollution is shifting forest mycorrhizal associations and soil carbon stocks. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:4544-4553. [PMID: 30051940 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Most tree roots on Earth form a symbiosis with either ecto- or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Nitrogen fertilization is hypothesized to favor arbuscular mycorrhizal tree species at the expense of ectomycorrhizal species due to differences in fungal nitrogen acquisition strategies, and this may alter soil carbon balance, as differences in forest mycorrhizal associations are linked to differences in soil carbon pools. Combining nitrogen deposition data with continental-scale US forest data, we show that nitrogen pollution is spatially associated with a decline in ectomycorrhizal vs. arbuscular mycorrhizal trees. Furthermore, nitrogen deposition has contrasting effects on arbuscular vs. ectomycorrhizal demographic processes, favoring arbuscular mycorrhizal trees at the expense of ectomycorrhizal trees, and is spatially correlated with reduced soil carbon stocks. This implies future changes in nitrogen deposition may alter the capacity of forests to sequester carbon and offset climate change via interactions with the forest microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Averill
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Earth & Environment, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael C Dietze
- Department of Earth & Environment, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
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29
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Investigating the Effect of a Mixed Mycorrhizal Inoculum on the Productivity of Biomass Plantation Willows Grown on Marginal Farm Land. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9040185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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30
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Ossler JN, Heath KD. Shared Genes but Not Shared Genetic Variation: Legume Colonization by Two Belowground Symbionts. Am Nat 2018. [DOI: 10.1086/695829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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31
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Carranca C, Brunetto G, Tagliavini M. Nitrogen Nutrition of Fruit Trees to Reconcile Productivity and Environmental Concerns. PLANTS 2018; 7:plants7010004. [PMID: 29320450 PMCID: PMC5874593 DOI: 10.3390/plants7010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although perennial fruit crops represent 1% of global agricultural land, they are of a great economic importance in world trade and in the economy of many regions. The perennial woody nature of fruit trees, their physiological stages of growth, the root distribution pattern, and the presence of herbaceous vegetation in alleys make orchard systems efficient in the use and recycling of nitrogen (N). The present paper intends to review the existing literature on N nutrition of young and mature deciduous and evergreen fruit trees with special emphasis to temperate and Mediterranean climates. There are two major sources of N contributing to vegetative tree growth and reproduction: root N uptake and internal N cycling. Optimisation of the use of external and internal N sources is important for a sustainable fruit production, as N use efficiency by young and mature fruit trees is generally lower than 55% and losses of fertilizer N may occur with the consequent economic and environmental concern. Organic alternatives to mineral N fertilizer like the application of manure, compost, mulching, and cover crops are scarcely used in perennial fruit trees, in spite of the fact that society’s expectations call for more sustainable production techniques and the demand for organic fruits is increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Carranca
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta do Marquês, Nova Oeiras, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Gustavo Brunetto
- Departamento de Solos, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 80576, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.
| | - Massimo Tagliavini
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano (UNIBZ), 39100 Bolzano, Italy.
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32
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Liese R, Lübbe T, Albers NW, Meier IC. The mycorrhizal type governs root exudation and nitrogen uptake of temperate tree species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:83-95. [PMID: 29126247 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Even though the two dominant mycorrhizal associations of temperate tree species differentially couple carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles in temperate forests, systematic differences between the biogeochemical cycles of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) tree species remain poorly described. A classification according to the mycorrhizal type offers the chance, though, to develop a global frame concept for the prediction of temperate ecosystem responses to environmental change. Focusing on the influence of mycorrhizal types on two key plant processes of biogeochemical cycling (root exudation and N acquisition), we investigated four temperate deciduous tree species per mycorrhizal type in a drought experiment in large mesocosms. We hypothesized that (H1) C loss by root exudation is higher in ECM than in AM trees, (H2) drought leads to higher reductions in root exudation of drought-sensitive ECM trees and (H3) inorganic N uptake is higher in AM than in ECM trees. In contradiction to H2, we found no systematic difference in root exudation between the mycorrhizal types at ample soil moisture, but almost twofold higher exudation in ECM trees when exposed to soil drought. In addition, photosynthetic C cost of root exudation strongly increased by ~10-fold in drought-treated ECM trees, while it only doubled in AM trees, which confirms H1. With respect to H3, we corroborated that AM trees had higher absolute and relative inorganic N acquisition rates than ECM trees, while the organic N uptake did not differ between mycorrhizal types. We conclude that ECM trees are less efficient in inorganic N uptake than AM trees, but ECM trees increase root C release as an adaptive response to dry soil to maintain hydraulic conductivity and/or nutrient availability. These systematic differences in key biogeochemical processes support hints on the key role of the mycorrhizal types in coupling C and N cycles in temperate forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Liese
