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Khairutdinov VF, Khabriev IS, Gumerov FM, Khuzakhanov RM, Garipov RM, Yarullin LY, Abdulagatov IM. Blending of the Thermodynamically Incompatible Polyvinyl Chloride and High-Pressure Polyethylene Polymers Using a Supercritical Fluid Anti-Solvent Method (SEDS) Dispersion Process. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15091986. [PMID: 37177134 PMCID: PMC10180643 DOI: 10.3390/polym15091986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The experimental solubility data of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and high-pressure polyethylene (HPPE) in organic solvents (toluene, dichloromethane, and chloroform) at temperatures ranging from 308.15 to 373.15 K at atmospheric pressure are reported in the present paper. The solubility of the polymers (PVC and HPPE) in organic solvents (toluene, dichloromethane, and chloroform) was studied at temperatures between 298 and 373 K. The supercritical SEDS dispersion of PVC and HPPE polymer blends at pressures between 8.0 and 25 MPa and at temperatures from 313 to 333 K are reported in the present work. The kinetics of crystallization and phase transformation in polymer blends obtained by blending in a melt, and using the supercritical SEDS method, have been studied. The effect of the HPPE/PVC ratio on the thermal and mechanical characteristics of the polymer blends has been studied. For all studied polymer blends and pure polymers obtained using the SEDS method, the heat of fusion ΔfusH exceeds the values obtained by blending in the melt by 1.5 to 5) times. The heat of fusion of the obtained polymer blends is higher than the additive value; therefore, the degree of crystallinity is higher, and this effect persists after heat treatment. The relative elongation decreases for all polymer blends, but their tensile strength increases significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vener F Khairutdinov
- Chemical Engineering Department, Kazan National Research Technological University, 420015 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ilnar Sh Khabriev
- Chemical Engineering Department, Kazan National Research Technological University, 420015 Kazan, Russia
| | - Farid M Gumerov
- Chemical Engineering Department, Kazan National Research Technological University, 420015 Kazan, Russia
| | - Rafail M Khuzakhanov
- Chemical Engineering Department, Kazan National Research Technological University, 420015 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ruslan M Garipov
- Chemical Engineering Department, Kazan National Research Technological University, 420015 Kazan, Russia
| | - Lenar Yu Yarullin
- Chemical Engineering Department, Kazan National Research Technological University, 420015 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ilmutdin M Abdulagatov
- Chemical Engineering Department, Kazan National Research Technological University, 420015 Kazan, Russia
- Department of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Dagestan State University, 367008 Makhachkala, Russia
- Geothermal and Renewal Energy Institute of the High Temperature Joint Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 367015 Makhachkala, Russia
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Kumar R, Thakur AK, Kali G, Pitchaiah KC, Arya RK, Kulabhi A. Particle preparation of pharmaceutical compounds using supercritical antisolvent process: current status and future perspectives. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:946-965. [PMID: 36575354 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01283-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The low aqueous solubility and subsequently slow dissolution rate, as well as the poor bioavailability of several active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), are major challenges in the pharmaceutical industry. In this review, the particle engineering approaches using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO2) as an antisolvent are critically reviewed. The different SC CO2-based antisolvent processes, such as the gas antisolvent process (GAS), supercritical antisolvent process (SAS), and a solution-enhanced dispersion system (SEDS), are described. The effect of process parameters such as temperature, pressure, solute concentration, nozzle diameter, SC CO2 flow rate, solvent type, and solution flow rate on the average particle size, particle size distribution, and particle morphology is discussed from the fundamental perspective of the SAS process. The applications of the SAS process in different formulation approaches such as solid dispersion, polymorphs, cocrystallization, inclusion complexation, and encapsulation to enhance the dissolution rate, solubility, and bioavailability are critically reviewed. This review highlights some areas where the SAS process has not been adequately explored yet. This review will be helpful to researchers working in this area or planning to explore SAS process to particle engineering approaches to tackle the challenge of low solubility and subsequently slow dissolution rate and poor bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Energy Cluster, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Amit K Thakur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Energy Cluster, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Gergely Kali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Raj Kumar Arya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, 144011, Punjab, India
