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Rodríguez-Maese R, Cerdà V, Leal LO. An overview of automated flow systems for total and isotopic analysis of strontium and yttrium in samples of environmental interest. Talanta 2024; 270:125643. [PMID: 38199120 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Due to the different uses of radioactivity during the last decades, there has been an increase in the concentration of natural and artificial radionuclides in the environment. This, along with some accidents with a high affect public opinion (for example, Chernobyl and Fukushima), have led to the growth and establishment of environmental radioactivity monitoring programs. Currently, trends in legislation and research are focused on the development of accurate, precise, reliable and fast analytical methods with low limits of detection (LOD) for radionuclides determination, such as strontium and yttrium, in environmental samples. In this paper, two comprehensive reviews and four automated analytical systems for total and isotopic determination of yttrium and strontium are presented. The developed methods have been applied in the analysis of environmental samples with low concentrations of these analytes. These methodologies have been automated by exploiting flow analysis techniques, such as multi-syringe flow injection analysis (MSFIA), Sequential injection analysis (SIA) and laboratory-on-valve (LOV) systems, achieving a minimal handling and low consumption of samples and reagents, a significant reduction in waste generation and a high frequency of analysis. In the developed methodologies, some spectrometric methods such as ICP-OES and ICP-MS have been implemented as detection techniques instead of radiometric detectors obtaining a fully automated, low-cost and fast yttrium and strontium determinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogelio Rodríguez-Maese
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S.C. (CIMAV), Av. Miguel de Cervantes #120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Chih, C.P. 31136, Mexico
| | - Víctor Cerdà
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Sciware Systems, S.L. 07193, Bunyola, Spain.
| | - Luz O Leal
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S.C. (CIMAV), Av. Miguel de Cervantes #120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Chih, C.P. 31136, Mexico
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Grahek Ž, Coha I, Tucaković I. Radiostrontium determination by combination of automated Sr isolation and "on-column" Cherenkov detection using chromatographic model. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464276. [PMID: 37562105 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel analytical solution of non-linear chromatography in case of parabolic isotherm for frontal analysis was obtained by combination of Cole-Hopf and Laplace transform. It was used for simulation of strontium capturing on chromatographic column with aim to improve quantitative determination of low-level 90Sr activities. From the experimentally determined breakthrough curves, the retention factor and the number of theoretical plates were calculated using the Glueckauf and Wenzel relations and by fitting the breakthrough curves for the linear isotherm using MatLab. These were used to simulate the breakthrough curves using a parabolic isotherm solution where the non-linear term of the isotherm was taken as a small negative deviation of the retention factor. On the base of theoretical prediction and experimental data, procedure for automated capturing of strontium on chromatographic column with specific dimension and off line "on-column" Cherenkov detection on commercial ultra low-level liquid scintillation counter was developed. It was shown that analytical solution for parabolic isotherm in comparison with solution for linear isotherm gives better prediction of mass of captured Sr on column filled with small amount of Sr resin and SuperLig®620 in case of elevated Sr concentration, even when non-linear effect is not obvious. The solution also makes it possible to predict the mass of resin required for strontium isolation at 100% yield under given conditions. Considering the limited dimensions of the column, and consequently small mass of the resin in them, it resulted in the low efficiency of the columns, which, however, did not affect the yield in real conditions of isolation. The results have shown that the yields achieved after isolation on SuperLig®620 from real samples are 100%. In addition, it is shown that captured 90Sr can be detected through 90Y ingrowth, on column filled with strontium specific resin, with Cherenkov detection efficiency of at least 50%. The efficiency may be enhanced to 60%, depending on parameters which can affect detection efficiency change (type of column, resin type, surrounding solution, etc.). The developed procedures enable quantitative determination of 90Sr in natural water samples with MDAC below 12 mBq l-1 and solid (soil and vegetation) samples with MDAC below 6 Bq kg-1 within 2-3 days. The proposed solution may easily be implemented in radiochemical laboratories where this type of analysis is routinely done within environmental monitoring or other purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željko Grahek
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, Zagreb 10 000, Croatia