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Torben Lübbe
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nora W Albers
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ina C Meier
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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Barthelemy H, Stark S, Kytöviita M, Olofsson J. Grazing decreases N partitioning among coexisting plant species. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Barthelemy
- Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå University Umeå Sweden
| | - Sari Stark
- Arctic CentreUniversity of Lapland Rovaniemi Finland
| | - Minna‐Maarit Kytöviita
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Johan Olofsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå University Umeå Sweden
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34
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Characterization of a novel, ubiquitous fungal endophyte from the rhizosphere and root endosphere of Populus trees. FUNGAL ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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35
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Esperschuetz J, Anderson C, Bulman S, Katamian O, Horswell J, Dickinson NM, Robinson BH. Response of Leptospermum scoparium, Kunzea robusta and Pinus radiata to contrasting biowastes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 587-588:258-265. [PMID: 28238430 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The myrtaceae family has a cosmopolitan distribution and includes the Australasian native species Leptospermum scoparium (mānuka) and Kunzea robusta (kānuka), which are of economic interest for the production of high-value honey and essential oils. Potentially, these species could be established on low-fertility or degraded soils that have been amended with biowastes, including biosolids and sawdust. We aimed to determine the effect of these biowastes on nitrate leaching and the growth and chemical composition of these plant species compared to Pinus radiata (pine), a common forestry species. The addition of biosolids (1250kgNha-1 equiv.) increased the total dry biomass of mānuka, kānuka, and pine by 117, 90, and 86% respectively. Mixing sawdust with biosolids stimulated growth of mānuka (52%), kānuka (121%) but not pine. Biosolids increased plant uptake of N, P, and trace elements, but not to levels of concern. Nitrate leaching from all treatments was negligible (<2kgha-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Esperschuetz
- Lincoln University, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Soil and Physical Sciences, P O Box 84, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand.
| | - C Anderson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Canterbury Agriculture and Science Centre, Gerald St, Lincoln 7608, New Zealand
| | - S Bulman
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Canterbury Agriculture and Science Centre, Gerald St, Lincoln 7608, New Zealand
| | - O Katamian
- Lincoln University, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Soil and Physical Sciences, P O Box 84, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - J Horswell
- The Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Kenepuru Science Centre, PO Box 50-348, Porirua 5240, New Zealand
| | - N M Dickinson
- Lincoln University, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Ecology, P O Box 84, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - B H Robinson
- Lincoln University, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Soil and Physical Sciences, P O Box 84, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
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36
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Andersen KM, Mayor JR, Turner BL. Plasticity in nitrogen uptake among plant species with contrasting nutrient acquisition strategies in a tropical forest. Ecology 2017; 98:1388-1398. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Andersen
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Apartado Postal 0843-03092 Balboa Republic of Panama
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Exeter EX4 4RJ UK
| | - Jordan R. Mayor
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Apartado Postal 0843-03092 Balboa Republic of Panama
- Department of Biology; University of Florida; Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
| | - Benjamin L. Turner
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Apartado Postal 0843-03092 Balboa Republic of Panama
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37
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Kong D, Wang J, Zeng H, Liu M, Miao Y, Wu H, Kardol P. The nutrient absorption-transportation hypothesis: optimizing structural traits in absorptive roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1569-1572. [PMID: 27859373 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deliang Kong
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Junjian Wang
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Hui Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518005, China
| | - Mengzhou Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Yuan Miao
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Huifang Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Mycorrhizal fungi belong to several taxa and develop mutualistic symbiotic associations with over 90% of all plant species, from liverworts to angiosperms. While descriptive approaches have dominated the initial studies of these fascinating symbioses, the advent of molecular biology, live cell imaging, and “omics” techniques have provided new and powerful tools to decipher the cellular and molecular mechanisms that rule mutualistic plant-fungus interactions. In this article we focus on the most common mycorrhizal association, arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), which is formed by a group of soil fungi belonging to Glomeromycota. AM fungi are believed to have assisted the conquest of dry lands by early plants around 450 million years ago and are found today in most land ecosystems. AM fungi have several peculiar biological traits, including obligate biotrophy, intracellular development inside the plant tissues, coenocytic multinucleate hyphae, and spores, as well as unique genetics, such as the putative absence of a sexual cycle, and multiple ecological functions. All of these features make the study of AM fungi as intriguing as it is challenging, and their symbiotic association with most crop plants is currently raising a broad interest in agronomic contexts for the potential use of AM fungi in sustainable production under conditions of low chemical input.
