1
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Li Y, Jiang J, Huang H, Wang Z, Wang L, Chen B, Zhai W. Comparative Study of the Foaming Behavior of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Foams Fabricated Using Chemical and Physical Foaming Processes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3719. [PMID: 39124388 PMCID: PMC11313140 DOI: 10.3390/ma17153719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), a crucial elastomeric resin, finds extensive application in the footwear industry. Conventional chemical foaming agents, including azodicarbonamide and 4,4'-oxybis(benzenesulfonyl hydrazide), have been identified as environmentally problematic. Hence, this study explores the potential of physical foaming of EVA using supercritical nitrogen as a sustainable alternative, garnering considerable interest in both academia and industry. The EVA formulations and processing parameters were optimized and EVA foams with densities between 0.15 and 0.25 g/cm3 were produced. Key findings demonstrate that physical foaming not only reduces environmental impact but also enhances product quality by a uniform cell structure with small cell size (50-100 μm), a wide foaming temperature window (120-180 °C), and lower energy consumption. The research further elucidates the mechanisms of cell nucleation and growth within the crosslinked EVA network, highlighting the critical role of blowing agent dispersion and localized crosslinking around nucleated cells in defining the foam's cellular morphology. These findings offer valuable insights for producing EVA foams with a more controllable cellular structure, utilizing physical foaming techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Junjie Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (Y.L.); (H.H.); (Z.W.); (L.W.); (B.C.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wentao Zhai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (Y.L.); (H.H.); (Z.W.); (L.W.); (B.C.)
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2
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Miele L, Di Lorenzo E, Guissart C, Di Maio E. Liquid foaming of TPU with Methylal. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32420. [PMID: 39183888 PMCID: PMC11341319 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This work investigates the peculiarities of using a liquid blowing agent, namely dimethoxymethane (Methylal) to foam a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) in the laboratory practice of batch foaming equipment. We preliminarily measured thermodynamic properties of the polymer/gas system relevant to foaming, namely the vapor-liquid pressures at the TPU foaming temperatures. Three different paths were then explored for foaming. First, we used Methylal under its liquid-vapor equilibrium condition, in which both liquid and vapor are present. Secondly, we used Methylal in the liquid state to experiment with liquid foaming strategies. We have observed specific aspects, details, and issues related to the use of liquid blowing agents and devised strategies to deal with them. Finally, we used Methylal as a co-blowing agent together with CO2. In all cases, we examined the impact of pressure, pressure drop rate, and temperature on foam density and morphology. Overall, liquid foaming has proven to be a viable technique and Methylal an effective blowing agent, especially in cooperation with other gaseous blowing agents, where it significantly improves the expansion ratio of the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Miele
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Naples, Italy
- foamlab, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Emilia Di Lorenzo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Naples, Italy
- foamlab, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Céline Guissart
- Lambiotte et Compagnie S.A., Avenue des Aubépines, 18, B-1180, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ernesto Di Maio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Naples, Italy
- foamlab, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Naples, Italy
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3
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Khudaida SH, Yen SK, Su CS. The Application of Box-Behnken Design for Investigating the Supercritical CO 2 Foaming Process: A Case Study of Thermoplastic Polyurethane 85A. Molecules 2024; 29:363. [PMID: 38257276 PMCID: PMC10820427 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is a versatile polymer with unique characteristics such as flexibility, rigidity, elasticity, and adjustable properties by controlling its soft and hard segments. To properly design and understand the TPU foaming process through supercritical CO2, a design of experiments approach, the Box-Behnken design (BBD) was adopted using commercial TPU 85A as the model compound. The effect of saturation pressure, saturation temperature, and immersion time on the mean pore size and expansion ratio were investigated. The design space for the production of TPU foam was shown, and the significance of process parameters was confirmed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). In addition, extrapolation foaming experiments were designed and validated the feasibility of the response surface model developed via BBD. It was found that the pore size of TPU 85A foam could be controlled within 13 to 60 μm, and a stable expansion ratio could be designed up to six.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chie-Shaan Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (S.H.K.)
