1
|
Hao QQ, Chen XM, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Wang S, Chen FE. Structure-directed linker optimization of novel HEPTs as non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Bioorg Chem 2023; 133:106413. [PMID: 36791619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
1-[(2-Hydroxyethoxy)methyl]-6-(phenylthio)thymines (HEPTs) have been previously described as an important class of HIV-1 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). In our continuously pursuing HEPT optimization efforts, a series of novel HEPTs, featuring -C(OH)CH2R, -CC, or -CHCH2R linker at the benzylic α-methylene unit, were developed as NNRTIs. Among these new HEPTs, the compound C20 with -CHCH3 group at the benzylic α-methylene unit conferred the highest potency toward WT HIV-1 and selectivity (EC50 = 0.23 μM, SI = 150.20), which was better than the lead compound HEPT (EC50 = 7 μM, SI = 106). Also, C20 was endowed with high efficacy against clinically relevant mutant strains (EC50(L100I) = 1.07 μM; EC50(K103N) = 4.33 μM; EC50(Y181C) = 5.57 μM; EC50(E138K) = 1.06 μM; EC50(F227L+V106A) = 5.45 μM) and wild-type HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) with an IC50 value of 0.55 μM. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, as well as preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis of these new compounds, provided a deeper insight into the key structural features of the interactions between HEPT analogs and HIV-1 RT and laid the foundation for further modification on HEPT scaffold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Hao
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, China; Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Chen
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | | | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shuai Wang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Fen-Er Chen
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, China; Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Razmienė B, Řezníčková E, Dambrauskienė V, Ostruszka R, Kubala M, Žukauskaitė A, Kryštof V, Šačkus A, Arbačiauskienė E. Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activity of 2,4,6,7-Tetrasubstituted-2 H-pyrazolo[4,3- c]pyridines. Molecules 2021; 26:6747. [PMID: 34771163 PMCID: PMC8588486 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A library of 2,4,6,7-tetrasubstituted-2H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridines was prepared from easily accessible 1-phenyl-3-(2-phenylethynyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde via an iodine-mediated electrophilic cyclization of intermediate 4-(azidomethyl)-1-phenyl-3-(phenylethynyl)-1H-pyrazoles to 7-iodo-2,6-diphenyl-2H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridines followed by Suzuki cross-couplings with various boronic acids and alkylation reactions. The compounds were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against K562, MV4-11, and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. The most potent compounds displayed low micromolar GI50 values. 4-(2,6-Diphenyl-2H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridin-7-yl)phenol proved to be the most active, induced poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) cleavage, activated the initiator enzyme of apoptotic cascade caspase 9, induced a fragmentation of microtubule-associated protein 1-light chain 3 (LC3), and reduced the expression levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). The obtained results suggest a complex action of 4-(2,6-diphenyl-2H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridin-7-yl)phenol that combines antiproliferative effects with the induction of cell death. Moreover, investigations of the fluorescence properties of the final compounds revealed 7-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,6-diphenyl-2H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine as the most potent pH indicator that enables both fluorescence intensity-based and ratiometric pH sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatričė Razmienė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (B.R.); (V.D.); (A.Š.)
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Eva Řezníčková
- Department of Experimental Biology, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (E.Ř.); (V.K.)
| | - Vaida Dambrauskienė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (B.R.); (V.D.); (A.Š.)
| | - Radek Ostruszka
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, CZ-77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (R.O.); (M.K.)
| | - Martin Kubala
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, CZ-77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (R.O.); (M.K.)
| | - Asta Žukauskaitė
- Department of Chemical Biology, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Kryštof
- Department of Experimental Biology, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (E.Ř.); (V.K.)
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 5, CZ-77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Algirdas Šačkus
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (B.R.); (V.D.); (A.Š.)
