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Dysko A, Baker YR, McClorey G, Wood MJA, Fenner S, Williams G, El-Sagheer A, Brown T. Covalently attached intercalators restore duplex stability and splice-switching activity to triazole-modified oligonucleotides. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:765-772. [PMID: 35755188 PMCID: PMC9175110 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00100d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligonucleotides are rapidly emerging as powerful therapeutics for hard to treat diseases. Short single-stranded oligonucleotides can base pair with target RNA and alter gene expression, providing an attractive therapeutic approach at the genetic level. Whilst conceptually appealing, oligonucleotides require chemical modification for clinical use. One emerging approach is to substitute the phosphodiester backbone with other chemical linkages such as triazole. The triazole linkage is inherently resistant to enzymatic degradation, providing stability in vivo, and is uncharged, potentially improving cell-penetration and in vivo distribution. Triazole linkages, however, are known to reduce RNA target binding affinity. Here we show that by attaching pyrene or anthraquinone to the ribose sugar on the 5′-side of the triazole, it is possible to recover duplex stability and restore the splice switching ability of triazole-containing oligonucleotides. Oligonucleotides can bind to mRNA and alter gene expression, but require backbone modifications for clinical use. We show that attaching pyrene or anthraquinone to the ribose sugar next to an artificial triazole backbone restores duplex stability and splice switching ability in cells.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dysko
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford, OX1 3TA UK
| | - Ysobel R Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford, OX1 3TA UK
| | - Graham McClorey
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Matthew J A Wood
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Sabine Fenner
- GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage Hertfordshire SG1 2NY UK
| | - Glynn Williams
- GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage Hertfordshire SG1 2NY UK
| | - Afaf El-Sagheer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford, OX1 3TA UK
- Chemistry Branch Department of Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Suez University Suez 43721 Egypt
| | - Tom Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford, OX1 3TA UK
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2
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Agrahari AK, Bose P, Jaiswal MK, Rajkhowa S, Singh AS, Hotha S, Mishra N, Tiwari VK. Cu(I)-Catalyzed Click Chemistry in Glycoscience and Their Diverse Applications. Chem Rev 2021; 121:7638-7956. [PMID: 34165284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Copper(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between organic azides and terminal alkynes, commonly known as CuAAC or click chemistry, has been identified as one of the most successful, versatile, reliable, and modular strategies for the rapid and regioselective construction of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles as diversely functionalized molecules. Carbohydrates, an integral part of living cells, have several fascinating features, including their structural diversity, biocompatibility, bioavailability, hydrophilicity, and superior ADME properties with minimal toxicity, which support increased demand to explore them as versatile scaffolds for easy access to diverse glycohybrids and well-defined glycoconjugates for complete chemical, biochemical, and pharmacological investigations. This review highlights the successful development of CuAAC or click chemistry in emerging areas of glycoscience, including the synthesis of triazole appended carbohydrate-containing molecular architectures (mainly glycohybrids, glycoconjugates, glycopolymers, glycopeptides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycoclusters, and glycodendrimers through regioselective triazole forming modular and bio-orthogonal coupling protocols). It discusses the widespread applications of these glycoproducts as enzyme inhibitors in drug discovery and development, sensing, gelation, chelation, glycosylation, and catalysis. This review also covers the impact of click chemistry and provides future perspectives on its role in various emerging disciplines of science and technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand K Agrahari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Priyanka Bose
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Manoj K Jaiswal
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Sanchayita Rajkhowa
- Department of Chemistry, Jorhat Institute of Science and Technology (JIST), Jorhat, Assam 785010, India
| | - Anoop S Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Srinivas Hotha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science and Engineering Research (IISER), Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Nidhi Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Vinod K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
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Baraniak D, Boryski J. Triazole-Modified Nucleic Acids for the Application in Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry. Biomedicines 2021; 9:628. [PMID: 34073038 PMCID: PMC8229351 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review covers studies which exploit triazole-modified nucleic acids in the range of chemistry and biology to medicine. The 1,2,3-triazole unit, which is obtained via click chemistry approach, shows valuable and unique properties. For example, it does not occur in nature, constitutes an additional pharmacophore with attractive properties being resistant to hydrolysis and other reactions at physiological pH, exhibits biological activity (i.e., antibacterial, antitumor, and antiviral), and can be considered as a rigid mimetic of amide linkage. Herein, it is presented a whole area of useful artificial compounds, from the clickable monomers and dimers to modified oligonucleotides, in the field of nucleic acids sciences. Such modifications of internucleotide linkages are designed to increase the hybridization binding affinity toward native DNA or RNA, to enhance resistance to nucleases, and to improve ability to penetrate cell membranes. The insertion of an artificial backbone is used for understanding effects of chemically modified oligonucleotides, and their potential usefulness in therapeutic applications. We describe the state-of-the-art knowledge on their implications for synthetic genes and other large modified DNA and RNA constructs including non-coding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Baraniak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland;