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4
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Xu Z, Wang G, Wang Z, Zhang A, Zhao G. High performance plant-derived thermoplastic polyester elastomer foams achieved by manipulating charging order of mixed blowing agents. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 252:126261. [PMID: 37591438 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant-derived thermoplastic polyester elastomer (TPEE) is an environment friendly polymer known for its exceptional tear strength and mechanical properties, whose monomers are generated from crops. To prepare high-performance TPEE foams is still challenging due to the intrinsic shrinkage behavior. Herein, two microcellular foaming routes with different charging orders of mixed blowing agents, namely "CO2 firstly charging process (CO2-F-process)" and "N2 firstly charging process (N2-F-process)", were developed to elucidate the effects of mixed blowing agents on foaming behavior. Compared with the case in N2-F-process, more carbon dioxide and less nitrogen were adsorbed in CO2-F-process. Thus, TPEE foams prepared by N2-F-process show less shrinkage and higher creep recovery ratio than those prepared by CO2-F-process. Thanks to better structural stability and smaller shrinkage, TPEE foams prepared by N2-F-process exhibited enhanced strength and resilience. For the foams with similar density, compression strength can be increased by 52 %, and energy loss coefficient can be reduced to 50 %, by using N2-F-process. Thus, not only biomass TPEE foams with enhanced mechanical performance shows promising prospects in those areas that needs lightweight, insulation and high resilience, but also novel microcellular foaming technique with mixed blowing agents opens a new way for developing high-performance polymeric foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaorui Xu
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
| | - Guilong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China.
| | - Zhaozhi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
| | - Aimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
| | - Guoqun Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
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5
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Sepehri Sadeghian MS, Raisi A. A thermodynamic study on relationship between gas separation properties and microstructure of polyurethane membranes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6038. [PMID: 37055449 PMCID: PMC10102001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32908-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The lattice fluid (LF) thermodynamic model and extended Vrentas' free-volume (E-VSD) theory were coupled to study the gas separation properties of the linear thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) membranes with different chemical structures by analyzing their microstructures. A set of characteristic parameters were extracted using the repeating unit of the TPU samples and led to prediction of reliable polymer densities (AARD < 6%) and gas solubilities. The viscoelastic parameters, which were obtained from the DMTA analysis, were also estimated the gas diffusion vs. temperature, precisely. The degree of microphase mixing based on the DSC analysis was in order: TPU-1 (4.84 wt%) < TPU-2 (14.16 wt%) < TPU-3 (19.92 wt%). It was found that the TPU-1 membrane had the highest degree of crystallinity, but showed higher gas solubilities and permeabilities because this membrane has the least degree of microphase mixing. These values, in combination with the gas permeation results, showed that the content of the hard segment along with the degree of microphase mixing and other microstructural parameters like crystallinity were the determinative parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sajad Sepehri Sadeghian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Hafez Ave., P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Raisi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Hafez Ave., P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran.
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6
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Zhao Y, Zheng J, Guo P, Wang C, Guo M, Xin C, He Y. Study on Chain Extension Blending Modification and Foaming Behavior of Thermoplastic Polyamide Elastomer. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:9832-9842. [PMID: 36969475 PMCID: PMC10034832 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve the melt foaming properties of thermoplastic polyamide elastomers and reduce the shrinkage rate of foamed materials, acid anhydride chain extenders SMA (styrene maleic anhydride copolymer) are used in this paper to in situ reactive blending thermoplastic polyamide elastomers (TPAE) and polyamide 6 (PA6). The rheological and crystalline properties of the modified samples were characterized by a rotational rheometer and differential scanning calorimeter, and the melt batch foaming experiment with CO2 as the foaming agent was carried out. The results showed that the melting enthalpy of modified TPAE reduced with the addition of content of PA6, which implied that the crystallinity of the hard phase of the system was depressed. Nevertheless, the reduction of crystallinity was beneficial to improve the penetration of gas and reduce the effect of the pressure difference inside and outside the cell on foam shrinkage. Additionally, the microcross-linked structure formed with the increase of PA6 content enhanced the storage modulus of modified TPAE, which could accelerate recovery of strain. The foaming temperature zone and recovery performance of all modified TPAE samples were significantly improved. The overall shrinkage rate was reduced to less than 10%, the maximum expansion ratio could reach 11-13 times with a more complete and uniform cell structure, and the resilience was improved by about 12%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyin Zhao