| | - Ivana Coha
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, Zagreb 10 000, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Tucaković
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, Zagreb 10 000, Croatia
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Rodríguez-Maese R, Ferrer L, Leal LO. Automatic multicommuted flow systems applied in sample treatment for radionuclide determination in biological and environmental analysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2020; 223-224:106390. [PMID: 32883535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The presence of artificial and natural radioactivity in the environment is currently a topic of great relevance and ecological interest, even in human health issue, due to the increase of different anthropogenic activities. The use of multicommuted flow analysis techniques (e.g. Multi-Syringe Flow Injection Analysis - MSFIA, Lab-On-Valve - LOV and Lab-In-Syringe - LIS) has allowed the automation of radiochemical procedures to separate and preconcentrate radionuclides in environmental and biological samples. In comparison with the manual approach commonly used in routine analysis for radioactivity monitoring, the automation has enabled the development of highly reproducible methodologies with a great analysis frequency. Moreover, during the analytical procedure, the intervention of the analyst is drastically reduced, minimizing the radiological risk. The automation also offers significant advantages such as minimum consumption of time and reagents, reducing the cost and the generation of waste, contributing to the green chemistry. In this review, several multicommuted flow analysis techniques (MSFIA, LOV and LIS) reported in the last decade applied for the development of automatic sample treatment methodologies, used to separate, preconcentrate and quantify 90Sr, 99Tc, natural U and 226Ra in biological and environmental samples are described and critically compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogelio Rodríguez-Maese
- Environment and Energy Department, Advanced Materials Research Center (CIMAV) S.C., Miguel de Cervantes 120, Chihuahua, Chih. 31136, Mexico
| | - Laura Ferrer
- Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, University of the Balearic Islands, Cra. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - Luz O Leal
- Environment and Energy Department, Advanced Materials Research Center (CIMAV) S.C., Miguel de Cervantes 120, Chihuahua, Chih. 31136, Mexico.
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Rodríguez-Maese R, Ferrer L, Cerdà V, Leal LO. Fully automatic system for lead monitoring in water. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Qiao J. Dynamic Flow Approaches for Automated Radiochemical Analysis in Environmental, Nuclear and Medical Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061462. [PMID: 32213999 PMCID: PMC7144463 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Automated sample processing techniques are desirable in radiochemical analysis for environmental radioactivity monitoring, nuclear emergency preparedness, nuclear waste characterization and management during operation and decommissioning of nuclear facilities, as well as medical isotope production, to achieve fast and cost-effective analysis. Dynamic flow based approaches including flow injection (FI), sequential injection (SI), multi-commuted flow injection (MCFI), multi-syringe flow injection (MSFI), multi-pumping flow system (MPFS), lab-on-valve (LOV) and lab-in-syringe (LIS) techniques have been developed and applied to meet the analytical criteria under different situations. Herein an overall review and discussion on these techniques and methodologies developed for radiochemical separation and measurement of various radionuclides is presented. Different designs of flow systems with combinations of radiochemical separation techniques, such as liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), liquid-liquid microextraction (LLME), solid phase extraction chromatography (SPEC), ion exchange chromatography (IEC), electrochemically modulated separations (EMS), capillary electrophoresis (CE), molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) separation and online sensing and detection systems, are summarized and reviewed systematically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixin Qiao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Risø Campus, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Vicente Vilas V, Millet S, Sandow M, Aldave de Las Heras L. Automated 90Sr Separation and Preconcentration in a Lab-on-Valve System at Ppq Level. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29939189 PMCID: PMC6101560 DOI: 10.3791/57722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A quick, automated and portable system for the separation and determination of radiostrontium in aqueous samples, using Sr-resin and multi sequential flow injection analysis, has been developed. The concentrations of radioactive strontium were determined by flow scintillation counting, allowing for on-line and also on-site determination. The proposed system can determine radioactive strontium at industrial relevant levels without further modification using overall analysis time of less than 10 min per aqueous sample. The limit of the detection is 320 fg·g-1 (1.7 Bq/g).