| | - Anurag Kulabhi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Energy Cluster, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007, Uttarakhand, India
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Milovanovic S, Lukic I, Horvat G, Novak Z, Frerich S, Petermann M, García-González CA. Green Processing of Neat Poly(lactic acid) Using Carbon Dioxide under Elevated Pressure for Preparation of Advanced Materials: A Review (2012-2022). Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040860. [PMID: 36850144 PMCID: PMC9960451 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides a concise overview of up-to-date developments in the processing of neat poly(lactic acid) (PLA), improvement in its properties, and preparation of advanced materials using a green medium (CO2 under elevated pressure). Pressurized CO2 in the dense and supercritical state is a superior alternative medium to organic solvents, as it is easily available, fully recyclable, has easily tunable properties, and can be completely removed from the final material without post-processing steps. This review summarizes the state of the art on PLA drying, impregnation, foaming, and particle generation by the employment of dense and supercritical CO2 for the development of new materials. An analysis of the effect of processing methods on the final material properties was focused on neat PLA and PLA with an addition of natural bioactive components. It was demonstrated that CO2-assisted processes enable the control of PLA properties, reduce operating times, and require less energy compared to conventional ones. The described environmentally friendly processing techniques and the versatility of PLA were employed for the preparation of foams, aerogels, scaffolds, microparticles, and nanoparticles, as well as bioactive materials. These PLA-based materials can find application in tissue engineering, drug delivery, active food packaging, compostable packaging, wastewater treatment, or thermal insulation, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoja Milovanovic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—New Chemical Syntheses Institute, Al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 13a, 24-110 Puławy, Poland
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (I.L.)
| | - Ivana Lukic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (I.L.)
| | - Gabrijela Horvat
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Zoran Novak
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Sulamith Frerich
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Thermo and Fluid Dynamics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Marcus Petermann
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Thermo and Fluid Dynamics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Carlos A. García-González
- I+D Farma Group (GI-1645), Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, iMATUS and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Mottola S, Mancuso A, Sacco O, De Marco I, Vaiano V. Production of hybrid TiO2/β-CD photocatalysts by supercritical antisolvent micronization for UV light-driven degradation of azo dyes. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Effect of the Carrier on the Coprecipitation of Curcumin through Supercritical-Assisted Atomization. CHEMENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemengineering5030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, composite systems containing curcumin (CUR) were prepared through supercritical-assisted atomization (SAA), using different carriers. Curcumin is particularly interesting in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical fields for its antioxidant, antitumoral, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its therapeutic effect on human health is restricted by its poor water solubility and low dissolution rate, limiting its absorption after its oral administration. To increase the dissolution rate and then the bioavailability of the active compound, CUR was coprecipitated with polymeric, i.e., polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and dextran (DXT), and not polymeric, i.e., hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), carriers. The effects of some operating parameters, namely the concentration of solutes in solution and the active compound/carrier ratio, on the morphology and the particle size distribution of the powders were investigated. Submicrometric particles were produced with all the carriers. Under the best operating conditions, the mean diameters ± standard deviation were equal to 0.69 ± 0.20 μm, 0.40 ± 0.13 μm, and 0.81 ± 0.25 μm for PVP/CUR, DXT/CUR, and HP-β-CD/CUR, respectively. CUR dissolution rates from coprecipitated particles were significantly increased in the case of all the carriers. Therefore, the results are exciting from a pharmaceutical and nutraceutical point of view, to produce supplements containing curcumin, but assuring a high dissolution rate and bioavailability and, consequently, a more effective therapeutic effect.
