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Bostiog DI, Simionescu N, Coroaba A, Marinas IC, Chifiriuc MC, Gradisteanu Pircalabioru G, Maier SS, Pinteala M. Multi-shell gold nanoparticles functionalized with methotrexate: a novel nanotherapeutic approach for improved antitumoral and antioxidant activity and enhanced biocompatibility. Drug Deliv 2024; 31:2388624. [PMID: 39152905 PMCID: PMC11332291 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2024.2388624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is a folic acid antagonist routinely used in cancer treatment, characterized by poor water solubility and low skin permeability. These issues could be mitigated by using drug delivery systems, such as functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), known for their versatility and unique properties. This study aimed to develop multi-shell AuNPs functionalized with MTX for the improvement of MTX antitumoral, antioxidant, and biocompatibility features. Stable phosphine-coated AuNPs were synthesized and functionalized with tailored polyethylene glycol (PEG) and short-branched polyethyleneimine (PEI) moieties, followed by MTX covalent binding. Physicochemical characterization by UV-vis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the synthesis at each step. The antioxidant activity of functionalized AuNPs was determined using DPPH radical scavenging assay, ferric ions' reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assays. Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity were assessed using MTT and LDH assays on HaCaT human keratinocytes and CAL27 squamous cell carcinoma. MTX functionalized AuNPs demonstrated enhanced antioxidant activity and a pronounced cytotoxic effect on the tumoral cells compared to their individual components, highlighting their potential for improving cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisse-Iulia Bostiog
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
| | - Natalia Simionescu
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
| | - Adina Coroaba
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
| | - Ioana C. Marinas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Research Institute of the University of Bucharest-ICUB, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mariana C. Chifiriuc
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Research Institute of the University of Bucharest-ICUB, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Stelian S. Maier
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
- Polymer Research Center, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | - Mariana Pinteala
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
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2
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Perrins RD, McCarthy LA, Robinson A, Spry KL, Cognet V, Ferreira A, Porter J, Garcίa CE, Rodriguez MÁ, Lopez D, Perera I, Conlon K, Barrientos A, Coulter T, Pace A, Hale SJM, Ferrari E, Bachrati CZ. Targeting Ultrasmall Gold Nanoparticles with cRGD Peptide Increases the Uptake and Efficacy of Cytotoxic Payload. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12224013. [PMID: 36432299 PMCID: PMC9696180 DOI: 10.3390/nano12224013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid peptide (cRGD) peptides show a high affinity towards αVβ3 integrin, a receptor overexpressed in many cancers. We aimed to combine the versatility of ultrasmall gold nanoparticles (usGNP) with the target selectivity of cRGD peptide for the directed delivery of a cytotoxic payload in a novel design. usGNPs were synthesized with a modified Brust-Schiffrin method and functionalized via amide coupling and ligand exchange and their uptake, intracellular trafficking, and toxicity were characterized. Our cRGD functionalized usGNPs demonstrated increased cellular uptake by αVβ3 integrin expressing cells, are internalized via clathrin-dependent endocytosis, accumulated in the lysosomes, and when loaded with mertansine led to increased cytotoxicity. Targeting via cRGD functionalization provides a mechanism to improve the efficacy, tolerability, and retention of therapeutic GNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lee-Anne McCarthy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Joseph Banks Laboratories, Green Lane, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK
| | - Angela Robinson
- Midatech Pharma Plc, 1 Caspian Point, Caspian Way, Cardiff CF10 4DQ, UK
| | - Kelly L. Spry
- Midatech Pharma Plc, 1 Caspian Point, Caspian Way, Cardiff CF10 4DQ, UK
| | - Valentin Cognet
- Midatech Pharma Plc, 1 Caspian Point, Caspian Way, Cardiff CF10 4DQ, UK
| | - Avelino Ferreira
- Midatech Pharma Plc, 1 Caspian Point, Caspian Way, Cardiff CF10 4DQ, UK
| | - John Porter
- Midatech Pharma Plc, 1 Caspian Point, Caspian Way, Cardiff CF10 4DQ, UK
| | | | | | - Diana Lopez
- Midatech Pharma Plc, 1 Caspian Point, Caspian Way, Cardiff CF10 4DQ, UK
| | - Ibon Perera
- Midatech Pharma Plc, 1 Caspian Point, Caspian Way, Cardiff CF10 4DQ, UK
| | - Kelly Conlon
- Midatech Pharma Plc, 1 Caspian Point, Caspian Way, Cardiff CF10 4DQ, UK
| | - Africa Barrientos
- Midatech Pharma Plc, 1 Caspian Point, Caspian Way, Cardiff CF10 4DQ, UK
| | - Tom Coulter
- Midatech Pharma Plc, 1 Caspian Point, Caspian Way, Cardiff CF10 4DQ, UK
| | - Alessandro Pace
- Midatech Pharma Plc, 1 Caspian Point, Caspian Way, Cardiff CF10 4DQ, UK
| | - Sarah J. M. Hale
- Midatech Pharma Plc, 1 Caspian Point, Caspian Way, Cardiff CF10 4DQ, UK
| | - Enrico Ferrari
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Joseph Banks Laboratories, Green Lane, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK
| | - Csanad Z. Bachrati
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Joseph Banks Laboratories, Green Lane, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1522-886787
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3
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Magogotya M, Vetten M, Roux-van der Merwe MP, Badenhorst J, Gulumian M. In vitro toxicity and internalization of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells and the human skin keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells. MUTATION RESEARCH/GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 883-884:503556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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4