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4
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Searching for the ideal triazole: Investigating the 1,5-triazole as a charge neutral DNA backbone mimic. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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Trznadel R, Singh A, Kleczewska N, Liberska J, Ruszkowski P, Celewicz L. Synthesis and in vitro anticancer activity of new gemcitabine-nucleoside analogue dimers containing methyltriazole or ester-methyltriazole linker. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2587-2594. [PMID: 31400940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Two series of novel gemcitabine-nucleoside analogue dimers were synthesized using the 'click' chemistry approach. In the first series of dimers (21-30), the nucleoside units were connected with a stable methyltriazole 4N-3'(or 5')C linker whereas in the second series (31-40) with a cleavable ester-methyltriazole 4N-3'(or 5')C linker. Dimers 21-40 were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity in five human cancer cell lines such as cervical (HeLa), nasopharyngeal (KB), lung (A549), brain (U87), liver (HepG2) and normal dermal fibroblast cell line (HDF) using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Compound 29 comprising two gemcitabine (dFdC) units exhibited the highest activity among dimers 21-30. The activity of compound 29 was higher than that of dFdC in all the studied cancer cell lines. A similar order of activity was observed for compounds 25, 28, and 30. The best activity among all the dimers synthesized was displayed by compound 39, comprising two gemcitabine units with a cleavable linker. The activity of compound 39 was 5 to 9 times higher than that of dFdC, depending on the cell line. In addition, marked cytotoxic activity was shown by compounds 31, 36, 38, and 40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roksana Trznadel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego St 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Singh
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego St 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Natalia Kleczewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego St 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Liberska
- Department of Pharmacology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka St 5 a, 60-806 Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Ruszkowski
- Department of Pharmacology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka St 5 a, 60-806 Poznań, Poland
| | - Lech Celewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego St 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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6
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Elgemeie GH, Mohamed RA. Microwave chemistry: Synthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides using microwave radiation. J Carbohydr Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2018.1543430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Galal H. Elgemeie
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reham A. Mohamed
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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7
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Michalska L, Wawrzyniak D, Szymańska-Michalak A, Barciszewski J, Boryski J, Baraniak D. Synthesis and biological assay of new 2'-deoxyuridine dimers containing a 1,2,3-triazole linker. Part I. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 38:218-235. [PMID: 30588866 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2018.1514122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We describe a simple method for the synthesis of modified dinucleosides containing pyrimidine nucleoside analogues (2'-deoxyuridine, thymidine and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine). Six different dimers with a 1,2,3-triazole linkage were obtained by azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (click reaction), starting from propargylated 2'-deoxyuridine and 5'-azido-nucleoside derivatives. Their cytotoxic activity was tested in five human cancer cell lines: cervical (HeLa), high grade gliomas (U-118 MG, U-87 MG, T98G), liver (HepG2), and normal human fibroblast cell line (MRC-5) using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. The experiment showed that the obtained dimers with a 1,2,3-triazole moiety were very stable compounds, also in the physiological-like media, and had no anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyna Michalska
- a Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Poznań , Poland
| | - Dariusz Wawrzyniak
- a Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Poznań , Poland
| | | | - Jan Barciszewski
- a Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Poznań , Poland
| | - Jerzy Boryski
- a Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Poznań , Poland
| | - Dagmara Baraniak
- a Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Poznań , Poland
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8
