1
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Alam J, Yaman E, de Paiva CS, Li DQ, Villalba Silva GC, Zuo Z, Pflugfelder SC. Changes in conjunctival mononuclear phagocytes and suppressive activity of regulatory macrophages in desiccation induced dry eye. Ocul Surf 2024; 34:348-362. [PMID: 39306240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2024.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 09/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of dry eye on conjunctival immune cell number and transcriptional profiles with attention to mononuclear phagocytes. METHODS Expression profiling was performed by single-cell RNA sequencing on sorted conjunctival immune cells from non-stressed and C57BL/6 mice subjected to desiccating stress (DS). Monocle 3 modeled cell trajectory, scATAC-seq assessed chromatin accessibility and IPA identified canonical pathways. Inflammation and goblet cells were measured after depletion of MRC1+ MΦs with mannosylated clodronate liposomes. RESULTS Mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes, MΦs, DCs) comprised 72 % of immune cells and showed the greatest changes with DS. Distinct DS induced gene expression patterns were seen in phagocytes classified by expression of Ccr2 and [Timd4, Lyve1, Folr2 (TLR)]. Expression of phagocytosis/efferocytosis genes increased in TLF+CCR2- MΦs. Monocytes showed the highest expression of Ace, Cx3cr1, Vegfa, Ifngr1,2, and Stat1 and TLF-CCR2+ cells expressed higher levels of inflammatory mediators (Il1a, Il1b, Il1rn, Nfkb1, Ccl5, MHCII, Cd80, Cxcl10, Icam1). A trajectory from monocyte precursors branched to terminate in regulatory MΦs or in mDCs via transitional MΦ and cDC clusters. Activated pathways in TLF+ cells include phagocytosis, PPAR/RXRα activation, IL-10 signaling, alternate MΦ activation, while inflammatory pathways were suppressed. Depletion of MRC1+ MΦs increased IL-17 and IFN-γ expression and cytokine-expressing T cells, reduced IL-10 and worsened goblet loss. CONCLUSIONS Dryness stimulates distinct gene expression patterns in conjunctival phagocytes, increasing expression of regulatory genes in TLF+ cells regulated in part by RXRα, and inflammatory genes in CCR2+ cells. Regulatory MΦs depletion worsens DS induced inflammation and goblet cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehan Alam
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ebru Yaman
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - De-Quan Li
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gerda Cristal Villalba Silva
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhen Zuo
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen C Pflugfelder
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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2
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Leal AS, Hung PY, Chowdhury AS, Liby KT. Retinoid X Receptor agonists as selective modulators of the immune system for the treatment of cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 252:108561. [PMID: 37952906 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Upon heterodimerizing with other nuclear receptors, retinoid X receptors (RXR) act as ligand-dependent transcription factors, regulating transcription of critical signaling pathways that impact numerous hallmarks of cancer. By controlling both inflammation and immune responses, ligands that activate RXR can modulate the tumor microenvironment. Several small molecule agonists of these essential receptors have been synthesized. Historically, RXR agonists were tested for inhibition of growth in cancer cells, but more recent drug discovery programs screen new molecules for inhibition of inflammation or activation of immune cells. Bexarotene is the first successful example of an effective therapeutic that molecularly targets RXR; this drug was approved to treat cutaneous T cell lymphoma and is still used as a standard of care treatment for this disease. No additional RXR agonists have yet achieved FDA approval, but several promising novel compounds are being developed. In this review, we provide an overview of the multiple mechanisms by which RXR signaling regulates inflammation and tumor immunity. We also discuss the potential of RXR-dependent immune cell modulation for the treatment or prevention of cancer and concomitant challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Leal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Pei-Yu Hung
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Afrin Sultana Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Karen T Liby
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America.
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3
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Dorofeeva I, Zhylkibayev A, Saltykova IV, Atigadda V, Adhikari B, Gorbatyuk OS, Grant MB, Gorbatyuk MS. Retinoid X Receptor Activation Prevents Diabetic Retinopathy in Murine Models. Cells 2023; 12:2361. [PMID: 37830574 PMCID: PMC10571672 DOI: 10.3390/cells12192361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, the RXR agonist UAB126 demonstrated therapeutic potential to treat obese mice by controlling blood glucose levels (BGL) and altering the expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism and inflammatory response. The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of UAB126 on the progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in rodent models of type 1 diabetes (T1D), streptozotocin-induced, and type 2 diabetes (T2D), in db/db mice. UAB126 treatment was delivered either by oral gavage for 6 weeks or by topical application of eye drops for 2 weeks. At the end of the treatment, the retinal function of diabetic mice was assessed by electroretinography (ERG), and their retinal tissue was harvested for protein and gene expression analyses. Bone-marrow cells were isolated and differentiated into bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). The glycolysis stress test and the 2-DG glucose uptake analysis were performed. Our results demonstrated that in the UAB126-treated diabetic BMDMs, the ECAR rate and the 2-DG uptake were improved as compared to untreated diabetic BMDMs. In UAB126-treated diabetic mice, hyperglycemia was reduced and associated with the preservation of ERG amplitudes and enhanced AMPK activity. Retinas from diabetic mice treated with topical UAB126 demonstrated an increase in Rxr and Ppar and the expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism. Altogether, our data indicate that RXR activation is beneficial to preclinical models of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliia Dorofeeva
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (I.D.); (A.Z.); (I.V.S.); (B.A.); (O.S.G.)
| | - Assylbek Zhylkibayev
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (I.D.); (A.Z.); (I.V.S.); (B.A.); (O.S.G.)
| | - Irina V. Saltykova
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (I.D.); (A.Z.); (I.V.S.); (B.A.); (O.S.G.)
| | - Venkatram Atigadda
- Department of Dermatology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA;
| | - Bibek Adhikari
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (I.D.); (A.Z.); (I.V.S.); (B.A.); (O.S.G.)
| | - Oleg S. Gorbatyuk
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (I.D.); (A.Z.); (I.V.S.); (B.A.); (O.S.G.)
| | - Maria B. Grant
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Heersink School of Medicined, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA;
| | - Marina S. Gorbatyuk
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (I.D.); (A.Z.); (I.V.S.); (B.A.); (O.S.G.)
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4
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Manoharan I, Shanmugam A, Ramalingam M, Patel N, Thangaraju M, Ande S, Pacholczyk R, Prasad PD, Manicassamy S. The Transcription Factor RXRα in CD11c+ APCs Regulates Intestinal Immune Homeostasis and Inflammation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:853-861. [PMID: 37477694 PMCID: PMC10538854 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
APCs such as dendritic cells and macrophages play a pivotal role in mediating immune tolerance and restoring intestinal immune homeostasis by limiting inflammatory responses against commensal bacteria. However, cell-intrinsic molecular regulators critical for programming intestinal APCs to a regulatory state rather than an inflammatory state are unknown. In this study, we report that the transcription factor retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) signaling in CD11c+ APCs is essential for suppressing intestinal inflammation by imparting an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Using a mouse model of ulcerative colitis, we demonstrated that targeted deletion of RXRα in CD11c+ APCs in mice resulted in the loss of T cell homeostasis with enhanced intestinal inflammation and increased histopathological severity of colonic tissue. This was due to the increased production of proinflammatory cytokines that drive Th1/Th17 responses and decreased expression of immune-regulatory factors that promote regulatory T cell differentiation in the colon. Consistent with these findings, pharmacological activation of the RXRα pathway alleviated colitis severity in mice by suppressing the expression of inflammatory cytokines and limiting Th1/Th17 cell differentiation. These findings identify an essential role for RXRα in APCs in regulating intestinal immune homeostasis and inflammation. Thus, manipulating the RXRα pathway could provide novel opportunities for enhancing regulatory responses and dampening colonic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indumathi Manoharan
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Nikhil Patel
- Department of Pathology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Muthusamy Thangaraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Satyanarayana Ande
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | - Puttur D. Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Santhakumar Manicassamy
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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5
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Dorofeeva I, Zhylkibayev A, Saltykova IV, Atigadda V, Adhikari B, Gorbatyuk O, Grant MB, Gorbatyuk M. Retinoid X Receptor activation prevents diabetic retinopathy in murine models. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.03.551887. [PMID: 37577690 PMCID: PMC10418239 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.03.551887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Previously, the RXR agonist UAB126 demonstrated therapeutic potential to treat obese mice by controlling blood glucose levels (BGL) and altering the expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism and inflammatory response. The purpose of the study was to assess UAB126 effect in progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in rodent models of Type1 diabetes (T1D), streptozotocin-induced, and Type2 diabetes (T2D), the db/db mice. UAB126 treatment was delivered either by oral gavage for 6 weeks or by topical application of eye drops for 2 weeks. At the end of the treatment, the retinal function of diabetic mice was assessed by electroretinography (ERG), and their retinal tissue was harvested for protein and gene expression analyses. Bone-marrow cells were isolated and differentiated into bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). The glycolysis stress test and the 2-DG glucose uptake analysis were performed. Our results demonstrated that in the UAB126-treated diabetic BMDMs, the ECAR rate and the 2-DG uptake were improved as compared to untreated diabetic BMDMs. In UAB126-treated diabetic mice, hyperglycemia was reduced and associated with the preservation of ERG amplitudes and enhanced AMPK activity. Retinas from diabetic mice treated with topical UAB126 demonstrated an increase in Rxr and Ppar, and expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism. Altogether, our data indicate that RXR activation is beneficial to preclinical models of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliia Dorofeeva
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Assylbek Zhylkibayev
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Irina V. Saltykova
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Venkatram Atigadda
- Heersink School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Bibek Adhikari
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Oleg Gorbatyuk
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Maria B. Grant
- Heersink School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Marina Gorbatyuk
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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6
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Distéfano-Gagné F, Bitarafan S, Lacroix S, Gosselin D. Roles and regulation of microglia activity in multiple sclerosis: insights from animal models. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023:10.1038/s41583-023-00709-6. [PMID: 37268822 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
As resident macrophages of the CNS, microglia are critical immune effectors of inflammatory lesions and associated neural dysfunctions. In multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal models, chronic microglial inflammatory activity damages myelin and disrupts axonal and synaptic activity. In contrast to these detrimental effects, the potent phagocytic and tissue-remodelling capabilities of microglia support critical endogenous repair mechanisms. Although these opposing capabilities have long been appreciated, a precise understanding of their underlying molecular effectors is only beginning to emerge. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the roles of microglia in animal models of MS and demyelinating lesions and the mechanisms that underlie their damaging and repairing activities. We also discuss how the structured organization and regulation of the genome enables complex transcriptional heterogeneity within the microglial cell population at demyelinating lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Distéfano-Gagné
- Axe Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire de la Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Sara Bitarafan
- Axe Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire de la Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Steve Lacroix
- Axe Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire de la Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - David Gosselin
- Axe Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire de la Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
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7
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Paredes A, Justo-Méndez R, Jiménez-Blasco D, Núñez V, Calero I, Villalba-Orero M, Alegre-Martí A, Fischer T, Gradillas A, Sant'Anna VAR, Were F, Huang Z, Hernansanz-Agustín P, Contreras C, Martínez F, Camafeita E, Vázquez J, Ruiz-Cabello J, Area-Gómez E, Sánchez-Cabo F, Treuter E, Bolaños JP, Estébanez-Perpiñá E, Rupérez FJ, Barbas C, Enríquez JA, Ricote M. γ-Linolenic acid in maternal milk drives cardiac metabolic maturation. Nature 2023; 618:365-373. [PMID: 37225978 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Birth presents a metabolic challenge to cardiomyocytes as they reshape fuel preference from glucose to fatty acids for postnatal energy production1,2. This adaptation is triggered in part by post-partum environmental changes3, but the molecules orchestrating cardiomyocyte maturation remain unknown. Here we show that this transition is coordinated by maternally supplied γ-linolenic acid (GLA), an 18:3 omega-6 fatty acid enriched in the maternal milk. GLA binds and activates retinoid X receptors4 (RXRs), ligand-regulated transcription factors that are expressed in cardiomyocytes from embryonic stages. Multifaceted genome-wide analysis revealed that the lack of RXR in embryonic cardiomyocytes caused an aberrant chromatin landscape that prevented the induction of an RXR-dependent gene expression signature controlling mitochondrial fatty acid homeostasis. The ensuing defective metabolic transition featured blunted mitochondrial lipid-derived energy production and enhanced glucose consumption, leading to perinatal cardiac dysfunction and death. Finally, GLA supplementation induced RXR-dependent expression of the mitochondrial fatty acid homeostasis signature in cardiomyocytes, both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, our study identifies the GLA-RXR axis as a key transcriptional regulatory mechanism underlying the maternal control of perinatal cardiac metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paredes
- Cardiovascular Regeneration Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Justo-Méndez
- Cardiovascular Regeneration Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Jiménez-Blasco
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (IBFG), University of Salamanca, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanessa Núñez
- Cardiovascular Regeneration Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Calero
- Cardiovascular Regeneration Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Villalba-Orero
- Cardiovascular Regeneration Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Alegre-Martí
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) of the University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thierry Fischer
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Gradillas
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Felipe Were
- Bioinformatics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Zhiqiang Huang
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Pablo Hernansanz-Agustín
- Cardiovascular Regeneration Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Contreras
- Cardiovascular Regeneration Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Martínez
- Bioinformatics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Camafeita
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Proteomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Vázquez
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Proteomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Ruiz-Cabello
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastian, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Area-Gómez
- Departament of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Campus, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fátima Sánchez-Cabo
- Bioinformatics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eckardt Treuter
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Juan Pedro Bolaños
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (IBFG), University of Salamanca, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Estébanez-Perpiñá
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) of the University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Rupérez
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Enríquez
- Cardiovascular Regeneration Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Ricote
- Cardiovascular Regeneration Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.
