1
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Luxenburger A, Harris LD, Ure EM, Jiao W, Woolhouse AD, Cameron SA, Weymouth-Wilson A, Furneaux RH, Pitman JL, Hinkley SFR. The discovery of 12β-methyl-17-epi-18-nor-bile acids as potent and selective TGR5 agonists. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 250:115143. [PMID: 36841086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent discoveries have demonstrated that the physiological function of bile acids extends to the regulation of diverse signaling processes through interactions with nuclear and G protein-coupled receptors, most notably the Farnesoid-X nuclear receptor (FXR) and the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1, also known as TGR5). Targeting such signaling pathways pharmacologically, i.e. with bile acid-derived therapeutics, presents great potential for the treatment of various metabolic, inflammatory immune, liver, and neurodegenerative diseases. Here we report the discovery of two potent and selective TGR5 agonists (NZP196 and 917). These compounds are the taurine conjugates of 6α-ethyl-substituted 12β-methyl-18-nor-bile acids with the side chain being located on the α-face of the steroid scaffold. The compounds emerged from a screening effort of a diverse library of 12β-methyl-18-nor-bile acids that were synthesized from 12β-methyl-18-nor-chenodeoxycholic acid and its C17-epimer. Upon testing for FXR activity, both compounds were found to be inactive, thus revealing selectivity for TGR5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Luxenburger
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt, 5040, New Zealand.
| | - Lawrence D Harris
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt, 5040, New Zealand
| | - Elizabeth M Ure
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt, 5040, New Zealand
| | - Wanting Jiao
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt, 5040, New Zealand
| | - Anthony D Woolhouse
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt, 5040, New Zealand
| | - Scott A Cameron
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt, 5040, New Zealand
| | | | - Richard H Furneaux
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt, 5040, New Zealand
| | - Janet L Pitman
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Kelburn Parade, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Simon F R Hinkley
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt, 5040, New Zealand
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2
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Vazquez-Chavez J, Aguilar-Granda A, Iglesias Arteaga MA. Synthesis and characterization of a fluorescent steroid dimer linked through C-19 by a 1,4-Bis(phenylethynyl)phenylene fragment. Steroids 2022; 187:109098. [PMID: 35964795 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of a dimer in which two nuclei of 3β-acetoxy-19-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one are linked by the fluorescent 1,4-bis(phenylethynyl)phenylene bridge attached to the oxygenated functions at positions C-19 of each steroid fragment is described. The compound was obtained in five steps and 23 % overall yield and showed a strong blue emission with a quantum yield of 0.66.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Vazquez-Chavez
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. CDMX, 04510, México
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3
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Hernández-Huerta E, Flores-Álamo M, Iglesias-Arteaga MA. A straightforward one-pot two-step conversion of bile acids into dehomologated alcohols. Steroids 2021; 176:108917. [PMID: 34520798 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2021.108917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Irradiation of dichloroethane solutions of different bile acids with diacetoxy(iodobenzene) and iodine followed by treatment of the resulting raw mixture with MCPBA led to the 41-50% yields of the corresponding dehomologated alcohols in an uncomplicated one-pot protocol that can be completed in less than one day of work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcos Flores-Álamo
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX 04510, Mexico
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4
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Bartolo ND, Read JA, Valentín EM, Woerpel KA. Reactions of Allylmagnesium Reagents with Carbonyl Compounds and Compounds with C═N Double Bonds: Their Diastereoselectivities Generally Cannot Be Analyzed Using the Felkin-Anh and Chelation-Control Models. Chem Rev 2020; 120:1513-1619. [PMID: 31904936 PMCID: PMC7018623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the additions of allylmagnesium reagents to carbonyl compounds and to imines, focusing on the differences in reactivity between allylmagnesium halides and other Grignard reagents. In many cases, allylmagnesium reagents either react with low stereoselectivity when other Grignard reagents react with high selectivity, or allylmagnesium reagents react with the opposite stereoselectivity. This review collects hundreds of examples, discusses the origins of stereoselectivities or the lack of stereoselectivity, and evaluates why selectivity may not occur and when it will likely occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D. Bartolo
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100
Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Jacquelyne A. Read
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100
Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400
East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Valentín
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100
Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Susquehanna University, 514
University Avenue, Selinsgrove, PA 17870, USA
| | - K. A. Woerpel
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100
Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
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5
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Phutdhawong WS, Ruensamran W, Phutdhawong W. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of dimeric-28-homobrassinosteroids for plant growth regulators. Steroids 2016; 116:38-44. [PMID: 27567032 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Preparation of synthetic analogues of 28-homobrassinosteroids is reported. Also, the addition of the 28-homocastasterone at the C6 carbonyl group via allyl Gringard reagent followed by olefin cross metathesis resulted in dimeric analogues. Rice lamina inclination assay showed that the replacement of the C6 carbonyl group by 6α-allyl and 6β hydroxyl groups led to a decrease in bioactivity, whereas the dimeric analogues showed a reduced but significant bioactivity when compared to the 28-homocastasterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waya S Phutdhawong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Silpakorn University, Nakorn Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Wanwikar Ruensamran
- Bioproduct Science Program, Department of Science, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Kampang Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Weerachai Phutdhawong
- Bioproduct Science Program, Department of Science, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Kampang Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University Kampang Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand.
