1
|
Siddiqui NZ, Wei L, Mackenbach JD, Pinho MGM, Helbich M, Schoonmade LJ, Beulens JWJ. Global positioning system-based food environment exposures, diet-related, and cardiometabolic health outcomes: a systematic review and research agenda. Int J Health Geogr 2024; 23:3. [PMID: 38321477 PMCID: PMC10848400 DOI: 10.1186/s12942-024-00362-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geographic access to food may affect dietary choices and health outcomes, but the strength and direction of associations may depend on the operationalization of exposure measures. We aimed to systematically review the literature on up-to-date evidence on the association between food environment exposures based on Global Positioning System (GPS) and diet-related and cardiometabolic health outcomes. METHODS The databases PubMed, Embase.com, APA PsycInfo (via Ebsco), Cinahl (via Ebsco), the Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, and the International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (via ProQuest) were searched from inception to October 31, 2022. We included studies that measured the activity space through GPS tracking data to identify exposure to food outlets and assessed associations with either diet-related or cardiometabolic health outcomes. Quality assessment was evaluated using the criteria from a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for cross-sectional studies. We additionally used four items from a quality assessment tool to specifically assess the quality of GPS measurements. RESULTS Of 2949 studies retrieved, 14 studies fulfilled our inclusion criteria. They were heterogeneous and represent inconsistent evidence. Yet, three studies found associations between food outlets and food purchases, for example, more exposure to junk food outlets was associated with higher odds of junk food purchases. Two studies found associations between greater exposure to fast food outlets and higher fast food consumption and out of three studies that investigated food environment in relation to metabolic outcomes, two studies found that higher exposure to an unhealthy food environment was associated with higher odds of being overweight. CONCLUSIONS The current and limited evidence base does not provide strong evidence for consistent associations of GPS-based exposures of the food environment with diet-related and cardiometabolic health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Z Siddiqui
- Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1089a, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Public Health, Health Behaviors and Chronic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Lai Wei
- Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joreintje D Mackenbach
- Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1089a, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Health Behaviors and Chronic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Upstream Team, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maria G M Pinho
- Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1089a, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Health Behaviors and Chronic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Upstream Team, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Helbich
- Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linda J Schoonmade
- Medical Library, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joline W J Beulens
- Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1089a, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Health Behaviors and Chronic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pearson AL, Tribby C, Brown CD, Yang JA, Pfeiffer K, Jankowska MM. Systematic review of best practices for GPS data usage, processing, and linkage in health, exposure science and environmental context research. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e077036. [PMID: 38307539 PMCID: PMC10836389 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-077036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Global Positioning System (GPS) technology is increasingly used in health research to capture individual mobility and contextual and environmental exposures. However, the tools, techniques and decisions for using GPS data vary from study to study, making comparisons and reproducibility challenging. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this systematic review were to (1) identify best practices for GPS data collection and processing; (2) quantify reporting of best practices in published studies; and (3) discuss examples found in reviewed manuscripts that future researchers may employ for reporting GPS data usage, processing and linkage of GPS data in health studies. DESIGN A systematic review. DATA SOURCES Electronic databases searched (24 October 2023) were PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science (PROSPERO ID: CRD42022322166). ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Included peer-reviewed studies published in English met at least one of the criteria: (1) protocols involving GPS for exposure/context and human health research purposes and containing empirical data; (2) linkage of GPS data to other data intended for research on contextual influences on health; (3) associations between GPS-measured mobility or exposures and health; (4) derived variable methods using GPS data in health research; or (5) comparison of GPS tracking with other methods (eg, travel diary). DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS We examined 157 manuscripts for reporting of best practices including wear time, sampling frequency, data validity, noise/signal loss and data linkage to assess risk of bias. RESULTS We found that 6% of the studies did not disclose the GPS device model used, only 12.1% reported the per cent of GPS data lost by signal loss, only 15.7% reported the per cent of GPS data considered to be noise and only 68.2% reported the inclusion criteria for their data. CONCLUSIONS Our recommendations for reporting on GPS usage, processing and linkage may be transferrable to other geospatial devices, with the hope of promoting transparency and reproducibility in this research. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42022322166.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amber L Pearson
- CS Mott Department of Public Health, Michigan State University, Flint, MI, USA
| | - Calvin Tribby
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Catherine D Brown
- Department of Geography, Environment and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Jiue-An Yang
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Karin Pfeiffer
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Marta M Jankowska
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jin A, Chen X, Huang X, Li Z, Caspi CE, Xu R. Selective Daily Mobility Bias in the Community Food Environment: Case Study of Greater Hartford, Connecticut. Nutrients 2023; 15:404. [PMID: 36678275 PMCID: PMC9867517 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The community food environment has potential influences on community members' dietary health outcomes, such as obesity and Type II diabetes. However, most existing studies evaluating such health effects neglect human mobility. In food patrons' daily travels, certain locations may be preferred and patronized more frequently than others. This behavioral uncertainty, known as the selective daily mobility bias (SDMB), is less explored in community-food-environment research. In this paper, we aim to confirm the existence of the SDMB by systematically exploring the large-scale GPS-based restaurant-visit patterns in the Greater Harford region, Connecticut. Next, we explore the restaurant and neighborhood characteristics that are associated with the restaurant-visit patterns. Our primary results demonstrate that (1) most restaurant customers originate from areas outside of the census tract where the restaurant is located, and (2) restaurants located in socially vulnerable areas attract more customers in total, more customers from local areas, and more customers from other socially vulnerable areas. These results confirm the relevance of the SDMB to the community food environment, and suggest ways that the SDMB can be moderated by an uneven socio-economic landscape. The findings demonstrate the necessity of incorporating human-mobility data into the study of the community food environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ailing Jin
- Department of Geography, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT 06269, USA
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT 06269, USA
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Geography, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT 06269, USA
| | - Xiao Huang
- Department of Geosciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Zhenlong Li
- Department of Geography, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Caitlin E. Caspi
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT 06269, USA
- Rudd Center for Food Policy and Health, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT 06103, USA
| | - Ran Xu
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT 06269, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Glover B, Mao L, Hu Y, Zhang J. Enhancing the Retail Food Environment Index (RFEI) with Neighborhood Commuting Patterns: A Hybrid Human-Environment Measure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10798. [PMID: 36078510 PMCID: PMC9517796 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Retail Food Environment Index (RFEI) and its variants have been widely used in public health to measure people's accessibility to healthy food. These indices are purely environmental as they only concern the geographic distribution of food retailers, but fail to include human factors, such as demographics, socio-economy, and mobility, which also shape the food environment. The exclusion of human factors limits the explanatory power of RFEIs in identifying neighborhoods of the greatest concern. In this study, we first proposed a hybrid approach to integrate human and environmental factors into the RFEI. We then demonstrated this approach by incorporating neighborhood commuting patterns into a traditional RFEI: we devised a multi-origin RFEI (MO_RFEI) that allows people to access food from both homes and workplaces, and further an enhanced RFEI (eRFEI) that allows people to access food with different transportation modes. We compared the traditional and proposed RFEIs in a case study of Florida, USA, and found that the eRFEI identified fewer and more clustered underserved populations, allowing policymakers to intervene more effectively. The eRFEI depicts more realistic human shopping behaviors and better represents the food environment. Our study enriches the literature by offering a new and generic approach for assimilating a neighborhood context into food environment measures.
