1
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Mahajan P, Palkar M, Pingili RB. Drug reactive metabolite-induced hepatotoxicity: a comprehensive review. Toxicol Mech Methods 2024; 34:607-627. [PMID: 38504503 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2024.2332613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, drug-induced liver toxicity (DILT) is one of the main contributing factors to severe liver disease. In the United States (US) alone, DILT is the cause of more than 50% of instances of acute liver failure. Prescription or over-the-counter drugs, xenobiotics, and herbal and nutritional supplements can cause DILT and could produce anomalies in hepatic function tests. Some drugs induce hepatotoxicity directly, and others induce it indirectly (i. e. through their toxic or reactive metabolites). Currently, the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) has issued black box warnings for about 1279 drugs due to their hepatotoxicity. When we analyzed their mechanism in inducing hepatotoxicity, we found nearly 18 drugs causing hepatotoxicity by their toxic metabolites. In this review, we attempted to highlight the well-known drugs that induce hepatotoxicity indirectly through their toxic metabolites including the enzymes involved in the formation of these metabolites. The Cytochrome P-450 (CYP), Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1, Alcohol oxidase, Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferases, Xanthine dehydrogenase, Purine-nucleoside phosphorylase, Xanthine oxidase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase, and aldehyde dehydrogenase are involving in the formation of toxic metabolites. The metabolic reactions and enzymes discussed in this review help toxicologists, pharmacologists, and chemists to design and develop hepatotoxicity-free pharmaceutical products containing the inhibitors of these enzymes to reduce hepatotoxicity and improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Mahajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, SVKM's NMIMS School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mahesh Palkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SVKM's NMIMS Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ravindra Babu Pingili
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's NMIMS School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
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2
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Shagufta, Ahmad I, Nelson DJ, Hussain MI, Nasar NA. Potential of covalently linked tamoxifen hybrids for cancer treatment: recent update. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:1877-1898. [PMID: 38911170 PMCID: PMC11187546 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00632h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease and the second leading cause of death globally, and breast cancer is still a leading cause of cancer death in women. Tamoxifen is the most commonly used drug for breast cancer (ER-positive) treatment and chemoprevention, saving the lives of millions of patients every year. In addition, the tamoxifen template has been explored extensively for the development of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) applicable in breast cancer, osteoporosis, and postmenopausal symptom treatment. Numerous anticancer drugs, including tamoxifen, are in use, but the complexity and heterogeneous nature of cancer complicate the effect of conventional targeted drugs, leading to adverse reactions and resistance. One of the significant approaches to overcome these shortcomings is drug hybrids, generated by covalently linking two or more active pharmacophores. These drug hybrids are remarkably effective in acting on multiple drug targets with higher selectivity and specificity. In recent years, several tamoxifen hybrids have been discovered as potential candidates for cancer treatment. The review highlights the recent progress in developing anticancer hybrids, including organometallic, fluorescent, photocaged, and novel ligand-based tamoxifen hybrids. It also demonstrates the significance of merging various pharmacophores with tamoxifen to produce more potent, precise, and effective anticancer agents. The study offers valuable knowledge to researchers working on cancer research with the hope of enhancing drug potency and reducing drug toxicity to improve cancer patients' lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shagufta
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Arts and Sciences, American University of Ras Al Khaimah Ras Al Khaimah United Arab Emirates
| | - Irshad Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Arts and Sciences, American University of Ras Al Khaimah Ras Al Khaimah United Arab Emirates
| | - Donna J Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Oklahoma Norman Oklahoma USA
| | - Maheen Imtiaz Hussain
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Arts and Sciences, American University of Ras Al Khaimah Ras Al Khaimah United Arab Emirates
| | - Noora Ali Nasar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Arts and Sciences, American University of Ras Al Khaimah Ras Al Khaimah United Arab Emirates
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3
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Rodríguez M, Quiroga J, Cortés B, Morán G, Henríquez C. Effects of tamoxifen on the immune response phenotype in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1381162. [PMID: 38659456 PMCID: PMC11041636 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1381162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen (TAM) is widely utilized in the prevention and treatment of human breast cancer and has demonstrated the potential to modulate the immune response. It has been proposed as a therapeutic tool for immune-mediated diseases. TAM has been investigated as a possible treatment for asthma-like conditions in horses, revealing specific impacts on the innate immune system. While the effects of TAM on equine neutrophils are well-documented, its influence on lymphocytes and the modulation of the immune response polarization remains unclear. This in vitro study employed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy horses, exposing them to varying concentrations of the TAM and assessing the expression of genes involved in the polarization of the immune response (TBX21, IFNG, GATA3, IL4, IL10, FOXP3, and CTLA4) in PBMC stimulated or not with PMA/ionomycin. Additionally, the effect of TAM over the proportion of regulatory T cells (Treg) was also assessed. TAM did not significantly affect the expression of these genes and Treg at low concentrations. However, at the highest concentration, there was an impact on the expression of GATA3, IL4, IL10, and CTLA4 genes. These alterations in genes associated with a Th2 and regulatory response coincided with a noteworthy increase in drug-associated cytotoxicity but only at concentrations far beyond those achieved in pharmacological therapy. These findings suggest that the effects of TAM, as described in preclinical studies on asthmatic horses, may not be attributed to the modification of the adaptive response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gabriel Morán
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Claudio Henríquez
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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4
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Kellogg CM, Pham K, Ko S, Cox JE, Machalinski AH, Stout MB, Sharpe AL, Beckstead MJ, Chucair-Elliott AJ, Ocañas SR, Freeman WM. Specificity and efficiency of tamoxifen-mediated Cre induction is equivalent regardless of age. iScience 2023; 26:108413. [PMID: 38058312 PMCID: PMC10696116 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporally controlling Cre recombination through tamoxifen (Tam) induction has many advantages for biomedical research. Most studies report early post-natal/juvenile (<2 m.o.) Tam induction, but age-related neurodegeneration and aging studies can require Cre induction in older mice (>12 m.o.). While anecdotally reported as problematic, there are no published comparisons of Tam-mediated Cre induction at early and late ages. Here, microglial-specific Cx3cr1creERT2 mice were crossed to a floxed NuTRAP reporter to compare Cre induction at early (3-6 m.o.) and late (20 m.o.) ages. Specificity and efficiency of microglial labeling at 21-22 m.o. were identical in mice induced with Tam at early and late ages. Age-related microglial translatomic changes were also similar regardless of Tam induction age. Each Cre and flox mouse line should be independently validated, however, these findings demonstrate that Tam-mediated Cre induction can be performed even into older mouse ages and should be generalizable to other inducible Cre models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collyn M. Kellogg
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Kevin Pham
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sunghwan Ko
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jillian E.J. Cox
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Adeline H. Machalinski
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Michael B. Stout
- Aging & Metabolism Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Amanda L. Sharpe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Michael J. Beckstead
- Aging & Metabolism Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Ana J. Chucair-Elliott
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sarah R. Ocañas
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Willard M. Freeman
- Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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5
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Nynca A, Swigonska S, Molcan T, Petroff BK, Ciereszko RE. Molecular Action of Tamoxifen in the Ovaries of Rats with Mammary Neoplasia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15767. [PMID: 37958751 PMCID: PMC10649132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen (TAM) is a drug commonly used in patients with breast cancer. The anticancer effect of TAM occurs via its ability to antagonize estrogen-dependent growth of mammary epithelial cells. Previously, we demonstrated that TAM prevented the chemotherapy-induced loss of ovarian follicular reserves in both cancer-free rats and rats with cancer. Such follicular loss is a main cause of infertility in young women treated for cancer. The current study was undertaken to discover the molecules and intracellular pathways involved in the action of TAM in the ovaries of rats with mammary tumors. To meet this goal we used transcriptomic (RNA-Seq) and proteomic (2D-DIGE/MS) approaches. TAM inhibited the expression of genes and lncRNAs involved in ovarian steroidogenesis. Moreover, TAM altered the expression of genes related to primordial follicle activation or arrest. In addition, proteomic screening indicated the importance of basic metabolic processes in the ovarian actions of TAM. Although simple extrapolation of these data to humans is not possible, the results of this study emphasize the need to explore the ability of TAM to affect ovarian function in women undergoing cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nynca
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Sylwia Swigonska
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Molcan
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-243 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Brian K. Petroff
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48910, USA;
| | - Renata E. Ciereszko
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland;
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6
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Thurman A, Hull L, Stuckey B, Hatheway J, Mauck C, Zack N, Friend D. Pharmacokinetics, safety and preliminary pharmacodynamic evaluation of DARE-VVA1: a soft gelatin capsule containing tamoxifen for the treatment of vulvovaginal atrophy. Climacteric 2023; 26:479-488. [PMID: 37288962 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2023.2211763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to measure safety, systemic pharmacokinetics and preliminary efficacy of a vaginal tamoxifen capsule (DARE-VVA1) among postmenopausal women with moderate-to-severe vulvovaginal atrophy. METHODS This was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 1/2 study of DARE-VVA1, in four doses (1, 5, 10 and 20 mg). RESULTS Seventeen women were enrolled and 14 completed the 8-week treatment. DARE-VVA1 was safe. All adverse events were of mild or moderate severity and distributed similarly among active and placebo groups. Plasma tamoxifen concentrations were highest among women using DARE-VVA1 20 mg, but the maximum mean (standard deviation) plasma tamoxifen concentrations on day 1 (2.66 ± 0.85 ng/ml) and day 56 (5.69 ± 1.87 ng/ml) were <14% of those measured after one oral tamoxifen dose. Active study product users had significant decreases from pre-treatment baseline in vaginal pH and proportion of vaginal parabasal cells (p = 0.04 for both endpoints), with women randomized to the 10 mg or 20 mg dose experiencing the largest treatment impact. The severity of vaginal dryness and dyspareunia decreased significantly from baseline with active study product use (p = 0.02 for both endpoints). CONCLUSIONS DARE-VVA1 is safe and results in minimal systemic exposure to tamoxifen. Preliminary efficacy data support further development of this product.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Thurman
- Daré Bioscience, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - L Hull
- PARC Clinical Research and Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - B Stuckey
- Keogh Institute for Medical Research, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - J Hatheway
- Daré Bioscience, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - C Mauck
- Daré Bioscience, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - N Zack
- Daré Bioscience, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - D Friend
- Daré Bioscience, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
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7
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Kellogg CM, Pham K, Ko S, Cox JEJ, Machalinski AH, Stout MB, Sharpe AL, Beckstead MJ, Chucair-Elliott AJ, Ocañas SR, Freeman WM. Consistent specificity and efficiency of tamoxifen-mediated cre induction across ages. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.19.558482. [PMID: 37781585 PMCID: PMC10541132 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.19.558482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Temporally controlling cre recombination through tamoxifen (Tam) induction has many advantages for biomedical research. Most studies report Tam induction at early post-natal/juvenile (<2 m.o.) mouse ages, but age-related neurodegeneration and aging studies can require cre induction in older mice (>12 m.o.). While anecdotally reported as problematic, there are no published comparisons of Tam mediated cre induction at early and late ages. Here, microglial-specific Cx3cr1 creERT 2 mice were crossed to a floxed NuTRAP reporter to compare cre induction at early (3-6 m.o.) and late (20 m.o.) ages. Specificity and efficiency of microglial labeling at 21-22 m.o. were identical in mice induced with Tam at 3-6 m.o. or 20 m.o. of age. Age-related microglial translatomic changes were also similar regardless of Tam induction age. Each cre and flox mouse line should be validated independently, however, these findings demonstrate that Tam-mediated cre induction can be performed even into older mouse ages.