- College
of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Jiaxin Zheng
- College
of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Pei Guo
- College
of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Congxiao Wang
- College
of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Menghao Guo
- College
of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Chunling Xin
- College
of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing100029, China
- Engineering
Research Center for Polymer Processing Equipment, Ministry of Education, Beijing100029, China
| | - Yadong He
- College
of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing100029, China
- Engineering
Research Center for Polymer Processing Equipment, Ministry of Education, Beijing100029, China
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7
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Wang J, Fa H, Lu H. Investigation into the effects of foaming variables on the cellular structure and expansion ratio of foamed TPU using response surface methodology. J CELL PLAST 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x231165344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU) foams were prepared using the high-pressure autoclave with supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (SC-CO2). The effects of foaming variables (i.e. saturation temperature, saturation pressure, and depressurization rate) on cellular structure and expansion ratio were investigated. The model between expansion ratio and foaming variables was constructed using the Box-Behnken design (BBD) of response surface methodology (RSM), and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to evaluate the validity and significance of the model. Finally, the interactive effects of foaming variables on the expansion ratio were investigated, and the expansion ratios of maximum and center point from numerical model were verified by experiment. The result showed higher saturation pressure and depressurization rate resulted in the more uniform cellular structure and higher cell density, however the higher saturation temperature resulted in the bigger cell and nonuniform structure. The ranges of average cell diameter and cell density were 15.26–45.4 μm and 0.32 × 108 to 6.24 × 108 cells/cm3, respectively. The model obtained using BBD of RSM was valid to predict the expansion ratio in the design window. The saturation temperature was the most important factor influencing the expansion ratio. With the increase of saturation temperature, the expansion ratio always increases in the design window. The maximum expansion ratio from numerical optimization was 4.91, which was located at saturation temperature 190°C, saturation pressure 12.51 MPa, and depressurization rate 5 MPa/s, and the corresponding experiment value was 4.56. The error between them was 7.13%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Integrated Design and On-line Monitoring for Light Industry and Food Machinery and Equipment, College of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin DTH Machinery Equipment Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Houjian Fa
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Integrated Design and On-line Monitoring for Light Industry and Food Machinery and Equipment, College of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongwei Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Integrated Design and On-line Monitoring for Light Industry and Food Machinery and Equipment, College of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
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8
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Kim J, Kim SW, Kweon BC, Kim KH, Cha SW. Solid-State Surface Patterning on Polymer Using the Microcellular Foaming Process. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051153. [PMID: 36904394 PMCID: PMC10007601 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study proposes a novel process that integrates the molding and patterning of solid-state polymers with the force generated from the volume expansion of the microcellular-foaming process (MCP) and the softening of solid-state polymers due to gas adsorption. The batch-foaming process, which is one of the MCPs, is a useful process that can cause thermal, acoustic, and electrical characteristic changes in polymer materials. However, its development is limited due to low productivity. A pattern was imprinted on the surface using a polymer gas mixture with a 3D-printed polymer mold. The process was controlled with changing weight gain by controlling saturation time. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to obtain the results. The maximum depth could be formed in the same manner as the mold geometry (sample depth: 208.7 μm; mold depth: 200 μm). Furthermore, the same pattern could be imprinted as a layer thickness of 3D printing (sample pattern gap and mold layer gap: 0.4 mm), and surface roughness was increased according to increase in the foaming ratio. This process can be used as a novel method to expand the limited applications of the batch-foaming process considering that MCPs can impart various high-value-added characteristics to polymers.