Collapse
|
5
|
Kar A, Motoyama Y, Carrel AL, Miller HJ, Le HTK. COVID-19 exacerbates unequal food access. APPLIED GEOGRAPHY (SEVENOAKS, ENGLAND) 2021; 134:102517. [PMID: 36536833 PMCID: PMC9753127 DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2021.102517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Inequality to food access has always been a serious problem, yet it became even more critical during the COVID-19 pandemic, which exacerbated social inequality and reshaped essential travel. This study provides a holistic view of spatio-temporal changes in food access based on observed travel data for all grocery shopping trips in Columbus, Ohio, during and after the state-wide stay-at-home period. We estimated the decline and recovery patterns of store visits during the pandemic to identify the key socio-economic and built environment determinants of food shopping patterns. The results show a disparity: during the lockdown, store visits to dollar stores declined the least, while visits to big-box stores declined the most and recovered the fastest. Visits to stores in low-income areas experienced smaller changes even during the lockdown period. A higher percentage of low-income customers was associated with lower store visits during the lockdown period. Furthermore, stores with a higher percentage of white customers declined the least and recovered faster during the reopening phase. Our study improves the understanding of the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on food access disparities and business performance. It highlights the role of COVID-19 and similar disruptions on exposing underlying social problems in the US.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armita Kar
- Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Motoyama
- Knowlton School of Architecture, City and Regional Planning Section, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Andre L Carrel
- Knowlton School of Architecture, City and Regional Planning Section, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Harvey J Miller
- Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Center for Urban and Regional Analysis, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Huyen T K Le
- Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Marwa WL, Radley D, Davis S, McKenna J, Griffiths C. Exploring factors affecting individual GPS-based activity space and how researcher-defined food environments represent activity space, exposure and use of food outlets. Int J Health Geogr 2021; 20:34. [PMID: 34320996 PMCID: PMC8316713 DOI: 10.1186/s12942-021-00287-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity remains one of the most challenging public health issues of our modern time. Despite the face validity of claims for influence, studies on the causes of obesity have reported the influence of the food environment to be inconsistent. This inconsistency has been attributed to the variability of measures used by researchers to represent the food environments—Researcher-Defined Food Environments (RDFE) like circular, street-network buffers, and others. This study (i.) determined an individual’s Activity Space (AS) (ii.) explored the accuracy of the RDFE in representing the AS, (iii.) investigated the accuracy of the RDFE in representing actual exposure, and (iv.) explored whether exposure to food outlet reflects the use of food outlets. Methods Data were collected between June and December 2018. A total of 65 participants collected Global Positioning System (GPS) data, kept receipt of all their food purchases, completed a questionnaire about their personal information and had their weight and height measured. A buffer was created around the GPS points and merged to form an AS (GPS-based AS). Results Statistical and geospatial analyses found that the AS size of participants working away from home was positively related to the Euclidean distance from home to workplace; the orientation (shape) of AS was also influenced by the direction of workplace from home and individual characteristics were not predictive of the size of AS. Consistent with some previous studies, all types and sizes of RDFE variably misrepresented individual exposure in the food environments. Importantly, the accuracy of the RDFE was significantly improved by including both the home and workplace domains. The study also found no correlation between exposure and use of food outlets. Conclusions Home and workplace are key activity nodes in modelling AS or food environments and the relationship between exposure and use is more complex than is currently suggested in both empirical and policy literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samantha Davis
- Leeds Beckett University, City Campus, Leeds, LS1 3HE, UK
| | - James McKenna
- Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Raskind IG, Kegler MC, Girard AW, Dunlop AL, Kramer MR. An activity space approach to understanding how food access is associated with dietary intake and BMI among urban, low-income African American women. Health Place 2020; 66:102458. [PMID: 33035746 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Inconclusive evidence for how food environments affect health may result from an emphasis on residential neighborhood-based measures of exposure. We used an activity space approach to examine whether 1) measures of food access and 2) associations with diet and BMI differ between residential and activity space food environments among low-income African American women in Atlanta, Georgia (n = 199). Although residential and activity space environments differed across all dimensions of food access, being located farther away from 'unhealthy' outlets was associated with lower BMI in both environments. Future research should move beyond asking whether residential and activity space environments differ, toward examining if, how, and under what conditions these differences impact the estimation of health effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anne L Dunlop
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu B, Widener M, Burgoine T, Hammond D. Association between time-weighted activity space-based exposures to fast food outlets and fast food consumption among young adults in urban Canada. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2020; 17:62. [PMID: 32404175 PMCID: PMC7222540 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-00967-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite increased attention on retail food environments and fast food consumption, results from previous studies have been inconsistent. Variation in measurement of exposure to retail food environments and the context of the built environment are possible reasons for inconsistencies. The purpose of the current study is to examine the association between exposure to fast food environment and fast food consumption among young adults, and to explore possible associations between built environment and fast food consumption. METHODS We employed an observational, cross-sectional study design. Cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 2016 and 2017. In a sample of 591 young adults aged 16-30 years in five Canadian cities, we constructed and computed individual-level time-weighted number and ratio of fast food outlets in activity spaces derived from GPS trajectory data. Negative binomial regression models estimated the associations between exposure measures and frequency of fast food consumption (number of times consuming fast food meals in a seven-day period), controlling for built environment characterization and individual-level characteristics. RESULTS Significant positive associations were found between time-weighted number of fast food outlets and count of fast food meals consumed per week in models using a radius of 500 m (IRR = 1.078, 95% CI: 0.999, 1.163), 1 km (IRR = 1.135, 95% CI: 1.024, 1.259), or 1.5 km (IRR = 1.138, 95% CI: 1.004, 1.289) around GPS tracks, when generating activity spaces. However, time-weighted ratio of fast food outlets was only significantly associated with count of fast food meals consumed when a radius of 500 m is used (IRR = 1.478, 95% CI: 1.032, 2.123). The time-weighted Active Living Environment Index with Transit measure was significantly negatively related to count of fast food meals consumed across all models. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated associations of time-weighted activity space-based exposure to fast food outlets and fast food consumption frequency in a sample of young adults in urban Canada, and provides evidence of the association between context of built environment and fast food consumption, furthering discussion on the utility of individual-level, activity space-based data and methods in food environment research. These results imply that both food retail composition and activity spaces in urban areas are important factors to consider when studying diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bochu Liu
- Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada.
| | - Michael Widener
- Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Thomas Burgoine
- UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - David Hammond
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen YC, Dobra A. Measuring human activity spaces from GPS data with density ranking and summary curves. Ann Appl Stat 2020. [DOI: 10.1214/19-aoas1311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
10
|
Chatterjee S, Moreno A, Lizotte SL, Akther S, Ertin E, Fagundes CP, Lam C, Rehg JM, Wan N, Wetter DW, Kumar S. SmokingOpp: Detecting the Smoking 'Opportunity' Context Using Mobile Sensors. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACM ON INTERACTIVE, MOBILE, WEARABLE AND UBIQUITOUS TECHNOLOGIES 2020; 4. [PMID: 34651096 DOI: 10.1145/3380987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Context plays a key role in impulsive adverse behaviors such as fights, suicide attempts, binge-drinking, and smoking lapse. Several contexts dissuade such behaviors, but some may trigger adverse impulsive behaviors. We define these latter contexts as 'opportunity' contexts, as their passive detection from sensors can be used to deliver context-sensitive interventions. In this paper, we define the general concept of 'opportunity' contexts and apply it to the case of smoking cessation. We operationalize the smoking 'opportunity' context, using self-reported smoking allowance and cigarette availability. We show its clinical utility by establishing its association with smoking occurrences using Granger causality. Next, we mine several informative features from GPS traces, including the novel location context of smoking spots, to develop the SmokingOpp model for automatically detecting the smoking 'opportunity' context. Finally, we train and evaluate the SmokingOpp model using 15 million GPS points and 3,432 self-reports from 90 newly abstinent smokers in a smoking cessation study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Emre Ertin
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | | | - Cho Lam
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - James M Rehg
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Neng Wan
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Poelman MP, van Lenthe FJ, Scheider S, Kamphuis CB. A Smartphone App Combining Global Positioning System Data and Ecological Momentary Assessment to Track Individual Food Environment Exposure, Food Purchases, and Food Consumption: Protocol for the Observational FoodTrack Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2020; 9:e15283. [PMID: 32012100 PMCID: PMC7013628 DOI: 10.2196/15283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our understanding of how food choices are affected by exposure to the food environment is limited, and there are important gaps in the literature. Recently developed smartphone-based technologies, including global positioning systems and ecological momentary assessment, enable these gaps to be filled. Objective We present the FoodTrack study design and methods, as well as participants’ compliance with the study protocol and their experiences with the app. We propose future analyses of the data to examine individual food environmental exposure taking into account the accessible food environment and individual time constraints; to assess people’s food choices in relation to food environmental exposure; and to examine the moderating role of individual and contextual determinants of food purchases and consumption. Methods We conducted a 7-day observational study among adults (25-45 years of age) living in urban areas in the Netherlands. Participants completed a baseline questionnaire, used an app (incorporating global positioning system tracking and ecological momentary assessment) for 7 days, and then completed a closing survey. The app automatically collected global positioning system tracking data, and participants uploaded information on all food purchases over the 7-day period into the app. Participants also answered questions on contextual or individual purchase-related determinants directly after each purchase. During the final 3 days of the study, the participants also uploaded data on fruit, vegetable, and snack consumption and answered similar ecological momentary assessment questions after each intake. Results In total, 140 participants completed the study. More than half of the participants said they liked the app (81/140, 57.9%) and found it easy to use (75/140, 53.6%). Of the 140 participants, 126 (90.0%) said that they had collected data on all or almost all purchases and intakes during the 7-day period. Most found the additional ecological momentary assessment questions “easy to answer” (113/140, 80.7%) with “no effort” (99/140, 70.7%). Of 106 participants who explored their trips in the app, 20 (18.8%) had trouble with their smartphone’s global positioning system tracking function. Therefore, we will not be able to include all participants in some of the proposed analyses, as we lack these data. We are analyzing data from the first study aim and we expect to publish the results in the spring of 2020. Conclusions Participants perceived the FoodTrack app as a user-friendly tool. The app is particularly useful for observational studies that aim to gain insight into daily food environment exposure and food choices. Further analyses of the FoodTrack study data will provide novel insights into individual food environmental exposure, evidence on the individual food environment-diet interaction, and insights into the underlying individual and contextual mechanisms of food purchases and consumption. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/15283
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maartje P Poelman
- Chair Group Consumption and Healthy Lifestyles, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Frank J van Lenthe
- Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Simon Scheider
- Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Carlijn Bm Kamphuis
- Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Balcetis E, Riccio MT, Duncan DT, Cole S. Keeping the Goal in Sight: Testing the Influence of Narrowed Visual Attention on Physical Activity. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2019; 46:485-496. [PMID: 31322053 DOI: 10.1177/0146167219861438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Rates of physical inactivity continue to rise in the United States. With this work, we tested the efficacy of a strategy affecting the scope of visual attention designed to promote walking as a form of exercise. Specifically, we examined the influence of narrowed attention on the frequency (Studies 1a, 1b, and 3) and efficiency (Studies 2 and 4) of physical activity in general (Studies 1 and 2) and within exercise bouts measured across multiple days (Studies 3 and 4). We provide convergent evidence by investigating both individual differences in (Studies 1 and 2) and experimentally manipulated patterns of visual attention orienting (Studies 3 and 4). We discuss implications of attentional strategies for self-regulation and fitness.