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Gładysz M, Ruszkowski P, Milecki J. Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of novel acyclic nucleoside analogues with functionality in click chemistry. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 37:53-66. [PMID: 29336675 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2017.1417598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We describe synthesis of novel acyclic nucleoside analogues which are building blocks for CuAAC reaction and their activity against two types of human cancer cell lines (HeLa, KB). Three of chosen compounds show promising cytotoxic activity. Synthesis pathway starting from simple and easily accessible substrates employing DMT or TBDPS protective groups is described. Adenosine and thymidine analogues containing alkyne moiety and adenosine analogue containing azido group were synthesized. The obtained units showed ability of forming triazole motif under the CuAAC reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Gładysz
- a Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences , Z. Noskowskiego 12/14, Poznań , Poland
| | - Piotr Ruszkowski
- b Department of Pharmacology Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Rokietnicka 5a, Poznań , Poland
| | - Jan Milecki
- c Faculty of Chemistry Adam Mickiewicz University , Umultowska 89 b, Poznań , Poland
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9
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Kukwikila M, Gale N, El-Sagheer AH, Brown T, Tavassoli A. Assembly of a biocompatible triazole-linked gene by one-pot click-DNA ligation. Nat Chem 2017; 9:1089-1098. [PMID: 29064492 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of oligonucleotides and their enzyme-mediated assembly into genes and genomes has significantly advanced multiple scientific disciplines. However, these approaches are not without their shortcomings; enzymatic amplification and ligation of oligonucleotides into genes and genomes makes automation challenging, and site-specific incorporation of epigenetic information and/or modified bases into large constructs is not feasible. Here we present a fully chemical one-pot method for the assembly of oligonucleotides into a gene by click-DNA ligation. We synthesize the 335 base-pair gene that encodes the green fluorescent protein iLOV from ten functionalized oligonucleotides that contain 5'-azide and 3'-alkyne units. The resulting click-linked iLOV gene contains eight triazoles at the sites of chemical ligation, and yet is fully biocompatible; it is replicated by DNA polymerases in vitro and encodes a functional iLOV protein in Escherichia coli. We demonstrate the power and potential of our one-pot gene-assembly method by preparing an epigenetically modified variant of the iLOV gene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nittaya Gale
- ATDBio, Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Afaf H El-Sagheer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom.,Chemistry Branch, Department of Science and Mathematics, Suez University, Suez 43721, Egypt
| | - Tom Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Tavassoli
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.,Institute for Life Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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10
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Gładysz M, Nowak-Karnowska J, Pasternak A, Milecki J. Synthesis and hybridization properties of oligonucleotide analogues with novel acyclic triazole internucleotide linkages. Bioorg Chem 2017; 72:161-167. [PMID: 28460358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe synthesis of novel acyclic dinucleotide analogues connected via triazole linkage in CuAAC reaction. Synthesis pathway starting from previously obtained building blocks containing alkyne or azide functional group is described. Further functionalization and application of dinucleotide analogues in DNA phosphoramidite solid-phase synthesis is also explained. Additionally, we have examined the influence of novel modifications on DNA duplex thermodynamic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Gładysz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Z. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Joanna Nowak-Karnowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89 b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Pasternak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Z. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jan Milecki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89 b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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11
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Singh MS, Chowdhury S, Koley S. Advances of azide-alkyne cycloaddition-click chemistry over the recent decade. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Boëns B, Ouk TS, Champavier Y, Zerrouki R. Synthesis and Biological Evaluations of Click-Generated Nitrogen Mustards. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 34:500-14. [PMID: 26158568 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2015.1017580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis of new click-generated nitrogen mustards and their biological evaluation. By using the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction, we managed to synthesize eight new nitrogen mustards. This strategy paves the way for the synthesis of a new family of nitrogen mustard, with an important structural variability. Furthermore, we studied the biological activity of synthesized compounds by testing their cytotoxicity on four representative cancer cell lines A431, JURKAT, K562, and U266. One structure, 1-benzyl-4-(N,N-di-2-chloroethylaminomethyl)-1H-[1,2,3]triazole, showed an interesting cytotoxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Boëns
- a Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles , Albert Thomas , Limoges , France
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13
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Palframan MJ, Alharthy RD, Powalowska PK, Hayes CJ. Synthesis of triazole-linked morpholino oligonucleotides via Cu(I) catalysed cycloaddition. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:3112-9. [PMID: 26905296 PMCID: PMC5047124 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00007j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Triazole-linked morpholino (TLMO) oligonucleic acids were synthesised using the CuI catalysed (3 + 2) azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction.