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Franco P, De Marco I. Controlled-release antihistamines using supercritical antisolvent process. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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PLA/PLGA-Based Drug Delivery Systems Produced with Supercritical CO 2-A Green Future for Particle Formulation? Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111118. [PMID: 33233637 PMCID: PMC7699691 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) can serve as solvent, anti-solvent and solute, among others, in the field of drug delivery applications, e.g., for the formulation of polymeric nanocarriers in combination with different drug molecules. With its tunable properties above critical pressure and temperature, SC-CO2 offers control of the particle size, the particle morphology, and their drug loading. Moreover, the SC-CO2-based techniques overcome the limitations of conventional formulation techniques e.g., post purification steps. One of the widely used polymers for drug delivery systems with excellent mechanical (Tg, crystallinity) and chemical properties (controlled drug release, biodegradability) is poly (lactic acid) (PLA), which is used either as a homopolymer or as a copolymer, such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA). Over the last 30 years, extensive research has been conducted to exploit SC-CO2-based processes for the formulation of PLA carriers. This review provides an overview of these research studies, including a brief description of the SC-CO2 processes that are widely exploited for the production of PLA and PLGA-based drug-loaded particles. Finally, recent work shows progress in the development of SC-CO2 techniques for particulate drug delivery systems is discussed in detail. Additionally, future perspectives and limitations of SC-CO2-based techniques in industrial applications are examined.
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Abstract
The supercritical antisolvent (SAS) technique has been widely employed in the biomedical field, including drug delivery, to obtain drug particles or polymer-based systems of nanometric or micrometric size. The primary purpose of producing SAS particles is to improve the treatment of different pathologies and to better the patient’s compliance. In this context, many active compounds have been micronized to enhance their dissolution rate and bioavailability. Aiming for more effective treatments with reduced side effects caused by drug overdose, the SAS polymer/active principle coprecipitation has mainly been proposed to offer an adequate drug release for specific therapy. The demand for new formulations with reduced side effects on the patient’s health is still growing; in this context, the SAS technique is a promising tool to solve existing issues in the biomedical field. This updated review on the use of the SAS process for clinical applications provides useful information about the achievements, the most effective polymeric carriers, and parameters, as well as future perspectives.
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Franco P, De Marco I. Eudragit: A Novel Carrier for Controlled Drug Delivery in Supercritical Antisolvent Coprecipitation. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12010234. [PMID: 31963638 PMCID: PMC7023534 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process was used to coprecipitate Eudragit L100-55 (EUD) with diclofenac (DICLO) and theophylline (THEOP), with the aim of obtaining composite microparticles with a prolonged drug release for oral delivery. Working at the optimized conditions in terms of pressure and overall concentration in the liquid solution (10.0 MPa and 50 mg/mL), microparticles of EUD/DICLO 20/1 and 10/1 w/w were produced with a mean size of 2.92 µm and 1.53 µm, respectively. For the system EUD/THEOP, well-defined spherical microspheres with a mean diameter ranging from 3.75 µm and 5.93 µm were produced at 12.0 MPa. The produced composite systems were characterized by various techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray microanalysis, FT-IR and UV-vis spectroscopy. Dissolution studies showed the potential of EUD to prolong the drug release, significantly, up to a few days.
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Trucillo P, Campardelli R, De Marco I. Experimental Study of Water Jet Break-Up in and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Trucillo
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DIIN), University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
- Department of Chemical, Material and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio, 80, 80125 Napoli (NA), Italy
| | - Roberta Campardelli
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DIIN), University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
- Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DICCA), University of Genoa, Via Opera Pia 15, 16145 Genova (GE), Italy
| | - Iolanda De Marco
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DIIN), University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
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Soh SH, Lee LY. Microencapsulation and Nanoencapsulation Using Supercritical Fluid (SCF) Techniques. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11010021. [PMID: 30621309 PMCID: PMC6359585 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique properties of supercritical fluids, in particular supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2), provide numerous opportunities for the development of processes for pharmaceutical applications. One of the potential applications for pharmaceuticals includes microencapsulation and nanoencapsulation for drug delivery purposes. Supercritical CO2 processes allow the design and control of particle size, as well as drug loading by utilizing the tunable properties of supercritical CO2 at different operating conditions (flow ratio, temperature, pressures, etc.). This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the processes and techniques using supercritical fluid processing based on the supercritical properties, the role of supercritical carbon dioxide during the process, and the mechanism of formulation production for each process discussed. The considerations for equipment configurations to achieve the various processes described and the mechanisms behind the representative processes such as RESS (rapid expansion of supercritical solutions), SAS (supercritical antisolvent), SFEE (supercritical fluid extraction of emulsions), PGSS (particles from gas-saturated solutions), drying, and polymer foaming will be explained via schematic representation. More recent developments such as fluidized bed coating using supercritical CO2 as the fluidizing and drying medium, the supercritical CO2 spray drying of aqueous solutions, as well as the production of microporous drug releasing devices via foaming, will be highlighted in this review. Development and strategies to control and optimize the particle morphology, drug loading, and yield from the major processes will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Hong Soh
- Newcastle Research and Innovation Institute, 80 Jurong East Street 21, #05-04 Devan Nair Institute for Employment & Employability, Singapore 609607, Singapore.