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8
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Bezerra PHA, Amaral C, Almeida CF, Correia-da-Silva G, Torqueti MR, Teixeira N. In Vitro Effects of Combining Genistein with Aromatase Inhibitors: Concerns Regarding Its Consumption during Breast Cancer Treatment. Molecules 2023; 28:4893. [PMID: 37446555 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28134893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The third-generation of aromatase inhibitors (AIs)-Exemestane (Exe), Letrozole (Let), and Anastrozole (Ana)-is the main therapeutic approach applied for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer (BC), the most common neoplasm in women worldwide. Despite their success, the development of resistance limits their efficacy. Genistein (G), a phytoestrogen present in soybean, has promising anticancer properties in ER+ BC cells, even when combined with anticancer drugs. Thus, the potential beneficial effects of combining G with AIs were investigated in sensitive (MCF7-aro) and resistant (LTEDaro) BC cells. METHODS The effects on cell proliferation and expression of aromatase, ERα/ERβ, and AR receptors were evaluated. RESULTS Unlike the combination of G with Ana or Let, which negatively affects the Ais' therapeutic efficacy, G enhanced the anticancer properties of the steroidal AI Exe, increasing the antiproliferative effect and apoptosis relative to Exe. The hormone targets studied were not affected by this combination when compared with Exe. CONCLUSIONS This is the first in vitro study that highlights the potential benefit of G as an adjuvant therapy with Exe, emphasizing, however, that soy derivatives widely used in the diet or applied as auxiliary medicines may increase the risk of adverse interactions with nonsteroidal AIs used in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia H A Bezerra
- Laboratory of Clinical Cytology, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristina Amaral
- UCIBIO.REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina F Almeida
- UCIBIO.REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Georgina Correia-da-Silva
- UCIBIO.REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Regina Torqueti
- Laboratory of Clinical Cytology, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Natércia Teixeira
- UCIBIO.REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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9
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Botti V, Menzel O, Staedler D. A state-of-the-art review of tamoxifen as a potential therapeutic for duchenne muscular dystrophy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1030785. [PMID: 36467064 PMCID: PMC9709317 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1030785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: This systematic review analyzes the state-of-art repurposing of the drug tamoxifen (TAM) in the treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), including its mechanism of action, toxicological findings, and past and ongoing clinical trials. A parallel aim of this work was to explore whether evidence exists to support further funding of investigation on TAM treatment for DMD patients with a pivotal trial in young patients. Bringing evidence and answering the scientific question of whether this treatment could improve the quality-of-life of DMD patients is needed to establish guidelines and accelerate access to promising therapies for DMD patients. Methods: The search was conducted in January 2022 utilizing PubMed. All MeSH terms for "Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy" and "tamoxifen" were used. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined according to the PICOS framework. Results: The included publications all explored the use of TAM with promising outcomes in muscular strength recovery and a decrease in pathology biomarkers. Two reviews recognize TAM as a potential treatment for DMD patients and state that drug repurposing plays a crucial role in the quest for a drug candidate to treat this rare disease. Conclusion: According to available data, TAM shows promise as a treatment for DMD, both pharmacologically and clinically. However, published data to date are insufficient to definitively conclude the beneficial effect of TAM on quality-of-life and ultimately survival, particularly in the youngest patients diagnosed with DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Botti
- RE(ACT) Discovery Institute, C/O BLACKSWAN Foundation, Vuarrens, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Menzel
- RE(ACT) Discovery Institute, C/O BLACKSWAN Foundation, Vuarrens, Switzerland
| | - Davide Staedler
- RE(ACT) Discovery Institute, C/O BLACKSWAN Foundation, Vuarrens, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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McCollum MM, Larmore M, Ishihara S, Ng LCT, Kimura LF, Guadarrama E, Ta MC, Vien TN, Frost GB, Scheidt KA, Miller RE, DeCaen PG. Targeting the tamoxifen receptor within sodium channels to block osteoarthritic pain. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111248. [PMID: 36001977 PMCID: PMC9523973 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV) in nociceptive neurons initiate action potentials required for transmission of aberrant painful stimuli observed in osteoarthritis (OA). Targeting NaV subtypes with drugs to produce analgesic effects for OA pain management is a developing therapeutic area. Previously, we determined the receptor site for the tamoxifen analog N-desmethyltamoxifen (ND-Tam) within a prokaryotic NaV. Here, we report the pharmacology of ND-Tam against eukaryotic NaVs natively expressed in nociceptive neurons. ND-Tam and analogs occupy two conserved intracellular receptor sites in domains II and IV of NaV1.7 to block ion entry using a "bind and plug" mechanism. We find that ND-Tam inhibition of the sodium current is state dependent, conferring a potent frequency- and voltage-dependent block of hyperexcitable nociceptive neuron action potentials implicated in OA pain. When evaluated using a mouse OA pain model, ND-Tam has long-lasting efficacy, which supports the potential of repurposing ND-Tam analogs as NaV antagonists for OA pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M McCollum
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Megan Larmore
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Shingo Ishihara
- Division of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Leo C T Ng
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Louise F Kimura
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Eduardo Guadarrama
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - My C Ta
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Thuy N Vien
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Grant B Frost
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Karl A Scheidt
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Rachel E Miller
- Division of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Paul G DeCaen
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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11
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Sadeghcheh T, Tehrani MS, Faraji H, Azar PA, Helalizadeh M. Analysis of tamoxifen and its main metabolites in plasma samples of breast cancer survivor female athletes: Multivariate and chemometric optimization. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1362-1373. [PMID: 35138031 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive method based on liquid chromatography combined with a diode array detector was developed and validated to simultaneously determine tamoxifen, and its active metabolites N-desmethyltamoxifen, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, and endoxifen in human plasma samples. The green and sustainable vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-phase microextraction technique based on the natural hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent was used for the extraction and pre-concentration of the analytes. Chemometrics and multivariate analysis were used to optimize the independent variables, including the type and volume of deep eutectic solvent, extraction time, and ionic strength. Under optimal conditions, calibration curves were linear in a suitable range with the lower limits of quantification (0.8-10.0 μg L-1 ), which covered the relevant concentrations of the analytes in plasma samples for a clinical study. Intra- and inter-day precision evaluated at three concentrations for the analytes were lower than 8.2 and 12.1 %, respectively. Accuracy was in the range of 94.9-104.7%. The applicability of the developed method on human plasma samples illustrated the range 45.1-72.8, 98.4-128.3, 0.9-1.2, and 2.7-6.1 μg L-1 for tamoxifen, N-desmethyltamoxifen, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, and endoxifen, respectively. The validated method can be effective for the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and therapeutic drug monitoring studies of tamoxifen and its main metabolites in biological fluids. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Sadeghcheh
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saber Tehrani
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hakim Faraji
- Department of Chemistry, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran
| | - Parviz Aberoomand Azar
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Helalizadeh
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Sport Medicine Research Center, Sport Sciences Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Hassan AS, Wober J, Vollmer G, Abadi AH, Mostafa NSA. Flexible Etherified and Esterified Triphenylethylene Derivatives and Their Evaluation on ER positive and Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cell Lines. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202100720. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aya S. Hassan
- German University in Cairo Pharmaceutical Chemistry EGYPT
| | | | | | - Ashraf H. Abadi
- German University in Cairo Pharmaceutical Chemstry Al Tagamoe al Khamis , new cairoCairo 11385 Cairo EGYPT
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13
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Lee O, Fought AJ, Shidfar A, Heinz RE, Kmiecik TE, Gann PH, Khan SA, Chatterton RT. Association of genetic polymorphisms with local steroid metabolism in human benign breasts. Steroids 2022; 177:108937. [PMID: 34762930 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2021.108937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although alterations of concentrations in circulating steroids have been linked to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of steroidogenic enzymes, we hypothesized that SNPs of such enzymes located within the breast affect local steroid concentrations more than products of such SNPs absorbed from the circulation. METHODS Steroids (estradiol, estrone, testosterone, androstenedione, DHEA, DHEA sulfate, progesterone) in nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) were purified by HPLC and they along with serum steroids were quantified by immunoassays. Polymorphisms of the transporter SLCO2B1 and enzymes HSD3B1, CYP19A1, HSD17B12, AKR1C3, CYP1B1, and SRD5A1 were measured in white blood cell DNA. RESULTS Steroid concentrations in NAF of subjects with homozygous minor genotypes differed from those with heterozygotes, i.e., SLCO2B1 (rs2851069) decreased DHEAS (p = 0.04), HSD17B12 (rs11555762) increased estradiol (p < 0.004), and CYP1B1 (rs1056836) decreased estradiol (p = 0.017) and increased progesterone (p = 0.05). Also, in serum, CYP19A1 (rs10046 and rs700518) both decreased testosterone (p = 0.02) and SRD5A1 increased androstenedione (p = 0.006). Steroids in subjects with major homozygotes did not differ from those with heterozygotes indicating recessive characteristics. CONCLUSIONS In the breast, SNPs were associated with decreased uptake of DHEAS (SLCO2B1), increased estradiol concentrations through increased oxidoreductase activity (HSD17B12), or decreased estradiol concentrations by presumed formation of 4-hydroxyestradiol (CYP1B1). CYP19A1 was associated with decreased testosterone concentrations in serum but had no significant effect on estrogen or androgen concentrations within the breast. The hormone differences observed in NAF were not usually evident in serum, indicating the importance of assessing the effect of these SNPs within the breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oukseub Lee