Collapse
|
13
|
Caryl F, Shortt NK, Pearce J, Reid G, Mitchell R. Socioeconomic inequalities in children's exposure to tobacco retailing based on individual-level GPS data in Scotland. Tob Control 2019; 29:tobaccocontrol-2018-054891. [PMID: 31278083 PMCID: PMC7116585 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying factors shaping knowledge of and attitudes towards tobacco products in preadolescence is a key component supporting tobacco control policies aimed at preventing smoking initiation. This study quantified exposure to tobacco retailing environments within the individual-level activity spaces of children across a socioeconomic gradient. METHODS One week of global positioning system (GPS) tracking data were collected at 10 s intervals from a nationally representative sample of 10-11-year olds (n=692). Proximity of GPS locations (n=~16 M) to the nearest tobacco retailer (n=9030) was measured and exposure defined when a child came within 10 m of a retailer. Duration, frequency, timing and source of exposure were compared across income deprivation quintiles, along with retail density within children's home neighbourhoods. RESULTS On average, children were exposed to tobacco retailing for 22.7 min (95% CI 16.8 to 28.6) per week in 42.7 (35.2-50.1) independent encounters. However, children from the most deprived areas accumulated six times the duration and seven times the frequency of exposure as children from the least deprived areas. Home neighbourhood retail densities were 2.6 times higher in deprived areas, yet the average number of businesses encountered did not differ. Most exposure came from convenience stores (35%) and newsagents (15%), with temporal peaks before and after school hours. CONCLUSIONS By accounting for individual mobility, we showed that children in socially disadvantaged areas accumulate higher levels of exposure to tobacco retailing than expected from disparities in home neighbourhood densities. Reducing tobacco outlet availability, particularly in areas frequently used by children, might be crucial to policies aimed at creating 'tobacco-free' generations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Caryl
- MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences, Insistute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Niamh K Shortt
- School of Geosciences, Univerity of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jamie Pearce
- School of Geosciences, Univerity of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Garth Reid
- Public Health Science Directorate, NHS Health Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard Mitchell
- MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences, Insistute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Public health research has witnessed a rapid development in the use of location, environmental, behavioral, and biophysical sensors that provide high-resolution objective time-stamped data. This burgeoning field is stimulated by the development of novel multisensor devices that collect data for an increasing number of channels and algorithms that predict relevant dimensions from one or several data channels. Global positioning system (GPS) tracking, which enables geographic momentary assessment, permits researchers to assess multiplace personal exposure areas and the algorithm-based identification of trips and places visited, eventually validated and complemented using a GPS-based mobility survey. These methods open a new space-time perspective that considers the full dynamic of residential and nonresidential momentary exposures; spatially and temporally disaggregates the behavioral and health outcomes, thus replacing them in their immediate environmental context; investigates complex time sequences; explores the interplay among individual, environmental, and situational predictors; performs life-segment analyses considering infraindividual statistical units using case-crossover models; and derives recommendations for just-in-time interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Basile Chaix
- Nemesis Team, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, UMR-S 1136 (Inserm, Sorbonne Universités), 75012, Paris, France;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wilkins E, Radley D, Morris M, Hobbs M, Christensen A, Marwa WL, Morrin A, Griffiths C. A systematic review employing the GeoFERN framework to examine methods, reporting quality and associations between the retail food environment and obesity. Health Place 2019; 57:186-199. [PMID: 31060018 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review quantifies methods used to measure the 'retail food environment' (RFE), appraises the quality of methodological reporting, and examines associations with obesity, accounting for differences in methods. Only spatial measures of the RFE, such as food outlet proximity were included. Across the 113 included studies, methods for measuring the RFE were extremely diverse, yet reporting of methods was poor (average reporting quality score: 58.6%). Null associations dominated across all measurement methods, comprising 76.0% of 1937 associations in total. Outcomes varied across measurement methods (e.g. narrow definitions of 'supermarket': 20.7% negative associations vs 1.7% positive; broad definitions of 'supermarket': 9.0% negative associations vs 10.4% positive). Researchers should report methods more clearly, and should articulate findings in the context of the measurement methods employed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Wilkins
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.
| | - Duncan Radley
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Michelle Morris
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Matthew Hobbs
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK; GeoHealth Laboratory, Geospatial Research Institute, University of Canterbury, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Adele Morrin
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
A Time-Based Objective Measure of Exposure to the Food Environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16071180. [PMID: 30986919 PMCID: PMC6480343 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16071180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to food environments has mainly been limited to counting food outlets near participants’ homes. This study considers food environment exposures in time and space using global positioning systems (GPS) records and fast food restaurants (FFRs) as the environment of interest. Data came from 412 participants (median participant age of 45) in the Seattle Obesity Study II who completed a survey, wore GPS receivers, and filled out travel logs for seven days. FFR locations were obtained from Public Health Seattle King County and geocoded. Exposure was conceptualized as contact between stressors (FFRs) and receptors (participants’ mobility records from GPS data) using four proximities: 21 m, 100 m, 500 m, and ½ mile. Measures included count of proximal FFRs, time duration in proximity to ≥1 FFR, and time duration in proximity to FFRs weighted by FFR counts. Self-reported exposures (FFR visits) were excluded from these measures. Logistic regressions tested associations between one or more reported FFR visits and the three exposure measures at the four proximities. Time spent in proximity to an FFR was associated with significantly higher odds of FFR visits at all proximities. Weighted duration also showed positive associations with FFR visits at 21-m and 100-m proximities. FFR counts were not associated with FFR visits. Duration of exposure helps measure the relationship between the food environment, mobility patterns, and health behaviors. The stronger associations between exposure and outcome found at closer proximities (<100 m) need further research.
Collapse
|
17
|
Tamura K, Elbel B, Chaix B, Regan SD, Al-Ajlouni YA, Athens JK, Meline J, Duncan DT. Residential and GPS-Defined Activity Space Neighborhood Noise Complaints, Body Mass Index and Blood Pressure Among Low-Income Housing Residents in New York City. J Community Health 2018; 42:974-982. [PMID: 28386706 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-017-0344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about how neighborhood noise influences cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk among low-income populations. The aim of this study was to investigate associations between neighborhood noise complaints and body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure (BP) among low-income housing residents in New York City (NYC), including the use of global positioning system (GPS) data. Data came from the NYC Low-Income Housing, Neighborhoods and Health Study in 2014, including objectively measured BMI and BP data (N = 102, Black = 69%), and 1 week of GPS data. Noise reports from "NYC 311" were used to create a noise complaints density (unit: 1000 reports/km2) around participants' home and GPS-defined activity space neighborhoods. In fully-adjusted models, we examined associations of noise complaints density with BMI (kg/m2), and systolic and diastolic BP (mmHg), controlling for individual- and neighborhood-level socio-demographics. We found inverse relationships between home noise density and BMI (B = -2.7 [kg/m2], p = 0.009), and systolic BP (B = -5.3 mmHg, p = 0.008) in the fully-adjusted models, and diastolic BP (B = -3.9 mmHg, p = 0.013) in age-adjusted models. Using GPS-defined activity space neighborhoods, we observed inverse associations between noise density and systolic BP (B = -10.3 mmHg, p = 0.019) in fully-adjusted models and diastolic BP (B = -7.5 mmHg, p = 0.016) in age-adjusted model, but not with BMI. The inverse associations between neighborhood noise and CVD risk factors were unexpected. Further investigation is needed to determine if these results are affected by unobserved confounding (e.g., variations in walkability). Examining how noise could be related to CVD risk could inform effective neighborhood intervention programs for CVD risk reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Tamura
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 227 East 30th Street, 6th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Brian Elbel
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 227 East 30th Street, 6th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Basile Chaix
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Paris, France.,Inserm, UMR_S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Paris, France
| | - Seann D Regan
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 227 East 30th Street, 6th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Yazan A Al-Ajlouni
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 227 East 30th Street, 6th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Jessica K Athens
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 227 East 30th Street, 6th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Julie Meline
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Paris, France.,Inserm, UMR_S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Paris, France
| | - Dustin T Duncan
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 227 East 30th Street, 6th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bivoltsis A, Cervigni E, Trapp G, Knuiman M, Hooper P, Ambrosini GL. Food environments and dietary intakes among adults: does the type of spatial exposure measurement matter? A systematic review. Int J Health Geogr 2018; 17:19. [PMID: 29885662 PMCID: PMC5994245 DOI: 10.1186/s12942-018-0139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationships between food environments and dietary intake have been assessed via a range of methodologically diverse measures of spatial exposure to food outlets, resulting in a largely inconclusive body of evidence, limiting informed policy intervention. OBJECTIVE This systematic review aims to evaluate the influence of methodological choice on study outcomes by examining the within-study effect of availability (e.g., counts) versus accessibility (e.g., proximity) spatial exposure measures on associations with diet. METHODS (PROSPERO registration: CRD42018085250). PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and ScienceDirect databases were searched for empirical studies from 1980 to 2017, in the English language, involving adults and reporting on the statistical association between a dietary outcome and spatial exposure measures of both availability and accessibility. Studies were appraised using an eight-point quality criteria with a narrative synthesis of results. RESULTS A total of 205 associations and 44 relationships (i.e., multiple measures of spatial exposure relating to a particular food outlet type and dietary outcome) were extracted from 14 eligible articles. Comparative measures were dominated by counts (availability) and proximity (accessibility). Few studies compared more complex measures and all counts were derived from place-based measures of exposure. Sixteen of the 44 relationships had a significant effect involving an availability measure whilst only 8 had a significant effect from an accessibility measure. The largest effect sizes in relationships were mostly for availability measures. After stratification by scale, availability measure had the greatest effect size in 139 of the 176 pairwise comparisons. Of the 33% (68/205) of associations that reached significance, 53/68 (78%) were from availability measures. There was no relationship between study quality and reported study outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The limited evidence suggests that availability measures may produce significant and greater effect sizes than accessibility measures. However, both availability and accessibility measures may be important concepts of spatial exposure depending on the food outlet type and dietary outcome examined. More studies reporting on multi-method effects are required to differentiate findings by the type of spatial exposure assessment and build an evidence base regarding the appropriateness and robustness of measures under different circumstances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Bivoltsis