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8
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Sołtys K, Ożyhar A. Phase separation propensity of the intrinsically disordered AB region of human RXRβ. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:92. [PMID: 37143076 PMCID: PMC10157963 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01113-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RXRβ is one of three subtypes of human retinoid X receptor (RXR), a transcription factor that belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily. Its expression can be detected in almost all tissues. In contrast to other subtypes - RXRα and RXRγ - RXRβ has the longest and unique N-terminal sequence called the AB region, which harbors a ligand-independent activation function. In contrast to the functional properties of this sequence, the molecular properties of the AB region of human RXRβ (AB_hRXRB) have not yet been characterized. Here, we present a systematic biochemical and biophysical analysis of recombinant AB_hRXRB, along with in silico examinations, which demonstrate that AB_hRXRB exhibits properties of a coil-like intrinsically disordered region. AB_hRXRB possesses a flexible structure that is able to adopt a more ordered conformation under the influence of different environmental factors. Interestingly, AB_hRXRB promotes the formation of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), a phenomenon previously observed for the AB region of another human subtype of RXR - RXRγ (AB_hRXRG). Although both AB regions seem to be similar in terms of their ability to induce phase separation, they clearly differ in the sensitivity to factors driving and regulating LLPS. This distinct LLPS response to environmental factors driven by the unique amino acid compositions of AB_hRXRB and AB_hRXRG can be significant for the specific modulation of the transcriptional activation of target genes by different subtypes of RXR. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Sołtys
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Ożyhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
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9
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Sorokin AV, Arnardottir H, Svirydava M, Ng Q, Baumer Y, Berg A, Pantoja CJ, Florida E, Teague HL, Yang ZH, Dagur PK, Powell-Wiley TM, Yu ZX, Playford MP, Remaley AT, Mehta NN. Comparison of the dietary omega-3 fatty acids impact on murine psoriasis-like skin inflammation and associated lipid dysfunction. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 117:109348. [PMID: 37044136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Persistent skin inflammation and impaired resolution are the main contributors to psoriasis and associated cardiometabolic complications. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are known to exert beneficial effects on inflammatory response and lipid function. However, a specific role of omega-3 PUFAs in psoriasis and accompanied pathologies are still a matter of debate. Here, we carried out a direct comparison between EPA and DHA 12 weeks diet intervention treatment of psoriasis-like skin inflammation in the K14-Rac1V12 mouse model. By utilizing sensitive techniques, we targeted EPA- and DHA-derived specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators and identified tightly connected signaling pathways by RNA sequencing. Treatment with experimental diets significantly decreased circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and bioactive lipid mediators, altered psoriasis macrophage phenotypes and genes of lipid oxidation. The superficial role of these changes was related to DHA treatment and included increased levels of resolvin D5, protectin DX and maresin 2 in the skin. EPA treated mice had less pronounced effects but demonstrated a decreased skin accumulation of prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane B2. These results indicate that modulating psoriasis skin inflammation with the omega-3 PUFAs may have clinical significance and DHA treatment might be considered over EPA in this specific disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Sorokin
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Hildur Arnardottir
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
| | - Maryia Svirydava
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Qimin Ng
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yvonne Baumer
- Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Berg
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carla J Pantoja
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Florida
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Heather L Teague
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhi-Hong Yang
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pradeep K Dagur
- Flow Cytometry Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tiffany M Powell-Wiley
- Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zu-Xi Yu
- Pathology Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Martin P Playford
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nehal N Mehta
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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10
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Menéndez-Gutiérrez MP, Porcuna J, Nayak R, Paredes A, Niu H, Núñez V, Paranjpe A, Gómez MJ, Bhattacharjee A, Schnell DJ, Sánchez-Cabo F, Welch JS, Salomonis N, Cancelas JA, Ricote M. Retinoid X receptor promotes hematopoietic stem cell fitness and quiescence and preserves hematopoietic homeostasis. Blood 2023; 141:592-608. [PMID: 36347014 PMCID: PMC10082360 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022016832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) balance self-renewal and differentiation to maintain hematopoietic fitness throughout life. In steady-state conditions, HSC exhaustion is prevented by the maintenance of most HSCs in a quiescent state, with cells entering the cell cycle only occasionally. HSC quiescence is regulated by retinoid and fatty-acid ligands of transcriptional factors of the nuclear retinoid X receptor (RXR) family. Herein, we show that dual deficiency for hematopoietic RXRα and RXRβ induces HSC exhaustion, myeloid cell/megakaryocyte differentiation, and myeloproliferative-like disease. RXRα and RXRβ maintain HSC quiescence, survival, and chromatin compaction; moreover, transcriptome changes in RXRα;RXRβ-deficient HSCs include premature acquisition of an aging-like HSC signature, MYC pathway upregulation, and RNA intron retention. Fitness loss and associated RNA transcriptome and splicing alterations in RXRα;RXRβ-deficient HSCs are prevented by Myc haploinsufficiency. Our study reveals the critical importance of RXRs for the maintenance of HSC fitness and their protection from premature aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesús Porcuna
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramesh Nayak
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Hoxworth Blood Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Ana Paredes
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Haixia Niu
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Vanessa Núñez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aditi Paranjpe
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Manuel J. Gómez
- Bioinformatics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anukana Bhattacharjee
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Daniel J. Schnell
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Fátima Sánchez-Cabo
- Bioinformatics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - John S. Welch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, MO
| | - Nathan Salomonis
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, MO
| | - Jose A. Cancelas
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Hoxworth Blood Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Mercedes Ricote
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Lyu Z, Huang B, Zhang J, Qian Q, Pu X, Cui N, Ou Y, Li B, You Z, Lian M, Tang R, Chen W, Zhao Z, Hou J, Gershwin ME, Zhang H, Xia Q, Ma X. Suppression of YTHDF2 attenuates autoimmune hepatitis by expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. J Autoimmun 2023; 135:102993. [PMID: 36642058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.102993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) reader YTH domain-containing family protein 2 (YTHDF2) is critically involved in a multiplicity of biological processes by mediating the degradation of m6A modified mRNAs. Based on our current understanding of this process, we hypothesized that YTHDF2 will play a role in the natural history and function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and in particular in AIH. APPROACH & RESULTS We took advantage of YTHDF2 conditional knock-out mice to first address the phenotype and function of MDSCs by flow cytometry. Importantly, the loss of YTHDF2 resulted in a gradual elevation of MDSCs including PMN-MDSCs both in liver and ultimately in the BM. Notably, YTHDF2 deficiency in myeloid cells attenuated concanavalin (ConA)-induced liver injury, with enhanced expansion and chemotaxis to liver. Furthermore, MDSCs from Ythdf2CKO mice had a greater suppressive ability to inhibit the proliferation of T cells. Using multi-omic analysis of m6A RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and mRNA sequencing, we noted RXRα as potential target of YTHDF2. Indeed YTHDF2-RIP-qPCR confirmed that YTHDF2 directly binds RXRα mRNA thus promoting degradation and decreasing gene expression. Finally, by IHC and immunofluorescence, YTHDF2 expression was significantly upregulated in the liver of patients with AIH which correlated with the degree of inflammation. CONCLUSION Suppression of YTHDF2 enhances the expansion, chemotaxis and suppressive function of MDSCs and our data reveals a unique therapeutical target in immune mediated hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuwan Lyu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Bingyuan Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Qiwei Qian
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Xiting Pu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Nana Cui
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Yiyan Ou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Bo Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Zhengrui You
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Min Lian
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Ruqi Tang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Weihua Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Zhicong Zhao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Transplantation, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Jiajie Hou
- Department of Liver Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Transplantation, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Xiong Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, 200001, China.
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12
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Chen P, Lin MH, Li YX, Huang ZJ, Rong YY, Lin QS, Ye ZC. Bexarotene enhances astrocyte phagocytosis via ABCA1-mediated pathways in a mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Exp Neurol 2022; 358:114228. [PMID: 36108713 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Enhancing phagocytosis can facilitate the removal of inflammatory molecules, limit the toxicity of dead cells and debris, and promote recovery after brain injury. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of bexarotene (Bex), a retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist, in promoting astrocyte phagocytosis and neurobehavioral recovery after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). METHODS Mice SAH model was induced by pre-chiasmatic injection of blood. Modified Garcia score, novel object recognition, rotarod test, and Morris water maze were performed to assess neurological function. Immunofluorescence and electron microscopy were used to evaluate astrocyte phagocytosis in vivo. In addition, ABCA1/MEGF10&GULP1, the primary astrocyte phagocytosis pathway, were stimulated by Bex or suppressed by HX531 (a RXR antagonist) to evaluate their impacts on astrocyte phagocytosis and neurological recovery. RESULTS Astrocytes phagocytosis of blood components were observed in mice after SAH induction, which is further increased by Bex treatment. Bex dramatically attenuated neuroinflammation, reduced brain edema, improved early neurological performance and promoted neurocognitive recovery. Meanwhile, Bex decreased neurotoxic reactive astrocytes and preserved neurogenesis after SAH. Bex increased the expression of astrocyte phagocytosis-related proteins ABCA1, MEGF10, and GULP1. Bex also increased the lysosomal processing of engulfed blood components in astrocytes. Moreover, Bex significantly promoted astrocytes to phagocytize debris in vitro by increasing the expression of ABCA1, MEGF10 and GULP1, while HX531 inhibited astrocyte phagocytosis and decreased these protein levels. CONCLUSIONS Bex enhanced astrocyte phagocytosis through the ABCA1-mediated pathways, and promoted neurobehavior recovery in mice after SAH induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Mou-Hui Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Yu-Xi Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Yu-You Rong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Qing-Song Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
| | - Zu-Cheng Ye
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, China.