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Angela J Fought
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Ali Shidfar
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Richard E Heinz
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Thomas E Kmiecik
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Peter H Gann
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Seema A Khan
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Robert T Chatterton
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Departments of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Physiology, and Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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14
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Atakpa EC, Thorat MA, Cuzick J, Brentnall AR. Mammographic density, endocrine therapy and breast cancer risk: a prognostic and predictive biomarker review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 10:CD013091. [PMID: 34697802 PMCID: PMC8545623 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013091.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocrine therapy is effective at preventing or treating breast cancer. Some forms of endocrine therapy have been shown to reduce mammographic density. Reduced mammographic density for women receiving endocrine therapy could be used to estimate the chance of breast cancer returning or developing breast cancer in the first instance (a prognostic biomarker). In addition, changes in mammographic density might be able to predict how well a woman responds to endocrine therapy (a predictive biomarker). The role of breast density as a prognostic or predictive biomarker could help improve the management of breast cancer. OBJECTIVES To assess the evidence that a reduction in mammographic density following endocrine therapy for breast cancer prevention in women without previous breast cancer, or for treatment in women with early-stage hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, is a prognostic or predictive biomarker. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Breast Cancer Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and two trials registers on 3 August 2020 along with reference checking, bibliographic searching, and contact with study authors to obtain further data. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised, cohort and case-control studies of adult women with or without breast cancer receiving endocrine therapy. Endocrine therapy agents included were selective oestrogen receptor modulators and aromatase inhibitors. We required breast density before start of endocrine therapy and at follow-up. We included studies published in English. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias using adapted Quality in Prognostic Studies (QUIPS) and Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies - of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tools. We used the GRADE approach to evaluate the certainty of the evidence. We did not perform a quantitative meta-analysis due to substantial heterogeneity across studies. MAIN RESULTS Eight studies met our inclusion criteria, of which seven provided data on outcomes listed in the protocol (5786 women). There was substantial heterogeneity across studies in design, sample size (349 to 1066 women), participant characteristics, follow-up (5 to 14 years), and endocrine therapy agent. There were five breast density measures and six density change definitions. All studies had at least one domain as at moderate or high risk of bias. Common concerns were whether the study sample reflected the review target population, and likely post hoc definitions of breast density change. Most studies on prognosis for women receiving endocrine therapy reported a reduced risk associated with breast density reduction. Across endpoints, settings, and agents, risk ratio point estimates (most likely value) were between 0.1 and 1.5, but with substantial uncertainty. There was greatest consistency in the direction and magnitude of the effect for tamoxifen (across endpoints and settings, risk ratio point estimates were between 0.3 and 0.7). The findings are summarised as follows. Prognostic biomarker findings: Treatment Breast cancer mortality Two studies of 823 women on tamoxifen (172 breast cancer deaths) reported risk ratio point estimates of ~0.4 and ~0.5 associated with a density reduction. The certainty of the evidence was low. Recurrence Two studies of 1956 women on tamoxifen reported risk ratio point estimates of ~0.4 and ~0.7 associated with a density reduction. There was risk of bias in methodology for design and analysis of the studies and considerable uncertainty over the size of the effect. One study of 175 women receiving an aromatase inhibitor reported a risk ratio point estimate of ~0.1 associated with a density reduction. There was considerable uncertainty about the effect size and a moderate or high risk of bias in all domains. One study of 284 women receiving exemestane or tamoxifen as part of a randomised controlled trial reported risk ratio point estimates of ~1.5 (loco-regional recurrence) and ~1.3 (distance recurrence) associated with a density reduction. There was risk of bias in reporting and study confounding, and uncertainty over the size of the effects. The certainty of the evidence for all recurrence endpoints was very low. Incidence of a secondary primary breast cancer Two studies of 451 women on exemestane, tamoxifen, or unknown endocrine therapy reported risk ratio point estimates of ~0.5 and ~0.6 associated with a density reduction. There was risk of bias in reporting and study confounding, and uncertainty over the effect size. The certainty of the evidence was very low. We were unable to find data regarding the remaining nine outcomes prespecified in the review protocol. Prevention Incidence of invasive breast cancer and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) One study of 507 women without breast cancer who were receiving preventive tamoxifen as part of a randomised controlled trial (51 subsequent breast cancers) reported a risk ratio point estimate of ~0.3 associated with a density reduction. The certainty of the evidence was low. Predictive biomarker findings: One study of a subset of 1065 women from a randomised controlled trial assessed how much the effect of endocrine therapy could be explained by breast density declines in those receiving endocrine therapy. This study evaluated the prevention of invasive breast cancer and DCIS. We found some evidence to support the hypothesis, with a risk ratio interaction point estimate ~0.5. However, the 95% confidence interval included unity, and data were based on 51 women with subsequent breast cancer in the tamoxifen group. The certainty of the evidence was low. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is low-/very low-certainty evidence to support the hypothesis that breast density change following endocrine therapy is a prognostic biomarker for treatment or prevention. Studies suggested a potentially large effect size with tamoxifen, but the evidence was limited. There was less evidence that breast density change following tamoxifen preventive therapy is a predictive biomarker than prognostic biomarker. Evidence for breast density change as a prognostic treatment biomarker was stronger for tamoxifen than aromatase inhibitors. There were no studies reporting mammographic density change following endocrine therapy as a predictive biomarker in the treatment setting, nor aromatase inhibitor therapy as a prognostic or predictive biomarker in the preventive setting. Further research is warranted to assess mammographic density as a biomarker for all classes of endocrine therapy and review endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Atakpa
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mangesh A Thorat
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- Breast Services, Guy's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jack Cuzick
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Adam R Brentnall
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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15
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Peccatori FA, Codacci-Pisanelli G, Mellgren G, Buonomo B, Baldassarre E, Lien EA, Bifulco E, Hustad S, Zachariassen E, Johansson H, Helland T. First-in-human pharmacokinetics of tamoxifen and its metabolites in the milk of a lactating mother: a case study. ESMO Open 2021; 5:e000859. [PMID: 33115771 PMCID: PMC7594360 DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2020-000859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundBreast cancer represents the most frequent neoplasm diagnosed in women of childbearing age. When the tumour is oestrogen receptor-positive, tamoxifen is among the recommended endocrine treatments. Lactating women are advised not to breastfeed while receiving tamoxifen. However, information about tamoxifen transfer into breast milk is lacking.MethodsWe measured the concentration of tamoxifen and its metabolites by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in the milk of a nursing mother that was treated for pregnancy-associated breast cancer diagnosed a few months after delivery. She was advised not to breastfeed her child and she collected milk samples for 23 days while the baby was fed with formula.ResultsTamoxifen concentrations in milk increased reaching a maximum of 214 nM. The two active metabolitesZ-4-hydroxy-tamoxifen and Z-endoxifen, could not be quantified in milk the first days after tamoxifen intake, but increased over time and reached clinically significant levels after day 18.ConclusionThis study demonstrates for the first time in human that tamoxifen and its metabolites transfer into milk. Since tamoxifen has a complete oral bioavailability, a long half-life (>7 days) and may interfere with the normal development of the infant, mothers should not breastfeed during tamoxifen treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedro Alessandro Peccatori
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Gynecology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Codacci-Pisanelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, Universita degli Studi La Sapienza, Roma, Italy.