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9
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Long H, Xu H, Shaoyu J, Jiang T, Zhuang W, Li M, Jin J, Ji L, Ying H, Zhu C. High-Strength Bio-Degradable Polymer Foams with Stable High Volume-Expansion Ratio Using Chain Extension and Green Supercritical Mixed-Gas Foaming. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040895. [PMID: 36850179 PMCID: PMC9963428 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The preparation of biodegradable polymer foams with a stable high volume-expansion ratio (VER) is challenging. For example, poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) foams have a low melt strength and high shrinkage. In this study, polylactic acid (PLA), which has a high VER and crystallinity, was added to PBAT to reduce shrinkage during the supercritical molded-bead foaming process. The epoxy chain extender ADR4368 was used both as a chain extender and a compatibilizer to mitigate the linear chain structure and incompatibility and improve the foamability of PBAT. The branched-chain structure increased the energy-storage modulus (G') and complex viscosity (η*), which are the key factors for the growth of cells, by 1-2 orders of magnitude. Subsequently, we innovatively used the CO2 and N2 composite gas method. The foam-shrinkage performance was further inhibited; the final foam had a VER of 23.39 and a stable cell was obtained. Finally, after steam forming, the results showed that the mechanical strength of the PBAT/PLA blended composite foam was considerably improved by the addition of PLA. The compressive strength (50%), bending strength, and fracture load by bending reached 270.23 kPa, 0.36 MPa, and 23.32 N, respectively. This study provides a potential strategy for the development of PBAT-based foam packaging materials with stable cell structure, high VER, and excellent mechanical strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Long
- College of Biotechnique and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Hongsen Xu
- College of Biotechnique and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jingwen Shaoyu
- College of Biotechnique and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Tianchen Jiang
- College of Biotechnique and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Wei Zhuang
- College of Biotechnique and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnique, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5, Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Ming Li
- College of Biotechnique and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnique, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5, Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Junyang Jin
- College of Biotechnique and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Lei Ji
- College of Biotechnique and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnique, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5, Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Hanjie Ying
- College of Biotechnique and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnique, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5, Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chenjie Zhu
- College of Biotechnique and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnique, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5, Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (C.Z.)
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10
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Zhou M, Li M, Jiang J, Li Y, Liu H, Chen B, Zhao D, Zhai W. Porous polyetherimide fiber fabricated by a facile micro-extrusion foaming for high temperature thermal insulation. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Rangappa R, Yeh SK. Effect of N2 plasticization on the crystallization of different hardnesses of thermoplastic polyurethanes. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Lightweight, low-shrinkage and high elastic poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) foams achieved by microcellular foaming using N2 & CO2 as co-blowing agents. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Gao X, Chen Y, Xu Z, Zhao L, Hu D. Supercritical CO 2 Foaming of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Composite: Simultaneous Simulation of Cell Nucleation and Growth Coupling in Situ Visualization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiulu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yichong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhimei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Dongdong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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14
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Jiang J, Zhou M, Li Y, Chen B, Tian F, Zhai W. Cell structure and hardness evolutions of TPU foamed sheets with high hardness via a temperature rising foaming process. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Xu Z, Wang G, Zhao J, Zhang A, Dong G, Zhao G. Anti-shrinkage, high-elastic, and strong thermoplastic polyester elastomer foams fabricated by microcellular foaming with CO2 & N2 as blowing agents. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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16
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Screening of the Supercritical Impregnation of Olea europaea Leaves Extract into Filaments of Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) and Polylactic Acid (PLA) Intended for Biomedical Applications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061170. [PMID: 35740066 PMCID: PMC9219857 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The leaves of Olea europaea as agricultural waste represent a convenient source of antioxidants. In combination with supercritical CO2 (scCO2), assisted impregnation is an interesting strategy for the preparation of biomedical devices with specific bioactivity. For this purpose, 3D-printable filaments of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and polylactic acid (PLA) were employed for the supercritical impregnation of ethanolic olive leaves extract (OLE) for biomedical application. The extraction of OLE was performed using pressurized liquids. The effect of pressure (100-400 bar), temperature (35-55 °C), and the polymer type on the OLE impregnation and the swelling degree were studied including a morphological analysis and the measurement of the final antioxidant activity. All the studied variables as well as their interactions showed significant effects on the OLE loading. Higher temperatures favored the OLE loading while the pressure presented opposite effects at values higher than 250 bar. Thus, the highest OLE loadings were achieved at 250 bar and 55 °C for both polymers. However, TPU showed c.a. 4 times higher OLE loading and antioxidant activity in comparison with PLA at the optimal conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report using TPU for the supercritical impregnation of a natural extract with bioactivity.
