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Lu F, Su F, Pan S, Wu X, Wu X, Chi YR. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Enabled Functionalization of Inert C(Sp 3)-H Bonds via Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT) Processes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401811. [PMID: 39092881 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Developing methods to directly transform C(sp3) -H bonds is crucial in synthetic chemistry due to their prevalence in various organic compounds. While conventional protocols have largely relied on transition metal catalysis, recent advancements in organocatalysis, particularly with radical NHC catalysis have sparked interest in the direct functionalization of "inert" C(sp3) -H bonds for cross C-C coupling with carbonyl moieties. This strategy involves selective cleavage of C(sp3) -H bonds to generate key carbon radicals, often achieved via hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) processes. By leveraging the bond dissociation energy (BDE) and polarity effects, HAT enables the rapid functionalization of diverse C(sp3)-H substrates, such as ethers, amines, and alkanes. This mini-review summarizes the progress in carbene organocatalytic functionalization of inert C(sp3)-H bonds enabled by HAT processes, categorizing them into two sections: 1) C-H functionalization involving acyl azolium intermediates; and 2) functionalization of C-H bonds via reductive Breslow intermediates.
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Grants
- U23A20201, 22071036 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 2022YFD1700300 National Key Research and Development Program of China
- (2022)47) National Natural Science Fund for Excellent Young Scientists Fund Program (Overseas)-YQHW, the starting grant of Guizhou University
- [Qiankehejichu-ZK[2024]yiban030 Science and Technology Department of Guizhou Province
- 111 Program, D20023 Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities of China (111 Program, D20023) at Guizhou University
- [Qianjiaohe KY (2020)004] Frontiers Science Center for Asymmetric Synthesis and Medicinal Molecules, Department of Education, Guizhou Province
- MOE AcRF Tier 1 Award (RG84/22, RG70/21), MOE AcRF Tier 2 (MOE-T2EP10222-0006), and MOE AcRF Tier 3 Award (MOE2018-T3-1-003) Ministry of Education, Singapore
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengfei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Fen Su
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Shijie Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xiuli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xingxing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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2
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Barik S, Ranganathappa SS, Biju AT. N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed atroposelective synthesis of N-Aryl phthalimides and maleimides via activation of carboxylic acids. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5755. [PMID: 38982037 PMCID: PMC11233592 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49799-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, N-aryl phthalimides are synthesized by the condensation of phthalic anhydride and aniline derivatives, usually proceeding under harsh conditions. The alternative mild and organocatalytic strategies for their synthesis are underdeveloped. Herein, we demonstrate the organocatalytic atroposelective synthesis of N-aryl phthalimides via the traditional N-CC=O disconnection under mild conditions. The in-situ acid activation of phthalamic acid and subsequent N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed atroposelective amidation allowed the synthesis of well-decorated N-aryl phthalimides in excellent yields and enantioselectivities. Mechanistic studies reveal the addition of NHC to the in situ generated isoimides, thus introducing a unique mode of generating acylazoliums. Interestingly, both enantiomers of the product can be accessed from the same phthalic anhydride and aniline using the same NHC pre-catalyst. Moreover, this strategy has been extended to the atroposelective synthesis of N-aryl maleimides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Barik
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | | | - Akkattu T Biju
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
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3
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Li J, Dong Z, Chen Y, Yang Z, Yan X, Wang M, Li C, Zhao C. N-Heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed enantioselective synthesis of planar-chiral cyclophanes via dynamic kinetic resolution. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2338. [PMID: 38491016 PMCID: PMC10943026 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46376-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Planar-chiral cyclophanes have gained considerable concerns for drug discovery due to their unique conformational strain and 3D structure. However, the enantioselective synthesis of planar-chiral cyclophanes is a long-standing challenge for the synthetic community. We herein describe an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed asymmetric construction of planar-chiral cyclophanes. This transformation occurs through a dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) process to convert racemic substrates into planar-chiral macrocycle scaffolds in good to high yields with high to excellent enantioselectivities. The ansa chain length and aromatic ring substituent size is crucial to achieve the DKR approach. Controlled experiments and DFT calculations were performed to clarify the DKR process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayan Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ziyang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhanhui Yang