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Barbara Buonomo
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Gynecology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Ernst Asbjorn Lien
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ersilia Bifulco
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Core Facility for Metabolomics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Steinar Hustad
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Core Facility for Metabolomics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Emil Zachariassen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Core Facility for Metabolomics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Harriet Johansson
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, IEO - European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas Helland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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16
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Moin A, Wani SUD, Osmani RA, Abu Lila AS, Khafagy ES, Arab HH, Gangadharappa HV, Allam AN. Formulation, characterization, and cellular toxicity assessment of tamoxifen-loaded silk fibroin nanoparticles in breast cancer. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:1626-1636. [PMID: 34328806 PMCID: PMC8330732 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1958106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Silk fibroin (SF) is a natural polymeric biomaterial that is widely adopted for the preparation of drug delivery systems. Herein, we aimed to fabricate and characterize SF nanoparticles loaded with the selective estrogen receptor modulator; tamoxifen citrate (TC-SF-NPs) and to assess their in vitro efficacy against breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). TC-loaded SF-NPs were characterized for particle size, morphology, entrapment efficiency, and release profile. In addition, we examined the in vitro cytotoxicity of TC-SF-NPs against human breast cancer cell lines and evaluated the anticancer potential of TC-SF-NPs through apoptosis assay and cell cycle analysis. Drug-loaded SF-NPs showed an average particle size of 186.1 ± 5.9 nm and entrapment efficiency of 79.08%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the nanoparticles had a spherical morphology with smooth surface. Tamoxifen release from SF-NPs exhibited a biphasic release profile with an initial burst release within the first 6 h and sustained release for 48 h. TC-SF-NPs exerted a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect against breast cancer cell lines. In addition, flow cytometry analysis revealed that cells accumulate in G0/G1 phase, with a concomitant reduction of S- and G2-M-phase cells upon treatment with TC-SF-NPs. Consequently, the potent anticancer activities of TC-SF-NPs against breast cancer cells were mainly attributed to the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Our results indicate that SF nanoparticles may represent an attractive nontoxic nanocarrier for the delivery of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrasim Moin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Shahid Ud Din Wani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, CT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jalandhar, India
| | - Riyaz Ali Osmani
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Amr S Abu Lila
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - El-Sayed Khafagy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Hany H Arab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hosahalli V Gangadharappa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Ahmed N Allam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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17
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18
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Eh-Haj BM. Metabolic N-Dealkylation and N-Oxidation as Elucidators of the Role of Alkylamino Moieties in Drugs Acting at Various Receptors. Molecules 2021; 26:1917. [PMID: 33805491 PMCID: PMC8036657 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reactions that occur at alkylamino moieties may provide insight into the roles of these moieties when they are parts of drug molecules that act at different receptors. N-dealkylation of N,N-dialkylamino moieties has been associated with retaining, attenuation or loss of pharmacologic activities of metabolites compared to their parent drugs. Further, N-dealkylation has resulted in clinically used drugs, activation of prodrugs, change of receptor selectivity, and providing potential for developing fully-fledged drugs. While both secondary and tertiary alkylamino moieties (open chain aliphatic or heterocyclic) are metabolized by CYP450 isozymes oxidative N-dealkylation, only tertiary alkylamino moieties are subject to metabolic N-oxidation by Flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) to give N-oxide products. In this review, two aspects will be examined after surveying the metabolism of representative alkylamino-moieties-containing drugs that act at various receptors (i) the pharmacologic activities and relevant physicochemical properties (basicity and polarity) of the metabolites with respect to their parent drugs and (ii) the role of alkylamino moieties on the molecular docking of drugs in receptors. Such information is illuminative in structure-based drug design considering that fully-fledged metabolite drugs and metabolite prodrugs have been, respectively, developed from N-desalkyl and N-oxide metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babiker M Eh-Haj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Emirate of Fujairah, Fujairah 2022, United Arab Emirates
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19
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Helland T, Alsomairy S, Lin C, Søiland H, Mellgren G, Hertz DL. Generating a Precision Endoxifen Prediction Algorithm to Advance Personalized Tamoxifen Treatment in Patients with Breast Cancer. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11030201. [PMID: 33805613 PMCID: PMC8000933 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11030201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen is an endocrine treatment for hormone receptor positive breast cancer. The effectiveness of tamoxifen may be compromised in patients with metabolic resistance, who have insufficient metabolic generation of the active metabolites endoxifen and 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen. This has been challenging to validate due to the lack of measured metabolite concentrations in tamoxifen clinical trials. CYP2D6 activity is the primary determinant of endoxifen concentration. Inconclusive results from studies investigating whether CYP2D6 genotype is associated with tamoxifen efficacy may be due to the imprecision in using CYP2D6 genotype as a surrogate of endoxifen concentration without incorporating the influence of other genetic and clinical variables. This review summarizes the evidence that active metabolite concentrations determine tamoxifen efficacy. We then introduce a novel approach to validate this relationship by generating a precision endoxifen prediction algorithm and comprehensively review the factors that must be incorporated into the algorithm, including genetics of CYP2D6 and other pharmacogenes. A precision endoxifen algorithm could be used to validate metabolic resistance in existing tamoxifen clinical trial cohorts and could then be used to select personalized tamoxifen doses to ensure all patients achieve adequate endoxifen concentrations and maximum benefit from tamoxifen treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Helland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (S.A.); (C.L.); (D.L.H.)
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway;
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-92847793
| | - Sarah Alsomairy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (S.A.); (C.L.); (D.L.H.)
| | - Chenchia Lin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (S.A.); (C.L.); (D.L.H.)
| | - Håvard Søiland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway;
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Daniel Louis Hertz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (S.A.); (C.L.); (D.L.H.)
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20
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Zhang Z, Park JW, Ahn IS, Diamante G, Sivakumar N, Arneson D, Yang X, van Veen JE, Correa SM. Estrogen receptor alpha in the brain mediates tamoxifen-induced changes in physiology in mice. eLife 2021; 10:63333. [PMID: 33647234 PMCID: PMC7924955 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvant tamoxifen therapy improves survival in breast cancer patients. Unfortunately, long-term treatment comes with side effects that impact health and quality of life, including hot flashes, changes in bone density, and fatigue. Partly due to a lack of proven animal models, the tissues and cells that mediate these negative side effects are unclear. Here, we show that mice undergoing tamoxifen treatment experience changes in temperature, bone, and movement. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals that tamoxifen treatment induces widespread gene expression changes in the hypothalamus and preoptic area (hypothalamus-POA). These expression changes are dependent on estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), as conditional knockout of ERα in the hypothalamus-POA ablates or reverses tamoxifen-induced gene expression. Accordingly, ERα-deficient mice do not exhibit tamoxifen-induced changes in temperature, bone, or movement. These findings provide mechanistic insight into the effects of tamoxifen on the hypothalamus-POA and indicate that ERα mediates several physiological effects of tamoxifen treatment in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Jae Whan Park
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - In Sook Ahn
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Graciel Diamante
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Nilla Sivakumar
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Douglas Arneson
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - J Edward van Veen
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Stephanie M Correa
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
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21
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Mangla B, Beg S, Alam O, Ahsan W, Haque A, Patel KS, Almalki WH, Alrobaian M, Kohli K. Systematic development and validation of RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of tamoxifen and sulphoraphane with specific application for nanolipidic formulations. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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22
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Braal CL, Hussaarts KGAM, Seuren L, Oomen-de Hoop E, de Bruijn P, Buck SAJ, Bos MEMM, Thijs-Visser MF, Zuetenhorst HJM, Mathijssen-van Stein D, Vastbinder MB, van Leeuwen RWF, van Gelder T, Koolen SLW, Jager A, Mathijssen RHJ. Influence of green tea consumption on endoxifen steady-state concentration in breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2020; 184:107-113. [PMID: 32803636 PMCID: PMC7595994 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-020-05829-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Many cancer patients use additional herbs or supplements in combination with their anti-cancer therapy. Green tea—active ingredient epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)—is one of the most commonly used dietary supplements among breast cancer patients. EGCG may alter the metabolism of tamoxifen. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of green tea supplements on the pharmacokinetics of endoxifen; the most relevant active metabolite of tamoxifen. Methods In this single-center, randomized cross-over trial, effects of green tea capsules on endoxifen levels were evaluated. Patients treated with tamoxifen for at least 3 months were eligible for this study. After inclusion, patients were consecutively treated with tamoxifen monotherapy for 28 days and in combination with green tea supplements (1 g twice daily; containing 300 mg EGCG) for 14 days (or vice versa). Blood samples were collected on the last day of monotherapy or combination therapy. Area under the curve (AUC0–24h), maximum concentration (Cmax) and minimum concentration (Ctrough) were obtained from individual plasma concentration–time curves. Results No difference was found in geometric mean endoxifen AUC0–24h in the period with green tea versus tamoxifen monotherapy (− 0.4%; 95% CI − 8.6 to 8.5%; p = 0.92). Furthermore, no differences in Cmax (− 2.8%; − 10.6 to 5.6%; p = 0.47) nor Ctrough (1.2%; − 7.3 to 10.5%; p = 0.77) were found. Moreover, no severe toxicity was reported during the whole study period. Conclusions This study demonstrated the absence of a pharmacokinetic interaction between green tea supplements and tamoxifen. Therefore, the use of green tea by patients with tamoxifen does not have to be discouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Louwrens Braal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, CN, PO Box 2040, 3015, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Koen G A M Hussaarts
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, CN, PO Box 2040, 3015, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lieke Seuren
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, CN, PO Box 2040, 3015, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Oomen-de Hoop
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, CN, PO Box 2040, 3015, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter de Bruijn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, CN, PO Box 2040, 3015, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan A J Buck
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, CN, PO Box 2040, 3015, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique E M M Bos
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, CN, PO Box 2040, 3015, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Mijntje B Vastbinder
- Department of Internal Medicine, IJsselland Hospital, Capelle aan den IJssel, The Netherlands
| | - Roelof W F van Leeuwen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, CN, PO Box 2040, 3015, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teun van Gelder
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stijn L W Koolen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, CN, PO Box 2040, 3015, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Agnes Jager
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, CN, PO Box 2040, 3015, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron H J Mathijssen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, CN, PO Box 2040, 3015, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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mangla B, Patel KS, Kumar P, Kohli K. Validation of forced degradation and stability indicating studies of Tamoxifen in nanoformulation using spectroscopic technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Xu Z, Zheng X, Xia X, Wang X, Luo N, Huang B, Pan X. 17β-estradiol at low concentrations attenuates the efficacy of tamoxifen in breast cancer therapy. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113228. [PMID: 31563769 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tamoxifen has been applied widely in the treatment of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. The impact of low concentrations of 17β-estradiol (E2) (a pervasive environmental pollutant) on its effectiveness was studied in vitro using an MCF-7 cell line. Cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis were studied along with cell cycle progression, reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial membrane potentials repression. The signaling pathways involved were identified. Typical concentrations of E2 in the environment (10-10 to 10-8 M) were observed to promote cell growth and protect MCF-7 cells from tamoxifen's cytotoxicity. Cell migration, invasion, cell cycle progression and apoptosis all involved in reducing tamoxifen's cytotoxicity. E2 at environmental concentrations induced PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK signal transduction through the estrogen receptor pathways to affect cell proliferation. Taken together, the results explain how E2 in the environment may attenuate the efficacy of tamoxifen in ER-positive breast cancer therapy. They provide considerable support for E2's adverse effects on human health and cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Xu
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Faculty of Life Science & Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xianyao Zheng
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xueshan Xia
- Faculty of Life Science & Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Nao Luo
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xuejun Pan
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
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Mangla B, Neupane YR, Singh A, Kohli K. Tamoxifen and Sulphoraphane for the breast cancer management: A synergistic nanomedicine approach. Med Hypotheses 2019; 132:109379. [PMID: 31454641 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is second most leading cause of death in all over the world and not only limited to the females. Tamoxifen has been considered as the gold line therapy for estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. However, this chemopreventive approach has been focused at individuals in high risk group and limits its clinical applications to moderate and/or lower risk groups. Moreover, Tamoxifen treatment is associated with a dose related hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity and eventually results in poor quality of life of patients. Sulphoraphane, a naturally occurring isothiocyanate derivative has been investigated for its numerous potential biological activities including anticancer effects. The present hypothesis aims to put forward in which Tamoxifen is combined with a natural bioactive Sulphoraphane, both incorporated into a novel lipid based nanocarrier at a reduced dose, which would eventually shuttle the cargo to the target site. At the breast cancer, Sulphoraphane sensitizes the estrogen receptors and ameliorates the binding affinity of Tamoxifen to these receptors, thereby potentiating the anticancer efficacy and reducing the offsite toxicity of Tamoxifen. This dual loaded zero-dimension lipid carrier would be a value addition to the current treatment regimen for breast cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Mangla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062 India
| | - Yub Raj Neupane
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117559, Singapore
| | - Archu Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062 India
| | - Kanchan Kohli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062 India.