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Nqayi S, Gulumian M, Cronjé S, Harris RA. Computational study of the effect of size and surface functionalization on Au nanoparticles on their stability to study biological descriptors. J Mol Model 2022; 28:376. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05367-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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5
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Kariuki R, Penman R, Bryant SJ, Orrell-Trigg R, Meftahi N, Crawford RJ, McConville CF, Bryant G, Voïtchovsky K, Conn CE, Christofferson AJ, Elbourne A. Behavior of Citrate-Capped Ultrasmall Gold Nanoparticles on a Supported Lipid Bilayer Interface at Atomic Resolution. ACS NANO 2022; 16:17179-17196. [PMID: 36121776 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have the potential to transform biological and biomedical research, with applications ranging from drug delivery and diagnostics to targeted interference of specific biological processes. Most existing research is aimed at developing nanomaterials for specific tasks such as enhanced biocellular internalization. However, fundamental aspects of the interactions between nanomaterials and biological systems, in particular, membranes, remain poorly understood. In this study, we provide detailed insights into the molecular mechanisms governing the interaction and evolution of one of the most common synthetic nanomaterials in contact with model phospholipid membranes. Using a combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we elucidate the precise mechanisms by which citrate-capped 5 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) interact with supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) of pure fluid (DOPC) and pure gel-phase (DPPC) phospholipids. On fluid-phase DOPC membranes, the AuNPs adsorb and are progressively internalized as the citrate capping of the NPs is displaced by the surrounding lipids. AuNPs also interact with gel-phase DPPC membranes where they partially embed into the outer leaflet, locally disturbing the lipid organization. In both systems, the AuNPs cause holistic perturbations throughout the bilayers. AFM shows that the lateral diffusion of the particles is several orders of magnitude smaller than that of the lipid molecules, which creates some temporary scarring of the membrane surface. Our results reveal how functionalized AuNPs interact with differing biological membranes with mechanisms that could also have implications for cooperative membrane effects with other molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashad Kariuki
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Rowan Penman
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Saffron J Bryant
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Rebecca Orrell-Trigg
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Nastaran Meftahi
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Russell J Crawford
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Chris F McConville
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Gary Bryant
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Kislon Voïtchovsky
- University of Durham, Physics Department, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte E Conn
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Andrew J Christofferson
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Aaron Elbourne
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
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6
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OUP accepted manuscript. J Pharm Pharmacol 2022; 74:1282-1295. [DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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7
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Sanabria NM, Gulumian M. The use of HRM shifts in qPCR to investigate a much neglected aspect of interference by intracellular nanoparticles. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260207. [PMID: 34874941 PMCID: PMC8651142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic molecular studies used to understand potential risks of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are incomplete. Intracellular residual ENMs present in biological samples may cause assay interference. This report applies the high-resolution melt (HRM) feature of RT-qPCR to detect shifts caused by the presence of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). A universal RNA standard (untreated control) sample was spiked with known amounts of AuNPs and reverse transcribed, where 10 reference genes were amplified. The amplification plots, dissociation assay (melt) profiles, electrophoretic profiles and HRM difference curves were analysed and detected interference caused by AuNPs, which differed according to the amount of AuNP present (i.e. semi-quantitative). Whether or not the assay interference was specific to the reverse transcription or the PCR amplification step was tested. The study was extended to a target gene-of-interest (GOI), Caspase 7. Also, the effect on in vitro cellular samples was assessed (for reference genes and Caspase 7). This method can screen for the presence of AuNPs in RNA samples, which were isolated from biological material in contact with the nanomaterials, i.e., during exposure and risk assessment studies. This is an important quality control procedure to be implemented when quantifying the expression of a GOI from samples that have been in contact with various ENMs. It is recommended to further examine 18S, PPIA and TBP since these were the most reliable for detecting shifts in the difference curves, irrespective of the source of the RNA, or, the point at which the different AuNPs interacted with the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha M. Sanabria
- A Division of National Health Laboratory Services, National Institute for Occupational Health, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mary Gulumian