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, M451, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Eleanor Cervigni
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Gina Trapp
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, M451, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA, 6872, Australia
| | - Matthew Knuiman
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, M451, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Paula Hooper
- School of Agriculture and Environment and the School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Gina Leslie Ambrosini
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, M451, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wei Q, She J, Zhang S, Ma J. Using Individual GPS Trajectories to Explore Foodscape Exposure: A Case Study in Beijing Metropolitan Area. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15030405. [PMID: 29495449 PMCID: PMC5876950 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15030405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With the growing interest in studying the characteristics of people’s access to the food environment and its influence upon individual health, there has been a focus on assessing individual food exposure based on GPS trajectories. However, existing studies have largely focused on the overall activity space using short-period trajectories, which ignores the complexity of human movements and the heterogeneity of the spaces that are experienced by the individual over daily life schedules. In this study, we propose a novel framework to extract the exposure areas consisting of the localized activity spaces around daily life centers and non-motorized commuting routes from long-term GPS trajectories. The newly proposed framework is individual-specific and can incorporate the internal heterogeneity of individual activities (spatial extent, stay duration, and timing) in different places as well as the dynamics of the context. A pilot study of the GeoLife dataset suggests that there are significant variations in the magnitude as well as the composition of the food environment in different parts of the individual exposure area, and residential environment is not representative of the overall foodscape exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiujun Wei
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jiangfeng She
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Shuhua Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jinsong Ma
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Harvey EJ, Rubin LF, Smiley SL, Zhou Y, Elmasry H, Pearson JL. Mobile Phone Ownership Is Not a Serious Barrier to Participation in Studies: Descriptive Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018; 6:e21. [PMID: 29459355 PMCID: PMC5838361 DOI: 10.2196/mhealth.8123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rather than providing participants with study-specific data collection devices, their personal mobile phones are increasingly being used as a means for collecting geolocation and ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data in public health research. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to (1) describe the sociodemographic characteristics of respondents to an online survey screener assessing eligibility to participate in a mixed methods study collecting geolocation and EMA data via the participants' personal mobile phones, and (2) examine how eligibility criteria requiring mobile phone ownership and an unlimited text messaging plan affected participant inclusion. METHODS Adult (≥18 years) daily smokers were recruited via public advertisements, free weekly newspapers, printed flyers, and word of mouth. An online survey screener was used as the initial method of determining eligibility for study participation. The survey screened for twenty-eight inclusion criteria grouped into three categories, which included (1) cell phone use, (2) tobacco use, and (3) additional criteria. RESULTS A total of 1003 individuals completed the online screener. Respondents were predominantly African American (605/1003, 60.3%) (60.4%), male (514/1003, 51.3%), and had a median age of 35 years (IQR 26-50). Nearly 50% (496/1003, 49.5%) were unemployed. Most smoked menthol cigarettes (699/1003, 69.7%), and had a median smoking history of 11 years (IQR 5-21). The majority owned a mobile phone (739/1003, 73.7%), could install apps (86.8%), used their mobile phone daily (89.5%), and had an unlimited text messaging plan (871/1003, 86.8%). Of those who completed the online screener, 302 were eligible to participate in the study; 163 were eligible after rescreening, and 117 were enrolled in the study. Compared to employed individuals, a significantly greater proportion of those who were unemployed were ineligible for the study based on mobile phone inclusion criteria (P<.001); yet, 46.4% (333/717) of the individuals who were unemployed met all mobile phone inclusion criteria. CONCLUSIONS Inclusion criteria requiring participants to use their personal mobile phones for data collection was not a major barrier to study participation for most respondents who completed the online screener, including those who were unemployed. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02261363; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02261363 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6wOmDluSt).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Harvey
- Truth Initiative, Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Leslie F Rubin
- Truth Initiative, Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Sabrina L Smiley
- Truth Initiative, Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Yitong Zhou
- Truth Initiative, Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Hoda Elmasry
- Truth Initiative, Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jennifer L Pearson
- Truth Initiative, Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
User acceptance of location-tracking technologies in health research: Implications for study design and data quality. J Biomed Inform 2018; 79:7-19. [PMID: 29355784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Research regarding place and health has undergone a revolution due to the availability of consumer-focused location-tracking devices that reveal fine-grained details of human mobility. Such research requires that participants accept such devices enough to use them in their daily lives. There is a need for a theoretically grounded understanding of acceptance of different location-tracking technology options, and its research implications. Guided by an extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), we conducted a 28-day field study comparing 21 chronically ill people's acceptance of two leading, consumer-focused location-tracking technologies deployed for research purposes: (1) a location-enabled smartphone, and (2) a GPS watch/activity tracker. Participants used both, and completed two surveys and qualitative interviews. Findings revealed that all participants exerted effort to facilitate data capture, such as by incorporating devices into daily routines and developing workarounds to keep devices functioning. Nevertheless, the smartphone was perceived to be significantly easier and posed fewer usability challenges for participants than the watch. Older participants found the watch significantly more difficult to use. For both devices, effort expectancy was significantly associated with future willingness to participate in research although prosocial motivations overcame some concerns. Social influence, performance expectancy and use behavior were significantly associated with intentions to use the devices in participants' personal lives. Data gathered via the smartphone was significantly more complete than data gathered via the watch, primarily due to usability challenges. To make longer-term participation in location tracking research a reality, and to achieve complete data capture, researchers must minimize the effort involved in participation; this requires usable devices. For long-term location-tracking studies using similar devices, findings indicate that only smartphone-based tracking is up to the challenge.
Collapse
|
22
|
Maguire ER, Burgoine T, Penney TL, Forouhi NG, Monsivais P. Does exposure to the food environment differ by socioeconomic position? Comparing area-based and person-centred metrics in the Fenland Study, UK. Int J Health Geogr 2017; 16:33. [PMID: 28877706 PMCID: PMC5586029 DOI: 10.1186/s12942-017-0106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retail food environments (foodscapes) are a recognised determinant of eating behaviours and may contribute to inequalities in diet. However, findings from studies measuring socioeconomic inequality in the foodscape have been mixed, which may be due to methodological differences. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to compare exposure to the foodscape by socioeconomic position using different measures, to test whether the presence, direction or amplitude of differences was sensitive to the choice of foodscape metric or socioeconomic indicator. Methods A sample of 10,429 adults aged 30–64 years with valid home address data were obtained from the Fenland Study, UK. Of this sample, 7270 participants also had valid work location data. The sample was linked to data on food outlets obtained from local government records. Foodscape metrics included count, density and proximity of takeaway outlets and supermarkets, and the percentage of takeaway outlets relative to all food outlets. Exposure metrics were area-based (lower super output areas), and person-centred (proximity to nearest; Euclidean and Network buffers at 800 m, 1 km, and 1 mile). Person-centred buffers were constructed using home and work locations. Socioeconomic status was measured at the area-level (2010 Index of Multiple Deprivation) and the individual-level (highest educational attainment; equivalised household income). Participants were classified into socioeconomic groups and average exposures estimated. Results were analysed using the statistical and percent differences between the highest and lowest socioeconomic groups. Results In area-based measures, the most deprived areas contained higher takeaway outlet densities (p < 0.001). However, in person-centred metrics lower socioeconomic status was associated with lower exposure to takeaway outlets and supermarkets (all home-based exposures p < 0.001) and socioeconomic differences were greatest at the smallest buffer sizes. Socioeconomic differences in exposure was similar for home and combined home and work measures. Measuring takeaway exposure as a percentage of all outlets reversed the socioeconomic differences; the lowest socioeconomic groups had a higher percentage of takeaway outlets compared to the middle and highest groups (p < 0.001). Conclusions We compared approaches to measuring socioeconomic variation in the foodscape and found that the association was sensitive to the metric used. In particular, the direction of association varied between area- and person-centred measures and between absolute and relative outlet measures. Studies need to consider the most appropriate measure for the research question, and may need to consider multiple measures as a single measure may be context dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva R Maguire
- UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Thomas Burgoine
- UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tarra L Penney
- UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Pablo Monsivais
- UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK. .,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, Washington State University Elson S Floyd College of Medicine, Spokane, WA 99210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Vogel C, Lewis D, Ntani G, Cummins S, Cooper C, Moon G, Baird J. The relationship between dietary quality and the local food environment differs according to level of educational attainment: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183700. [PMID: 28841678 PMCID: PMC5571951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that food outlet access differs according to level of neighbourhood deprivation but little is known about how individual circumstances affect associations between food outlet access and diet. This study explored the relationship between dietary quality and a measure of overall food environment, representing the balance between healthy and unhealthy food outlet access in individualised activity spaces. Furthermore, this study is the first to assess effect modification of level of educational attainment on this relationship. A total of 839 mothers with young children from Hampshire, United Kingdom (UK) completed a cross-sectional survey including a 20-item food frequency questionnaire to measure diet and questions about demographic characteristics and frequently visited locations including home, children’s centre, general practitioner, work, main food shop and physical activity location. Dietary information was used to calculate a standardised dietary quality score for each mother. Individualised activity spaces were produced by creating a 1000m buffer around frequently visited locations using ArcGIS. Cross-sectional observational food outlet data were overlaid onto activity spaces to derive an overall food environment score for each mother. These scores represented the balance between healthy and unhealthy food outlets using weightings to characterise the proportion of healthy or unhealthy foods sold in each outlet type. Food outlet access was dominated by the presence of unhealthy food outlets; only 1% of mothers were exposed to a healthy overall food environment in their daily activities. Level of educational attainment moderated the relationship between overall food environment and diet (mid vs low, p = 0.06; high vs low, p = 0.04). Adjusted stratified linear regression analyses showed poorer food environments were associated with better dietary quality among mothers with degrees (β = -0.02; 95%CI: -0.03, -0.001) and a tendency toward poorer dietary quality among mothers with low educational attainment, however this relationship was not statistically significant (β = 0.01; 95%CI: -0.01, 0.02). This study showed that unhealthy food outlets, like takeaways and convenience stores, dominated mothers’ food outlet access, and provides some empirical evidence to support the concept that individual characteristics, particularly educational attainment, are protective against exposure to unhealthy food environments. Improvements to the imbalance of healthy and unhealthy food outlets through planning restrictions could be important to reduce dietary inequalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Vogel
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital Tremona Road, Southampton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniel Lewis
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, Faculty of Public Health & Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, 15–17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Georgia Ntani
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital Tremona Road, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Cummins
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, Faculty of Public Health & Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, 15–17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital Tremona Road, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Moon
- Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Janis Baird
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital Tremona Road, Southampton, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
GPS or travel diary: Comparing spatial and temporal characteristics of visits to fast food restaurants and supermarkets. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174859. [PMID: 28388619 PMCID: PMC5384745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess differences between GPS and self-reported measures of location, we examined visits to fast food restaurants and supermarkets using a spatiotemporal framework. Data came from 446 participants who responded to a survey, filled out travel diaries of places visited, and wore a GPS receiver for seven consecutive days. Provided by Public Health Seattle King County, addresses from food permit data were matched to King County tax assessor parcels in a GIS. A three-step process was used to verify travel-diary reported visits using GPS records: (1) GPS records were temporally matched if their timestamps were within the time window created by the arrival and departure times reported in the travel diary; (2) the temporally matched GPS records were then spatially matched if they were located in a food establishment parcel of the same type reported in the diary; (3) the travel diary visit was then GPS-sensed if the name of food establishment in the parcel matched the one reported in the travel diary. To account for errors in reporting arrival and departure times, GPS records were temporally matched to three time windows: the exact time, +/- 10 minutes, and +/- 30 minutes. One third of the participants reported 273 visits to fast food restaurants; 88% reported 1,102 visits to supermarkets. Of these, 77.3 percent of the fast food and 78.6 percent supermarket visits were GPS-sensed using the +/-10-minute time window. At this time window, the mean travel-diary reported fast food visit duration was 14.5 minutes (SD 20.2), 1.7 minutes longer than the GPS-sensed visit. For supermarkets, the reported visit duration was 23.7 minutes (SD 18.9), 3.4 minutes longer than the GPS-sensed visit. Travel diaries provide reasonably accurate information on the locations and brand names of fast food restaurants and supermarkets participants report visiting.
Collapse
|
25
|
Giabbanelli PJ, Crutzen R. Using Agent-Based Models to Develop Public Policy about Food Behaviours: Future Directions and Recommendations. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2017; 2017:5742629. [PMID: 28421127 PMCID: PMC5379081 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5742629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Most adults are overweight or obese in many western countries. Several population-level interventions on the physical, economical, political, or sociocultural environment have thus attempted to achieve a healthier weight. These interventions have involved different weight-related behaviours, such as food behaviours. Agent-based models (ABMs) have the potential to help policymakers evaluate food behaviour interventions from a systems perspective. However, fully realizing this potential involves a complex procedure starting with obtaining and analyzing data to populate the model and eventually identifying more efficient cross-sectoral policies. Current procedures for ABMs of food behaviours are mostly rooted in one technique, often ignore the food environment beyond home and work, and underutilize rich datasets. In this paper, we address some of these limitations to better support policymakers through two contributions. First, via a scoping review, we highlight readily available datasets and techniques to deal with these limitations independently. Second, we propose a three steps' process to tackle all limitations together and discuss its use to develop future models for food behaviours. We acknowledge that this integrated process is a leap forward in ABMs. However, this long-term objective is well-worth addressing as it can generate robust findings to effectively inform the design of food behaviour interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rik Crutzen
- Department of Health Promotion, CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Where do people purchase food? A novel approach to investigating food purchasing locations. Int J Health Geogr 2017; 16:9. [PMID: 28270150 PMCID: PMC5341394 DOI: 10.1186/s12942-017-0082-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies exploring associations between food environments and food purchasing behaviours have been limited by the absence of data on where food purchases occur. Determining where food purchases occur relative to home and how these locations differ by individual, neighbourhood and trip characteristics is an important step to better understanding the association between food environments and food behaviours. Methods Conducted in Melbourne, Australia, this study recruited participants within sixteen neighbourhoods that were selected based on their socioeconomic characteristics and proximity to supermarkets. The survey material contained a short questionnaire on individual and household characteristics and a food purchasing diary. Participants were asked to record details related to all food purchases made over a 2-week period including food store address. Fifty-six participants recorded a total of 952 food purchases of which 893 were considered valid for analysis. Households and food purchase locations were geocoded and the network distance between these calculated. Linear mixed models were used to determine associations between individual, neighbourhood, and trip characteristics and distance to each food purchase location from home. Additional analysis was conducted limiting the outcome to: (a) purchase made when home was the prior origin (n. 484); and (b) purchases made within supermarkets (n. 317). Results Food purchases occurred a median distance of 3.6 km (IQR 1.8, 7.2) from participants’ homes. This distance was similar when home was reported as the origin (median 3.4 km; IQR 1.6, 6.4) whilst it was shorter for purchases made within supermarkets (median 2.8 km; IQR 1.6, 5.6). For all purchases, the reported food purchase location was further from home amongst the youngest age group (compared to the oldest age group), when workplace was the origin of the food purchase trip (compared to home), and on weekends (compared to weekdays). Differences were also observed by neighbourhood characteristics. Conclusions This study has demonstrated that many food purchases occur outside what is traditionally considered the residential neighbourhood food environment. To better understand the role of food environments on food purchasing behaviours, further work is needed to develop more appropriate food environment exposure measures. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12942-017-0082-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
27
|
Lytle LA, Sokol RL. Measures of the food environment: A systematic review of the field, 2007-2015. Health Place 2017; 44:18-34. [PMID: 28135633 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have examined the relationship between the food environment and health-related outcomes, but fewer consider the integrity of measures used to assess the food environment. The present review builds on and makes comparisons with a previous review examining food environment measures and expands the previous review to include a more in depth examination of reliability and validity of measures and study designs employed. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of studies measuring the food environment published between 2007 and 2015. We identified these articles through: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Global Health databases; tables of contents of relevant journals; and the National Cancer Institute's Measures of the Food Environment website. This search yielded 11,928 citations. We retained and abstracted data from 432 studies. RESULTS The most common methodology used to study the food environment was geographic analysis (65% of articles) and the domination of this methodology has persisted since the last review. Only 25.9% of studies in this review reported the reliability of measures and 28.2% reported validity, but this was an improvement as compared to the earlier review. Very few of the studies reported construct validity. Studies reporting measures of the school or worksite environment have decreased since the previous review. Only 13.9% of the studies used a longitudinal design. CONCLUSIONS To strengthen research examining the relationship between the food environment and population health, there is a need for robust and psychometrically-sound measures and more sophisticated study designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Lytle
- Department of Health Behavior, Campus Box 7440, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7440, United States.
| | - Rebeccah L Sokol
- Department of Health Behavior, Campus Box 7440, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7440, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Clary C, Lewis DJ, Flint E, Smith NR, Kestens Y, Cummins S. The Local Food Environment and Fruit and Vegetable Intake: A Geographically Weighted Regression Approach in the ORiEL Study. Am J Epidemiol 2016; 184:837-846. [PMID: 27852605 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kww073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies that explore associations between the local food environment and diet routinely use global regression models, which assume that relationships are invariant across space, yet such stationarity assumptions have been little tested. We used global and geographically weighted regression models to explore associations between the residential food environment and fruit and vegetable intake. Analyses were performed in 4 boroughs of London, United Kingdom, using data collected between April 2012 and July 2012 from 969 adults in the Olympic Regeneration in East London Study. Exposures were assessed both as absolute densities of healthy and unhealthy outlets, taken separately, and as a relative measure (proportion of total outlets classified as healthy). Overall, local models performed better than global models (lower Akaike information criterion). Locally estimated coefficients varied across space, regardless of the type of exposure measure, although changes of sign were observed only when absolute measures were used. Despite findings from global models showing significant associations between the relative measure and fruit and vegetable intake (β = 0.022; P < 0.01) only, geographically weighted regression models using absolute measures outperformed models using relative measures. This study suggests that greater attention should be given to nonstationary relationships between the food environment and diet. It further challenges the idea that a single measure of exposure, whether relative or absolute, can reflect the many ways the food environment may shape health behaviors.