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Ahn SH, Granger A, Rankin MM, Lam CJ, Cox AR, Kushner JA. Tamoxifen suppresses pancreatic β-cell proliferation in mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214829. [PMID: 31490929 PMCID: PMC6731016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen is a mixed agonist/antagonist estrogen analogue that is frequently used to induce conditional gene deletion in mice using Cre-loxP mediated gene recombination. Tamoxifen is routinely employed in extremely high-doses relative to typical human doses to induce efficient gene deletion in mice. Although tamoxifen has been widely assumed to have no influence upon β-cells, the acute developmental and functional consequences of high-dose tamoxifen upon glucose homeostasis and adult β-cells are largely unknown. We tested if tamoxifen influences glucose homeostasis in male mice of various genetic backgrounds. We then carried out detailed histomorphometry studies of mouse pancreata. We also performed gene expression studies with islets of tamoxifen-treated mice and controls. Tamoxifen had modest effects upon glucose homeostasis of mixed genetic background (F1 B6129SF1/J) mice, with fasting hyperglycemia and improved glucose tolerance but without overt effects on fed glucose levels or insulin sensitivity. Tamoxifen inhibited proliferation of β-cells in a dose-dependent manner, with dramatic reductions in β-cell turnover at the highest dose (decreased by 66%). In sharp contrast, tamoxifen did not reduce proliferation of pancreatic acinar cells. β-cell proliferation was unchanged by tamoxifen in 129S2 mice but was reduced in C57Bl6 genetic background mice (decreased by 59%). Gene expression studies revealed suppression of RNA for cyclins D1 and D2 within islets of tamoxifen-treated mice. Tamoxifen has a cytostatic effect on β-cells, independent of changes in glucose homeostasis, in mixed genetic background and also in C57Bl6 mice. Tamoxifen should be used judiciously to inducibly inactivate genes in studies of glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surl-Hee Ahn
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Anne Granger
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Matthew M. Rankin
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Carol J. Lam
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Aaron R. Cox
- McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Jake A. Kushner
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gajardo G, López-Muñoz R, Plaza A, Uberti B, Sarmiento J, Morán G, Henríquez C. Tamoxifen in horses: pharmacokinetics and safety study. Ir Vet J 2019; 72:5. [PMID: 31249663 PMCID: PMC6587269 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-019-0143-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tamoxifen (TAM), a selective modulator of estrogen receptors (SERMs) has been recently explored as a therapeutic option for the oral treatment of airway inflammation in the horse. The objective of this work was to establish pharmacokinetic parameters of TAM and its main metabolites in equines, as well as to determine its clinical safety in short-term treatments. Results We determined TAM and its three main metabolites (4-OH tamoxifen, endoxifen, and N-desmethyl tamoxifen) in plasma after single administration of 0.25 mg/kg in healthy adult horses (n = 12). A maximum concentration of TAM was achieved 3 h after the oral administration (4.65 pg/mL ± 1.69); 4-OH tamoxifen was the metabolite that reached the highest concentration (78 pg/mL ± 70), followed by N-desmethyl tamoxifen (0.43 pg / mL ± 0.48), and finally endoxifen (0.17 pg/mL ± 0.17). All metabolites showed peak concentration 2 h after oral administration of the drug. Oral TAM bioavailability was 13,15% ± 4,18, with a steady state volume of distribution of 7831 ± 2922 (L/kg). Elimination half-life was 15.40 ± 5.80 h, and clearance was 5876 ± 699 (mL/kg/min). Clinical safety of TAM was determined over a 7-day course of treatment (0.25 mg/kg, orally q 24 h, n = 20). No adverse effects were observed through clinical examination, blood hematology, serum biochemistry, ophthalmological and reproductive examinations. Endometrial edema observed in some mares was attributed to normal cyclic activity. Conclusions Tamoxifen has moderate oral bioavailability and a large volume of distribution, with three main metabolites in horses. Additionally, oral TAM administration over a 7-day treatment period demonstrated to be clinically safe, without adverse effects on clinical, hematological or serum biochemical parameters. These data could contribute to the continued research into this drug’s potential for the treatment of different inflammatory conditions in equine species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13620-019-0143-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Gajardo
- 1Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rodrigo López-Muñoz
- 2Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Anita Plaza
- 3Instituto de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Benjamin Uberti
- 4Instituto de Ciencias Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - José Sarmiento
- 5Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Gabriel Morán
- 2Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Claudio Henríquez
- 2Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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New UPLC-MS/MS assay for the determination of tamoxifen and its metabolites in human plasma, application to patients. Future Sci OA 2019; 5:FSO374. [PMID: 31245038 PMCID: PMC6554689 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2018-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM A rapid UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of tamoxifen (TAM), N-desmethyltamoxifen, 4-hydroxytamoxifen and endoxifen in human plasma was validated, after a simple protein precipitation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The analysis was achieved on a C18 analytical column, using a gradient elution with a mobile phase of water and acetonitrile for 4.5 min. RESULTS The validated method demonstrated good linearity between 1 and 500 ng/ml for TAM and N-desmethyltamoxifen; between 0.2 and 100 ng/ml for endoxifen and between 0.1 and 50 ng/ml for 4-hydroxytamoxifen. The method also provided satisfactory results in terms of within day and between day imprecisions and accuracy, and also in terms of time stability and specificity. CONCLUSION The method is applied routinely for TAM monitoring from patients undergoing therapy.
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The potential influence of breast cancer estrogen receptors' distribution on active DNA demethylation. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2019; 23:74-80. [PMID: 31316288 PMCID: PMC6630393 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2019.85200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in DNA methylation may cause disturbances in regulation of gene expression, including drug metabolism and distribution. Moreover, many cancers, including breast cancer, are characterized by DNA hypomethylation and a decreased 5-hydroxymethylcytosine level. The abnormal cell growth found in breast carcinoma might be the result of impaired up-regulation of breast cancer receptors. Receptors’ expression in breast cancer determines clinical outcome, and it is possible that they lead to different DNA methylation patterns. Excessive steroid exposure can affect DNA methylation by promoting demethylation of CpG islands in promoter regions of genes, and hence may have an impact on promotion and progression of breast cancer cells. Tamoxifen, as a leading drug in breast cancer hormone therapy, has an ability to act like estrogen or antiestrogen depending on the type and localization of the breast cancer receptor. Further studies are needed to determine whether tamoxifen, similarly to steroids, may evoke changes in methylation pattern.