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xinen Yan
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Chenyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Changgui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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Wang J, Wang M, Wen Y, Teng P, Li C, Zhao C. N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Highly Enantioselective Macrolactonization to Access Planar-Chiral Macrocycles. Org Lett 2024; 26:1040-1045. [PMID: 38295348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
An N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed atroposelective macrolactonization has been disclosed. This approach affords planar-chiral macrocycles in high yields with excellent enantioselectivities over a broad substrate scope. Controlled experiments suggest that the enantioselectivity might arise from the cation-n interaction between the acyl azolium and the electron-rich moiety in the substrate. This mechanism is supported by density functional theory calculations, which also suggest an important π-π interaction in stabilizing the transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yilu Wen
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Peng Teng
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Chenyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Changgui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Zheng Z, Liu Q, Peng X, Jin Z, Wu J. NHC-Catalyzed Chemo- and Enantioselective Reaction between Aldehydes and Enals for Access to Axially Chiral Arylaldehydes. Org Lett 2024; 26:917-921. [PMID: 38236760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
A chiral carbene-catalyzed chemo- and enantioselective reaction with racemic biaryl aldehydes and α-bromoenals is developed for access to axially chiral 2-arylbenzaldehydes through atroposelective dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) processes. This atroposelective DKR strategy can tolerate a broad scope of substrates with diverse functionalities. The axially chiral 2-aryl benzaldehyde products generally afford moderate to good yields and enantioselectivities. The axially chiral molecules afforded from the current approach are variable through simple transformations to afford axially chiral functional molecules with excellent optical purities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qian Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiaolin Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhichao Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jian Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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6
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Zhou BA, Li XN, Zhang CL, Wang ZX, Ye S. Enantioselective Synthesis of Axially Chiral Diaryl Ethers via NHC Catalyzed Desymmetrization and Following Resolution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314228. [PMID: 38019184 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Axially chiral diaryl ethers are present in numerous natural products and bioactive molecules. However, only few catalytic enantioselective approaches have been established to access diaryl ether atropisomers. Herein, we report the N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed enantioselective synthesis of axially chiral diaryl ethers via desymmetrization of prochiral 2-aryloxyisophthalaldehydes with aliphatic alcohols, phenol derivatives, and heteroaromatic amines. This reaction features mild reaction conditions, good functional group tolerance, broad substrate scope and excellent enantioselectivity. The utility of this methodology is illustrated by late-stage functionalization, gram-scale synthesis, and diverse enantioretentive transformations. Control experiments and DFT calculations support the association of NHC-catalyzed desymmetrization with following kinetic resolution to enhance the enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang-An Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Ning Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Lin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Song Ye
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
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7
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Wang SJ, Wang X, Xin X, Zhang S, Yang H, Wong MW, Lu S. Organocatalytic diastereo- and atroposelective construction of N-N axially chiral pyrroles and indoles. Nat Commun 2024; 15:518. [PMID: 38225235 PMCID: PMC10789812 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44743-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The construction of N-N axially chiral motifs is an important research topic, owing to their wide occurrence in natural products, pharmaceuticals and chiral ligands. One efficient method is the atroposelective dihydropyrimidin-4-one formation. We present herein a direct catalytic synthesis of N-N atropisomers with simultaneous creation of contiguous axial and central chirality by oxidative NHC (N-heterocyclic carbenes) catalyzed (3 + 3) cycloaddition. Using our method, we are able to synthesize structurally diverse N-N axially chiral pyrroles and indoles with vicinal central chirality or bearing a 2,3-dihydropyrimidin-4-one moiety in moderate to good yields and excellent enantioselectivities. Further synthetic transformations of the obtained axially chiral pyrroles and indoles derivative products are demonstrated. The reaction mechanism and the origin of enantioselectivity are understood through DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Jie Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Xiaolan Xin
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Shulei Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Ming Wah Wong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
| | - Shenci Lu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China.