Collapse
|
29
|
How can GPS technology help us better understand exposure to the food environment? A systematic review. SSM Popul Health 2016; 2:196-205. [PMID: 28018957 PMCID: PMC5165043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Global Positioning Systems (GPS) are increasingly being used to objectively assess movement patterns of people related to health behaviours. However research detailing their application to the food environment is scarce. This systematic review examines the application of GPS in studies of exposure to food environments and their potential influences on health. Methods Based on an initial scoping exercise, published articles to be included in the systematic review were identified from four electronic databases and reference lists and were appraised and analysed, the final cut-off date for inclusion being January 2015. Included studies used GPS to identify location of individuals in relation to food outlets and link that to health or diet outcomes. They were appraised against a set of quality criteria. Results Six studies met the inclusion criteria, which were appraised to be of moderate quality. Newer studies had a higher quality score. Associations between observed mobility patterns in the food environment and diet related outcomes were equivocal. Findings agreed that traditional food exposure measures overestimate the importance of the home food environment. Conclusions The use of GPS to measure exposure to the food environment is still in its infancy yet holds much potential. There are considerable variations and challenges in developing and standardising the methods used to assess exposure. Since 2011 just 6 studies have been published employing GPS to quantify exposure to food environments. The studies were generally only of moderate quality. There were significant variations and challenges in the methods and techniques used. GIS neighbourhoods may not well represent food environment exposures based on GPS data.
Collapse
|
30
|
Duncan DT, Tamura K, Regan SD, Athens J, Elbel B, Meline J, Al-Ajlouni YA, Chaix B. Quantifying spatial misclassification in exposure to noise complaints among low-income housing residents across New York City neighborhoods: a Global Positioning System (GPS) study. Ann Epidemiol 2016; 27:67-75. [PMID: 28063754 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine if there was spatial misclassification in exposure to neighborhood noise complaints among a sample of low-income housing residents in New York City, comparing home-based spatial buffers and Global Positioning System (GPS) daily path buffers. METHODS Data came from the community-based NYC Low-Income Housing, Neighborhoods and Health Study, where GPS tracking of the sample was conducted for a week (analytic n = 102). We created a GPS daily path buffer (a buffering zone drawn around GPS tracks) of 200 m and 400 m. We also used home-based buffers of 200 m and 400 m. Using these "neighborhoods" (or exposure areas), we calculated neighborhood exposure to noisy events from 311 complaints data (analytic n = 143,967). Friedman tests (to compare overall differences in neighborhood definitions) were applied. RESULTS There were differences in neighborhood noise complaints according to the selected neighborhood definitions (P < .05). For example, the mean neighborhood noise complaint count was 1196 per square kilometer for the 400-m home-based and 812 per square kilometer for the 400-m activity space buffer, illustrating how neighborhood definition influences the estimates of exposure to neighborhood noise complaints. CONCLUSIONS These analyses suggest that, whenever appropriate, GPS neighborhood definitions can be used in spatial epidemiology research in spatially mobile populations to understand people's lived experience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin T Duncan
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York.
| | - Kosuke Tamura
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Seann D Regan
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Jessica Athens
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Brian Elbel
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York; Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, New York University, New York
| | - Julie Meline
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Paris, France; Inserm, UMR_S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Paris, France
| | - Yazan A Al-Ajlouni
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Basile Chaix
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Paris, France; Inserm, UMR_S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kirchner TR, Shiffman S. Spatio-temporal determinants of mental health and well-being: advances in geographically-explicit ecological momentary assessment (GEMA). Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2016; 51:1211-23. [PMID: 27558710 PMCID: PMC5025488 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-016-1277-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Overview of geographically explicit momentary assessment research, applied to the study of mental health and well-being, which allows for cross-validation, extension, and enrichment of research on place and health. METHODS Building on the historical foundations of both ecological momentary assessment and geographic momentary assessment research, this review explores their emerging synergy into a more generalized and powerful research framework. RESULTS Geographically explicit momentary assessment methods are rapidly advancing across a number of complimentary literatures that intersect but have not yet converged. Key contributions from these areas reveal tremendous potential for transdisciplinary and translational science. CONCLUSIONS Mobile communication devices are revolutionizing research on mental health and well-being by physically linking momentary experience sampling to objective measures of socio-ecological context in time and place. Methodological standards are not well-established and will be required for transdisciplinary collaboration and scientific inference moving forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Kirchner
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, 41 E. 11th St., 7th Floor, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
- Center for Urban Science and Progress, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Population Health, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Saul Shiffman
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Food Environments around American Indian Reservations: A Mixed Methods Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161132. [PMID: 27560132 PMCID: PMC4999270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To describe the food environments experienced by American Indians living on tribal lands in California. Methods Geocoded statewide food business data were used to define and categorize existing food vendors into healthy, unhealthy, and intermediate composite categories. Distance to and density of each of the composite food vendor categories for tribal lands and nontribal lands were compared using multivariate linear regression. Quantitative results were concurrently triangulated with qualitative data from in-depth interviews with tribal members (n = 24). Results After adjusting for census tract-level urbanicity and per capita income, results indicate there were significantly fewer healthy food outlets per square mile for tribal areas compared to non-tribal areas. Density of unhealthy outlets was not significantly different for tribal versus non-tribal areas. Tribal members perceived their food environment negatively and reported barriers to the acquisition of healthy food. Conclusions Urbanicity and per capita income do not completely account for disparities in food environments among American Indians tribal lands compared to nontribal lands. This disparity in access to healthy food may present a barrier to acting on the intention to consume healthy food.
Collapse
|
33
|
Williams J, Townsend N, Duncan G, Drewnowski A. Participant Experience Using GPS Devices in a Food Environment and Nutrition Study. JOURNAL OF HUNGER & ENVIRONMENTAL NUTRITION 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/19320248.2015.1112754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julianne Williams
- British Heart Foundation Centre on Population Approaches for NCD-Prevention, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Nick Townsend
- British Heart Foundation Centre on Population Approaches for NCD-Prevention, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Glen Duncan
- Epidemiology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Adam Drewnowski
- Epidemiology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Duncan DT, Kapadia F, Regan SD, Goedel WC, Levy MD, Barton SC, Friedman SR, Halkitis PN. Feasibility and Acceptability of Global Positioning System (GPS) Methods to Study the Spatial Contexts of Substance Use and Sexual Risk Behaviors among Young Men Who Have Sex with Men in New York City: A P18 Cohort Sub-Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147520. [PMID: 26918766 PMCID: PMC4769145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background No global positioning system (GPS) technology study has been conducted among a sample of young gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (YMSM). As such, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of using GPS methods to understand the spatial context of substance use and sexual risk behaviors among a sample of YMSM in New York City, a high-risk population. Methods Data came from a subsample of the ongoing P18 Cohort Study (n = 75). GPS feasibility and acceptability among participants was measured with: 1) a pre- and post-survey and 2) adherence to the GPS protocol which included returning the GPS device, self-report of charging and carrying the GPS device as well as objective data analyzed from the GPS devices. Analyses of the feasibility surveys were treated as repeated measures as each participant had a pre- and post-feasibility survey. When comparing the similar GPS survey items asked at baseline and at follow-up, we present percentages and associated p-values based on chi-square statistics. Results Participants reported high ratings of pre-GPS acceptability, ease of use, and low levels of wear-related concerns in addition to few concerns related to safety, loss, or appearance, which were maintained after baseline GPS feasibility data collection. The GPS return rate was 100%. Most participants charged and carried the GPS device on most days. Of the total of 75 participants with GPS data, 75 (100%) have at least one hour of GPS data for one day and 63 (84%) had at least one hour on all 7 days. Conclusions Results from this pilot study demonstrate that utilizing GPS methods among YMSM is feasible and acceptable. GPS devices may be used in spatial epidemiology research in YMSM populations to understand place-based determinants of health such as substance use and sexual risk behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin T. Duncan
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
- Population Center, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
- Center for Health, Identity, Behavior and Prevention Studies, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
- Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, New York University College of Nursing, New York, NY, United States of America
- Center for Data Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Farzana Kapadia
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
- Population Center, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
- Center for Health, Identity, Behavior and Prevention Studies, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
- Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, New York University College of Nursing, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Seann D. Regan
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - William C. Goedel
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Levy
- Center for Health, Identity, Behavior and Prevention Studies, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Staci C. Barton
- Center for Health, Identity, Behavior and Prevention Studies, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Samuel R. Friedman
- Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, New York University College of Nursing, New York, NY, United States of America
- Institute of Infectious Disease Research, National Development and Research Institutes, Inc., New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Perry N. Halkitis
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
- Population Center, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
- Center for Health, Identity, Behavior and Prevention Studies, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
- Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, New York University College of Nursing, New York, NY, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Multi-day GPS data is increasingly being used in research-including in the field of spatial epidemiology. We present several maps as ways to present multi-day GPS data. Data come from the NYC Low-Income Housing, Neighborhoods and Health Study (n=120). Participants wore a QStarz BT-Q1000XT GPS device for about a week (mean: 7.44, SD= 2.15). Our maps show various ways to visualize multi-day GPS data; these data are presented by overall GPS data, by weekday/weekend and by day of the week. We discuss implications for each of the maps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin T Duncan
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Seann D Regan
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sadler RC, Gilliland JA. Comparing children's GPS tracks with geospatial proxies for exposure to junk food. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2015; 14-15:55-61. [PMID: 26530823 DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Various geospatial techniques have been employed to estimate children's exposure to environmental cardiometabolic risk factors, including junk food. But many studies uncritically rely on exposure proxies which differ greatly from actual exposure. Misrepresentation of exposure by researchers could lead to poor decisions and ineffective policymaking. This study conducts a GIS-based analysis of GPS tracks--'activity spaces'--and 21 proxies for activity spaces (e.g. buffers, container approaches) for a sample of 526 children (ages 9-14) in London, Ontario, Canada. These measures are combined with a validated food environment database (including fast food and convenience stores) to create a series of junk food exposure estimates and quantify the errors resulting from use of different proxy methods. Results indicate that exposure proxies consistently underestimate exposure to junk foods by as much as 68%. This underestimation is important to policy development because children are exposed to more junk food than estimated using typical methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Sadler
- Department of Family Medicine, Michigan State University, 200 E 1st St, Flint, MI 48502, United States.