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13
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Alveolar macrophage metabolic programming via a C-type lectin receptor protects against lipo-toxicity and cell death. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7272. [PMID: 36433992 PMCID: PMC9700784 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34935-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AM) hold lung homeostasis intact. In addition to the defense against inhaled pathogens and deleterious inflammation, AM also maintain pulmonary surfactant homeostasis, a vital lung function that prevents pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Signals transmitted between AM and pneumocytes of the pulmonary niche coordinate these specialized functions. However, the mechanisms that guide the metabolic homeostasis of AM remain largely elusive. We show that the NK cell-associated receptor, NKR-P1B, is expressed by AM and is essential for metabolic programming. Nkrp1b-/- mice are vulnerable to pneumococcal infection due to an age-dependent collapse in the number of AM and the formation of lipid-laden AM. The AM of Nkrp1b-/- mice show increased uptake but defective metabolism of surfactant lipids. We identify a physical relay between AM and alveolar type-II pneumocytes that is dependent on pneumocyte Clr-g expression. These findings implicate the NKR-P1B:Clr-g signaling axis in AM-pneumocyte communication as being important for maintaining metabolism in AM.
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14
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Chen B, Li R, Hernandez SC, Hanna A, Su K, Shinde AV, Frangogiannis NG. Differential effects of Smad2 and Smad3 in regulation of macrophage phenotype and function in the infarcted myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 171:1-15. [PMID: 35780861 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
TGF-βs regulate macrophage responses, by activating Smad2/3. We have previously demonstrated that macrophage-specific Smad3 stimulates phagocytosis and mediates anti-inflammatory macrophage transition in the infarcted heart. However, the role of macrophage Smad2 signaling in myocardial infarction remains unknown. We studied the role of macrophage-specific Smad2 signaling in healing mouse infarcts, and we explored the basis for the distinct effects of Smad2 and Smad3. In infarct macrophages, Smad3 activation preceded Smad2 activation. In contrast to the effects of Smad3 loss, myeloid cell-specific Smad2 disruption had no effects on mortality, ventricular dysfunction and adverse remodeling, after myocardial infarction. Macrophage Smad2 loss modestly, but transiently increased myofibroblast density in the infarct, but did not affect phagocytic removal of dead cells, macrophage infiltration, collagen deposition, and scar remodeling. In isolated macrophages, TGF-β1, -β2 and -β3, activated both Smad2 and Smad3, whereas BMP6 triggered only Smad3 activation. Smad2 and Smad3 had similar patterns of nuclear translocation in response to TGF-β1. RNA-sequencing showed that Smad3, and not Smad2, was the main mediator of transcriptional effects of TGF-β on macrophages. Smad3 loss resulted in differential expression of genes associated with RAR/RXR signaling, cholesterol biosynthesis and lipid metabolism. In both isolated bone marrow-derived macrophages and in infarct macrophages, Smad3 mediated synthesis of Nr1d2 and Rara, two genes encoding nuclear receptors, that may be involved in regulation of their phagocytic and anti-inflammatory properties. In conclusion, the in vivo and in vitro effects of TGF-β on macrophage function involve Smad3, and not Smad2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijun Chen
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Ruoshui Li
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Silvia C Hernandez
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Anis Hanna
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Kai Su
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Arti V Shinde
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America.
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15
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Modulation of Rxrα Expression in Mononuclear Phagocytes Impacts on Cardiac Remodeling after Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061274. [PMID: 35740296 PMCID: PMC9219801 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoid X receptors (RXRs), as members of the steroid/thyroid hormone superfamily of nuclear receptors, are crucial regulators of immune response during health and disease. RXR subtype expression is dependent on tissue and cell type, RXRα being the relevant isoform in monocytes and macrophages. Previous studies have assessed different functions of RXRs and positive implications of RXR agonists on outcomes after ischemic injuries have been described. However, the impact of a reduced Rxrα expression in mononuclear phagocytes on cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI) has not been investigated to date. Here, we use a temporally controlled deletion of Rxrα in monocytes and macrophages to determine its role in ischemia-reperfusion injury. We show that reduced expression of Rxrα in mononuclear phagocytes leads to a decreased phagocytic activity and an accumulation of apoptotic cells in the myocardium, reduces angiogenesis and cardiac macrophage proliferation in the infarct border zone/infarct area, and has an impact on monocyte/macrophage subset composition. These changes are associated with a greater myocardial defect 30 days after ischemia/reperfusion injury. Overall, the reduction of Rxrα levels in monocytes and macrophages negatively impacts cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction. Thus, RXRα might represent a therapeutic target to regulate the immune response after MI in order to improve cardiac remodeling.
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16
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Zeng Y, Cao J, Li CX, Wang CY, Wu RM, Xu XL. MDM2-Mediated Ubiquitination of RXRβ Contributes to Mitochondrial Damage and Related Inflammation in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105766. [PMID: 35628577 PMCID: PMC9145909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel function of retinoid X receptor beta (RXRβ) in endothelial cells has been reported by us during the formation of atherosclerosis. Here, we extended the study to explore the cellular mechanisms of RXRβ protein stability regulation. In this study, we discovered that murine double minute-2 (MDM2) acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase to target RXRβ for degradation. The result showed that MDM2 directly interacted with and regulated RXRβ protein stability. MDM2 promoted RXRβ poly-ubiquitination and degradation by proteasomes. Moreover, mutated MDM2 RING domain (C464A) or treatment with an MDM2 inhibitor targeting the RING domain of MDM2 lost the ability of MDM2 to regulate RXRβ protein expression and ubiquitination. Furthermore, treatment with MDM2 inhibitor alleviated oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced mitochondrial damage, activation of TLR9/NF-κB and NLRP3/caspase-1 pathway and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in endothelial cells. However, all these beneficial effects were reduced by the transfection of RXRβ siRNA. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of MDM2 attenuated the development of atherosclerosis and reversed mitochondrial damage and related inflammation in the atherosclerotic process in LDLr-/- mice, along with the increased RXRβ protein expression in the aorta. Therefore, our study uncovers a previously unknown ubiquitination pathway and suggests MDM2-mediated RXRβ ubiquitination as a new therapeutic target in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiao-Le Xu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-513-8505-1728
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17
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Mcharg S, Booth L, Perveen R, Riba Garcia I, Brace N, Bayatti N, Sergouniotis PI, Phillips AM, Day AJ, Black GCM, Clark SJ, Dowsey AW, Unwin RD, Bishop PN. Mast cell infiltration of the choroid and protease release are early events in age-related macular degeneration associated with genetic risk at both chromosomes 1q32 and 10q26. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2118510119. [PMID: 35561216 PMCID: PMC9171765 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118510119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of visual loss. It has a strong genetic basis, and common haplotypes on chromosome (Chr) 1 (CFH Y402H variant) and on Chr10 (near HTRA1/ARMS2) contribute the most risk. Little is known about the early molecular and cellular processes in AMD, and we hypothesized that analyzing submacular tissue from older donors with genetic risk but without clinical features of AMD would provide biological insights. Therefore, we used mass spectrometry–based quantitative proteomics to compare the proteins in human submacular stromal tissue punches from donors who were homozygous for high-risk alleles at either Chr1 or Chr10 with those from donors who had protective haplotypes at these loci, all without clinical features of AMD. Additional comparisons were made with tissue from donors who were homozygous for high-risk Chr1 alleles and had early AMD. The Chr1 and Chr10 risk groups shared common changes compared with the low-risk group, particularly increased levels of mast cell–specific proteases, including tryptase, chymase, and carboxypeptidase A3. Histological analyses of submacular tissue from donors with genetic risk of AMD but without clinical features of AMD and from donors with Chr1 risk and AMD demonstrated increased mast cells, particularly the tryptase-positive/chymase-negative cells variety, along with increased levels of denatured collagen compared with tissue from low–genetic risk donors. We conclude that increased mast cell infiltration of the inner choroid, degranulation, and subsequent extracellular matrix remodeling are early events in AMD pathogenesis and represent a unifying mechanistic link between Chr1- and Chr10-mediated AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Mcharg
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Booth
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Rahat Perveen
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Saint Mary’s Hospital, Manchester University NHS (National Health Service) Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Riba Garcia
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NY, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Brace
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Nadhim Bayatti
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Panagiotis I. Sergouniotis
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Saint Mary’s Hospital, Manchester University NHS (National Health Service) Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom
- Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester University NHS (National Health Service) Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander M. Phillips
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J. Day
- Division of Cell-Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme C. M. Black
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Saint Mary’s Hospital, Manchester University NHS (National Health Service) Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Clark
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- University Eye Clinic, Department for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Andrew W. Dowsey
- Department of Population Health Sciences and Bristol Veterinary School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D. Unwin
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NY, United Kingdom
- Stoller Biomarker Discovery Centre and Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NQ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul N. Bishop
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
- Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester University NHS (National Health Service) Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom
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18
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Honda A, Hoeksema MA, Sakai M, Lund SJ, Lakhdari O, Butcher LD, Rambaldo TC, Sekiya NM, Nasamran CA, Fisch KM, Sajti E, Glass CK, Prince LS. The Lung Microenvironment Instructs Gene Transcription in Neonatal and Adult Alveolar Macrophages. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1947-1959. [PMID: 35354612 PMCID: PMC9012679 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immaturity of alveolar macrophages (AMs) around birth contributes to the susceptibility of newborns to lung disease. However, the molecular features differentiating neonatal and mature, adult AMs are poorly understood. In this study, we identify the unique transcriptomes and enhancer landscapes of neonatal and adult AMs in mice. Although the core AM signature was similar, murine adult AMs expressed higher levels of genes involved in lipid metabolism, whereas neonatal AMs expressed a largely proinflammatory gene profile. Open enhancer regions identified by an assay for transposase-accessible chromatin followed by high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq) contained motifs for nuclear receptors, MITF, and STAT in adult AMs and AP-1 and NF-κB in neonatal AMs. Intranasal LPS activated a similar innate immune response in both neonatal and adult mice, with higher basal expression of inflammatory genes in neonates. The lung microenvironment drove many of the distinguishing gene expression and open chromatin characteristics of neonatal and adult AMs. Neonatal mouse AMs retained high expression of some proinflammatory genes, suggesting that the differences in neonatal AMs result from both inherent cell properties and environmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asami Honda
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA
| | - Marten A Hoeksema
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Mashito Sakai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Sean J Lund
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA
| | - Omar Lakhdari
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA
| | - Lindsay D Butcher
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | | | | | - Chanond A Nasamran
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kathleen M Fisch
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; and
| | - Eniko Sajti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Lawrence S Prince
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA;
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19
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Single-cell transcriptional profiling of murine conjunctival immune cells reveals distinct populations expressing homeostatic and regulatory genes. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:620-628. [PMID: 35361907 PMCID: PMC9262780 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00507-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells in the exposed conjunctiva mucosa defend against environmental and microbial stresses. Expression profiling by single-cell RNA sequencing was performed to identify conjunctival immune cell populations expressing homeostatic and regulatory genes. Fourteen distinct clusters were identified, including myeloid cells (neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages), dendritic cells (DC), and lymphoid cells (B, T, γδT, ILC2, and NK) lineages. Novel neutrophil [lipocalin (Lcn2) high and low), and MHCIIlo macrophage (MP) clusters were identified. More than half of the cells map to myeloid and dendritic cell populations with differential expression profiles that include genes with homeostatic and regulatory functions: Serpinb2 (MHCIIlo macrophage), Apoe (monocyte), Cd209a (macrophage), Cst3 (cDC1), and IL4i1 in migratory DC (mDC). ILC2 expresses the goblet cell trophic factor IL-13. Suppressed inflammatory and activated anti-inflammatory/regulatory pathways were observed in certain myeloid and DC populations. Confocal immunolocalization of identity markers showed mDC (CCR7, FASCIN1) located on or within the conjunctival epithelium. Monocyte, macrophage, cDC1 and IL-13/IL-5+ ILC2 were located below the conjunctival epithelium and goblet cells. This study found distinct immune cell populations in the conjunctiva and identified cells expressing genes with known homeostatic and immunoregulatory functions.