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Zhuang HT, Zhang L, Bao JB. Enhanced foaming behaviors and compression properties of thermoplastic polyurethane via constructing micro-crosslinking structure assisted by chain extender. Colloid Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-022-04960-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Cellular structure design by controlling the dissolution and diffusion behavior of gases in silicon rubber. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Nofar M, Utz J, Geis N, Altstädt V, Ruckdäschel H. Foam 3D Printing of Thermoplastics: A Symbiosis of Additive Manufacturing and Foaming Technology. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105701. [PMID: 35187843 PMCID: PMC9008799 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to their light-weight and cost-effectiveness, cellular thermoplastic foams are considered as important engineering materials. On the other hand, additive manufacturing or 3D printing is one of the emerging and fastest growing manufacturing technologies due to its advantages such as design freedom and tool-less production. Nowadays, 3D printing of polymer compounds is mostly limited to manufacturing of solid parts. In this context, a merged foaming and printing technology can introduce a great alternative for the currently used foam manufacturing technologies such as foam injection molding. This perspective review article tackles the attempts taken toward initiating this novel technology to simultaneously foam and print thermoplastics. After explaining the basics of polymer foaming and additive manufacturing, this article classifies different attempts that have been made toward generating foamed printed structures while highlighting their challenges. These attempts are clustered into 1) architected porous structures, 2) syntactic foaming, 3) post-foaming of printed parts, and eventually 4) printing of blowing agents saturated filaments. Among these, the latest approach is the most practical route although it has not been thoroughly studied yet. A filament free approach that can be introduced as a potential strategy to unlock the difficulties to produce printed foam structures is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Nofar
- Sustainable and Green Plastics LaboratoryMetallurgical and Materials Engineering DepartmentFaculty of Chemical and Metallurgical EngineeringIstanbul Technical UniversityIstanbul34469Turkey
- Polymer Science and Technology ProgramIstanbul Technical UniversityMaslakIstanbul34469Turkey
| | - Julia Utz
- Department of Polymer EngineeringUniversity of BayreuthBayreuth95447Germany
| | - Nico Geis
- Department of Polymer EngineeringUniversity of BayreuthBayreuth95447Germany
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Department of Polymer EngineeringUniversity of BayreuthBayreuth95447Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular ResearchUniversity of BayreuthBayreuth95447Germany
| | - Holger Ruckdäschel
- Department of Polymer EngineeringUniversity of BayreuthBayreuth95447Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular ResearchUniversity of BayreuthBayreuth95447Germany
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20
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Azimi H, Jahani D, Aghamohammadi S, Nofar M. Experimental and numerical investigation of bubble nucleation and growth in supercritical CO2-blown poly(vinyl alcohol). KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-022-1078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Wang H, Peng X, Liu F, Song X, Wang H, Geng L, Huang A. Facile preparation of super lightweight and highly elastic thermoplastic polyurethane bead blend foam with microporous segregated network structure for good interfacial adhesion. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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22
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Wang L, Cui W, Mi HY, Hu D, Antwi-Afari MF, Liu C, Shen C. Fabrication of skinless cellular poly (vinylidene fluoride) films by surface-constrained supercritical CO2 foaming using elastic gas barrier layers. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Modeling and Experiment for the Diffusion Coefficient of Subcritical Carbon Dioxide in Poly(methyl methacrylate) to Predict Gas Sorption and Desorption. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030596. [PMID: 35160585 PMCID: PMC8838939 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Several researchers have investigated the phenomenon of polymer–gas mixtures, and a few have proposed diffusion coefficient values instead of a diffusion coefficient model. There is a paucity of studies focused on the continuous change in the diffusion coefficient corresponding to the overall pressure and temperature range of the mixture. In this study, the gas sorption and desorption experiments of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were conducted via solid-state batch foaming, and the weight change was measured using the gravimetric method with a magnetic balance. The control parameters were temperature, which ranged from 290 to 370 K, and pressure, which ranged from 2 to 5 MPa in the subcritical regime. Based on the experimental data, the diffusion coefficient of the PMMA was calculated using Fick’s law. After calculating the diffusion coefficient in the range of the experiment, the diffusion coefficient model was employed using the least-squares method. Subsequently, the model was validated by comparing the obtained results with those in the literature, and the overall trend was found to be consistent. Therefore, it was confirmed that there were slight differences between the diffusion coefficient obtained using only Fick’s equation and the value using by a different method.