| | - Jason A Gilliland
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Loveday A, Sherar LB, Sanders JP, Sanderson PW, Esliger DW. Technologies That Assess the Location of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: A Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res 2015; 17:e192. [PMID: 26245157 PMCID: PMC4705371 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.4761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The location in which physical activity and sedentary behavior are performed can provide valuable behavioral information, both in isolation and synergistically with other areas of physical activity and sedentary behavior research. Global positioning systems (GPS) have been used in physical activity research to identify outdoor location; however, while GPS can receive signals in certain indoor environments, it is not able to provide room- or subroom-level location. On average, adults spend a high proportion of their time indoors. A measure of indoor location would, therefore, provide valuable behavioral information. Objective This systematic review sought to identify and critique technology which has been or could be used to assess the location of physical activity and sedentary behavior. Methods To identify published research papers, four electronic databases were searched using key terms built around behavior, technology, and location. To be eligible for inclusion, papers were required to be published in English and describe a wearable or portable technology or device capable of measuring location. Searches were performed up to February 4, 2015. This was supplemented by backward and forward reference searching. In an attempt to include novel devices which may not yet have made their way into the published research, searches were also performed using three Internet search engines. Specialized software was used to download search results and thus mitigate the potential pitfalls of changing search algorithms. Results A total of 188 research papers met the inclusion criteria. Global positioning systems were the most widely used location technology in the published research, followed by wearable cameras, and radio-frequency identification. Internet search engines identified 81 global positioning systems, 35 real-time locating systems, and 21 wearable cameras. Real-time locating systems determine the indoor location of a wearable tag via the known location of reference nodes. Although the type of reference node and location determination method varies between manufacturers, Wi-Fi appears to be the most popular method. Conclusions The addition of location information to existing measures of physical activity and sedentary behavior will provide important behavioral information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Loveday
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Byrnes HF, Miller BA, Wiebe DJ, Morrison CN, Remer LG, Wiehe SE. Tracking Adolescents With Global Positioning System-Enabled Cell Phones to Study Contextual Exposures and Alcohol and Marijuana Use: A Pilot Study. J Adolesc Health 2015. [PMID: 26206448 PMCID: PMC4515768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Measuring activity spaces, places adolescents spend time, provides information about relations between contextual exposures and risk behaviors. We studied whether contextual exposures in adolescents' activity spaces differ from contextual risks present in residential contexts and examined relationships between contextual exposures in activity spaces and alcohol/marijuana use. METHODS Adolescents (N = 18) aged 16-17 years carried global positioning system (GPS)-enabled smartphones for 1 week, with locations tracked. Activity spaces were created by connecting global positioning system points sequentially and adding buffers. Contextual exposure data (e.g., alcohol outlets) were connected to routes. Adolescents completed texts regarding behaviors. RESULTS Adolescent activity spaces intersected 24.3 census tracts and contained nine times more alcohol outlets than that of residential census tracts. Outlet exposure in activity spaces was related to drinking. Low-socioeconomic status exposure was related to marijuana use. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest substantial differences between activity spaces and residential contexts and suggest that activity spaces are relevant for adolescent risk behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilary F. Byrnes
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Oakland, CA,Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Hilary F. Byrnes, Ph.D., Prevention Research Center, 180 Grand Avenue, Suite 1200, Oakland, CA 94612. , Phone: (510) 708-2215
| | - Brenda A. Miller
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Oakland, CA
| | - Douglas J. Wiebe
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Christopher N. Morrison
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Oakland, CA,Monash University, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lillian G. Remer
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Oakland, CA
| | - Sarah E. Wiehe
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN; Regenstrief Institute for Health Care, Indianapolis, IN
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Chen X, Kwan MP. Contextual Uncertainties, Human Mobility, and Perceived Food Environment: The Uncertain Geographic Context Problem in Food Access Research. Am J Public Health 2015; 105:1734-7. [PMID: 26180982 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2015.302792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We examined the uncertainty of the contextual influences on food access through an analytic framework of the uncertain geographic context problem (UGCoP). We first examined the compounding effects of two kinds of spatiotemporal uncertainties on people's everyday efforts to procure food and then outlined three key dimensions (food access in real time, temporality of the food environment, and perceived nutrition environment) in which research on food access must improve to better represent the contributing environmental influences that operate at the individual level. Guidelines to address the UGCoP in future food access research are provided to account for the multidimensional influences of the food environment on dietary behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Chen
- Xiang Chen is with the Department of Emergency Management, Arkansas Tech University, Russellville. Mei-Po Kwan is with the Department of Geography and Geographic Information Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign
| | - Mei-Po Kwan
- Xiang Chen is with the Department of Emergency Management, Arkansas Tech University, Russellville. Mei-Po Kwan is with the Department of Geography and Geographic Information Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Barnes TL, Bell BA, Freedman DA, Colabianchi N, Liese AD. Do people really know what food retailers exist in their neighborhood? Examining GIS-based and perceived presence of retail food outlets in an eight-county region of South Carolina. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2015; 13:31-40. [PMID: 26046635 DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Measures of neighborhood food environments have been linked to diet and obesity. However, the appropriate measurement methods and how people actually perceive their food environments are still unclear. In a cross-sectional study of 939 adults, the perceived presence of food outlets was compared to the geographic-based presence of outlets within a participant's neighborhood, utilizing percent agreement and Kappa statistics. Perceived presence was based on survey-administered questions, and geographic-based presence was characterized using 1-, 2-, 3- and 5-mile (1-mile=1.6km) Euclidean- and network-based buffers centered on each participant's residence. Analyses were also stratified by urban and non-urban designations. Overall, an individual's perceived neighborhood food environment was moderately correlated with the geographic-based presence of outlets. The performance of an individual's perception was most optimal using a 2- or 3-mile geographic-based neighborhood boundary and/or when the participant lived in a non-urban neighborhood. This study has implications for how researchers measure the food environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L Barnes
- Center for Research in Nutrition and Health Disparities, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA; Obesity Prevention Center, Department of Epidemiology & Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Bethany A Bell
- College of Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Darcy A Freedman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Angela D Liese
- Center for Research in Nutrition and Health Disparities, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
King AC, Glanz K, Patrick K. Technologies to measure and modify physical activity and eating environments. Am J Prev Med 2015; 48:630-8. [PMID: 25891063 PMCID: PMC7155784 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The explosion of technologic advances in information capture and delivery offers unparalleled opportunities to assess and modify built and social environments in ways that can positively impact health behaviors. This paper highlights some potentially transformative current and emerging trends in the technology arena applicable to environmental context-based assessment and intervention relevant to physical activity and dietary behaviors. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A team of experts convened in 2013 to discuss the main issues related to technology use in assessing and changing built environments for health behaviors particularly relevant to obesity prevention. Each expert was assigned a specific domain to describe, commensurate with their research and expertise in the field, along with examples of specific applications. This activity was accompanied by selective examination of published literature to cover the main issues and elucidate relevant applications of technologic tools and innovations in this field. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Decisions concerning which technology examples to highlight were reached through discussion and consensus-building among the team of experts. Two levels of impact are highlighted: the "me" domain, which primarily targets measurement and intervention activities aimed at individual-level behaviors and their surrounding environments; and the "we" domain, which generally focuses on aggregated data aimed at groups and larger population segments and locales. CONCLUSIONS The paper ends with a set of challenges and opportunities for significantly advancing the field. Key areas for progress include data collection and expansion, managing technologic considerations, and working across sectors to maximize the population potential of behavioral health technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abby C King
- Department of Health Research & Policy and Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
| | - Karen Glanz
- Perelman School of Medicine and School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kevin Patrick