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Eglė Arbačiauskienė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (B.R.); (V.D.); (A.Š.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gambacorta G, Sharley JS, Baxendale IR. A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1181-1312. [PMID: 34136010 PMCID: PMC8182698 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their intrinsic physical properties, which includes being able to perform as volatile liquids at room and biological temperatures, fragrance ingredients/intermediates make ideal candidates for continuous-flow manufacturing. This review highlights the potential crossover between a multibillion dollar industry and the flourishing sub-field of flow chemistry evolving within the discipline of organic synthesis. This is illustrated through selected examples of industrially important transformations specific to the fragrances and flavours industry and by highlighting the advantages of conducting these transformations by using a flow approach. This review is designed to be a compendium of techniques and apparatus already published in the chemical and engineering literature which would constitute a known solution or inspiration for commonly encountered procedures in the manufacture of fragrance and flavour chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Gambacorta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - James S Sharley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen R, Couming V, Guzowski J, Irdam E, Kiesman WF, Kwok DIA, Liang W, Mack T, O’Brien EM, Opalka SM, Patience D, Sahli S, Walker DG, Osei-Yeboah F, Gu C, Zhang X, Stöckli M, Stucki T, Matzinger H, Kuhn R, Thut M, Grohmann M, Haefner B, Lotz J, Nonnenmacher M, Cerea P. Synthesis of Vixotrigine, a Voltage- and Use-Dependent Sodium Channel Blocker. Part 2: Development of a Late-Stage Process. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robbie Chen
- Biogen, Product and Technology Development, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Vincent Couming
- Biogen, Product and Technology Development, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - John Guzowski
- Biogen, Product and Technology Development, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Erwin Irdam
- Biogen, Product and Technology Development, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - William F. Kiesman
- Biogen, Product and Technology Development, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Daw-Iong Albert Kwok
- Biogen, Product and Technology Development, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Wenli Liang
- Biogen, Product and Technology Development, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Tamera Mack
- Biogen, Product and Technology Development, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Erin M. O’Brien
- Biogen, Product and Technology Development, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Suzanne M. Opalka
- Biogen, Product and Technology Development, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Daniel Patience
- Biogen, Product and Technology Development, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Stefan Sahli
- Biogen International, Neuhofstrasse 30, Baar 6340, Switzerland
| | - Donald G. Walker
- Biogen, Product and Technology Development, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Frederick Osei-Yeboah
- Biogen, Product and Technology Development, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Chaozhan Gu
- STA Pharmaceutical R&D Company Ltd., A Wuxi AppTec Company, 90 Delin Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- STA Pharmaceutical R&D Company Ltd., A Wuxi AppTec Company, 90 Delin Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Markus Stöckli
- Dottikon Exclusive Synthesis AG, Hembrunnstrasse 17, Dottikon 5605, Switzerland
| | - Thiemo Stucki
- Dottikon Exclusive Synthesis AG, Hembrunnstrasse 17, Dottikon 5605, Switzerland
| | - Hanspeter Matzinger
- Dottikon Exclusive Synthesis AG, Hembrunnstrasse 17, Dottikon 5605, Switzerland
| | - Roman Kuhn
- Dottikon Exclusive Synthesis AG, Hembrunnstrasse 17, Dottikon 5605, Switzerland
| | - Michael Thut
- Dottikon Exclusive Synthesis AG, Hembrunnstrasse 17, Dottikon 5605, Switzerland
| | - Markus Grohmann
- Dottikon Exclusive Synthesis AG, Hembrunnstrasse 17, Dottikon 5605, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Haefner
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, Hanau 63457, Germany
| | - Joerg Lotz
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, Hanau 63457, Germany
| | | | - Paolangelo Cerea
- Olon S.p.A., Via Benvenuto Cellini 20, Segrate, Milan 20090, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jamison TF, Monos TM, Jaworski JN, Stephens JC. Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Tramadol from Cyclohexanone. Synlett 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1690884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A multioperation, continuous-flow platform for the synthesis of tramadol, ranging from gram to decagram quantities, is described. The platform is segmented into two halves allowing for a single operator to modulate between preparation of the intermediate by Mannich addition or complete the fully concatenated synthesis. All purification operations are incorporated in-line for the Mannich reaction. ‘Flash’ reactivity between meta-methoxyphenyl magnesium bromide and the Mannich product was controlled with a static helical mixer and tested with a combination of flow and batch-based and factorial evaluations. These efforts culminated in a rapid production rate of tramadol (13.7 g°h–1) sustained over 56 reactor volumes. A comparison of process metrics including E-Factor, production rate, and space-time yield are used to contextualize the developed platform with respect to established engineering and synthetic methods for making tramadol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John C. Stephens
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University
- The Kathleen Lonsdale Institute of Human Health Research, Maynooth University
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hosoya M, Nishijima S, Kurose N. Investigation into an Unexpected Impurity: A Practical Approach to Process Development for the Addition of Grignard Reagents to Aldehydes Using Continuous Flow Synthesis. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Hosoya
- API R&D Laboratory, CMC R&D Division, Shionogi and Company, Ltd., 1-3, Kuise Terajima 2-chome, Amagasaki, Hyogo 660-0813, Japan
| | - Shogo Nishijima
- API R&D Laboratory, CMC R&D Division, Shionogi and Company, Ltd., 1-3, Kuise Terajima 2-chome, Amagasaki, Hyogo 660-0813, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kurose
- API R&D Laboratory, CMC R&D Division, Shionogi and Company, Ltd., 1-3, Kuise Terajima 2-chome, Amagasaki, Hyogo 660-0813, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Menges-Flanagan G, Deitmann E, Gössl L, Hofmann C, Löb P. Scalable Continuous Synthesis of Grignard Reagents from in Situ-Activated Magnesium Metal. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Deitmann