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Schweiger PF. Nitrogen isotope fractionation during N uptake via arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungi into grey alder. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 205:84-92. [PMID: 27639038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi affect plant nitrogen (N) dynamics. Plant N isotope patterns have been used to characterise the contribution of ECM fungi to plant N uptake. By quantifying and comparing the effects of an AM and an ECM fungus on growth, N uptake and isotopic composition of one host plant grown at different relative N supply levels, the aim of this study was to improve the mechanistic understanding of natural 15N abundance patterns in mycorrhizal plants and their underlying causes. Grey alders were inoculated with one ECM fungus or one AM fungus or left non-mycorrhizal. Plants were grown under semi-hydroponic conditions and were supplied with three rates of relative N supply ranging from deficient to luxurious. Neither mycorrhizal fungus increased plant growth or N uptake. AM root colonisation had no effect on whole plant δ15N and decreased foliar δ 15N only under N deficiency. The roots of these plants were 15N-enriched. ECM root colonisation consistently decreased foliar and whole plant δ15N. It is concluded, that both mycorrhizal fungi contributed to plant N uptake into the shoot. Nitrogen isotope fractionation during N assimilation and transformations in fungal mycelia is suggested to have resulted in plants receiving 15N-depleted N via the mycorrhizal uptake pathways. Negative mycorrhizal growth effects are explained by symbiotic resource trade on carbon and N and decreased direct plant N uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Schweiger
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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John J, Kernaghan G, Lundholm J. The potential for mycorrhizae to improve green roof function. Urban Ecosyst 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-016-0573-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonising roots and root nodules of New Zealand kauri Agathis australis. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:807-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in the Nitrogen Uptake of Plants: Current Knowledge and Research Gaps. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy5040587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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43
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Krüger M, Teste FP, Laliberté E, Lambers H, Coghlan M, Zemunik G, Bunce M. The rise and fall of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity during ecosystem retrogression. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:4912-30. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Krüger
- Institute of Botany; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Zámek 1 CZ-252 43 Průhonice Czech Republic
| | - François P. Teste
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley Perth WA 6009 Australia
- Grupo de Estudios Ambientales; IMASL-CONICET & Universidad Nacional de San Luis; Av. Ejercito de los Andes 950 (5700) San Luis Argentina
| | - Etienne Laliberté
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley Perth WA 6009 Australia
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale; Département de sciences biologiques; Université de Montréal; 4101 Sherbrooke Est Montréal QC H1X 2B2 Canada
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley Perth WA 6009 Australia
| | - Megan Coghlan
- Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory; Department of Environment and Agriculture; Curtin University; Kent Street Perth WA 6845 Australia
| | - Graham Zemunik
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley Perth WA 6009 Australia
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Apartado 0843-03092 Balboa Ancon Republic of Panama
| | - Michael Bunce
- Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory; Department of Environment and Agriculture; Curtin University; Kent Street Perth WA 6845 Australia
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Hynson NA, Allison SD, Treseder KK. Quantum Dots Reveal Shifts in Organic Nitrogen Uptake by Fungi Exposed to Long-Term Nitrogen Enrichment. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138158. [PMID: 26367868 PMCID: PMC4569051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) enrichment can alter N dynamics associated with decomposing plant litter. However, it is unclear to what extent these alterations occur via microbial effects (e.g., changes in gene regulation, physiology, or community composition) versus plant litter effects (e.g., changes in composition of N and C compounds). To isolate microbial effects from plant litter effects, we collected plant litter from long-term N fertilized and control plots, reciprocally inoculated it with microbes from the two treatments, and incubated it in a common field setting for three months. We used quantum dots (QDs) to track fungal uptake of glycine and chitosan. Glycine is a relatively simple organic N compound; chitosan is more complex. We found that microbial and litter origins each contributed to a shift in fungal uptake capacities under N fertilization. Specifically, N fungi preferred glycine over chitosan, but control fungi did not. In comparison, litter effects were more subtle, and manifested as a three-way interaction between litter origin, microbial origin, and type of organic N (glycine versus chitosan). In particular, control fungi tended to target chitosan only when incubated with control litter, while N fungi targeted glycine regardless of litter type. Overall, microbial effects may mediate how N dynamics respond to anthropogenic N enrichment in ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A. Hynson
- Department of Botany, University of Hawai‘i Manoa, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI, 96822, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Steven D. Allison
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States of America
| | - Kathleen K. Treseder
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States of America