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine and the Center for Wireless and Population Health Systems, Qualcomm Institute/Calit2, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Bixby H, Hodgson S, Fortunato L, Hansell A, Fecht D. Associations between green space and health in English cities: an ecological, cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119495. [PMID: 25775020 PMCID: PMC4361406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Green space has been identified as a modifiable feature of the urban environment and associations with physiological and psychological health have been reported at the local level. This study aims to assess whether these associations between health and green space are transferable to a larger scale, with English cities as the unit of analysis. We used an ecological, cross-sectional study design. We classified satellite-based land cover data to quantify green space coverage for the 50 largest cities in England. We assessed associations between city green space coverage with risk of death from all causes, cardiovascular disease, lung cancer and suicide between 2002 and 2009 using Poisson regression with random effect. After adjustment for age, income deprivation and air pollution, we found that at the city level the risk of death from all causes and a priori selected causes, for men and women, did not significantly differ between the greenest and least green cities. These findings suggest that the local health effects of urban green space observed at the neighbourhood level in some studies do not transfer to the city level. Further work is needed to establish how urban residents interact with local green space, in order to ascertain the most relevant measures of green space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Honor Bixby
- UK Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Hodgson
- UK Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Léa Fortunato
- UK Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Hansell
- UK Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Public Health & Primary Care, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Fecht
- UK Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lucan SC. Concerning limitations of food-environment research: a narrative review and commentary framed around obesity and diet-related diseases in youth. J Acad Nutr Diet 2014; 115:205-212. [PMID: 25443565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
44
|
Brondeel R, Weill A, Thomas F, Chaix B. Use of healthcare services in the residence and workplace neighbourhood: the effect of spatial accessibility to healthcare services. Health Place 2014; 30:127-33. [PMID: 25262490 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of spatial accessibility to healthcare services (HS) in residential and workplace neighbourhoods on the use of HS. Questionnaire data from the RECORD Study (2007-2008) were merged with administrative healthcare and geographic data. A novel method was developed to assess clustering of visits to HS around the residence/workplace. We found clustered use of HS around the workplace for few participants (11%). Commuting from suburbs to Paris and commuting distance were associated with a higher use of HS around the workplace. No associations were found between the spatial accessibility to and the use of HS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Brondeel
- INSERM, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Équipe de recherche en épidémiologie sociale, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Équipe de recherche en épidémiologie sociale, Paris, France
| | - Alain Weill
- Caisse Nationale d'Assurance Maladie des Travailleurs Salariés, 50, avenue du Professeur André Lemierre, 75020 Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Thomas
- Centre d'Investigations Préventives et Cliniques, 6 rue La Pérouse, 75116 Paris, France
| | - Basile Chaix
- INSERM, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Équipe de recherche en épidémiologie sociale, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Équipe de recherche en épidémiologie sociale, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Shareck M, Frohlich KL, Kestens Y. Considering daily mobility for a more comprehensive understanding of contextual effects on social inequalities in health: A conceptual proposal. Health Place 2014; 29:154-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
46
|
Aggarwal A, Cook AJ, Jiao J, Seguin RA, Vernez Moudon A, Hurvitz PM, Drewnowski A. Access to supermarkets and fruit and vegetable consumption. Am J Public Health 2014; 104:917-23. [PMID: 24625173 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined whether supermarket choice, conceptualized as a proxy for underlying personal factors, would better predict access to supermarkets and fruit and vegetable consumption than mere physical proximity. METHODS The Seattle Obesity Study geocoded respondents' home addresses and locations of their primary supermarkets. Primary supermarkets were stratified into low, medium, and high cost according to the market basket cost of 100 foods. Data on fruit and vegetable consumption were obtained during telephone surveys. Linear regressions examined associations between physical proximity to primary supermarkets, supermarket choice, and fruit and vegetable consumption. Descriptive analyses examined whether supermarket choice outweighed physical proximity among lower-income and vulnerable groups. RESULTS Only one third of the respondents shopped at their nearest supermarket for their primary food supply. Those who shopped at low-cost supermarkets were more likely to travel beyond their nearest supermarket. Fruit and vegetable consumption was not associated with physical distance but, with supermarket choice, after adjusting for covariates. CONCLUSIONS Mere physical distance may not be the most salient variable to reflect access to supermarkets, particularly among those who shop by car. Studies on food environments need to focus beyond neighborhood geographic boundaries to capture actual food shopping behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anju Aggarwal
- Anju Aggarwal and Adam Drewnowski are with the Center for Public Health Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle. Andrea J. Cook is with the Biostatistics Unit, Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA. Junfeng Jiao is with the Department of Urban Planning, Ball State University, Muncie, IN. Rebecca A. Seguin is with the Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Anne Vernez Moudon and Philip M. Hurvitz are with the Department of Urban Design and Planning, College of Built Environments, University of Washington
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
What does SNAP benefit usage tell us about food access in low-income neighborhoods? Soc Sci Med 2014; 107:89-99. [PMID: 24607670 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Current GIS based research on food access has focused primarily on the proximity of food sources to places of residence in low-income communities, with relatively little attention given to actual practices of food procurement. This project addresses this issue by using dasymetric mapping techniques to develop fine scale estimates of benefit usage for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota, drawing from existing zip code level data on benefit distribution and redemptions. Based on this data, this research shows that while supermarkets receive almost all SNAP benefits in suburban areas, these stores have a smaller share of all SNAP redemptions in low-income core neighborhoods. In these latter areas, both convenience stores and mid-sized grocers (e.g., discount grocers, food cooperatives, ethnic markets) play a much larger role in residents' food shopping, even when supermarkets are also present. In addition, these core neighborhoods have a net "outflow" of SNAP dollars, meaning that residents of these areas receive more in benefits than is spent at neighborhood food retailers. This finding confirms existing research showing that low-income residents often travel outside their neighborhoods to get food, regardless of the presence or absence of supermarkets. Rather than simply increasing the number of large food outlets in low-access areas, this research suggests that efforts to improve food access and community health must take into account the geographically complex ways residents interact with the food system.
Collapse
|
48
|
Kirchner TR, Cantrell J, Anesetti-Rothermel A, Ganz O, Vallone DM, Abrams DB. Geospatial exposure to point-of-sale tobacco: real-time craving and smoking-cessation outcomes. Am J Prev Med 2013; 45:379-85. [PMID: 24050412 PMCID: PMC3810071 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the factors that drive the association between point-of-sale marketing and behavior, because methods that directly link individual-level use outcomes to real-world point-of-sale exposure are only now beginning to be developed. PURPOSE Daily outcomes during smoking cessation were examined as a function of both real-time geospatial exposure to point-of-sale tobacco (POST) and subjective craving to smoke. METHODS Continuous individual geospatial location data collected over the first month of a smoking-cessation attempt in 2010-2012 (N=475) were overlaid on a POST outlet geodatabase (N=1060). Participants' mobility data were used to quantify the number of times they came into contact with a POST outlet. Participants recorded real-time craving levels and smoking status via ecological momentary assessment (EMA) on cellular telephones. RESULTS The final data set spanned a total of 12,871 days of EMA and geospatial tracking. Lapsing was significantly more likely on days with any POST contact (OR=1.19, 95% CI=1.18, 1.20), and increasingly likely as the number of daily POST contacts increased (OR=1.07, 95% CI=1.06, 1.08). Overall, daily POST exposure was significantly associated with lapsing when craving was low (OR=1.22, 95% CI=1.20, 1.23); high levels of craving were more directly associated with lapse outcomes. CONCLUSIONS These data shed light on the way mobility patterns drive a dynamic interaction between individuals and the POST environment, demonstrating that quantification of individuals' exposure to POST marketing can be used to identify previously unrecognized patterns of association among individual mobility, the built environment, and behavioral outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Kirchner
- Steven A. Schroeder National Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies (Kirchner, Anesetti-Rothermel, Abrams), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Oncology (Kirchner, Abrams), Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Health, Behavior and Society (Kirchner, Cantrell, Vallone, Abrams), Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ni Mhurchu C, Vandevijvere S, Waterlander W, Thornton LE, Kelly B, Cameron AJ, Snowdon W, Swinburn B. Monitoring the availability of healthy and unhealthy foods and non-alcoholic beverages in community and consumer retail food environments globally. Obes Rev 2013; 14 Suppl 1:108-19. [PMID: 24074215 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Retail food environments are increasingly considered influential in determining dietary behaviours and health outcomes. We reviewed the available evidence on associations between community (type, availability and accessibility of food outlets) and consumer (product availability, prices, promotions and nutritional quality within stores) food environments and dietary outcomes in order to develop an evidence-based framework for monitoring the availability of healthy and unhealthy foods and non-alcoholic beverages in retail food environments. Current evidence is suggestive of an association between community and consumer food environments and dietary outcomes; however, substantial heterogeneity in study designs, methods and measurement tools makes it difficult to draw firm conclusions. The use of standardized tools to monitor local food environments within and across countries may help to validate this relationship. We propose a step-wise framework to monitor and benchmark community and consumer retail food environments that can be used to assess density of healthy and unhealthy food outlets; measure proximity of healthy and unhealthy food outlets to homes/schools; evaluate availability of healthy and unhealthy foods in-store; compare food environments over time and between regions and countries; evaluate compliance with local policies, guidelines or voluntary codes of practice; and determine the impact of changes to retail food environments on health outcomes, such as obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Ni Mhurchu
- National Institute for Health Innovation, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|