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30
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New UPLC–MS/MS assay for the determination of tamoxifen and its metabolites in human plasma, application to patients. Future Sci OA 2019. [DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2018-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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31
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Baez-Jurado E, Rincón-Benavides MA, Hidalgo-Lanussa O, Guio-Vega G, Ashraf GM, Sahebkar A, Echeverria V, Garcia-Segura LM, Barreto GE. Molecular mechanisms involved in the protective actions of Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators in brain cells. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 52:44-64. [PMID: 30223003 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic selective modulators of the estrogen receptors (SERMs) have shown to protect neurons and glial cells against toxic insults. Among the most relevant beneficial effects attributed to these compounds are the regulation of inflammation, attenuation of astrogliosis and microglial activation, prevention of excitotoxicity and as a consequence the reduction of neuronal cell death. Under pathological conditions, the mechanism of action of the SERMs involves the activation of estrogen receptors (ERs) and G protein-coupled receptor for estrogens (GRP30). These receptors trigger neuroprotective responses such as increasing the expression of antioxidants and the activation of kinase-mediated survival signaling pathways. Despite the advances in the knowledge of the pathways activated by the SERMs, their mechanism of action is still not entirely clear, and there are several controversies. In this review, we focused on the molecular pathways activated by SERMs in brain cells, mainly astrocytes, as a response to treatment with raloxifene and tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Baez-Jurado
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - M A Rincón-Benavides
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - O Hidalgo-Lanussa
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - G Guio-Vega
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - G M Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - V Echeverria
- Universidad San Sebastián, Fac. Cs de la Salud, Lientur 1457, Concepción 4080871, Chile; Research & Development Service, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL 33744, USA
| | - L M Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - G E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia; Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Atakpa EC, Thorat MA, Cuzick J, Brentnall AR. Mammographic density, endocrine therapy and breast cancer risk: a prognostic and predictive biomarker review. Hippokratia 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Atakpa
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London; Centre for Cancer Prevention, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine; Charterhouse Square London UK EC1M 6BQ
| | - Mangesh A Thorat
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London; Centre for Cancer Prevention, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine; Charterhouse Square London UK EC1M 6BQ
| | - Jack Cuzick
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London; Centre for Cancer Prevention, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine; Charterhouse Square London UK EC1M 6BQ
| | - Adam R Brentnall
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London; Centre for Cancer Prevention, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine; Charterhouse Square London UK EC1M 6BQ
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Sim S, Lövrot J, Lindh JD, Bergh J, Xie H. Effect of CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 genotype on tamoxifen treatment outcome indicates endogenous and exogenous interplay. Pharmacogenomics 2018; 19:1027-1037. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2018-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: We investigated the interaction of CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 genotype on clinical outcome in tamoxifen-treated breast cancer patients. Materials & methods: A cohort of 306 patients on tamoxifen treatment for a minimum of 1 year were employed to analyze the effect of genotype-predicted phenotype on relapse-free survival. Results & conclusion: We show that the group with worst outcome and highest risk of relapse is that of 2C19↑–2D6↓ (hazard ratio: 2.94), when adjusting for age, Nottingham prognostic index and adjuvant chemotherapy. Furthermore, the effect of 2C19↑–2D6↓genotype-predicted phenotype is greatly enhanced in premenopausal patients (hazard ratio: 21.08). We hypothesize that poor bioactivation of tamoxifen in patients with low CYP2D6 activity and high CYP2C19 metabolism represents a tamoxifen-treated patient group that has the worst clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sim
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE171-76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Lövrot
- Department of Oncology & Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE171-76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonatan D Lindh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergh
- Department of Oncology & Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE171-76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE171-76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanjing Xie
- Department of Oncology & Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE171-76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE171-76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Oncology, Capio S:t Görans Hospital, SE112-81 Stockholm, Sweden
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Landeros-Martínez LL, Glossman-Mitnik D, Flores-Holguín N. Interaction of Tamoxifen Analogs With the Pocket Site of Some Hormone Receptors. A Molecular Docking and Density Functional Theory Study. Front Chem 2018; 6:293. [PMID: 30057897 PMCID: PMC6053509 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the antiestrogenic properties of Tamoxifen analogs have been investigated and a theoretical report of its analogs interaction with the pocket site of some hormone receptors are presented. Analogs were generated by modification of the hydrophilic functional group of Tamoxifen by hydroxyl, amide, carboxyl, and sulfhydryl functional groups, in an attempt to improve their activity and selectivity. The analogs exhibit a negative binding energy in the estrogen and progesterone receptors, which indicates a spontaneous interaction between the analogs and the pocket site in the hormone receptors. The values of the molecular polar surface area indicate that the analogs have good permeability and are strong electrophiles. The couplings showed electrostatic interactions such as hydrogen bond and π-π interactions. According with the Lipinsky Rule of Five, the four analogs presented a good biodistribution, permeability, and pharmacological action on the hormone receptors. The analysis of the charge transfer suggests a limited enhanced oxidative damage in the estrogen receptor that not takes place with the progesterone receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda-Lucila Landeros-Martínez
- Laboratorio Virtual NANOCOSMOS, Departamento de Medio Ambiente y Energía, Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Daniel Glossman-Mitnik
- Laboratorio Virtual NANOCOSMOS, Departamento de Medio Ambiente y Energía, Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Norma Flores-Holguín
- Laboratorio Virtual NANOCOSMOS, Departamento de Medio Ambiente y Energía, Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, Chihuahua, Mexico
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35
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Goetz MP, Sangkuhl K, Guchelaar HJ, Schwab M, Province M, Whirl-Carrillo M, Symmans WF, McLeod HL, Ratain MJ, Zembutsu H, Gaedigk A, van Schaik RH, Ingle JN, Caudle KE, Klein TE. Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2D6 and Tamoxifen Therapy. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2018; 103:770-777. [PMID: 29385237 PMCID: PMC5931215 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen is biotransformed by CYP2D6 to 4-hydroxytamoxifen and 4-hydroxy N-desmethyl tamoxifen (endoxifen), both with greater antiestrogenic potency than the parent drug. Patients with certain CYP2D6 genetic polymorphisms and patients who receive strong CYP2D6 inhibitors exhibit lower endoxifen concentrations and a higher risk of disease recurrence in some studies of tamoxifen adjuvant therapy of early breast cancer. We summarize evidence from the literature and provide therapeutic recommendations for tamoxifen based on CYP2D6 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Goetz
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Katrin Sangkuhl
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Henk-Jan Guchelaar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michael Province
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - W. Fraser Symmans
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Mark J. Ratain
- Center for Personalized Therapeutics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Hitoshi Zembutsu
- Division of Human Genetics, National Cancer Center, Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrea Gaedigk
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutic Innovation, Children’s Mercy Kansas City and Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Ron H. van Schaik
- International Expertcenter Pharmacogenetics, Dept Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- LKCH UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - James N Ingle
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kelly E. Caudle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Teri E. Klein
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Callari A, Mauri M, Miniati M, Mancino M, Bracci G, Dell'Osso L, Greco C. Treatment of Depression in Patients with Breast Cancer: A Critical Review. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 99:623-33. [DOI: 10.1177/030089161309900511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aims and background To summarize current knowledge on psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic options for patients with breast cancer and comorbid depression, starting from the psychiatric viewpoint. Issues on diagnostic boundaries of depression and outcome measures are raised. Methods We completed a literature review from the last 30 years (until March 2012) using PubMed by pairing the key words: ‘breast cancer and depression treatment’ (about 1431 works, including 207 reviews), ‘breast cancer and antidepressants’ (about 305 works, including 66 reviews), and in particular ‘selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and breast cancer’ (38 works, including 10 reviews) and ‘breast cancer and psychotherapy’ (603 works, including 84 reviews). Papers in the English language were selected, including recent reviews. Results There is little evidence for the superiority of any one specific intervention with pharmacological options or psychotherapy. The heterogeneity of assessment criteria, the small number of subjects collected in systematic studies, the difficulty in adopting standardized outcome measures, and the limited numbers of available drugs with a favorable side effect profile are the main limitations that emerge from the literature. No conclusive findings are available on mid-term/long-term treatment strategies, or when depression is part of a bipolar disorder. Conclusions Further research is necessary to define the most appropriate approach to depression when it occurs in comorbidity with breast cancer. A more accurate definition of the clinical phenotypes of depression in the special population of patients with breast cancer is suggested as a key issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Callari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mauro Mauri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Miniati
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Bracci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Liliana Dell'Osso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlo Greco
- Department of Radiotherapy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Shagufta, Ahmad I. Tamoxifen a pioneering drug: An update on the therapeutic potential of tamoxifen derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 143:515-531. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Akram M, Iqbal M, Daniyal M, Khan AU. Awareness and current knowledge of breast cancer. Biol Res 2017; 50:33. [PMID: 28969709 PMCID: PMC5625777 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-017-0140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 603] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer remains a worldwide public health dilemma and is currently the most common tumour in the globe. Awareness of breast cancer, public attentiveness, and advancement in breast imaging has made a positive impact on recognition and screening of breast cancer. Breast cancer is life-threatening disease in females and the leading cause of mortality among women population. For the previous two decades, studies related to the breast cancer has guided to astonishing advancement in our understanding of the breast cancer, resulting in further proficient treatments. Amongst all the malignant diseases, breast cancer is considered as one of the leading cause of death in post menopausal women accounting for 23% of all cancer deaths. It is a global issue now, but still it is diagnosed in their advanced stages due to the negligence of women regarding the self inspection and clinical examination of the breast. This review addresses anatomy of the breast, risk factors, epidemiology of breast cancer, pathogenesis of breast cancer, stages of breast cancer, diagnostic investigations and treatment including chemotherapy, surgery, targeted therapies, hormone replacement therapy, radiation therapy, complementary therapies, gene therapy and stem-cell therapy etc for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Akram
- Department of Eastern Medicine and Surgery, Directorate of Medical Sciences, GC University Faisalabad, Old Campus, Allam Iqbal Road, Faisalabad, 38000 Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Iqbal
- Faculty of Eastern Medicine, Hamdard University Karachi, Main Campus, Sharea Madinat al-Hikmah, Mohammad Bin Qasim Avenue, Karachi, 74600 Sindh Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Daniyal
- Faculty of Eastern Medicine, Hamdard University Karachi, Main Campus, Sharea Madinat al-Hikmah, Mohammad Bin Qasim Avenue, Karachi, 74600 Sindh Pakistan
| | - Asmat Ullah Khan
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy & Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, RibeirãoPreto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, AV. Bandeirantes, 3900, RibeirãoPreto, 14049-900 São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Eastern Medicine and Surgery, School of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Hajira Road, Shamsabad, Rawalakot, 12350 Azad Jammu and Kashmir Pakistan
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Novel Selective Estrogen Receptor Ligand Conjugates Incorporating Endoxifen-Combretastatin and Cyclofenil-Combretastatin Hybrid Scaffolds: Synthesis and Biochemical Evaluation. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091440. [PMID: 28858267 PMCID: PMC6151695 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors such as the estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) modulate the effects of the estrogen hormones and are important targets for design of innovative chemotherapeutic agents for diseases such as breast cancer and osteoporosis. Conjugate and bifunctional compounds which incorporate an ER ligand offer a useful method of delivering cytotoxic drugs to tissue sites such as breast cancers which express ERs. A series of novel conjugate molecules incorporating both the ER ligands endoxifen and cyclofenil-endoxifen hybrids covalently linked to the antimitotic and tubulin targeting agent combretastatin A-4 were synthesised and evaluated as ER ligands. A number of these compounds demonstrated pro-apoptotic effects, with potent antiproliferative activity in ER-positive MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines and low cytotoxicity. These conjugates displayed binding affinity towards ERα and ERβ isoforms at nanomolar concentrations e.g., the cyclofenil-amide compound 13e is a promising lead compound of a clinically relevant ER conjugate with IC50 in MCF-7 cells of 187 nM, and binding affinity to ERα (IC50 = 19 nM) and ERβ (IC50 = 229 nM) while the endoxifen conjugate 16b demonstrates antiproliferative activity in MCF-7 cells (IC50 = 5.7 nM) and binding affinity to ERα (IC50 = 15 nM) and ERβ (IC50 = 115 nM). The ER binding effects are rationalised in a molecular modelling study in which the disruption of the ER helix-12 in the presence of compounds 11e, 13e and 16b is presented These conjugate compounds have potential application for further development as antineoplastic agents in the treatment of ER positive breast cancers.