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20
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Alam J, Yazdanpanah G, Ratnapriya R, Borcherding N, de Paiva CS, Li D, Guimaraes de Souza R, Yu Z, Pflugfelder SC. IL-17 Producing Lymphocytes Cause Dry Eye and Corneal Disease With Aging in RXRα Mutant Mouse. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:849990. [PMID: 35402439 PMCID: PMC8983848 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.849990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate IL-17 related mechanisms for developing dry eye disease in the Pinkie mouse strain with a loss of function RXRα mutation. Methods Measures of dry eye disease were assessed in the cornea and conjunctiva. Expression profiling was performed by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to compare gene expression in conjunctival immune cells. Conjunctival immune cells were immunophenotyped by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. The activity of RXRα ligand 9-cis retinoic acid (RA) was evaluated in cultured monocytes and γδ T cells. Results Compared to wild type (WT) C57BL/6, Pinkie has increased signs of dry eye disease, including decreased tear volume, corneal barrier disruption, corneal/conjunctival cornification and goblet cell loss, and corneal vascularization, opacification, and ulceration with aging. ScRNA-seq of conjunctival immune cells identified γδ T cells as the predominant IL-17 expressing population in both strains and there is a 4-fold increased percentage of γδ T cells in Pinkie. Compared to WT, IL-17a, and IL-17f significantly increased in Pinkie with conventional T cells and γδ T cells as the major producers. Flow cytometry revealed an increased number of IL-17+ γδ T cells in Pinkie. Tear concentration of the IL-17 inducer IL-23 is significantly higher in Pinkie. 9-cis RA treatment suppresses stimulated IL-17 production by γδ T and stimulatory activity of monocyte supernatant on γδ T cell IL-17 production. Compared to WT bone marrow chimeras, Pinkie chimeras have increased IL-17+ γδ T cells in the conjunctiva after desiccating stress and anti-IL-17 treatment suppresses dry eye induced corneal MMP-9 production/activity and conjunctival goblet cell loss. Conclusion These findings indicate that RXRα suppresses generation of dry eye disease-inducing IL-17 producing lymphocytes s in the conjunctiva and identifies RXRα as a potential therapeutic target in dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehan Alam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ghasem Yazdanpanah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rinki Ratnapriya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nicholas Borcherding
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Cintia S. de Paiva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - DeQuan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rodrigo Guimaraes de Souza
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zhiyuan Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Stephen C. Pflugfelder
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Stephen C. Pflugfelder
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21
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Pieralisi AV, Cevey ÁC, Penas FN, Prado N, Mori A, Gili M, Mirkin GA, Gagliardi J, Goren NB. Fenofibrate Increases the Population of Non-Classical Monocytes in Asymptomatic Chagas Disease Patients and Modulates Inflammatory Cytokines in PBMC. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:785166. [PMID: 35360222 PMCID: PMC8963737 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.785166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Chagas disease cardiomyopathy (CCC) is the most important clinical manifestation of infection with Trypanosma cruzi (T. cruzi) due to its frequency and effects on morbidity and mortality. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) infiltrate the tissue and differentiate into inflammatory macrophages. Advances in pathophysiology show that myeloid cell subpopulations contribute to cardiac homeostasis, emerging as possible therapeutic targets. We previously demonstrated that fenofibrate, PPARα agonist, controls inflammation, prevents fibrosis and improves cardiac function in a murine infection model. In this work we investigated the spontaneous release of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, changes in the frequencies of monocyte subsets, and fenofibrate effects on PBMC of seropositive patients with different clinical stages of Chagas disease. The results show that PBMC from Chagas disease patients display higher levels of IL-12, TGF-β, IL-6, MCP1, and CCR2 than cells from uninfected individuals (HI), irrespectively of the clinical stage, asymptomatic (Asy) or with Chagas heart disease (CHD). Fenofibrate reduces the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and CCR2 in both Asy and CHD patients. We found that CHD patients display a significantly higher percentage of classical monocytes in comparison with Asy patients and HI. Besides, Asy patients have a significantly higher percentage of non-classical monocytes than CHD patients or HI. However, no difference in the intermediate monocyte subpopulation was found between groups. Moreover, monocytes from Asy or CHD patients exhibit different responses upon stimulation in vitro with T. cruzi lysates and fenofibrate treatment. Stimulation with T. cruzi significantly increases the percentage of classical monocytes in the Asy group whereas the percentage of intermediate monocytes decreases. Besides, there are no changes in their frequencies in CHD or HI. Notably, stimulation with T. cruzi did not modify the frequency of the non-classical monocytes subpopulation in any of the groups studied. Moreover, fenofibrate treatment of T. cruzi-stimulated cells, increased the frequency of the non-classical subpopulation in Asy patients. Interestingly, fenofibrate restores CCR2 levels but does not modify HLA-DR expression in any groups. In conclusion, our results emphasize a potential role for fenofibrate as a modulator of monocyte subpopulations towards an anti-inflammatory and healing profile in different stages of chronic Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azul V. Pieralisi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ágata C. Cevey
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico N. Penas
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nilda Prado
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital del Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires "Dr. Cosme Argerich", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Mori
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital del Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires "Dr. Cosme Argerich", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica Gili
- Hospital Municipal de Rehabilitación Respiratoria María Ferrer, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerardo A. Mirkin
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Gagliardi
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital del Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires "Dr. Cosme Argerich", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora B. Goren
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Nora B. Goren,
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22
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Sharma S, Shen T, Chitranshi N, Gupta V, Basavarajappa D, Mirzaei M, You Y, Krezel W, Graham SL, Gupta V. Retinoid X Receptor: Cellular and Biochemical Roles of Nuclear Receptor with a Focus on Neuropathological Involvement. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2027-2050. [PMID: 35015251 PMCID: PMC9015987 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02709-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) present a subgroup of the nuclear receptor superfamily with particularly high evolutionary conservation of ligand binding domain. The receptor exists in α, β, and γ isotypes that form homo-/heterodimeric complexes with other permissive and non-permissive receptors. While research has identified the biochemical roles of several nuclear receptor family members, the roles of RXRs in various neurological disorders remain relatively under-investigated. RXR acts as ligand-regulated transcription factor, modulating the expression of genes that plays a critical role in mediating several developmental, metabolic, and biochemical processes. Cumulative evidence indicates that abnormal RXR signalling affects neuronal stress and neuroinflammatory networks in several neuropathological conditions. Protective effects of targeting RXRs through pharmacological ligands have been established in various cell and animal models of neuronal injury including Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, glaucoma, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. This review summarises the existing knowledge about the roles of RXR, its interacting partners, and ligands in CNS disorders. Future research will determine the importance of structural and functional heterogeneity amongst various RXR isotypes as well as elucidate functional links between RXR homo- or heterodimers and specific physiological conditions to increase drug targeting efficiency in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samridhi Sharma
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Ting Shen
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Veer Gupta
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Devaraj Basavarajappa
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yuyi You
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wojciech Krezel
- Institut de Génétique Et de Biologie Moléculaire Et Cellulaire, INSERM U1258, CNRS UMR 7104, Unistra, 67404, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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23
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Development and validation of a method to deliver vitamin A to macrophages. Methods Enzymol 2022; 674:363-389. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Cocci P, Mosconi G, Palermo FA. Effects of tributyltin on retinoid X receptor gene expression and global DNA methylation during intracapsular development of the gastropod Tritia mutabilis (Linnaeus, 1758). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 88:103753. [PMID: 34628031 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The tributyltin (TBT)-mediated induction of imposex in marine snails is considered a common mechanism of endocrine disruption through the retinoid X receptor (RXR)-dependent pathway. However, there is evidence that regulation of RXR also relates to metabolic processes, differentiation, apoptosis, and embryonic development, playing a key role in molluscan neuronal differentiation and organogenesis. In this regard, very little is known about the gastropod Tritia mutabilis especially in relation to the effects of TBT exposure during intracapsular embryonic development. In this study, we have investigated the RXR expression fold changes of T. mutabilis encapsulated embryos exposed to different concentrations (10-10 to 10-12 M) of TBT up to 10 days of treatment. We demonstrate that RXR is sequentially expressed during development and that exposure to the lowest and highest TBT doses induces time-dependent changes in RXR gene transcription. We also show that TBT treatment is associated with global DNA demethylation and reduced DNA-methyltransferase I (DNMT1) expression and activity levels. Overall, our data indicate that RXR has important functions during the early stages of T. mutabilis embryo development and is involved in mediating the potential epigenetic alterations induced by TBT exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Cocci
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, I-62032, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Gilberto Mosconi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, I-62032, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Francesco Alessandro Palermo
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, I-62032, Camerino, MC, Italy.