- A Division of National Health Laboratory Services, National Institute for Occupational Health, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Haematology and Molecular Medicine Department, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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8
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Morris AS, Givens BE, Silva A, Salem AK. Copper Oxide Nanoparticle Diameter Mediates Serum‐Sensitive Toxicity in BEAS‐2B Cells. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202000062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Angie S. Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy University of Iowa 115 S. Grand Avenue, S228 PHAR Iowa City IA 52242 USA
- Department of Chemistry College of Liberal Arts and Sciences University of Iowa 115 S. Grand Avenue, S228 PHAR Iowa City IA 52242 USA
| | - Brittany E. Givens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy University of Iowa 115 S. Grand Avenue, S228 PHAR Iowa City IA 52242 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering College of Engineering University of Iowa 115 S. Grand Avenue, S228 PHAR Iowa City IA 52242 USA
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering College of Engineering University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40506 USA
| | - Aaron Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy University of Iowa 115 S. Grand Avenue, S228 PHAR Iowa City IA 52242 USA
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering College of Engineering University of Iowa 115 S. Grand Avenue, S228 PHAR Iowa City IA 52242 USA
| | - Aliasger K. Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy University of Iowa 115 S. Grand Avenue, S228 PHAR Iowa City IA 52242 USA
- Department of Chemistry College of Liberal Arts and Sciences University of Iowa 115 S. Grand Avenue, S228 PHAR Iowa City IA 52242 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering College of Engineering University of Iowa 115 S. Grand Avenue, S228 PHAR Iowa City IA 52242 USA
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering College of Engineering University of Iowa 115 S. Grand Avenue, S228 PHAR Iowa City IA 52242 USA
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9
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Shin H, Kwak M, Lee TG, Lee JY. Quantifying the level of nanoparticle uptake in mammalian cells using flow cytometry. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:15743-15751. [PMID: 32677657 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01627f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Reliable quantification of nanoparticle uptake in mammalian cells is essential to study the effects of nanoparticles in the fields of medicine and environmental science. Most conventional quantification methods, such as electron microscopy or confocal imaging, are laborious and semi-quantitative and therefore not readily applicable to routine analyses. Here, we developed assays to quantify fluorescently labelled nanoparticle uptake in mammalian cells using a flow cytometer. The first approach was to measure the percentage of nanoparticle-containing cells based on a cutoff fluorescence intensity as set from a histogram of control cells, which is a quick and easy way to relatively compare nanoparticle uptake in the same set of experiments. The second approach was to measure the calibrated fluorescence intensity of the nanoparticle-treated cells in molecules of equivalent soluble fluorophore (MESF) values using calibration beads, which allows for comparisons between different sets of experiments. We successfully applied the developed assays to more readily measure fluorescence-labelled silica nanoparticle uptake in A549 lung carcinoma cells in a quantitative rather than semi-quantitative manner. We further tested the assays with nine different types of mammalian cells and investigated the correlation between cell type/size and nanoparticle uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- HyeRim Shin
- Center for Bioanalysis, Division of Chemical and Medical Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Rahmati M, Silva EA, Reseland JE, A Heyward C, Haugen HJ. Biological responses to physicochemical properties of biomaterial surface. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:5178-5224. [PMID: 32642749 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00103a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical scientists use chemistry-driven processes found in nature as an inspiration to design biomaterials as promising diagnostic tools, therapeutic solutions, or tissue substitutes. While substantial consideration is devoted to the design and validation of biomaterials, the nature of their interactions with the surrounding biological microenvironment is commonly neglected. This gap of knowledge could be owing to our poor understanding of biochemical signaling pathways, lack of reliable techniques for designing biomaterials with optimal physicochemical properties, and/or poor stability of biomaterial properties after implantation. The success of host responses to biomaterials, known as biocompatibility, depends on chemical principles as the root of both cell signaling pathways in the body and how the biomaterial surface is designed. Most of the current review papers have discussed chemical engineering and biological principles of designing biomaterials as separate topics, which has resulted in neglecting the main role of chemistry in this field. In this review, we discuss biocompatibility in the context of chemistry, what it is and how to assess it, while describing contributions from both biochemical cues and biomaterials as well as the means of harmonizing them. We address both biochemical signal-transduction pathways and engineering principles of designing a biomaterial with an emphasis on its surface physicochemistry. As we aim to show the role of chemistry in the crosstalk between the surface physicochemical properties and body responses, we concisely highlight the main biochemical signal-transduction pathways involved in the biocompatibility complex. Finally, we discuss the progress and challenges associated with the current strategies used for improving the chemical and physical interactions between cells and biomaterial surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rahmati
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway. h.j.haugen.odont.uio.no