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Kang SM, Radhakrishnan R, You YH, Khan AL, Lee KE, Lee JD, Lee IJ. Enterobacter asburiae KE17 association regulates physiological changes and mitigates the toxic effects of heavy metals in soybean. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:1013-22. [PMID: 25940948 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the role played by Enterobacter asburiae KE17 in the growth and metabolism of soybeans during copper (100 μm Cu) and zinc (100 μm Zn) toxicity. When compared to controls, plants grown under Cu and Zn stress exhibited significantly lower growth rates, but inoculation with E. asburiae KE17 increased growth rates of stressed plants. The concentrations of plant hormones (abscisic acid and salicylic acid) and rates of lipid peroxidation were higher in plants under heavy metal stress, while total chlorophyll, carotenoid content and total polyphenol concentration were lower. While the bacterial treatment reduced the abscisic acid and salicylic acid content and lipid peroxidation rate of Cu-stressed plants, it also increased the concentration of photosynthetic pigments and total polyphenol. Moreover, the heavy metals induced increased accumulation of free amino acids such as aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glycine, alanine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, proline and gamma-aminobutyric acid, while E. asburiae KE17 significantly reduced concentrations of free amino acids in metal-affected plants. Co-treatment with E. asburiae KE17 regulated nutrient uptake by enhancing nitrogen content and inhibiting Cu and Zn accumulation in soybean plants. The results of this study suggest that E. asburiae KE17 mitigates the effects of Cu and Zn stress by reprogramming plant metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-M Kang
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - R Radhakrishnan
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Y-H You
- Korean Agricultural Culture Collection, Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Daegu, Korea
| | - A-L Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - K-E Lee
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Korea
| | - J-D Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - I-J Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Wang C, Gu Z, Cui H, Zhu H, Fu S, Yao Q. Differences in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Community Composition in Soils of Three Land Use Types in Subtropical Hilly Area of Southern China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130983. [PMID: 26107285 PMCID: PMC4479462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Land use type is key factor in restoring the degraded soils due to its impact on soil chemical properties and microbial community. In this study, the influences of land use type on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) community and soil chemical properties were assessed in a long-run experimental station in subtropical hilly area of southern China. Soil samples were collected from forest land, orchard and vegetable field. Soil chemical properties were analyzed, and PCR-DGGE was performed to explore the AMF community structure. Cloning and sequencing of DGGE bands were conducted to monitor AMF community composition. Results indicate that the contents of total P, available P and available K were the highest while the contents of soil organic matter, total N, total K and available N were the lowest in vegetable field soils, with forest land soils vice versa. According to DGGE profiling, AMF community in forest soils was more closely related to that in orchard soils than that in vegetable field soils. Sequencing indicated that 45 out of 53 excised bands were AMF and 64.4% of AMF belonged to Glomeraceae, including some “generalists” present in all soils and some “specialists” present only in soils of particular land use. Category principle component analysis demonstrated that total N, soil organic matter and available P were the most important factors affecting AMF community, and some AMF phylotypes were closely associated with particular soil chemical properties. Our data suggest that AMF communities are different with different land use types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihuan Wang
- South China Agricultural University, College of Horticulture, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Zhenhong Gu
- South China Agricultural University, College of Horticulture, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, PR China
| | - Hang Cui
- South China Agricultural University, College of Horticulture, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Honghui Zhu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, PR China
| | - Shenlei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510160, PR China
| | - Qing Yao
- South China Agricultural University, College of Horticulture, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, PR China
- * E-mail:
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47
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Hodge A. Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and organic material substrates. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2014; 89:47-99. [PMID: 25131400 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800259-9.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) associations are widespread and form between ca. two-thirds of all land plants and fungi in the phylum Glomeromycota. The association is a mutualistic symbiosis with the fungi enhancing nutrient capture for the plant while obtaining carbon in return. Although arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) lack any substantial saprophytic capability they do preferentially associate with various organic substrates and respond by hyphal proliferation, indicating the fungus derives a benefit from the organic substrate. AMF may also enhance decomposition of the organic material. The benefit to the host plant of this hyphal proliferation is not always apparent, particularly regarding nitrogen (N) transfer, and there may be circumstances under which both symbionts compete for the N released given both have a large demand for N. The results of various studies examining AMF responses to organic substrates and the interactions with other members of the soil community will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Hodge
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom.