- Fraunhofer IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Strasse 18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany
- Hochschule Emden Leer, Constantiaplatz 4, 26723 Emden, Germany
| | - Lars Gössl
- Fraunhofer IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Strasse 18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany
- Hochschule Darmstadt, Stephanstrasse 7, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Löb
- Fraunhofer IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Strasse 18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xie X, Xie S, Yao H, Ye X, Yu Z, Su W. Green and catalyst-free synthesis of deoxyarbutin in continuous-flow. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00084d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Highly efficient catalyst-free continuous-flow reaction and recycle process for the synthesis of deoxyarbutin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Xie
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- P. R. China
| | - Shitian Xie
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- P. R. China
| | - Hongmiao Yao
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- P. R. China
| | - Xin Ye
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- P. R. China
| | - Zhiqun Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- P. R. China
| | - Weike Su
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yu Z, Chen J, Liu J, Wu Z, Su W. Conversion of 2,4,6-Trimethylaniline to 3-(Mesitylthio)-1 H-1,2,4-triazole Using a Continuous-Flow Reactor. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
10
|
Tan Z, Li Z, Jin G, Yu C. Continuous-Flow Process for the Synthesis of 5-Nitro-1,4-dihydro-1,4-methanonaphthalene. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Tan
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chao Wang Road 18, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chao Wang Road 18, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Jin
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chao Wang Road 18, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Chuanming Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region, Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fitzpatrick DE, Maujean T, Evans AC, Ley SV. Across‐the‐World Automated Optimization and Continuous‐Flow Synthesis of Pharmaceutical Agents Operating Through a Cloud‐Based Server. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201809080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothé Maujean
- Département de ChimieEcole Normale Supérieure Paris Saclay 94235 Cachan Cedex France
| | - Amanda C. Evans
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryCalifornia State University Fullerton 800 N. State College Blvd. Fullerton CA 92831 USA
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fitzpatrick DE, Maujean T, Evans AC, Ley SV. Across-the-World Automated Optimization and Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Pharmaceutical Agents Operating Through a Cloud-Based Server. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:15128-15132. [PMID: 30272384 PMCID: PMC6391944 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201809080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The power of the Cloud has been harnessed for pharmaceutical compound production with remote servers based in Tokyo, Japan being left to autonomously find optimal synthesis conditions for three active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in laboratories in Cambridge, UK. A researcher located in Los Angeles, USA controlled the entire process via an internet connection. The constituent synthetic steps for Tramadol, Lidocaine, and Bupropion were thus optimized with minimal intervention from operators within hours, yielding conditions satisfying customizable evaluation functions for all examples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothé Maujean
- Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris Saclay, 94235, Cachan Cedex, France
| | - Amanda C Evans
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, California State University Fullerton, 800 N. State College Blvd., Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA
| | - Steven V Ley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Williams JD, Kerr WJ, Leach SG, Lindsay DM. A Practical and General Amidation Method from Isocyanates Enabled by Flow Technology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12126-12130. [PMID: 30019806 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The addition of carbon nucleophiles to isocyanates represents a conceptually flexible and efficient approach to the preparation of amides. This general synthetic strategy has, however, been relatively underutilized owing to narrow substrate tolerance and the requirement for less favourable reaction conditions. Herein, we disclose a high-yielding, mass-efficient, and scalable method with appreciable functional group tolerance for the formation of amides by reaction of Grignard reagents with isocyanates. Through the application of flow chemistry and the use of substoichiometric amounts of CuBr2 , this process has been developed to encompass a broad range of substrates, including reactants found to be incompatible with previously published procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Williams
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.,GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - William J Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Stuart G Leach
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - David M Lindsay
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Williams JD, Kerr WJ, Leach SG, Lindsay DM. A Practical and General Amidation Method from Isocyanates Enabled by Flow Technology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Williams
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
- GlaxoSmithKline; Medicines Research Centre; Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage Hertfordshire SG1 2NY UK
| | - William J. Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Stuart G. Leach
- GlaxoSmithKline; Medicines Research Centre; Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage Hertfordshire SG1 2NY UK
| | - David M. Lindsay
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sharma MK, Acharya RB, Shukla CA, Kulkarni AA. Assessing the possibilities of designing a unified multistep continuous flow synthesis platform. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:1917-1936. [PMID: 30112097 PMCID: PMC6071694 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The multistep flow synthesis of complex molecules has gained momentum over the last few years. A wide range of reaction types and conditions have been integrated seamlessly on a single platform including in-line separation as well as monitoring. Beyond merely getting considered as 'flow version' of conventional 'one-pot synthesis', multistep flow synthesis has become the next generation tool for creating libraries of new molecules. Here we give a more 'engineering' look at the possibility of developing a 'unified multistep flow synthesis platform'. A detailed analysis of various scenarios is presented considering 4 different classes of drugs already reported in the literature. The possible complexities that an automated and controlled platform needs to handle are also discussed in detail. Three different design approaches are proposed: (i) one molecule at a time, (ii) many molecules at a time and (iii) cybernetic approach. Each approach would lead to the effortless integration of different synthesis stages and also at different synthesis scales. While one may expect such a platform to operate like a 'driverless car' or a 'robo chemist' or a 'transformer', in reality, such an envisaged system would be much more complex than these examples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mrityunjay K Sharma