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11
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Siivola KM, Suhonen S, Hartikainen M, Catalán J, Norppa H. Genotoxicity and cellular uptake of nanosized and fine copper oxide particles in human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2020; 856-857:503217. [PMID: 32928365 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We studied the genotoxicity and cellular uptake of nanosized (<50 nm) and fine (<10 μm) copper oxide (CuO) particles in vitro in human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells. In addition, the effect of dispersing the particles using bovine serum albumin (BSA) on DNA damage induction was investigated. DNA damage was assessed by the alkaline comet (single cell gel electrophoresis) assay after 3-h, 6-h and 24-h exposures. The cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay was applied to study chromosome damage. Both fine- and nanosized CuO particles induced a dose-dependent increase in DNA damage at all timepoints tested. However, nanosized CuO damaged DNA at lower doses and higher levels compared with fine CuO. Dispersing the nanoparticles in the presence of BSA (0.6 mg/mL) resulted in a small and inconsistent decrease in DNA damage compared with dispersions in serum-free cell culture medium only. CuO nanoparticles induced a clear dose-dependent increase in micronucleated cells at doses that strongly increased cytostasis and were markedly cytotoxic at 24 and 48 h. Fine CuO showed a slight induction of micronuclei. Hyperspectral microscopy indicated a substantial cellular uptake of both types of particles after a 3-h exposure to a dose of 20 μg/cm2. The number of particles internalized by the cells was higher for nanosized than fine CuO, as quantified by the frequency of spectral matches in the total cell area and by the number of spectrally matched visible particles or agglomerates per cell. The particle uptake was limited by particle size. The stronger genotoxic activity of nanosized than fine CuO particles is likely to derive from the higher cellular uptake and more effective intracellular dissolution of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi M Siivola
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Satu Suhonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Julia Catalán
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Anatomy Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Hannu Norppa
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Size, Surface Functionalization, and Genotoxicity of Gold Nanoparticles In Vitro. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10020271. [PMID: 32041143 PMCID: PMC7075117 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Several studies suggested that gold nanoparticles (NPs) could be genotoxic in vitro and in vivo. However, gold NPs currently produced present a wide range of sizes and functionalization, which could affect their interactions with the environment or with biological structures and, thus, modify their toxic effects. In this study, we investigated the role of surface charge in determining the genotoxic potential of gold NPs, as measured by the induction of DNA damage (comet assay) and chromosomal damage (micronucleus assay) in human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells. The cellular uptake of gold NPs was assessed by hyperspectral imaging. Two core sizes (~5 nm and ~20 nm) and three functionalizations representing negative (carboxylate), positive (ammonium), and neutral (poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)ylated) surface charges were examined. Cationic ammonium gold NPs were clearly more cytotoxic than their anionic and neutral counterparts, but genotoxicity was not simply dependent on functionalization or size, since DNA damage was induced by 20-nm ammonium and PEGylated gold NPs, while micronucleus induction was increased by 5-nm ammonium and 20-nm PEGylated gold NPs. The 5-nm carboxylated gold NPs were not genotoxic, and evidence on the genotoxicity of the 20-nm carboxylated gold NPs was restricted to a positive result at the lowest dose in the micronucleus assay. When interpreting the results, it has to be taken into account that cytotoxicity limited the doses available for the ammonium-functionalized gold NPs and that gold NPs were earlier described to interfere with the comet assay procedure, possibly resulting in a false positive result. In conclusion, our findings show that the cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of gold NPs are clearly enhanced by positive surface charge, but neither functionalization nor size can single-handedly account for the genotoxic effects of the gold NPs.
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13
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Wu C, Wu Y, Jin Y, Zhu P, Shi W, Li J, Wu Q, Zhang Q, Han Y, Zhao X. Endosomal/lysosomal location of organically modified silica nanoparticles following caveolae-mediated endocytosis. RSC Adv 2019; 9:13855-13862. [PMID: 35519602 PMCID: PMC9063904 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00404a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organically modified silica (ORMOSIL) nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyue Wu
- School of Medicine
- Nantong University
- Nantong 226019
- China
| | - Yifan Wu
- School of Public Health
- Nantong University
- Nantong 226019
- China
| | - Yang Jin
- School of Public Health
- Nantong University
- Nantong 226019
- China
| | - Piaoyu Zhu
- School of Public Health
- Nantong University
- Nantong 226019
- China
| | - Weiwei Shi
- Nantong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Nantong 226001
- China
| | - Jinlong Li
- School of Pharmacy
- Nantong University
- Nantong 226019
- China
| | - Qiyun Wu
- School of Public Health
- Nantong University
- Nantong 226019
- China
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- Departments of Gastroenterology
- Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University
- Wuxi 214023
- China
| | - Yu Han
- School of Public Health
- Nantong University
- Nantong 226019
- China
| | - Xinyuan Zhao
- School of Public Health
- Nantong University
- Nantong 226019
- China
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