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6
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Krstić NM, Matić IZ, Juranić ZD, Novaković IT, Sladić DM. Steroid dimers-in vitro cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 143:365-75. [PMID: 24923733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro cytotoxic activity of previously synthesized steroid dimers with different spacer group (sulfide, trithiolane ring or phosphorotrithioate) and the substituent at C-17 position was tested for their possible effects against following human tumor cell lines: cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa), chronic myelogenous leukemia (K562) and two human breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-361 and MDA-MB-453). These compounds, applied at micromolar concentrations, exhibited cytotoxic activity of different intensity (compared with cisplatin as a control), modality and selectivity in these malignant cell lines. The best activity against all four cell cancer lines was exhibited by dimer-sulfides. All screened compounds exerted concentration-dependent cytotoxic activity against leukemia K562 cells. The compounds which exerted the most pronounced cytotoxic action exhibited notably higher cytotoxic activities against K562, HeLa and MDA-MB-453 cells in comparison to resting and PHA-stimulated PBMC, pointing to a significant selectivity in their antitumor actions. Examination of the mechanisms of cytotoxicity on leukemia K562 cells revealed pro-apoptotic action of each of the investigated compounds applied at concentrations 2IC50. The most prominent pro-apoptotic action was exhibited by dimer-sulfide of cholest-4-en-3-one. Furthermore, almost all of the tested compounds at IC50 concentrations induced G1 phase cell cycle arrest in K562 cells. Antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and fungal cells, and toxicity to brine shrimp Artemia salina, were evaluated. There was no antibacterial activity. The best antifungal activity was exhibited against Saccharomyces cerevisiae by dimers linked with trithiolane ring, indicating a selective activity of investigated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalija M Krstić
- Center for Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, P.O. Box 473, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Ivana Z Matić
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Zorica D Juranić
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Irena T Novaković
- Center for Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, P.O. Box 473, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Dušan M Sladić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, P.O. Box 158, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia.
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7
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Carrilho RM, Pereira MM, Moreno MJS, Takács A, Kollár L. A new facile synthesis of steroid dimers containing 17,17′-dicarboxamide spacers. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.02.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Meijide F, Trillo JV, de Frutos S, Galantini L, Pavel NV, Soto VH, Jover A, Tato JV. Crystal structure of head-to-head dimers of cholic and deoxycholic acid derivatives with different symmetric bridges. Steroids 2013. [PMID: 23200733 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of three head-to-head dimers (having two cholic acid or deoxycholic acid units) linked at carbon atoms C3 by aromatic or alkyl bridges is studied. An internal coordinates system is necessary for describing the relative orientation in the space of the two bile acid residues. Five angles (three torsion and two common ones) are necessary for defining the relative position of both steroid residues in space. Carbon atoms C3 (which always carries a α-hydroxy group in natural bile acids), and C10 and C13 (which always carry β-methyl groups) of each steroid residue are suitable for this purpose. Furthermore, the distance between each C3 carbon atoms of both steroid residues will allow one to locate the steroids in space. The three dimers selected provide a large range of values for these angles. The packing, hydrogen bond network, and location of guest in the three crystals are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Meijide
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda. Alfonso X El Sabio s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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9
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Morzycki JW. Application of olefin metathesis in the synthesis of steroids. Steroids 2011; 76:949-66. [PMID: 21515301 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, ruthenium-mediated metathesis transformations, including cross-metathesis, ring-closing metathesis, enyne metathesis, ring-opening metathesis polymerization, and also tandem processes, belong to the most intensively studied reactions. Many applications of olefin metathesis in the synthesis of natural products have been recently described. Also in the field of steroid chemistry new methods of total synthesis and hemisynthesis based on metathesis reactions have been elaborated. Various biologically active compounds, e.g. vitamin D and hormone analogues, steroid dimers and macrocycles, etc. have been prepared using a variety of olefin-metathesis protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek W Morzycki
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Piłsudskiego 11/4, 15-443 Białystok, Poland.
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10
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Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon–transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2009. Coord Chem Rev 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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11
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Dallinger D, Irfan M, Suljanovic A, Kappe CO. An Investigation of Wall Effects in Microwave-Assisted Ring-Closing Metathesis and Cyclotrimerization Reactions. J Org Chem 2010; 75:5278-88. [DOI: 10.1021/jo1011703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Doris Dallinger
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry (CDLMC) and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Muhammed Irfan
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry (CDLMC) and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Amra Suljanovic
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry (CDLMC) and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry (CDLMC) and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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12
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Montenegro H, Ramírez-López P, de la Torre M, Asenjo M, Sierra M. Two Versatile and Parallel Approaches to Highly Symmetrical Open and Closed Natural Product-Based Structures. Chemistry 2010; 16:3798-814. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200903264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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