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8
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Shee S, Shree Ranganathappa S, Gadhave MS, Gogoi R, Biju AT. Enantioselective Synthesis of C-O Axially Chiral Diaryl Ethers by NHC-Catalyzed Atroposelective Desymmetrization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311709. [PMID: 37986240 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Axially chiral diaryl ethers, a distinguished class of atropisomers possessing unique dual C-O axis, hold immense potential for diverse research domains. In contrast to the catalytic enantioselective synthesis of conventional single axis bearing atropisomers, the atroposelective synthesis of axially chiral ethers containing flexible C-O axis remains a significant challenge. Herein, we demonstrate the first N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed synthesis of axially chiral diaryl ethers via atroposelective esterification of dialdehyde-containing diaryl ethers. Mechanistically, the reaction proceeds via NHC-catalyzed desymmetrization strategy to afford the corresponding axially chiral diaryl ether atropisomers in good yields and high enantioselectivities under mild conditions. The derivatization of the synthesized product expands the utility of present strategy via access to a library of C-O axially chiral compounds. The temperature dependency and preliminary investigations on the racemization barrier of C-O bonds are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Shee
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, 560012, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Mahesh S Gadhave
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, 560012, Bangalore, India
| | - Romin Gogoi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, 560012, Bangalore, India
| | - Akkattu T Biju
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, 560012, Bangalore, India
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9
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Li Y, Duan XY, Yang C, Wei Y, Li J, Ren X, Qi J. Atroposelective Access to Dihydropyridinones with C-N Axial and Point Chirality via NHC-Catalyzed [3 + 3] Annulation. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37449806 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
An N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed atroposelective [3 + 3] annulation of enals with 2-aminomaleate derivatives is described. A series of substituted dihydropyridones bearing both C-N axis and point chirality were synthesized with good diastereo- and enantioselectivity under mild conditions. This efficient strategy successfully superpositions an extra point chiral element with an axial backbone, and the generated structurally interesting atropisomers may have potential application in drug discovery.
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Yang X, Li T, Chen J, Huang Y, Shen T, Li S, Jin Z, Ren SC. Carbene-Catalyzed Atroposelective Annulation for Quick Access to Axially Chiral Thiazine Derivatives. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104052. [PMID: 37241792 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
An N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed atroposelective annulation reaction is disclosed for quick and efficient access to thiazine derivatives. A series of axially chiral thiazine derivatives bearing various substituents and substitution patterns were produced in moderate to high yields with moderate to excellent optical purities. Preliminary studies revealed that some of our products exhibit promising antibacterial activities against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) that causes rice bacterial blight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Tingting Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jinli Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yixian Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Tingwei Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shiguang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhichao Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shi-Chao Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
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Gao J, Zhang S, Du D. Alkynyl Acylazolium: a Versatile 1,3-Bielectrophilic 3C-Synthon in NHC-Organocatalysis. CHEM REC 2023:e202300046. [PMID: 36942970 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) organocatalysis has emerged as a powerful tool in the field of modern organic synthesis especially in the asymmetric construction of various cyclic skeletons. As an emerging NHC-bound 1,3-bielectrophilic intermediate, alkynyl acylazolium has drawn substantial attention in recent years, and has been used as a versatile 3C-synthon in synthesizing valuable organic molecules since its discovery. In this review, focused on the different pathways for the formation of alkynyl acylazoliums from different precursors like alkynoic esters, alkynoic acids and ynals, the recent advances in the transformations and applications of alkynyl acylazoliums pioneered or developed over the last decade under NHC-catalysis were summarized comprehensively. At the same time, the outlook for further investigation and exploration of novel reaction modes for alkynyl acylazoliums in the future was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gao
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Simiao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Ding Du
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
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12
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Zhang SC, Liu S, Wang X, Wang SJ, Yang H, Li L, Yang B, Wong MW, Zhao Y, Lu S. Enantioselective Access to Triaryl-2-pyrones with Monoaxial or Contiguous C–C Diaxes via Oxidative NHC Catalysis. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Chen Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Shengping Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Shao-Jie Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Republic of Singapore 117543
| | - Lin Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Binmiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Republic of Singapore 117543
| | - Ming Wah Wong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Republic of Singapore 117543
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Republic of Singapore 117543
| | - Shenci Lu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi’an 710072, China
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13