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25
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Leal AS, Moerland JA, Zhang D, Carapellucci S, Lockwood B, Krieger-Burke T, Aleiwi B, Ellsworth E, Liby KT. The RXR Agonist MSU42011 Is Effective for the Treatment of Preclinical HER2+ Breast Cancer and Kras-Driven Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5004. [PMID: 34638488 PMCID: PMC8508021 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13195004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Notwithstanding numerous therapeutic advances, 176,000 deaths from breast and lung cancers will occur in the United States in 2021 alone. The tumor microenvironment and its modulation by drugs have gained increasing attention and relevance, especially with the introduction of immunotherapy as a standard of care in clinical practice. Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily and upon ligand binding, function as transcription factors to modulate multiple cell functions. Bexarotene, the only FDA-approved RXR agonist, is still used to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. (2) Methods: To test the immunomodulatory and anti-tumor effects of MSU42011, a new RXR agonist, we used two different immunocompetent murine models (MMTV-Neu mice, a HER2 positive model of breast cancer and the A/J mouse model, in which vinyl carbamate is used to initiate lung tumorigenesis) and an immunodeficient xenograft lung cancer model. (3) Results: Treatment of established tumors in immunocompetent models of HER2-positive breast cancer and Kras-driven lung cancer with MSU42011 significantly decreased the tumor burden and increased the ratio of CD8/CD4, CD25 T cells, which correlates with enhanced anti-tumor efficacy. Moreover, the combination of MSU42011 and immunotherapy (anti-PDL1 and anti-PD1 antibodies) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced tumor size vs. individual treatments. However, MSU42011 was ineffective in an athymic human A549 lung cancer xenograft model, supporting an immunomodulatory mechanism of action. (4) Conclusions: Collectively, these data suggest that the RXR agonist MSU42011 can be used to modulate the tumor microenvironment in breast and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S. Leal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
| | - Jessica A. Moerland
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
| | - Sarah Carapellucci
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
| | - Beth Lockwood
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
| | - Teresa Krieger-Burke
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
- In Vivo Facility, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Bilal Aleiwi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
- Medicinal Chemistry Facility, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Edmund Ellsworth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
- Medicinal Chemistry Facility, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Karen T. Liby
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
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26
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Chen J, Luo B, Zhong BR, Li KY, Wen QX, Song L, Xiang XJ, Zhou GF, Hu LT, Deng XJ, Ma YL, Chen GJ. Sulfuretin exerts diversified functions in the processing of amyloid precursor protein. Genes Dis 2021; 8:867-881. [PMID: 34522714 PMCID: PMC8427253 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfuretin is a flavonoid that protects cell from damage induced by reactive oxygen species and inflammation. In this study, we investigated the role of sulfuretin in the processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP), in association with the two catalytic enzymes the α-secretase a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM10), and the beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) that play important roles in the generation of β amyloid protein (Aβ) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We found that sulfuretin increased the levels of the immature but not the mature form of ADAM10 protein. The enhanced ADAM10 transcription by sulfuretin was mediated by the nucleotides −444 to −300 in the promoter region, and was attenuated by silencing or mutation of transcription factor retinoid X receptor (RXR) and by GW6471, a specific inhibitor of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR-α). We further found that sulfuretin preferentially increased protein levels of the immature form of APP (im-APP) but significantly reduced those of BACE1, sAPPβ and β-CTF, whereas Aβ1-42 levels were slightly increased. Finally, the effect of sulfuretin on BACE1 and im-APP was selectively attenuated by the translation inhibitor cycloheximide and by lysosomal inhibitor chloroquine, respectively. Taken together, (1) RXR/PPAR-α signaling was involved in sulfuretin-mediated ADAM10 transcription. (2) Alteration of Aβ protein level by sulfuretin was not consistent with that of ADAM10 and BACE1 protein levels, but was consistent with the elevated level of im-APP protein, suggesting that im-APP, an isoform mainly localized to trans-Golgi network, plays an important role in Aβ generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Biao Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Bi-Rou Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Kun-Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Qi-Xin Wen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Li Song
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jiao Xiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Gui-Feng Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Li-Tian Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.,Department of Neurology, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, 637000, PR China
| | - Xiao-Juan Deng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Yuan-Lin Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Guo-Jun Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
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Adipose Tissue Immunometabolism and Apoptotic Cell Clearance. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092288. [PMID: 34571937 PMCID: PMC8470283 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The safe removal of apoptotic debris by macrophages—often referred to as efferocytosis—is crucial for maintaining tissue integrity and preventing self-immunity or tissue damaging inflammation. Macrophages clear tissues of hazardous materials from dying cells and ultimately adopt a pro-resolving activation state. However, adipocyte apoptosis is an inflammation-generating process, and the removal of apoptotic adipocytes by so-called adipose tissue macrophages triggers a sequence of events that lead to meta-inflammation and obesity-associated metabolic diseases. Signals that allow apoptotic cells to control macrophage immune functions are complex and involve metabolites released by the apoptotic cells and also metabolites produced by the macrophages during the digestion of apoptotic cell contents. This review provides a concise summary of the adipocyte-derived metabolites that potentially control adipose tissue macrophage immune functions and, hence, may induce or alleviate adipose tissue inflammation.
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Li H, Li X, Yang B, Su J, Cai S, Huang J, Hu T, Chen L, Xu Y, Li Y. The retinoid X receptor α modulator K-80003 suppresses inflammatory and catabolic responses in a rat model of osteoarthritis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16956. [PMID: 34417523 PMCID: PMC8379249 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96517-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), a most common and highly prevalent joint disease, is closely associated with dysregulated expression and modification of RXRα. However, the role of RXRα in the pathophysiology of OA remains unknown. The present study aimed to investigate whether RXRα modulator, such as K-80003 can treat OA. Experimental OA was induced by intra-articular injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) in the knee joint of rats. Articular cartilage degeneration was assessed using Safranin-O and fast green staining. Synovial inflammation was measured using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Expressions of MMP-13, ADAMTS-4 and ERα in joints were analyzed by immunofluorescence staining. Western blot, RT-PCR and co-Immunoprecipitation (co-IP) were used to assess the effects of K-80003 on RXRα-ERα interaction. Retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) modulator K-80003 prevented the degeneration of articular cartilage, reduced synovial inflammation, and alleviated osteoarthritic pain in rats. Furthermore, K-80003 markedly inhibited IL-1β-induced p65 nuclear translocation and IκBα degradation, and down-regulate the expression of HIF-2α, proteinases (MMP9, MMP13, ADAMTS-4) and pro-inflammatory factors (IL-6 and TNFα) in primary chondrocytes. Additionally, knockdown of ERα with siRNA blocked these effects of K-80003 in chondrocytes. In conclusion, RXRα modulators K-80003 suppresses inflammatory and catabolic responses in OA, suggesting that targeting RXRα-ERα interaction by RXRα modulators might be a novel therapeutic approach for OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- The Department of Science and Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaofan Li
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory On Hematology, Department of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No. 29 Xinquan Street, Gulou District, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Boyu Yang
- The Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Junnan Su
- The Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Shaofang Cai
- The Department of Science and Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinmei Huang
- The Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Tianfu Hu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Community Health Service Center of Qiaoying Street, Xiamen, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Community Health Service Center of Qiaoying Street, Xiamen, China
| | - Yaping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Fujian Province University, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuhang Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Fujian Province University, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research On the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China.
- Xiamen Institute of Rare-Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fujian, 361005, China.
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Cytoplasmic Localization of RXRα Determines Outcome in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153756. [PMID: 34359656 PMCID: PMC8345077 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Considering the immense development of today’s therapeutic approaches in oncology towards customized therapy, this study aimed to assess the prognostic value of nuclear versus cytoplasmic retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) expression in breast cancer. Our results demonstrate that RXRα expression may have different roles in tumorigenesis according to its subcellular localization. This study strengthens the need for further research on the behavior of RXRα, depending on its intracellular localization. Abstract The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the prognostic value of cytoplasmic versus nuclear RXRα expression in breast cancer (BC) tissue samples and to correlate the results with clinicopathological parameters. In 319 BC patients, the expression of RXRα was evaluated via immunohistochemistry. Prognosis-determining aspects were calculated through uni- and multivariate analyses. Correlation analysis revealed a trend association with nuclear RXRα expression regarding an improved overall survival (OS) (p = 0.078), whereas cytoplasmic RXRα expression was significantly correlated with a poor outcomes in terms of both OS (p = 0.038) and disease-free survival (DFS) (p = 0.037). Strengthening these results, cytoplasmic RXRα was found to be an independent marker for DFS (p = 0.023), when adjusted to clinicopathological parameters, whereas nuclear RXRα expression was positively associated with lower TNM-staging, i.e., pT (p = 0.01), pN (p = 0.029) and pM (p = 0.001). Additionally, cytoplasmic RXRα expression was positively associated with a higher histopathological tumor grading (p = 0.02). Cytoplasmic RXRα was also found to be a negative prognosticator for Her-2neu-negative and triple-negative patients. Altogether, these findings support the hypothesis that the subcellular localization of RXRα plays an important role in carcinogenesis and the prognosis of BC. The expression of cytoplasmic RXRα is correlated with a more aggressive course of the disease, whereas nuclear RXRα expression appears to be a protective factor. These data may help to identify high-risk BC subgroups in order to find possible specific options in targeted tumor therapy.
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Paredes A, Santos-Clemente R, Ricote M. Untangling the Cooperative Role of Nuclear Receptors in Cardiovascular Physiology and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157775. [PMID: 34360540 PMCID: PMC8346021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is the first organ to acquire its physiological function during development, enabling it to supply the organism with oxygen and nutrients. Given this early commitment, cardiomyocytes were traditionally considered transcriptionally stable cells fully committed to contractile function. However, growing evidence suggests that the maintenance of cardiac function in health and disease depends on transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. Several studies have revealed that the complex transcriptional alterations underlying cardiovascular disease (CVD) manifestations such as myocardial infarction and hypertrophy is mediated by cardiac retinoid X receptors (RXR) and their partners. RXRs are members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors and drive essential biological processes such as ion handling, mitochondrial biogenesis, and glucose and lipid metabolism. RXRs are thus attractive molecular targets for the development of effective pharmacological strategies for CVD treatment and prevention. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of RXR partnership biology in cardiac homeostasis and disease, providing an up-to-date view of the molecular mechanisms and cellular pathways that sustain cardiomyocyte physiology.
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Xu C, Chen H, Zhou S, Sun C, Xia X, Peng Y, Zhuang J, Fu X, Zeng H, Zhou H, Cao Y, Yu Q, Li Y, Hu L, Zhou G, Yan F, Chen G, Li J. Pharmacological Activation of RXR-α Promotes Hematoma Absorption via a PPAR-γ-dependent Pathway After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:1412-1426. [PMID: 34142331 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00735-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenously eliminating the hematoma is a favorable strategy in addressing intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). This study sought to determine the role of retinoid X receptor-α (RXR-α) in the context of hematoma absorption after ICH. Our results showed that pharmacologically activating RXR-α with bexarotene significantly accelerated hematoma clearance and alleviated neurological dysfunction after ICH. RXR-α was expressed in microglia/macrophages, neurons, and astrocytes. Mechanistically, bexarotene promoted the nuclear translocation of RXR-α and PPAR-γ, as well as reducing neuroinflammation by modulating microglia/macrophage reprograming from the M1 into the M2 phenotype. Furthermore, all the beneficial effects of RXR-α in ICH were reversed by the PPAR-γ inhibitor GW9662. In conclusion, the pharmacological activation of RXR-α confers robust neuroprotection against ICH by accelerating hematoma clearance and repolarizing microglia/macrophages towards the M2 phenotype through PPAR-γ-related mechanisms. Our data support the notion that RXR-α might be a promising therapeutic target for ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Huaijun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Shengjun Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Chenjun Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Xiaolong Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Yucong Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Xiongjie Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Hanhai Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Yin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Libin Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Guoyang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China.
| | - Jianru Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China.
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Retinoid X Receptor α Regulates DHA-Dependent Spinogenesis and Functional Synapse Formation In Vivo. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107649. [PMID: 32433958 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordinated intracellular and extracellular signaling is critical to synapse development and functional neural circuit wiring. Here, we report that unesterified docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) regulates functional synapse formation in vivo via retinoid X receptor α (Rxra) signaling. Using Rxra conditional knockout (cKO) mice and virus-mediated transient gene expression, we show that endogenous Rxra plays important roles in regulating spinogenesis and excitatory synaptic transmission in cortical pyramidal neurons. We further show that the effects of RXRA are mediated through its DNA-binding domain in a cell-autonomous and reversible manner. Moreover, unesterified DHA increases spine formation and excitatory synaptic transmission in vivo in an Rxra-dependent fashion. Rxra cKO mice generally behave normally but show deficits in behavior tasks associated with social memory. Together, these results demonstrate that unesterified DHA signals through RXRA to regulate spinogenesis and functional synapse formation, providing insight into the mechanism through which DHA promotes brain development and cognitive function.