Triazole-linked morpholino (TLMO) oligonucleic acids were synthesised using the CuI catalysed (3 + 2) azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction. The modified DNA analogues were incorporated into 13-mer sequences via solid phase synthesis. UV melting experiments showed that the TLMO modification gives higher Tm values than the corresponding TLDNA modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Palframan
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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14
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Srivastava S, Singh SK, Sharma VK, Mangla P, Olsen CE, Prasad AK. Design and Synthesis of Triazole-Linked xylo-Nucleoside Dimers. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 34:388-99. [PMID: 25965328 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2015.1004341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Three triazole-linked nonionic xylo-nucleoside dimers T(L)-t-T(xL), T(L)-t-A(BzxL) and T(L)-t-C(BzxL) have been synthesized for the first time by Cu(I) catalyzed azide-alkyne [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC) of 1-(3'-azido-3'-deoxy-2'-O,4'-C-methylene-β-D-ribo-furanosyl)thymine with different alkynes, i.e., 1-(5'-deoxy-5'-C-ethynyl-2'-O,4'-C-methylene-β-D-xylofuranosyl)thymine, 9-(5'-deoxy-5'-C-ethynyl-2'-O,4'-C-methylene-β-D-xylo-furanosyl)-N6-benzoyladenine and 1-(5'-deoxy-5'-C-ethynyl-2'-O,4'-C-methylene-β-D-xylofuranosyl)-N4-benzoylcytosine in 90%-92% yields. Among the two Cu(I) reagents, CuSO4.5H2O-sodium ascorbate in THF:(t)BuOH:H2O (1:1:1) and CuBr.SMe2 in THF used for cycloaddition (click) reaction, the former one was found to be better yielding than the latter one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Srivastava
- a Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Delhi , Delhi , India
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15
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Tiwari VK, Mishra BB, Mishra KB, Mishra N, Singh AS, Chen X. Cu-Catalyzed Click Reaction in Carbohydrate Chemistry. Chem Rev 2016; 116:3086-240. [PMID: 26796328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (CuAAC), popularly known as the "click reaction", serves as the most potent and highly dependable tool for facile construction of simple to complex architectures at the molecular level. Click-knitted threads of two exclusively different molecular entities have created some really interesting structures for more than 15 years with a broad spectrum of applicability, including in the fascinating fields of synthetic chemistry, medicinal science, biochemistry, pharmacology, material science, and catalysis. The unique properties of the carbohydrate moiety and the advantages of highly chemo- and regioselective click chemistry, such as mild reaction conditions, efficient performance with a wide range of solvents, and compatibility with different functionalities, together produce miraculous neoglycoconjugates and neoglycopolymers with various synthetic, biological, and pharmaceutical applications. In this review we highlight the successful advancement of Cu(I)-catalyzed click chemistry in glycoscience and its applications as well as future scope in different streams of applied sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Study, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh-221005, India
| | - Bhuwan B Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Study, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh-221005, India
| | - Kunj B Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Study, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh-221005, India
| | - Nidhi Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Study, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh-221005, India
| | - Anoop S Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Study, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh-221005, India
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, One Shields Avenue, University of California-Davis , Davis, California 95616, United States
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Kaur N. Synthesis of Five-Membered N,N,N- and N,N,N,N-Heterocyclic Compounds: Applications of Microwaves. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2013.828756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Navjeet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