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Gustafsson FS, Whiteside MD, Jiranek V, Durall DM. Development and use of a quantum dot probe to track multiple yeast strains in mixed culture. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6971. [PMID: 25382600 PMCID: PMC4225547 DOI: 10.1038/srep06971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains vary in their ability to develop and enhance sensory attributes of alcoholic beverages and are often found growing in mixed strain fermentations; however, quantifying individual strains is challenging due to quantification inaccuracies, low marker longevity, and compromised kinetics. We developed a fluorescent probe, consisting of glutathione molecules conjugated to a quantum dot (QD). Two S. cerevisiae strains were incubated with different coloured probes (QD attached to glutathione molecules, QD-GSH), fermented at multiple ratios, and quantified using confocal microscopy. The QD method was compared with a culture method using microsatellite DNA analysis (MS method). Probes were taken up by an ADP1 encoded transporter, transferred from mother cell to daughter cell, detectable in strains throughout fermentation, and were non-toxic. This resulted in a new quantification method that was more accurate and efficient than the MS method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida S Gustafsson
- Biology Department, The University of British Columbia Okanagan, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Matthew D Whiteside
- Biology Department, The University of British Columbia Okanagan, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Vladimir Jiranek
- 1] Biology Department, The University of British Columbia Okanagan, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada [2] School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Daniel M Durall
- Biology Department, The University of British Columbia Okanagan, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
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Churchland C, Grayston SJ. Specificity of plant-microbe interactions in the tree mycorrhizosphere biome and consequences for soil C cycling. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:261. [PMID: 24917855 PMCID: PMC4042908 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycorrhizal associations are ubiquitous and form a substantial component of the microbial biomass in forest ecosystems and fluxes of C to these belowground organisms account for a substantial portion of carbon assimilated by forest vegetation. Climate change has been predicted to alter belowground plant-allocated C which may cause compositional shifts in soil microbial communities, and it has been hypothesized that this community change will influence C mitigation in forest ecosystems. Some 10,000 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi are currently recognized, some of which are host specific and will only associate with a single tree species, for example, Suillus grevillei with larch. Mycorrhizae are a strong sink for plant C, differences in mycorrhizal anatomy, particularly the presence and extent of emanating hyphae, can affect the amount of plant C allocated to these assemblages. Mycorrhizal morphology affects not only spatial distribution of C in forests, but also differences in the longevity of these diverse structures may have important consequences for C sequestration in soil. Mycorrhizal growth form has been used to group fungi into distinctive functional groups that vary qualitatively and spatially in their foraging and nutrient acquiring potential. Through new genomic techniques we are beginning to understand the mechanisms involved in the specificity and selection of ectomycorrhizal associations though much less is known about arbuscular mycorrhizal associations. In this review we examine evidence for tree species- mycorrhizal specificity, and the mechanisms involved (e.g., signal compounds). We also explore what is known about the effects of these associations and interactions with other soil organisms on the quality and quantity of C flow into the mycorrhizosphere (the area under the influence of mycorrhizal root tips), including spatial and seasonal variations. The enormity of the mycorrhizosphere biome in forests and its potential to sequester substantial C belowground highlights the vital importance of increasing our knowledge of the dynamics of the different mycorrhizal functional groups in diverse forests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sue J. Grayston
- Belowground Ecosystem Group, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
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50
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Kernaghan G. Functional diversity and resource partitioning in fungi associated with the fine feeder roots of forest trees. Symbiosis 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-013-0265-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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