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Zeng Y, Yan Wang C, Xu J, Le Xu X. Overexpression of retinoid X receptor beta provides protection against oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced inflammation via regulating PGC1α-dependent mitochondrial homeostasis in endothelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 188:114559. [PMID: 33872571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor beta (RXRβ) has been poorly studied in atherosclerosis. The aim of the present study is to explore the function of RXRβ in oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced inflammation in endothelial cells and the underlying mechanism. The protein expression of RXRβ in the aorta of atherosclerotic mice was detected. A lentivirus vector for RXRβ overexpression and RNA interference for RXRβ downregulation were constructed and transfected into human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). The results showed that RXRβ protein expression was downregulated in aorta of high fat diet (HFD)-fed LDLr-/- mice and ox-LDL-treated HAECs. The ox-LDL-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activations of TLR9/NF-κB and NLRP3/caspase-1 inflammasome pathway were significantly decreased by RXRβ overexpression but increased by RXRβ knockdown in HAECs. The ox‑LDL‑induced mitochondrial damage indicated as the increased generation of mitochondrial ROS, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased mitochondrial DNA release was abolished by RXRβ overexpression but aggravated by RXRβ knockdown. Treatment with mito-TEMPO significantly reduced the increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activations of TLR9/NF-κB and NLRP3/caspase-1 inflammasome induced by RXRβ knockdown in ox-LDL treated HAECs. Moreover, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator1α (PGC1α) protein expression was reduced in HFD-fed LDLr-/- mice. RXRβ could interact with PGC1α in HAECs. Ox-LDL-induced reduction of PGC1α was significantly inhibited by RXRβ overexpression and aggravated by RXRβ downregulation. Our further study showed that transfection of PGC1α siRNA abrogated the alleviative effects of RXRβ overexpression on mitochondrial damage and inflammation in ox-LDL treated cells. The present study indicates that RXRβ exerted protective effects against the ox-LDL-induced inflammation may through regulating PGC1α-dependent mitochondrial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University Pharmacy College, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Chun Yan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University Pharmacy College, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University Pharmacy College, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Xiao Le Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University Pharmacy College, Nantong 226001, China.
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Falasca K, Lanuti P, Ucciferri C, Pieragostino D, Cufaro MC, Bologna G, Federici L, Miscia S, Pontolillo M, Auricchio A, Del Boccio P, Marchisio M, Vecchiet J. Circulating extracellular vesicles as new inflammation marker in HIV infection. AIDS 2021; 35:595-604. [PMID: 33306552 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles, released by cell pullulation, are surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer and carry proteins as well and genetic material. It has been shown that extracellular vesicles mediate intercellular communication in several conditions, such as inflammation, immunodeficiency, tumor growth, and viral infections. Here, we analyzed circulating levels of extracellular vesicles in order to clarify their role in chronic inflammation mechanisms characterizing HIV patients. METHODS We analyzed and subtyped circulating levels of extracellular vesicles, through a recently developed flow cytometry method. In detail, endothelial-derived extracellular vesicles (CD31+/CD41a-/CD45-, EMVs), extracellular vesicles stemming from leukocytes (CD45+, LMVs) and platelets (CD41a+/CD31+) were identified and enumerated. Moreover, we analyzed the extracellular vesicle protein cargo with proteomic analysis. RESULTS Circulating levels of total extracellular vesicles, EMVs and LMVs were significantly lower in the HIV+ patients than in healthy subjects, whereas platelet-derived extracellular vesicles resulted higher in patients than in the healthy population. Proteomic analysis showed the upregulation of gammaIFN and IL1α, and down-regulation of OSM, NF-kB, LIF, and RXRA signaling resulted activated in this patients. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate, for the first time that HIV infection induces the production of extracellular vesicles containing mediators that possibly feed the chronic inflammation and the viral replication. These two effects are connected as the inflammation itself induces the viral replication. We, therefore, hypothesize that HIV infection inhibits the production of extracellular vesicles that carry anti-inflammatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Falasca
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio' of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti
| | - Paola Lanuti
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio' of Chieti-Pescara
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)
| | - Claudio Ucciferri
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio' of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti
| | - Damiana Pieragostino
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences
| | - Maria Concetta Cufaro
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)
- Department of Pharmacy, University 'G. d'Annunzio' of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Bologna
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio' of Chieti-Pescara
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)
| | - Luca Federici
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences
| | - Sebastiano Miscia
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio' of Chieti-Pescara
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)
| | - Michela Pontolillo
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio' of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti
| | - Antonio Auricchio
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio' of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti
| | - Piero Del Boccio
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)
- Department of Pharmacy, University 'G. d'Annunzio' of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Marchisio
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio' of Chieti-Pescara
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)
| | - Jacopo Vecchiet
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio' of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti
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Oyarce C, Vizcaino-Castro A, Chen S, Boerma A, Daemen T. Re-polarization of immunosuppressive macrophages to tumor-cytotoxic macrophages by repurposed metabolic drugs. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1898753. [PMID: 33796407 PMCID: PMC7971325 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1898753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
M2-like tumor-associated macrophages promote tumor progression by establishing an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. The phenotype and activity of immunosuppressive macrophages are related to their mitochondrial metabolism. Thus, we studied if drugs targeting mitochondrial metabolic pathways can repolarize macrophages from M2 into an M1-like phenotype or can prevent M0-to-M2 polarization. The drugs selected are clinically approved or in clinical trials and target M2-specific metabolic pathways: fatty acid oxidation (Perhexiline and Trimetazidine), glutaminolysis (CB-839), PPAR activation (HX531), and mitochondrial electron transport chain (VLX-600). Murine bone marrow-derived macrophages were either polarized to M2 using IL-4 in the presence of the drugs or polarized first into M2 and then treated with the drugs in presence of IFN-γ for re-polarization. Targeting both fatty acid oxidation with Perhexiline or the electron transport chain with VLX-600 in the presence of IFN-γ, impaired mitochondrial basal, and maximal respiration and resulted in M2 to M1-like re-polarization (increased iNOS expression, NO production, IL-23, IL-27, and TNF-α secretion), similar to LPS+IFN-γ re-polarization. Moreover, drug-induced macrophage re-polarization resulted in a strong tumor-cytotoxic activity. Furthermore, the polarization of M0- to M2-like macrophages was impaired by CB-839, Trimetazidine, HX531, and Perhexiline, while Hx531 and Perhexiline also reduced MCP-1 secretion. Our results show that by targeting cell metabolism, macrophages could be re-polarized from M2- into an anti-tumoral M1-like phenotype and that M0-to-M2 polarization could be prevented. Overall, this study provides rational for the use of clinically applicable drugs to change an immunosuppressive tumor environment into a pro-inflammatory tumor environment that could support cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Oyarce
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Tumor Virology and Cancer Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Vizcaino-Castro
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Tumor Virology and Cancer Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shipeng Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Tumor Virology and Cancer Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Boerma
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Tumor Virology and Cancer Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Toos Daemen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Tumor Virology and Cancer Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Leal AS, Reich LA, Moerland JA, Zhang D, Liby KT. Potential therapeutic uses of rexinoids. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2021; 91:141-183. [PMID: 34099107 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of nuclear receptors, particularly retinoid X receptors (RXR), and their involvement in numerous pathways related to development sparked interest in their immunomodulatory properties. Genetic models using deletion or overexpression of RXR and the subsequent development of several small molecules that are agonists or antagonists of this receptor support a promising therapeutic role for these receptors in immunology. Bexarotene was approved in 1999 for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Several other small molecule RXR agonists have since been synthesized with limited preclinical development, but none have yet achieved FDA approval. Cancer treatment has recently been revolutionized with the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors, but their success has been restricted to a minority of patients. This review showcases the emerging immunomodulatory effects of RXR and the potential of small molecules that target this receptor as therapies for cancer and other diseases. Here we describe the essential roles that RXR and partner receptors play in T cells, dendritic cells, macrophages and epithelial cells, especially within the tumor microenvironment. Most of these effects are site and cancer type dependent but skew immune cells toward an anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effect. This beneficial effect on immune cells supports the promise of combining rexinoids with approved checkpoint blockade therapies in order to enhance efficacy of the latter and to delay or potentially eliminate drug resistance. The data compiled in this review strongly suggest that targeting RXR nuclear receptors is a promising new avenue in immunomodulation for cancer and other chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Leal
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Lyndsey A Reich
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Jessica A Moerland
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Karen T Liby
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.