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (NCL) Campus, Pune 411008, India
- Chem. Eng. & Proc. Dev. Div., CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhaba Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Roopashri B Acharya
- Chem. Eng. & Proc. Dev. Div., CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhaba Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Chinmay A Shukla
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (NCL) Campus, Pune 411008, India
- Chem. Eng. & Proc. Dev. Div., CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhaba Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Amol A Kulkarni
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (NCL) Campus, Pune 411008, India
- Chem. Eng. & Proc. Dev. Div., CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhaba Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hunter SM, Susanne F, Whitten R, Hartwig T, Schilling M. Process design methodology for organometallic chemistry in continuous flow systems. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
17
|
|
18
|
Pedersen MJ, Born S, Neuenschwander U, Skovby T, Mealy MJ, Kiil S, Dam-Johansen K, Jensen KF. Optimization of Grignard Addition to Esters: Kinetic and Mechanistic Study of Model Phthalide Using Flow Chemistry. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Pedersen
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Oddenvej 182, 4500 Nykøbing Sjælland, Denmark
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stephen Born
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ulrich Neuenschwander
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tommy Skovby
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Oddenvej 182, 4500 Nykøbing Sjælland, Denmark
| | | | - Søren Kiil
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kim Dam-Johansen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yu J, Xu J, Li J, Jin Y, Xu W, Yu Z, Lv Y. A continuous-flow procedure for the synthesis of 4-Benzylidene-pyrazol-5-one derivatives. J Flow Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-018-0003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
20
|
Yu Z, Ye X, Xu Q, Xie X, Dong H, Su W. A Fully Continuous-Flow Process for the Synthesis of p-Cresol: Impurity Analysis and Process Optimization. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqun Yu
- National
Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active
Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze
River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, ‡Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical
Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Xin Ye
- National
Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active
Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze
River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, ‡Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical
Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Qilin Xu
- National
Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active
Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze
River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, ‡Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical
Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxuan Xie
- National
Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active
Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze
River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, ‡Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical
Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Hei Dong
- National
Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active
Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze
River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, ‡Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical
Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Weike Su
- National
Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active
Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze
River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, ‡Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical
Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li D, Liu L, Tian Y, Ai Y, Tang Z, Sun HB, Zhang G. A flow strategy for the rapid, safe and scalable synthesis of N-H 1, 2, 3-triazoles via acetic acid mediated cycloaddition between nitroalkene and NaN3. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
22
|
Yu Z, Dong H, Xie X, Liu J, Su W. Continuous-Flow Diazotization for Efficient Synthesis of Methyl 2-(Chlorosulfonyl)benzoate: An Example of Inhibiting Parallel Side Reactions. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqun Yu
- National
Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical
Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta
Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Hei Dong
- National
Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical
Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta
Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxuan Xie
- National
Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical
Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta
Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Jiming Liu
- Key
Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment
of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Weike Su
- National
Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical
Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta
Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment
of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Movsisyan M, Delbeke EIP, Berton JKET, Battilocchio C, Ley SV, Stevens CV. Taming hazardous chemistry by continuous flow technology. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:4892-928. [PMID: 27453961 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00902b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, flow technologies have become increasingly popular in the field of organic chemistry, offering solutions for engineering and/or chemical problems. Flow reactors enhance the mass and heat transfer, resulting in rapid reaction mixing, and enable a precise control over the reaction parameters, increasing the overall process selectivity, efficiency and safety. These features allow chemists to tackle unexploited challenges in their work, with the ultimate objective making chemistry more accessible for laboratory and industrial applications, avoiding the need to store and handle toxic, reactive and explosive reagents. This review covers some of the latest and most relevant developments in the field of continuous flow chemistry with the focus on hazardous reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Movsisyan