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24
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Xu Z, Wang G, Zhao J, Zhang A, Zhao G. Super-elastic and structure-tunable poly(ether-block-amide) foams achieved by microcellular foaming. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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25
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Preparation of Microcellular Foams by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: A Case Study of Thermoplastic Polyurethane 70A. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9091650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a case study to produce microcellular foam of a commercial thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) through the supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) foaming process is presented. To explore the feasibility of TPU in medical device and biomedical application, a soft TPU with Shore hardness value of 70A was selected as the model compound. The effects of saturation temperature and saturation pressure ranging from 90 to 140 °C and 90 to 110 bar on the expansion ratio, cell size and cell density of the TPU foam were compared and discussed. Regarding the expansion ratio, the effect of saturation temperature was considerable and an intermediate saturation temperature of 100 °C was favorable to produce TPU microcellular foam with a high expansion ratio. On the other hand, the mean pore size and cell density of TPU foam can be efficiently manipulated by adjusting the saturation pressure. A high saturation pressure was beneficial to obtain TPU foam with small mean pore size and high cell density. This case study shows that the expansion ratio of TPU microcellular foam could be designed as high as 4.4. The cell size and cell density could be controlled within 12–40 μm and 5.0 × 107–1.3 × 109 cells/cm3, respectively.
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26
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Preparation of polyethylene terephthalate foams at different saturation temperatures using dual methods of supercritical batch foaming. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-021-0889-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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27
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Kiran E, Sarver JA, Hassler JC. Solubility and Diffusivity of CO2 and N2 in Polymers and Polymer Swelling, Glass Transition, Melting, and Crystallization at High Pressure. A Critical Review and Perspectives on Experimental Methods, Data, and Modeling. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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28
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Aghvami-Panah M, Panahi-Sarmad M, Seraji AA, Jamalpour S, Ghaffarian SR, Park CB. LDPE/MWCNT and LDPE/MWCNT/UHMWPE self-reinforced fiber-composite foams prepared via supercritical CO2: A microstructure-engineering property perspective. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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29
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30
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Effect of extrusion on the foaming behavior of thermoplastic polyurethane with different hard segments. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02604-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Chen Y, Li D, Zhang H, Ling Y, Wu K, Liu T, Hu D, Zhao L. Antishrinking Strategy of Microcellular Thermoplastic Polyurethane by Comprehensive Modeling Analysis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yichong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Dongyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yijie Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Kaiwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, P. R. China
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Zhai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Junjie Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chul B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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33
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Guo QP, Wang J, Park CB. A Comparison of CO2 and N2 Foaming Behaviors of PP in a Visualization System. INT POLYM PROC 2020. [DOI: 10.3139/217.3993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Q.-P. Guo
- EHC Canada, Inc., Oshawa, ON, Canada
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J. Wang
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, USA
| | - C. B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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34
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Qiao Y, Liu J, Zhao J, Xu M, Qi Q, Chen Z, Men Y, Park CB, Lee PC. Promotion of Form I′ in the Polymorph Selection of Polybutene-1 during Crystallization under High Gas/Supercritical Fluid Pressure via Enhancing Chain Mobility. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongna Qiao
- Multifunctional Composites Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Jing Liu
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Jinchuan Zhao
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Menglong Xu
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Qing Qi
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Zuolong Chen
- Multifunctional Composites Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Yongfeng Men
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Chul B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Patrick C. Lee
- Multifunctional Composites Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
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35
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Zhang H, Liu T, Li B, Li H, Cao Z, Jin G, Zhao L, Xin Z. Foaming and dimensional stability of LDPE foams with N2, CO2, i-C4H10 and CO2 - N2 mixtures as blowing agents. J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.104930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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