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Zhang S, Wang X, Han LL, Li J, Liang Z, Wei D, Du D. Atroposelective Synthesis of Triaryl α-Pyranones with 1,2-Diaxes by N-Heterocyclic Carbene Organocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212005. [PMID: 36314469 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Atropisomers bearing multiple stereogenic axes are of increasing importance to the field of material science, pharmaceuticals, and catalysis. However, the atroposelective construction of multi-axis atropisomers remains rare and challenging, due to the intrinsical difficulties in the stereo-control of the multiple stereogenic axes. Herein, we demonstrate a single-step construction of a new class of 1,2-diaxially chiral triaryl α-pyranones by an N-heterocyclic carbene organocatalytic asymmetric [3+3] annulation of well-designed alkynyl acylazolium precursors and enolizable sterically hindered 2-aryl ketones. The protocol features broad substrate scope (>50 examples), excellent stereo-control (most cases >20 : 1 dr, up to 99.5 : 0.5 er), and potentially useful synthetic applications. The success of this reaction relies on the rational design of structurally matched reaction partners and the careful selection of the asymmetric catalytic system. DFT calculations have also been performed to discover and rationalize the origin of the high stereoselectivity of this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Organic Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Organic Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P.R. China
| | - Li-Li Han
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jibin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Organic Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Organic Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P.R. China
| | - Donghui Wei
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Ding Du
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Organic Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P.R. China
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14
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Wang G, Huang J, Zhang L, Han J, Zhang X, Huang J, Fu Z, Huang W. N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed atroposelective synthesis of axially chiral 5-aryl 2-pyrones from enals. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1327-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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15
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Barik S, Das RC, Balanna K, Biju AT. Kinetic Resolution Approach to the Synthesis of C-N Axially Chiral N-Aryl Aminomaleimides via NHC-Catalyzed [3 + 3] Annulation. Org Lett 2022; 24:5456-5461. [PMID: 35856856 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chiral NHC-catalyzed kinetic resolution of N-aryl aminomaleimides allowing the synthesis of C-N axially chiral N-aryl aminomaleimides via remote chirality control is presented. The catalytically generated α,β-unsaturated acylazoliums from 2-bromoenals underwent selective [3 + 3] annulation with one of the enantiomers of maleimide to furnish fused-dihydropyridinone (bearing axial/central chirality, up to 6:1 dr, >99:1 er) leaving the enantioenriched opposite enantiomer (up to >99:1 er). Studies on C-N bond rotation barrier and dependence on temperature are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Barik
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Rohan Chandra Das
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Kuruva Balanna
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Akkattu T Biju
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
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16
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Zhang S, Lin C, Liu C, Du D. Enantioselective Synthesis of δ-Carbolinones via N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis. J Org Chem 2022; 87:10441-10448. [PMID: 35819024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An enantioselective synthesis of δ-carbolinones was accomplished through N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed formal [3+3] annulation of 3-aminoindoles with 2-bromoenals. This protocol offers a rapid and efficient synthetic approach for accessing a wide range of enantioenriched structurally interesting δ-carbolinones under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Chen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Chaolei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Ding Du
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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17
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Chu Y, Wu M, Hu F, Zhou P, Cao Z, Hui XP. N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Atroposelective Synthesis of Pyrrolo[3,4- b]pyridines with Configurationally Stable C-N Axial Chirality. Org Lett 2022; 24:3884-3889. [PMID: 35609114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The first atroposelective synthesis of pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridines catalyzed by N-heterocyclic carbene has been achieved. A wide range of chiral atropisomers of pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridines were obtained in high yields with excellent enantioselectivities (96-99% enantiomeric excess). The experimental results and density functional theory calculations showed that the C-N axial chirality of the product had high thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Meng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Fang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Panpan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Zhengqiang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Ping Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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18
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Lin C, Zhang S, Wang J, Chen L, Zhu Y, Du D. N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of Carbocycle-Fused Uracils via Formal [4 + 2] Annulation/Lactone Formation/Decarboxylation Cascade. Org Lett 2022; 24:3631-3635. [PMID: 35549292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented organocatalytic asymmetric construction of novel six-membered carbocycle fused uracils has been demonstrated by the reaction of the remotely enolizable 6-methyluracil-5-carbaldehydes with 2-bromoenals. The reaction involves an N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed formal [4 + 2] annulation of o-quinodimethane (oQDM) dienolates with α,β-unsaturated acylazoliums, followed by a cascade lactone formation/decarboxylation process. This protocol unlocks a new platform to access enantioenriched carbocycle-fused uracils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Simiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Yiwei Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Ding Du
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
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