| | - Lai Yeng Lee
- Newcastle Research and Innovation Institute, 80 Jurong East Street 21, #05-04 Devan Nair Institute for Employment & Employability, Singapore 609607, Singapore.
- Newcastle University in Singapore, 537 Clementi Road, #06-01 SIT Building@Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore 599493, Singapore.
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Zein/diclofenac sodium coprecipitation at micrometric and nanometric range by supercritical antisolvent processing. J CO2 UTIL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Prosapio V, De Marco I, Reverchon E. Supercritical antisolvent coprecipitation mechanisms. J Supercrit Fluids 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Abuzar SM, Hyun SM, Kim JH, Park HJ, Kim MS, Park JS, Hwang SJ. Enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs using supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process. Int J Pharm 2018; 538:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Murakami Y, Shimoyama Y. Production of nanosuspension functionalized by chitosan using supercritical fluid extraction of emulsion. J Supercrit Fluids 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kőrösi M, Madarász J, Sohajda T, Székely E. Fast further purification of diastereomeric salts of a nonracemic acid by gas antisolvent fractionation. Chirality 2017; 29:610-615. [PMID: 28749538 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel, green possibility of the further purification of the diastereomeric salt of 4-chloromandelic acid and 1-phenylethane-1-amine was developed. Gas antisolvent method using supercritical carbon dioxide was applied for the first time to precipitate the diastereomeric salts with increased purity followed by the supercritical fluid extraction of the dissolved diastereomers. The RR-salt can be purified to >99%, while fractionation-based purification of the SR-salt is limited to ~80%. The limiting initial diastereomeric excess correlates strongly with the atmospheric melting eutectic composition of the same salts, which suggests that despite the fast precipitation, the diastereomeric excess of the solid product is not kinetically determined. The efficiency of the diastereomeric enrichment is in the same range as that of the atmospheric reference experiments; however, technological advantages provided by the antisolvent precipitation method such as fast processing and dry product obtained suggest that this novel procedure is a promising alternative to the atmospheric methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márton Kőrösi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Madarász
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Sohajda
- CycloLab Cyclodextrin Research and Development Laboratory Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edit Székely
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
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Knez Ž, Knez Hrnčič M, Škerget M. Particle Formation and Product Formulation Using Supercritical Fluids. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2015; 6:379-407. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061114-123317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Traditional methods for solids processing involve either high temperatures, necessary for melting or viscosity reduction, or hazardous organic solvents. Owing to the negative impact of the solvents on the environment, especially on living organisms, intensive research has focused on new, sustainable methods for the processing of these substances. Applying supercritical fluids for particle formation may produce powders and composites with special characteristics. Several processes for formation and design of solid particles using dense gases have been studied intensively. The unique thermodynamic and fluid-dynamic properties of supercritical fluids can be used also for impregnation of solid particles or for the formation of solid powderous emulsions and particle coating, e.g., for formation of solids with unique properties for use in different applications. We give an overview of the application of sub- and supercritical fluids as green processing media for particle formation processes and present recent advances and trends in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željko Knez
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia;, ,
| | - Maša Knez Hrnčič
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia;, ,
| | - Mojca Škerget
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia;, ,
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