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Sereshti H, Bakhtiari S, Najarzadekan H, Samadi S. Electrospun polyethylene terephthalate/graphene oxide nanofibrous membrane followed by HPLC for the separation and determination of tamoxifen in human blood plasma. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:3383-3391. [PMID: 28664592 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An electrospun polyethylene terephthalate/graphene oxide nanofibrous mat was fabricated and used as an effective and novel membrane for the solid-phase extraction of tamoxifen in human blood plasma samples before detection by high-performance liquid chromatography. The membrane was characterized by some identification techniques, such as FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The effective variables of the extraction procedure including desorption condition (type and volume of the eluent), adsorbent dose, pH of sample solution, salt concentration, and sample loading time were investigated and their optimum values were obtained using one factor at a time methodology. Under the optimized conditions, the results showed wide linear concentration range of 5-2000 ng/mL with a determination coefficient of 0.992. The limits of detection and limits of quantification were 1.3 and 5.0 ng/mL, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day precisions were 3.4 and 4.6%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to determination of tamoxifen in the blood plasma samples and satisfactory relative recoveries (92.6-98.3 %) were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Sereshti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadjad Bakhtiari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Najarzadekan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheila Samadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Stevanato Filho PR, Aguiar Júnior S, Begnami MD, Ferreira FDO, Nakagawa WT, Spencer RMSB, Bezerra TS, Boggiss PE, Lopes A. Estrogen Receptor β as a Prognostic Marker of Tumor Progression in Colorectal Cancer with Familial Adenomatous Polyposis and Sporadic Polyps. Pathol Oncol Res 2017; 24:533-540. [PMID: 28681123 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-017-0268-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) is lower in women than in men, and sex steroids can be considered contributing factors because oral contraception usage and estrogen replacement therapy are associated with decreased risk. Conversely, colorectal polyp development in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) begins during puberty. The objectives were to evaluate the relationship between the expression of these hormone receptors and adenoma-carcinoma progression, CRC stage and overall survival. We studied 120 A.C. Camargo Cancer Center patients diagnosed with either FAP-associated or spontaneous adenomatous polyps or CRC to determine the immunohistochemical expression levels of estrogen receptor (ER)-α, ER-β and the progesterone and androgen receptors (480 analyses). The ER-β expression levels differed between the groups: the group with FAP polyps had lower ER-β expression than that of the sporadic polyp group. With transformation of the sporadic polyps to cancer, there was a considerable decrease in ER-β expression (from 90% with strong expression to 80% with absent or weak expression) (p < 0.001). The ER-β expression was lower in T3/T4 tumors than in T1/T2 tumors (p = 0.015). The 5-year overall survival of CRC patients positively expressing ER-β exceeded that of patients without detectable expression levels (74.8% vs. 44.3%, respectively; p = 0.035). There was no significant expression of the androgen or progesterone receptor or ER-α among the groups. Differences in ER-β expression represent a potential mechanism through which estrogen might alter the susceptibility to colon cancer, thereby confirming the possibility of a protective role of estrogen against colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Roberto Stevanato Filho
- Colorectal Tumor Nucleus of the Pelvic Surgery Department, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, R. Professor Antônio Prudente, 211 Liberdade, São Paulo CEP, São Paulo, SP, 01509-010, Brazil.
| | - Samuel Aguiar Júnior
- Colorectal Tumor Nucleus of the Pelvic Surgery Department, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, R. Professor Antônio Prudente, 211 Liberdade, São Paulo CEP, São Paulo, SP, 01509-010, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio de Oliveira Ferreira
- Colorectal Tumor Nucleus of the Pelvic Surgery Department, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, R. Professor Antônio Prudente, 211 Liberdade, São Paulo CEP, São Paulo, SP, 01509-010, Brazil
| | - Wilson Toshihiko Nakagawa
- Colorectal Tumor Nucleus of the Pelvic Surgery Department, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, R. Professor Antônio Prudente, 211 Liberdade, São Paulo CEP, São Paulo, SP, 01509-010, Brazil
| | - Ranyell Matheus Sobreira Batista Spencer
- Colorectal Tumor Nucleus of the Pelvic Surgery Department, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, R. Professor Antônio Prudente, 211 Liberdade, São Paulo CEP, São Paulo, SP, 01509-010, Brazil
| | - Tiago Santoro Bezerra
- Colorectal Tumor Nucleus of the Pelvic Surgery Department, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, R. Professor Antônio Prudente, 211 Liberdade, São Paulo CEP, São Paulo, SP, 01509-010, Brazil
| | - Philip Edward Boggiss
- Colorectal Tumor Nucleus of the Pelvic Surgery Department, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, R. Professor Antônio Prudente, 211 Liberdade, São Paulo CEP, São Paulo, SP, 01509-010, Brazil
| | - Ademar Lopes
- Colorectal Tumor Nucleus of the Pelvic Surgery Department, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, R. Professor Antônio Prudente, 211 Liberdade, São Paulo CEP, São Paulo, SP, 01509-010, Brazil
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Xiong W, Zhao J, Wang L, Jiang X. UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of tobacco-specific biomarker NNAL, tamoxifen and its main metabolites in rat plasma. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 31. [PMID: 27862094 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is known to interact with tamoxifen-metabolizing enzymes and transporters and potentially affect its treatment outcome. 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) is an important metabolite of 4-(methylnitro-samino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) because it is frequently used as a biomarker to assess human smoke exposure. In order to study the potential pharmacokinetic interaction between cigarette smoke and tamoxifen in rats a UPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of NNAL and tamoxifen along with its metabolites in rat plasma has been developed and validated. Analytes were extracted with methanol and separated on a HSS T3 column by a gradient elution with the mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water. The lower limits of quantitation ranged from 0.05 to 0.62 ng/mL. Precisions showed RSD <15.8% and accuracy in the range 80.6-116.0%. Mean analyte recoveries ranged from 76.9 to 108.4%. The method was successfully applied to study the effects of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), NNK and benzo(a)pyrene pre-treatment on the pharmacokinetics of tamoxifen and its metabolites in rats. Significant effects of CSC, NNK, benzo(a)pyrene were observed on pharmacokinetics of tamoxifen and its metabolites. We also found that plasma NNAL levels are statistically significant correlated with plasma 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen and endoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy School of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Tobacco Quality Supervision and Testing Station, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy School of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy School of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuehua Jiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy School of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Qualitative Versus Quantitative Mammographic Breast Density Assessment: Applications for the US and Abroad. Diagnostics (Basel) 2017; 7:diagnostics7020030. [PMID: 28561776 PMCID: PMC5489950 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics7020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammographic breast density (MBD) has been proven to be an important risk factor for breast cancer and an important determinant of mammographic screening performance. The measurement of density has changed dramatically since its inception. Initial qualitative measurement methods have been found to have limited consistency between readers, and in regards to breast cancer risk. Following the introduction of full-field digital mammography, more sophisticated measurement methodology is now possible. Automated computer-based density measurements can provide consistent, reproducible, and objective results. In this review paper, we describe various methods currently available to assess MBD, and provide a discussion on the clinical utility of such methods for breast cancer screening.