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Vicente Vilas
- Directorate G - Nuclear Safety & Security, Unit G.III. 8 - Waste Management, European Commission, DG Joint Research Centre - JRC
| | - Sylvain Millet
- Directorate G - Nuclear Safety & Security, Unit G.III. 8 - Waste Management, European Commission, DG Joint Research Centre - JRC
| | - Miguel Sandow
- Directorate G - Nuclear Safety & Security, Unit G.III. 8 - Waste Management, European Commission, DG Joint Research Centre - JRC
| | - Laura Aldave de Las Heras
- Directorate G - Nuclear Safety & Security, Unit G.III. 8 - Waste Management, European Commission, DG Joint Research Centre - JRC;
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Ayala A, Takagai Y. Sequential Injection Analysis System Exploiting On-line Solid-phase Extraction for the Determination of Strontium and Nickel by Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2018. [PMID: 29526911 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.34.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A sequential flow-based analysis system with on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) columns coupled to microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometry (MP-AES) was developed for strontium and nickel determination. Crown ether chromatographic resin and dimethylglyoxime polymethacrylate resin were used for strontium and nickel retention under acidic and basic conditions, respectively; eluted with a nitric acid solution in both cases followed by MP-AES detection. The calculated detection limits were 0.25 μg L-1 for strontium and 3.56 μg L-1 for nickel.
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Cerdà V, Ferrer L, Portugal LA, de Souza CT, Ferreira SL. Multisyringe flow injection analysis in spectroanalytical techniques – A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Barbesi D, Vicente Vilas V, Millet S, Sandow M, Colle JY, Aldave de Las Heras L. A LabVIEW ®-based software for the control of the AUTORAD platform: a fully automated multisequential flow injection analysis Lab-on-Valve (MSFIA-LOV) system for radiochemical analysis. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2017; 313:217-227. [PMID: 28680190 PMCID: PMC5488180 DOI: 10.1007/s10967-017-5282-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A LabVIEW®-based software for the control of the fully automated multi-sequential flow injection analysis Lab-on-Valve (MSFIA-LOV) platform AutoRAD performing radiochemical analysis is described. The analytical platform interfaces an Arduino®-based device triggering multiple detectors providing a flexible and fit for purpose choice of detection systems. The different analytical devices are interfaced to the PC running LabVIEW®VI software using USB and RS232 interfaces, both for sending commands and receiving confirmation or error responses. The AUTORAD platform has been successfully applied for the chemical separation and determination of Sr, an important fission product pertinent to nuclear waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Barbesi
- Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, European Commission, 76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Víctor Vicente Vilas
- Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, European Commission, 76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sylvain Millet
- Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, European Commission, 76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Miguel Sandow
- Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, European Commission, 76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jean-Yves Colle
- Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, European Commission, 76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Laura Aldave de Las Heras
- Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, European Commission, 76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Kołacińska K, Chajduk E, Dudek J, Samczyński Z, Łokas E, Bojanowska-Czajka A, Trojanowicz M. Automation of sample processing for ICP-MS determination of 90Sr radionuclide at ppq level for nuclear technology and environmental purposes. Talanta 2016; 169:216-226. [PMID: 28411815 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
90Sr is a widely determined radionuclide for environmental purposes, nuclear waste control, and can be also monitored in coolants in nuclear reactor plants. In the developed method, the ICP-MS detection was employed together with sample processing in sequential injection analysis (SIA) setup, equipped with a lab-on-valve with mechanized renewal of sorbent bed for solid-phase extraction. The optimized conditions of determination included preconcentration of 90Sr on cation-exchange column and removal of different type of interferences using extraction Sr-resin. The limit of detection of the developed procedure depends essentially on the configuration of the employed ICP-MS spectrometer and on the available volume of the sample to be analyzed. For 1L initial sample volume, the method detection limit (MDL) value was evaluated as 2.9ppq (14.5BqL-1). The developed method was applied to analyze spiked river water samples, water reference materials, and also simulated and real samples of the nuclear reactor coolant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Kołacińska
- Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Methods, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Chajduk
- Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Methods, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Dudek
- Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Methods, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Samczyński
- Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Methods, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Łokas
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Bojanowska-Czajka
- Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Methods, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Trojanowicz
- Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Methods, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland; Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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Rodríguez R, Avivar J, Leal LO, Cerdà V, Ferrer L. Strategies for automating solid-phase extraction and liquid-liquid extraction in radiochemical analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Miró M. On-chip microsolid-phase extraction in a disposable sorbent format using mesofluidic platforms. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Application of flow analysis in determination of selected radionuclides. Talanta 2014; 125:131-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Mola M, Avivar J, Nieto A, Peñalver A, Aguilar C, Ferrer L, Cerdà V, Borrull F. Determination of 90Sr and 210Pb in sludge samples using a LOV-MSFIA system and liquid scintillation counting. Appl Radiat Isot 2014; 86:28-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.11.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Mola M, Nieto A, Peñalver A, Borrull F, Aguilar C. Uranium and thorium sequential separation from norm samples by using a SIA system. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2014; 127:82-87. [PMID: 24172603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a sequential radiochemical separation method for uranium and thorium isotopes using a novel Sequential Injection Analysis (SIA) system with an extraction chromatographic resin (UTEVA). After the separation, uranium and thorium isotopes have been quantified by using alpha-particle spectrometry. The developed method has been tested by analyzing an intercomparison sample (phosphogypsum sample) from International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) with better recoveries for uranium and thorium than the obtained by using a classical method (93% for uranium using the new methodology and 82% with the classical method, and in the case of thorium the recoveries were 70% for the semi-automated method and 60% for the classical strategy). Afterwards, the method was successfully applied to different Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) samples, in particular sludge samples taken from a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) and also sediment samples taken from an area of influence of the dicalcium phosphate (DCP) factory located close to the Ebro river reservoir in Flix (Catalonia). The obtained results have also been compared with the obtained by the classical method and from that comparison it has been demonstrated that the presented strategy is a good alternative to existing methods offering some advantages as minimization of sample handling, reduction of solvents volume and also an important reduction of the time per analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mola
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; Unitat de Radioquímica Ambiental i Sanitària (URAIS), Consorci d'Aigües de Tarragona (CAT), Ctra Nacional 340, km 1094, 43895 L'Ampolla, Spain
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Beltrán B, Avivar J, Mola M, Ferrer L, Cerdà V, Leal LO. Automated method for simultaneous lead and strontium isotopic analysis applied to rainwater samples and airborne particulate filters (PM10). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:9850-9857. [PMID: 23883353 DOI: 10.1021/es400118w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A new automated, sensitive, and fast system for the simultaneous online isolation and preconcentration of lead and strontium by sorption on a microcolumn packed with Sr-resin using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) detector was developed, hyphenating lab-on-valve (LOV) and multisyringe flow injection analysis (MSFIA). Pb and Sr are directly retained on the sorbent column and eluted with a solution of 0.05 mol L(-1) ammonium oxalate. The detection limits achieved were 0.04 ng for lead and 0.03 ng for strontium. Mass calibration curves were used since the proposed system allows the use of different sample volumes for preconcentration. Mass linear working ranges were between 0.13 and 50 ng and 0.1 and 50 ng for lead and strontium, respectively. The repeatability of the method, expressed as RSD, was 2.1% and 2.7% for Pb and Sr, respectively. Environmental samples such as rainwater and airborne particulate (PM10) filters as well as a certified reference material SLRS-4 (river water) were satisfactorily analyzed obtaining recoveries between 90 and 110% for both elements. The main features of the LOV-MSFIA-ICP-MS system proposed are the capability to renew solid phase extraction at will in a fully automated way, the remarkable stability of the column which can be reused up to 160 times, and the potential to perform isotopic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Beltrán
- Renewable Energy and Environmental Protection Department, Advanced Materials Research Center (CIMAV) S.C. , Miguel de Cervantes 120, Chihuahua, Chih. 31109, Mexico
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Villar M, Avivar J, Ferrer L, Galmés M, Vega F, Cerda V. Automatic and Simple Method for 99Tc Determination Using a Selective Resin and Liquid Scintillation Detection Applied to Urine Samples. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5491-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4006217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Villar
- Radiopharmacy
Service, Son Espases Hospital, Cra. Valldemossa
79, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Jessica Avivar
- Laboratory of Environmental Radioactivity—LaboRA, University of Balearic Islands, Cra. Valldemossa km
7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Laura Ferrer
- Laboratory of Environmental Radioactivity—LaboRA, University of Balearic Islands, Cra. Valldemossa km
7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Margalida Galmés
- Radiopharmacy
Service, Son Espases Hospital, Cra. Valldemossa
79, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Fernando Vega
- Radiopharmacy
Service, Son Espases Hospital, Cra. Valldemossa
79, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Víctor Cerda
- Laboratory of Environmental Analytical Chemistry—LQA2, University of the Balearic Islands,
Cra. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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