- SynBioC, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yu Z, Xie X, Dong H, Liu J, Su W. Continuous-Flow Process for the Synthesis of m-Nitrothioanisole. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqun Yu
- National
Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical
Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta
Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxuan Xie
- National
Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical
Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta
Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Hei Dong
- National
Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical
Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta
Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Jiming Liu
- Key
Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment
of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Weike Su
- National
Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical
Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta
Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment
of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wen Y, Chen G, Huang S, Tang Y, Yang J, Zhang Y. The Barbier-Grignard-Type Arylation of Ketones and Unexpected Cross-Coupling of Phenolic Ketones using Unactivated Aryl Bromides. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
26
|
Kobayashi S, Shibukawa K, Miyaguchi Y, Masuyama A. Grignard Reactions in Cyclopentyl Methyl Ether. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201600059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Kobayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Engineering; Osaka Institute of Technology; 5-16-1 Ohmiya Asahi-ku Osaka 535-8585 Japan
| | - Keisuke Shibukawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Engineering; Osaka Institute of Technology; 5-16-1 Ohmiya Asahi-ku Osaka 535-8585 Japan
| | - Yuta Miyaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Engineering; Osaka Institute of Technology; 5-16-1 Ohmiya Asahi-ku Osaka 535-8585 Japan
| | - Araki Masuyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Engineering; Osaka Institute of Technology; 5-16-1 Ohmiya Asahi-ku Osaka 535-8585 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yu Z, Zhou P, Liu J, Wang W, Yu C, Su W. Continuous-Flow Process for Selective Mononitration of 1-Methyl-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzene. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqun Yu
- National
Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical
Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta
Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Pengcheng Zhou
- Key
Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment
of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Jiming Liu
- Key
Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment
of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Wenzuo Wang
- Key
Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment
of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Chuanming Yu
- National
Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical
Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta
Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
- Key
Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment
of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Weike Su
- National
Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical
Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta
Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
- Key
Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment
of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Goldbach M, Danieli E, Perlo J, Kaptein B, Litvinov VM, Blümich B, Casanova F, Duchateau AL. Preparation of Grignard reagents from magnesium metal under continuous flow conditions and on-line monitoring by NMR spectroscopy. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
29
|
Baumann M, Baxendale IR. The synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) using continuous flow chemistry. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:1194-219. [PMID: 26425178 PMCID: PMC4578405 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The implementation of continuous flow processing as a key enabling technology has transformed the way we conduct chemistry and has expanded our synthetic capabilities. As a result many new preparative routes have been designed towards commercially relevant drug compounds achieving more efficient and reproducible manufacture. This review article aims to illustrate the holistic systems approach and diverse applications of flow chemistry to the preparation of pharmaceutically active molecules, demonstrating the value of this strategy towards every aspect ranging from synthesis, in-line analysis and purification to final formulation and tableting. Although this review will primarily concentrate on large scale continuous processing, additional selected syntheses using micro or meso-scaled flow reactors will be exemplified for key transformations and process control. It is hoped that the reader will gain an appreciation of the innovative technology and transformational nature that flow chemistry can leverage to an overall process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yu Z, Tong G, Xie X, Zhou P, Lv Y, Su W. Continuous-Flow Process for the Synthesis of 2-Ethylphenylhydrazine Hydrochloride. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqun Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for
Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Gang Tong
- National Engineering Research Center for
Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxuan Xie
- National Engineering Research Center for
Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Pengcheng Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for
Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Yanwen Lv
- Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, P.R. China
| | - Weike Su
- National Engineering Research Center for
Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mitic A, Gernaey KV. Process Intensification Tools in the Small-Scale Pharmaceutical Manufacturing of Small Molecules. Chem Eng Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201400765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
32
|