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Alatshan A, Benkő S. Nuclear Receptors as Multiple Regulators of NLRP3 Inflammasome Function. Front Immunol 2021; 12:630569. [PMID: 33717162 PMCID: PMC7952630 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.630569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are important bridges between lipid signaling molecules and transcription responses. Beside their role in several developmental and physiological processes, many of these receptors have been shown to regulate and determine the fate of immune cells, and the outcome of immune responses under physiological and pathological conditions. While NLRP3 inflammasome is assumed as key regulator for innate and adaptive immune responses, and has been associated with various pathological events, the precise impact of the nuclear receptors on the function of inflammasome is hardly investigated. A wide variety of factors and conditions have been identified as modulators of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and at the same time, many of the nuclear receptors are known to regulate, and interact with these factors, including cellular metabolism and various signaling pathways. Nuclear receptors are in the focus of many researches, as these receptors are easy to manipulate by lipid soluble molecules. Importantly, nuclear receptors mediate regulatory mechanisms at multiple levels: not only at transcription level, but also in the cytosol via non-genomic effects. Their importance is also reflected by the numerous approved drugs that have been developed in the past decade to specifically target nuclear receptors subtypes. Researches aiming to delineate mechanisms that regulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation draw a wide range of attention due to their unquestionable importance in infectious and sterile inflammatory conditions. In this review, we provide an overview of current reports and knowledge about NLRP3 inflammasome regulation from the perspective of nuclear receptors, in order to bring new insight to the potentially therapeutic aspect in targeting NLRP3 inflammasome and NLRP3 inflammasome-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Alatshan
- Departments of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cellular and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Benkő
- Departments of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cellular and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Shao M, Lu L, Wang Q, Ma L, Tian X, Li C, Li C, Guo D, Wang Q, Wang W, Wang Y. The multi-faceted role of retinoid X receptor in cardiovascular diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111264. [PMID: 33761589 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) are members of ligand-dependent transcription factors whose effects on a diversity of cellular processes, including cellular proliferation, the immune response, and lipid and glucose metabolism. Knock out of RXRα causes a hypoplasia of the myocardium which is lethal during fetal life. In addition, the heart maintains a well-orchestrated balances in utilizing fatty acids (FAs) and other substrates to meet the high energy requirements. As the master transcriptional regulators of lipid metabolism, RXRs become particularly important for the energy needs of the heart. Accumulating evidence suggested that RXRs may exert direct beneficial effects in the heart both through heterodimerization with other nuclear receptors (NRs) and homodimerization, thus standing as suitable targets for treating in cardiovascular diseases. Although compounds that target RXRs are promising drugs, their use is limited by toxicity. A better understanding of the structural biology of RXRs in cardiovascular disease should enable the rational design of more selective nuclear receptor modulators to overcome these problems. Here, this review summarizes a brief overview of RXRs structure and versatility of RXR action in the control of cardiovascular diseases. And we also discussed the therapeutic potential of RXR ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyan Shao
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Linghui Lu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lin Ma
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xue Tian
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Changxiang Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chun Li
- Modern Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Dongqing Guo
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qiyan Wang
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Li Z, Zhang C, Qiu B, Niu Y, Leng L, Cai S, Tian Y, Zhang TJ, Qiu G, Wu N, Wu Z, Wang Y. Comparative proteomics analysis for identifying the lipid metabolism related pathways in patients with Klippel-Feil syndrome. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:255. [PMID: 33708882 PMCID: PMC7940892 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-5155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Klippel-Feil syndrome (KFS) represents the rare and complex deformity characterized by congenital defects in the formation or segmentation of the cervical vertebrae. There is a wide gap in understanding the detailed mechanisms of KFS because of its rarity, heterogeneity, small pedigrees, and the broad spectrum of anomalies. Methods We recruited eight patients of Chinese Han ethnicity with KFS, five patients with congenital scoliosis (CS) who presented with congenital fusion of the thoracic or lumbar spine and without known syndrome or cervical deformity, and seven healthy controls. Proteomic analysis by data-independent acquisition (DIA) was performed to identify the differential proteome among the three matched groups and the data were analyzed by bioinformatics tools including Gene Ontology (GO) categories and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) database, to explore differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) and canonical pathways involved in the pathogenesis of KFS. Results A total of 49 DAPs were detected between KFS patients and the controls, and moreover, 192 DAPs were identified between patients with KFS and patients with CS. Fifteen DAPs that were common in both comparisons were considered as candidate biomarkers for KFS, including membrane primary amine oxidase, noelin, galectin-3-binding protein, cadherin-5, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, peroxiredoxin-1, CD109 antigen, and eight immunoglobulins. Furthermore, the same significant canonical pathways of LXR/RXR activation and FXR/RXR activation were observed in both comparisons. Seven of DAPs were apolipoproteins related to these pathways that are involved in lipid metabolism. Conclusions This study provides the first proteomic profile for understanding the pathogenesis and identifying predictive biomarkers of KFS. We detected 15 DAPs that were common in both comparisons as candidate predictive biomarkers of KFS. The lipid metabolism-related canonical pathways of LXR/RXR and FXR/RXR activation together with seven differentially abundant apolipoproteins may play significant roles in the etiology of KFS and provide possible pathogenesis correlation between KFS and CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziquan Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bintao Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchen Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Siyi Cai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key laboratory of big data for spinal deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Terry Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China.,Key laboratory of big data for spinal deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guixing Qiu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China.,Key laboratory of big data for spinal deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China.,Key laboratory of big data for spinal deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key laboratory of big data for spinal deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yipeng Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China.,Key laboratory of big data for spinal deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zehni AZ, Batz F, Vattai A, Kaltofen T, Schrader S, Jacob SN, Mumm JN, Heidegger HH, Ditsch N, Mahner S, Jeschke U, Vilsmaier T. The Prognostic Impact of Retinoid X Receptor and Thyroid Hormone Receptor alpha in Unifocal vs. Multifocal/Multicentric Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:957. [PMID: 33478016 PMCID: PMC7835829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the prognostic value of the steroid hormone receptor expression, counting the retinoid X receptor (RXR) and thyroid hormone receptors (THRs), on the two different breast cancer (BC) entities: multifocal/multicentric versus unifocal. The overall and disease-free survival were considered as the prognosis determining aspects and analyzed by uni- and multi-variate analysis. Furthermore, histopathological grading and TNM staging (T = tumor size, N = lymph node involvement, M = distant metastasis) were examined in relation to RXR and THRs expression. A retrospective statistical analysis was carried out on survival-related events in a series of 319 sporadic BC patients treated at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics at the Ludwig-Maximillian's University in Munich between 2000 and 2002. The expression of RXR and THRs, including its two major isoforms THRα1 and THRα2, was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and showed to have a significant correlation for both BC entities in regard to survival analysis. Patients with multifocal/multicentric BC were exposed to a significantly worse disease-free survival (DFS) when expressing RXR. Patients with unifocal BC showed a significantly worse DFS when expressing THRα1. In contrast, a statistically significant positive association between THRα2 expression and enhanced DFS in multifocal/multicentric BC was shown. Especially the RXR expression in multifocal/multicentric BC was found to play a remarkably contradictory role for BC prognosis. The findings imply the need for a critical review of possible molecular therapies targeting steroid hormone receptors in BC treatment. Our results strengthen the need to further investigate the behavior of the nuclear receptor family, especially in relation to BC focality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaleh Zati Zehni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Munich, LMU, 80337 Munich, Germany; (A.Z.Z.); (F.B.); (A.V.); (T.K.); (S.S.); (H.H.H.); (N.D.); (S.M.); (T.V.)
| | - Falk Batz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Munich, LMU, 80337 Munich, Germany; (A.Z.Z.); (F.B.); (A.V.); (T.K.); (S.S.); (H.H.H.); (N.D.); (S.M.); (T.V.)
| | - Aurelia Vattai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Munich, LMU, 80337 Munich, Germany; (A.Z.Z.); (F.B.); (A.V.); (T.K.); (S.S.); (H.H.H.); (N.D.); (S.M.); (T.V.)
| | - Till Kaltofen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Munich, LMU, 80337 Munich, Germany; (A.Z.Z.); (F.B.); (A.V.); (T.K.); (S.S.); (H.H.H.); (N.D.); (S.M.); (T.V.)
| | - Svenja Schrader
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Munich, LMU, 80337 Munich, Germany; (A.Z.Z.); (F.B.); (A.V.); (T.K.); (S.S.); (H.H.H.); (N.D.); (S.M.); (T.V.)
| | - Sven-Niclas Jacob
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, LMU, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany;
| | - Jan-Niclas Mumm
- Department of Urology, LMU, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany;
| | - Helene Hildegard Heidegger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Munich, LMU, 80337 Munich, Germany; (A.Z.Z.); (F.B.); (A.V.); (T.K.); (S.S.); (H.H.H.); (N.D.); (S.M.); (T.V.)
| | - Nina Ditsch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Munich, LMU, 80337 Munich, Germany; (A.Z.Z.); (F.B.); (A.V.); (T.K.); (S.S.); (H.H.H.); (N.D.); (S.M.); (T.V.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Sven Mahner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Munich, LMU, 80337 Munich, Germany; (A.Z.Z.); (F.B.); (A.V.); (T.K.); (S.S.); (H.H.H.); (N.D.); (S.M.); (T.V.)
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Munich, LMU, 80337 Munich, Germany; (A.Z.Z.); (F.B.); (A.V.); (T.K.); (S.S.); (H.H.H.); (N.D.); (S.M.); (T.V.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Vilsmaier
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Munich, LMU, 80337 Munich, Germany; (A.Z.Z.); (F.B.); (A.V.); (T.K.); (S.S.); (H.H.H.); (N.D.); (S.M.); (T.V.)
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Moerland JA, Zhang D, Reich LA, Carapellucci S, Lockwood B, Leal AS, Krieger-Burke T, Aleiwi B, Ellsworth E, Liby KT. The novel rexinoid MSU-42011 is effective for the treatment of preclinical Kras-driven lung cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22244. [PMID: 33335263 PMCID: PMC7746742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective drugs are needed for lung cancer, as this disease remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Rexinoids are promising drug candidates for cancer therapy because of their ability to modulate genes involved in inflammation, cell proliferation or differentiation, and apoptosis through activation of the retinoid X receptor (RXR). The only currently FDA-approved rexinoid, bexarotene, is ineffective as a single agent for treating epithelial cancers and induces hypertriglyceridemia. Here, we used a previously validated screening paradigm to evaluate 23 novel rexinoids for biomarkers related to efficacy and safety. These biomarkers include suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and induction of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP). Because of its potent iNOS suppression, low SREBP induction, and activation of RXR, MSU-42011 was selected as our lead compound. We next used MSU-42011 to treat established tumors in a clinically relevant Kras-driven mouse model of lung cancer. KRAS is one of the most common driver mutations in human lung cancer and correlates with aggressive disease progression and poor patient prognosis. Ultrasound imaging was used to detect and monitor tumor development and growth over time in the lungs of the A/J mice. MSU-42011 markedly decreased the tumor number, size, and histopathology of lung tumors compared to the control and bexarotene groups. Histological sections of lung tumors in mice treated with MSU-42011 exhibited reduced cell density and fewer actively proliferating cells compared to the control and bexarotene-treated tumors. Although bexarotene significantly (p < 0.01) elevated plasma triglycerides and cholesterol, treatment with MSU-42011 did not increase these biomarkers, demonstrating a more favorable toxicity profile in vivo. The combination of MSU-42011 and carboplatin and paclitaxel reduced macrophages in the lung and increased activation markers of CD8+T cells compared to the control groups. Our results validate our screening paradigm for in vitro testing of novel rexinoids and demonstrate the potential for MSU-42011 to be developed for the treatment of KRAS-driven lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Moerland
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Lyndsey A Reich
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Sarah Carapellucci
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Beth Lockwood
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Ana S Leal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Teresa Krieger-Burke
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- In Vivo Facility, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Bilal Aleiwi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Medicial Chemistry Core, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Edmund Ellsworth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Medicial Chemistry Core, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Karen T Liby
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Ren G, Kim T, Kim HS, Young ME, Muccio DD, Atigadda VR, Blum SI, Tse HM, Habegger KM, Bhatnagar S, Coric T, Bjornsti MA, Shalev A, Frank SJ, Kim JA. A Small Molecule, UAB126, Reverses Diet-Induced Obesity and its Associated Metabolic Disorders. Diabetes 2020; 69:2003-2016. [PMID: 32611548 PMCID: PMC7458036 DOI: 10.2337/db19-1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Targeting retinoid X receptor (RXR) has been proposed as one of the therapeutic strategies to treat individuals with metabolic syndrome, as RXR heterodimerizes with multiple nuclear receptors that regulate genes involved in metabolism. Despite numerous efforts, RXR ligands (rexinoids) have not been approved for clinical trials to treat metabolic syndrome due to the serious side effects such as hypertriglyceridemia and altered thyroid hormone axis. In this study, we demonstrate a novel rexinoid-like small molecule, UAB126, which has positive effects on metabolic syndrome without the known side effects of potent rexinoids. Oral administration of UAB126 ameliorated obesity, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and hyperlipidemia without changes in food intake, physical activity, and thyroid hormone levels. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that UAB126 regulates the expression of genes in the liver that are modulated by several nuclear receptors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and/or liver X receptor in conjunction with RXR. Furthermore, UAB126 not only prevented but also reversed obesity-associated metabolic disorders. The results suggest that optimized modulation of RXR may be a promising strategy to treat metabolic disorders without side effects. Thus, the current study reveals that UAB126 could be an attractive therapy to treat individuals with obesity and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Ren
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- UAB Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Teayoun Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- UAB Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Hae-Suk Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- UAB Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Martin E Young
- UAB Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Donald D Muccio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Venkatram R Atigadda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Samuel I Blum
- UAB Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Hubert M Tse
- UAB Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Kirk M Habegger
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- UAB Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Sushant Bhatnagar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- UAB Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Tatjana Coric
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Mary-Ann Bjornsti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Anath Shalev
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- UAB Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Stuart J Frank
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- UAB Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Jeong-A Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- UAB Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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Differential contribution of bone marrow-derived infiltrating monocytes and resident macrophages to persistent lung inflammation in chronic air pollution exposure. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14348. [PMID: 32873817 PMCID: PMC7462977 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71144-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to particulate matter < 2.5µ (PM2.5) has been linked to cardiopulmonary disease. Tissue-resident (TR) alveolar macrophages (AΦ) are long-lived, self-renew and critical to the health impact of inhalational insults. There is an inadequate understanding of the impact of PM2.5 exposure on the nature/time course of transcriptional responses, self-renewal of AΦ, and the contribution from bone marrow (BM) to this population. Accordingly, we exposed chimeric (CD45.2/CD45.1) mice to concentrated PM2.5 or filtered air (FA) to evaluate the impact on these end-points. PM2.5 exposure for 4-weeks induced an influx of BM-derived monocytes into the lungs with no contribution to the overall TR-AΦ pool. Chronic (32-weeks) PM2.5 exposure on the other hand while associated with increased recruitment of BM-derived monocytes and their incorporation into the AΦ population, resulted in enhanced apoptosis and decreased proliferation of TR-AΦ. RNA-seq analysis of isolated TR-AΦ and BM-AΦ from 4- and 32-weeks exposed mice revealed a unique time-dependent pattern of differentially expressed genes. PM2.5 exposure resulted in altered histological changes in the lungs, a reduced alveolar fraction which corresponded to protracted lung inflammation. Our findings suggest a time-dependent entrainment of BM-derived monocytes into the AΦ population of PM2.5 exposed mice, that together with enhanced apoptosis of TR-AΦ and reorganization of transcriptional responses, could collectively contribute to the perpetuation of chronic inflammation.