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Turner BM, Hicks DG. Pathologic diagnosis of breast cancer patients: evolution of the traditional clinical-pathologic paradigm toward "precision" cancer therapy. Biotech Histochem 2017; 92:175-200. [PMID: 28318327 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2017.1290276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an updated account of breast cancer treatment and of progress toward "precision" cancer therapy; we focus on new developments in diagnostic molecular pathology and breast cancer that have emerged during the past 2 years. Increasing awareness of new prognostic and predictive methodologies, and introduction of next generation sequencing has increased understanding of both tumor biology and clinical behavior, which offers the possibility of more appropriate therapeutic choices. It remains unclear which of these testing methodologies provides the most informative and cost-effective actionable results for predictive and prognostic pathology. It is likely, however, that an integrated "step-wise" approach that uses the traditional clinical-pathologic paradigms coordinated with molecular characterization of breast tumor tissue, will offer the most comprehensive and cost-effective options for individualized, "precision" therapy for patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Turner
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , New York
| | - D G Hicks
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , New York
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45
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Lesniewska-Kowiel MA, Muszalska I. Strategies in the designing of prodrugs, taking into account the antiviral and anticancer compounds. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 129:53-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Cheng S, Castillo V, Welty M, Alvarado M, Eliaz I, Temm CJ, Sandusky GE, Sliva D. BreastDefend enhances effect of tamoxifen in estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer in vitro and in vivo. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:115. [PMID: 28209156 PMCID: PMC5314617 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1621-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tamoxifen (TAM) has been widely used for the treatment of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer and its combination with other therapies is being actively investigated as a way to increase efficacy and decrease side effects. Here, we evaluate the therapeutic potential of co-treatment with TAM and BreastDefend (BD), a dietary supplement formula, in ER-positive human breast cancer. METHODS Cell proliferation and apoptosis were determined in ER-positive human breast cancer cells MCF-7 by MTT assay, quantitation of cytoplasmic histone-associated DNA fragments and expression of cleaved PARP, respectively. The molecular mechanism was identified using RNA microarray analysis and western blotting. Tumor tissues from xenograft mouse model were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Our data clearly demonstrate that a combination of 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) with BD lead to profound inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. This effect is consistent with the regulation of apoptotic and TAM resistant genes at the transcription and translation levels. Importantly, TAM and BD co-treatment significantly enhanced apoptosis, suppressed tumor growth and reduced tumor weight in a xenograft model of human ER-positive breast cancer. CONCLUSION BD sensitized ER-positive human breast cancer cells to 4-OHT/TAM treatment in vitro and in vivo. BreastDefend can be used in an adjuvant therapy to increase the therapeutic effect of tamoxifen in patients with ER-positive breast cancer.
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Kwok KY, Chan GHM, Kwok WH, Wong JKY, Wan TSM. In vitro phase I metabolism of selective estrogen receptor modulators in horse using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1349-1362. [PMID: 28054434 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are chemicals that possess the anti-oestrogenic activities that are banned 'in' and 'out' of competition by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in human sports, and by the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities (IFHA) in horseracing. SERMs can be used as performance-enhancing drugs to boost the level of androgens or to compensate for the adverse effects as a result of extensive use of androgenic anabolic steroids (AASs). SERMs have indeed been abused in human sports; hence, a similar threat can be envisaged in horseracing. Numerous analytical findings attributed to the use of SERMs have been reported by WADA-accredited laboratories, including 42 cases of tamoxifen and 2 cases of toremifene in 2014. This paper describes the identification of the in vitro phase I metabolites of tamoxifen and toremifene using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS), with an aim to identify potential screening targets for doping control in equine sports. A total of 13 and 11 in vitro metabolites have been identified for tamoxifen and toremifene, respectively, after incubation with homogenized horse liver. The more prominent in vitro biotransformation pathways include N-desmethylation, hydroxylation, and carboxylation. In addition, this is the first report of some novel metabolites for both tamoxifen and toremifene with hydroxylation occurring at the N-methyl moiety. To our knowledge, this is the first study of the phase I metabolism of tamoxifen and toremifene in horses using homogenized horse liver. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Y Kwok
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - George H M Chan
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai Him Kwok
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Jenny K Y Wong
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Terence S M Wan
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
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Mills LJ, Henderson WM, Jayaraman S, Gutjahr-Gobell RE, Zaroogian GE, Horowitz DB, Laws SC. Approaches for predicting effects of unintended environmental exposure to an endocrine active pharmaceutical, tamoxifen. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:1834-1850. [PMID: 26303313 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tamoxifen is an endocrine-active pharmaceutical (EAP) that is used world-wide. Because tamoxifen is a ubiquitous pharmaceutical and interacts with estrogen receptors, a case study was conducted with this compound to (1) determine effects on reproductive endpoints in a nontarget species (i.e., a fish), (2) compare biologically-active metabolites across species, (3) assess whether in vitro assays predict in vivo results, and (4) investigate metabolomic profiles in tamoxifen-treated fish to better understand the biological mechanisms of tamoxifen toxicity. In reproductive assays, tamoxifen exposure caused a significant reduction in egg production and significantly increased ovarian aromatase activity in spawning adult cunner fish (Tautogolabrus adspersus). In plasma from tamoxifen-exposed cunner, the predominant metabolite was 4-hydroxytamoxifen, while in rats it was N-desmethyltamoxifen. Because 4-hydroxytamoxifen is a more biologically active metabolite than N-desmethyltamoxifen, this difference could result in a different level of risk for the two species. The results of in vitro assays with fish hepatic microsomes to assess tamoxifen metabolism did not match in vivo results, indicating probable differences in excretion of tamoxifen metabolites in fish compared with rats. For the first time, a complete in vitro characterization of the metabolism of tamoxifen using fish microsomes is presented. Furthermore, a metabolomic investigation of cunner gonad extracts demonstrates that tamoxifen alters the biochemical profile in this nontarget species. Understanding the consequence of tamoxifen exposure in nontarget species, and assessing the discrepancies between sex- and species-mediated endpoints, is a step toward understanding how to accurately assess the risks posed by EAPs, such as tamoxifen, in the aquatic environment. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1834-1850, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley J Mills
- Atlantic Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Office of Research and Development (ORD), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Narragansett, Rhode Island, 02882, USA
| | - W Matthew Henderson
- Ecosystems Research Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL), ORD, U.S. EPA, Athens, Georgia, 30605, USA
| | - Saro Jayaraman
- Atlantic Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Office of Research and Development (ORD), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Narragansett, Rhode Island, 02882, USA
| | - Ruth E Gutjahr-Gobell
- Atlantic Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Office of Research and Development (ORD), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Narragansett, Rhode Island, 02882, USA
| | - Gerald E Zaroogian
- Atlantic Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Office of Research and Development (ORD), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Narragansett, Rhode Island, 02882, USA
| | - Doranne Borsay Horowitz
- Atlantic Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Office of Research and Development (ORD), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Narragansett, Rhode Island, 02882, USA
| | - Susan C Laws
- Toxicity Assessment Division, NHEERL, ORD, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, USA
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Field-enhanced sample injection-micelle to solvent stacking in nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis. Talanta 2016; 161:165-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Valny M, Honsa P, Kirdajova D, Kamenik Z, Anderova M. Tamoxifen in the Mouse Brain: Implications for Fate-Mapping Studies Using the Tamoxifen-Inducible Cre-loxP System. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:243. [PMID: 27812322 PMCID: PMC5071318 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The tamoxifen-inducible Cre-loxP system is widely used to overcome gene targeting pre-adult lethality, to modify a specific cell population at desired time-points, and to visualize and trace cells in fate-mapping studies. In this study we focused on tamoxifen degradation kinetics, because for all genetic fate-mapping studies, the period during which tamoxifen or its metabolites remain active in the CNS, is essential. Additionally, we aimed to define the tamoxifen administration scheme, enabling the maximal recombination rate together with minimal animal mortality. The time window between tamoxifen injection and the beginning of experiments should be large enough to allow complete degradation of tamoxifen and its metabolites. Otherwise, these substances could promote an undesired recombination, leading to data misinterpretation. We defined the optimal time window, allowing the complete degradation of tamoxifen and its metabolites, such as 4-hydroxytamoxifen, N-desmethyltamoxifen, endoxifen and norendoxifen, in the mouse brain after intraperitoneal tamoxifen injection. We determined the biological activity of these substances in vitro, as well as a minimal effective concentration of the most potent metabolite 4-hydroxytamoxifen causing recombination in vivo. For this purpose, we analyzed the recombination rate in double transgenic Cspg4-cre/Esr1/ROSA26Sortm14(CAG-tdTomato) mice, in which tamoxifen administration triggers the expression of red fluorescent protein in NG2-expressing cells, and employed a liquid chromatography, coupled with mass spectrometry, to determine the concentration of studied substances in the brain. We determined the degradation kinetics of these substances, and revealed that this process is influenced by mouse strains, age of animals, and dosage. Our results revealed that tamoxifen and its metabolites were completely degraded within 8 days in young adult C57BL/6J mice, while the age-matched FVB/NJ male mice displayed more effective degradation. Moreover, aged C57BL/6J mice were unable to metabolize all substances within 8 days. The lowering of initial tamoxifen dose leads to a significantly faster degradation of all studied substances. A disruption of the blood-brain barrier caused no concentration changes of any tamoxifen metabolites in the ipsilateral hemisphere. Taken together, we showed that tamoxifen metabolism in mouse brains is age-, strain- and dose-dependent, and these factors should be taken into account in the experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Valny
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPrague, Czech Republic; 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles UniversityPrague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Honsa
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Kirdajova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPrague, Czech Republic; 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles UniversityPrague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Kamenik
- Laboratory for Biology of Secondary Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic
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