Gutmann B, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Continuous-flow technology—a tool for the safe manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6688-728. [PMID: 25989203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 879] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, continuous-flow reactors with channel dimensions in the micro- or millimeter region have found widespread application in organic synthesis. The characteristic properties of these reactors are their exceptionally fast heat and mass transfer. In microstructured devices of this type, virtually instantaneous mixing can be achieved for all but the fastest reactions. Similarly, the accumulation of heat, formation of hot spots, and dangers of thermal runaways can be prevented. As a result of the small reactor volumes, the overall safety of the process is significantly improved, even when harsh reaction conditions are used. Thus, microreactor technology offers a unique way to perform ultrafast, exothermic reactions, and allows the execution of reactions which proceed via highly unstable or even explosive intermediates. This Review discusses recent literature examples of continuous-flow organic synthesis where hazardous reactions or extreme process windows have been employed, with a focus on applications of relevance to the preparation of pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Gutmann
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gutmann B, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Kontinuierliche Durchflussverfahren: ein Werkzeug für die sichere Synthese von pharmazeutischen Wirkstoffen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
34
|
Nagaki A, Yoshida JI. Preparation and Use of Organolithium and Organomagnesium Species in Flow. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2015_154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
35
|
|
36
|
Hamlin TA, Lazarus GML, Kelly CB, Leadbeater NE. A Continuous-Flow Approach to 3,3,3-Trifluoromethylpropenes: Bringing Together Grignard Addition, Peterson Elimination, Inline Extraction, and Solvent Switching. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op500190j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Gillian M. L. Lazarus
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Christopher B. Kelly
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Nicholas E. Leadbeater
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
- Department of Community Medicine & Health Care, University of Connecticut Health Center, The Exchange, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Domier RC, Moore JN, Shaughnessy KH, Hartman RL. Kinetic Analysis of Aqueous-Phase Pd-Catalyzed, Cu-Free Direct Arylation of Terminal Alkynes Using a Hydrophilic Ligand. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op4001274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ria C. Domier
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Box 870203, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35401, United States
| | - Jane N. Moore
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35401, United States
| | - Kevin H. Shaughnessy
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35401, United States
| | - Ryan L. Hartman
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Box 870203, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35401, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Murray PRD, Browne DL, Pastre JC, Butters C, Guthrie D, Ley SV. Continuous Flow-Processing of Organometallic Reagents Using an Advanced Peristaltic Pumping System and the Telescoped Flow Synthesis of (E/Z)-Tamoxifen. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op4001548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip R. D. Murray
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Julio C. Pastre
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Instituto
de Química, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, CP 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chris Butters
- Vapourtec Ltd., Park Farm Business
Centre, Bury St. Edmunds IP28 6TS, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Guthrie
- Vapourtec Ltd., Park Farm Business
Centre, Bury St. Edmunds IP28 6TS, United Kingdom
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Pedersen MJ, Holm TL, Rahbek JP, Skovby T, Mealy MJ, Dam-Johansen K, Kiil S. Full-Scale Continuous Mini-Reactor Setup for Heterogeneous Grignard Alkylation of a Pharmaceutical Intermediate. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op400069e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Pedersen
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical
Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, Building 229, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Oddenvej 182, 4500 Nykøbing Sjælland, Denmark
| | - Thomas L. Holm
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Oddenvej 182, 4500 Nykøbing Sjælland, Denmark
| | | | - Tommy Skovby
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Oddenvej 182, 4500 Nykøbing Sjælland, Denmark
| | | | - Kim Dam-Johansen
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical
Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, Building 229, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Søren Kiil
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical
Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, Building 229, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Mateos C, Rincón JA, Villanueva J. Efficient and scalable synthesis of ketones via nucleophilic Grignard addition to nitriles using continuous flow chemistry. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
41
|
Continuous flow reactor for Balz–Schiemann reaction: a new procedure for the preparation of aromatic fluorides. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
42
|
Yu Z, Lv Y, Yu C, Su W. A High-Output, Continuous Selective and Heterogeneous Nitration of p-Difluorobenzene. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op300350v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqun Yu
- Key Laboratory for
Green Pharmaceutical
Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Yanwen Lv
- Key Laboratory for
Green Pharmaceutical
Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
- College of Chemistry and Materials
Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou
324000, P.R. China
| | - Chuanming Yu
- Key Laboratory for
Green Pharmaceutical
Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Weike Su
- Key Laboratory for
Green Pharmaceutical
Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Smyj R, Wang XP, Han F. Tramadol hydrochloride. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2013; 38:463-494. [PMID: 23668411 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407691-4.00011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A profile of the analgesic tramadol hydrochloride ((1RS,2RS)-2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol hydrochloride) is provided in this chapter and includes a summary of the physical characteristics known for this drug substance (e.g., UV/vis, IR, NMR, and mass spectra). Details regarding the stability of tramadol hydrochloride in the solid state and solution-phase are presented and methods of analysis (compendial and literature) are summarized. Furthermore, an account of biological properties and a description of the chemical synthesis of tramadol hydrochloride are given.