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Bae S, Zeng S, Park-Min KH. Nuclear receptors in osteoclasts. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 53:8-17. [PMID: 32569976 PMCID: PMC7669703 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells that play an essential role in the remodeling of bone under physiological conditions and numerous pathological conditions, such as osteoporosis, bone metastasis, and inflammatory bone erosion. Nuclear receptors are crucial to various physiological processes, including metabolism, development and inflammation, and function as transcription factors to activate target genes. Synthetic ligands of nuclear receptors are also available for the treatment of metabolic and inflammatory diseases. However, dysregulated bone phenotypes have been documented in patients who take synthetic nuclear receptor ligands as a therapy. Therefore, the effect of nuclear receptors on bone cells has become an important area of exploration; additionally, the molecular mechanisms underlying the action of nuclear receptors in osteoclasts have not been completely understood. Here, we cover the recent progress in our understanding of the roles of nuclear receptors in osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyeon Bae
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Steven Zeng
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Kyung-Hyun Park-Min
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA; BCMB Allied Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Sun Y, Zhai G, Li R, Zhou W, Li Y, Cao Z, Wang N, Li H, Wang Y. RXRα Positively Regulates Expression of the Chicken PLIN1 Gene in a PPARγ-Independent Manner and Promotes Adipogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:349. [PMID: 32478078 PMCID: PMC7240111 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Perilipin1 (PLIN1), the most abundant lipid droplet (LD)-associated protein, plays a vital role in regulating lipid storage and breakdown in adipocytes. Recently, we found that the overexpression of PLIN1 promotes chicken preadipocyte lipid accumulation. However, the mechanisms by which transcription of the chicken PLIN1 gene is regulated remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) in transcription of the chicken PLIN1 gene. Notably, reporter gene and expression assays showed that RXRα activates transcription of the chicken PLIN1 gene in a PPARγ-independent manner. Furthermore, promoter deletion and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) analysis revealed that the chicken PLIN1 gene promoter region (-774/-785) contains an RXRα-binding site. Further study demonstrated that RXRα overexpression promotes differentiation of an immortalized chicken preadipocyte cell line (ICP1), causing a concomitant increase in PLIN1 transcripts. Taken together, our results show for the first time that RXRα activates transcription of the chicken PLIN1 gene in a PPARγ-independent manner, which might be at least in part responsible for RXRα-induced adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Guiying Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Weinan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yumao Li
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiping Cao
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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46
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Chi ZC. Relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2020; 28:313-329. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v28.i9.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the in-depth study of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), it has been found in recent years that NAFLD is closely related to cardiovascular disease (CVD). It has been proved that NAFLD is not only an important risk factor for CVD, but it is also an important mechanism of atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and hypertension in young people. This article reviews the recent progress in the understanding of the relationship between NAFLD and CVD, with an aim to improve the knowledge of CVD physicians on liver disease and provide reference for prevention and treatment of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Chun Chi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266011, Shandong Province, China
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47
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RXRs control serous macrophage neonatal expansion and identity and contribute to ovarian cancer progression. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1655. [PMID: 32246014 PMCID: PMC7125161 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15371-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages (TRMs) populate all tissues and play key roles in homeostasis, immunity and repair. TRMs express a molecular program that is mostly shaped by tissue cues. However, TRM identity and the mechanisms that maintain TRMs in tissues remain poorly understood. We recently found that serous-cavity TRMs (LPMs) are highly enriched in RXR transcripts and RXR-response elements. Here, we show that RXRs control mouse serous-macrophage identity by regulating chromatin accessibility and the transcriptional regulation of canonical macrophage genes. RXR deficiency impairs neonatal expansion of the LPM pool and reduces the survival of adult LPMs through excess lipid accumulation. We also find that peritoneal LPMs infiltrate early ovarian tumours and that RXR deletion diminishes LPM accumulation in tumours and strongly reduces ovarian tumour progression in mice. Our study reveals that RXR signalling controls the maintenance of the serous macrophage pool and that targeting peritoneal LPMs may improve ovarian cancer outcomes. Macrophages can differentiate to perform homeostatic tissue-specific functions. Here the authors show that RXR signalling is critical for large peritoneal macrophage (LPM) expansion during neonatal life and LPM lipid metabolism and survival during adult homeostasis, and that ovarian cancer growth relies on RXR-dependent LPMs.
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48
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Alam J, de Paiva CS, Pflugfelder SC. Immune - Goblet cell interaction in the conjunctiva. Ocul Surf 2020; 18:326-334. [PMID: 31953222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The conjunctiva is a goblet cell rich mucosal tissue. Goblet cells are supported by tear growth factors and IL-13 produced by resident immune cells. Goblet cell secretions are essential for maintaining tear stability and ocular surface homeostasis. In addition to producing tear stabilizing mucins, they also produce cytokines and retinoic acid that condition monocyte-derived phagocytic cells in the conjunctiva. Aqueous tear deficiency from lacrimal gland disease and systemic inflammatory conditions results in goblet cell loss that amplifies dry eye severity. Reduced goblet cell density is correlated with more severe conjunctival disease, increased IFN-γ expression and antigen presenting cell maturation. Sterile Alpha Motif (SAM) pointed domain epithelial specific transcription factor (Spdef) gene deficient mice that lack goblet cells have increased infiltration of monocytes and dendritic cells with greater IL-12 expression in the conjunctiva. Similar findings were observed in the conjunctiva of aged mice. Reduced retinoic acid receptor (RXRα) signaling also increases conjunctival monocyte infiltration, IFN-γ expression and goblet cell loss. Evidence suggests that dry eye therapies that suppress IFN-γ expression preserve conjunctival goblet cell number and function and should be considered in aqueous deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehan Alam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Stephen C Pflugfelder
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
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49
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Ting SM, Zhao X, Sun G, Obertas L, Ricote M, Aronowski J. Brain Cleanup as a Potential Target for Poststroke Recovery: The Role of RXR (Retinoic X Receptor) in Phagocytes. Stroke 2020; 51:958-966. [PMID: 31914884 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.119.027315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose- Phagocytic cells, such as microglia and blood-derived macrophages, are a key biological modality responsible for phagocytosis-mediated clearance of damaged, dead, or displaced cells that are compromised during senescence or pathological processes, including after stroke. This process of clearance is essential to eliminate the source of inflammation and to allow for optimal brain repair and functional recovery. Transcription factor, RXR (retinoic-X-receptor) is strongly implicated in phagocytic functions regulation, and as such could represent a novel target for brain recovery after stroke. Methods- Primary cultured microglia and bone marrow macrophages were used for phagocytic study. Mice with deleted RXR-α in myeloid phagocytes (Mac-RXR-α-/-) were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion to mimic ischemic stroke and then treated with RXR agonist bexarotene. RNA-sequencing and long-term recovery were evaluated. Results- Using cultured microglia, we demonstrated that the RXR-α promotes the phagocytic functions of microglia toward apoptotic neurons. Using mice with deleted RXR-α in myeloid phagocytes (Mac-RXR-α-/-), we have shown that despite behaving similarly to the control at early time points (up to 3 days, damage established histologically and behaviorally), these Mac-RXR-α-/- mice demonstrated worsened late functional recovery and developed brain atrophy that was larger in size than that seen in control mice. The RXR-α deficiency was associated with reduced expression of genes known to be under control of the prominent transcriptional RXR partner, PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor)-γ, as well as genes encoding for scavenger receptors and genes that signify microglia/macrophages polarization to a reparative phenotype. Finally, we demonstrated that the RXR agonist, bexarotene, administered as late as 1 day after middle cerebral artery occlusion, improved neurological recovery, and reduced the atrophy volume as assessed 28 days after stroke. Bexarotene did not improve outcome in Mac-RXR-α-/- mice. Conclusions- Altogether, these data suggest that phagocytic cells control poststroke recovery and that RXR in these cells represents an attractive target with exceptionally long therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Ming Ting
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Texas HSC, McGovern Medical School, Houston (S.-M.T., X.Z., G.S., L.O., J.A.)
| | - Xiurong Zhao
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Texas HSC, McGovern Medical School, Houston (S.-M.T., X.Z., G.S., L.O., J.A.)
| | - Guanghua Sun
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Texas HSC, McGovern Medical School, Houston (S.-M.T., X.Z., G.S., L.O., J.A.)
| | - Lidiya Obertas
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Texas HSC, McGovern Medical School, Houston (S.-M.T., X.Z., G.S., L.O., J.A.)
| | - Mercedes Ricote
- Area of Myocardial Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (M.R.)
| | - Jaroslaw Aronowski
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Texas HSC, McGovern Medical School, Houston (S.-M.T., X.Z., G.S., L.O., J.A.)
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50
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Retinoic Acid Receptors in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121915. [PMID: 31805753 PMCID: PMC6966485 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) signaling pathways regulate fundamental biological processes, such as cell proliferation, development, differentiation, and apoptosis. Retinoid receptors (RARs and RXRs) are ligand-dependent transcription factors. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is the principal endogenous ligand for the retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARA) and is produced by the enzymatic oxidation of dietary vitamin A, whose deficiency is associated with several pathological conditions. Differentiation therapy using ATRA revolutionized the outcome of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), although attempts to replicate these results in other cancer types have been met with more modest results. A better knowledge of RA signaling in different leukemia contexts is required to improve initial designs. Here, we will review the RA signaling pathway in normal and malignant hematopoiesis, and will discuss the advantages and the limitations related to retinoid therapy in acute myeloid leukemia.
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