Collapse
|
44
|
Yu Z, Lv Y, Yu C. A Continuous Kilogram-Scale Process for the Manufacture of o-Difluorobenzene. Org Process Res Dev 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/op300127x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqun Yu
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical
Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Yanwen Lv
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical
Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
- College of Chemistry and Materials
Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou
324000, P.R. China
| | - Chuanming Yu
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical
Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
The principles of Green Chemistry are important but challenging drivers for most modern synthesis programs. To meet these challenges new flow chemistry tools are proving to be very effective by providing improved heat/mass transfer opportunities, lower solvent usage, less waste generation, hazardous compound containment, and the possibility of a 24/7 working regime. This machine-assisted approach can be used to effect repetitive or routine scale-up steps or when combined with reagent and scavenger cartridges, to achieve multi-step synthesis of complex natural products and pharmaceutical agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven V Ley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK CB2 1EW.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
White TD, Berglund KD, Groh JM, Johnson MD, Miller RD, Yates MH. Development of a Continuous Schotten–Baumann Route to an Acyl Sulfonamide. Org Process Res Dev 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/op200344a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. White
- Chemical Product Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - K. Derek Berglund
- Chemical Product Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Jennifer McClary Groh
- Chemical Product Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Martin D. Johnson
- Chemical Product Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Richard D. Miller
- Chemical Product Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Matthew H. Yates
- Chemical Product Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hartman RL. Managing Solids in Microreactors for the Upstream Continuous Processing of Fine Chemicals. Org Process Res Dev 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/op200348t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L. Hartman
- Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Box 870203 Tuscaloosa, AL,
United States
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Watts P, Wiles C. Micro Reactors, Flow Reactors and Continuous Flow Synthesis. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.3184/174751912x13311365798808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dr Paul Watts is a reader in organic chemistry at The University of Hull and since graduating from the University of Bristol, where he completed a PhD in bio-organic natural product synthesis, he has led the Micro Reactor Group at Hull. In this role, he has published 90 papers, and he regularly contributes to the field by way of invited book chapters, review articles, and keynote lecturers on the subject of micro reaction technology in organic synthesis. Dr Charlotte Wiles is the Chief Technology Officer at Chemtrix BV, and has been actively researching within the area of micro reaction technology for 10 years, starting with a PhD entitled Micro reactors in organic chemistry, which she obtained from The University of Hull in 2003. In the past decade, she has authored many scientific papers and review articles, recently co-authoring a book on the subject of micro reaction technology in organic synthesis. More recently, she has tailored her experience to the development and evaluation of commercially available continuous flow reactors, systems and peripheral equipment. This review article explains the advantages of micro reactors and flow reactors as tools for conducting organic synthesis and describes how the technology may be used in research and development as well as production. A selection of examples is taken from the literature to illustrate how micro reactors enables chemists to perform their reactions more efficiently than when using batch processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Watts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Charlotte Wiles
- Chemtrix BV, Burgemeester Lemmensstraat 358, 6163 JT, Geleen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Design and operation of a filter reactor for continuous production of a selected pharmaceutical intermediate. Chem Eng Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
50
|
Affiliation(s)
- Laia Malet-Sanz
- World-Wide
Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Development API, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich
CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Flavien Susanne
- World-Wide
Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Development API, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich
CT13 9NJ, U.K
| |
Collapse
|