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Peel BJ, Efthymiou TC, Desaulniers JP. Synthesis of triazole-nucleoside phosphoramidites and their use in solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 55:4.57.1-38. [PMID: 25631534 DOI: 10.1002/0471142700.nc0457s55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Triazole-backbone oligonucleotides are macromolecules that have one or more triazole units that are acting as a backbone mimic. Triazoles within the backbone have been used within oligonucleotides for a variety of applications. This unit describes the preparation and synthesis of two triazole-nucleoside phosphoramidites [uracil-triazole-uracil (UtU) and cytosine-triazole-uracil (CtU)] based on a PNA-like scaffold, and their incorporation within oligonucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Peel
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Isobe H, Fujino T. Triazole-linked analogues of DNA and RNA ((TL)DNA and (TL)RNA): synthesis and functions. CHEM REC 2014; 14:41-51. [PMID: 24734308 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201300023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Click chemistry has provided us with access to DNA and RNA analogues with non-natural triazole internucleoside linkages. The bond periodicity of the oligonucleotides was designed to enforce duplex formation with natural congeners, and the non-cleavable linkages protect the oligomers against nuclease digestion. This account reviews the progress of the triazole-linked analogues over the past five years. Reinforced by their synthetic robustness, these analogues may find various utilities as tools for exploratory research.
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19
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Hui WQB, Sherman JC. Self-assembly of a thymine quartet and quadruplex via an organic template. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of new 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-4'-triazole cytidine nucleosides as potent antiviral agents. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 63:739-45. [PMID: 23570720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4'-[1,2,3]triazole-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosines (9-17) were prepared by Cu(I)-mediated [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions (CuAAC) of 1-(4'-azido-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-β-d-arabinofuranosyl)cytosine (1) with appropriate alkynes in good yields. Their structures were fully established by (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, HRMS, and elemental analysis. Most of these nucleoside analogs exhibited potent anti-HIV-1 activity with no cytotoxicity observed at the highest tested concentration up to 25 μM. Among them, compounds 9, 10 and 13 exhibited extremely potent antiviral activity, thus had a great potential for further development as novel nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Besides, the anti-HBV activity of compounds 10, 11 and 17 had been investigated.
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21
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Hui BWQ, Sherman JC. A Template-Assembled Synthetic U-Quadruplex. Chembiochem 2012; 13:1865-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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22
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(±)-1,1′-Binaphthalene-2,2′-diol-derived phosphoric diester: immobilization on polyethylene glycol support and application in the Pudovik reaction. Russ Chem Bull 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-011-0364-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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23
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Heaney F. Nitrile Oxide/Alkyne Cycloadditions - A Credible Platform for Synthesis of Bioinspired Molecules by Metal-Free Molecular Clicking. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Varizhuk A, Chizhov A, Smirnov I, Kaluzhny D, Florentiev V. Triazole-Linked Oligonucleotides with Mixed-Base Sequences: Synthesis and Hybridization Properties. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Efthymiou TC, Huynh V, Oentoro J, Peel B, Desaulniers JP. Efficient synthesis and cell-based silencing activity of siRNAS that contain triazole backbone linkages. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 22:1722-6. [PMID: 22260772 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.12.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of siRNAs modified at the backbone with a triazole functionality is reported. Through the use of 4,4'-dimethoxytrityl (DMT) phosphoramidite chemistry, triazole backbone dimers were site-specifically incorporated throughout various siRNAs targeting both firefly luciferase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene transcripts as representatives of an exogenous and endogenous gene, respectively. Following the successful silencing of the firefly luciferase reporter gene, triazole-modified siRNAs were also found to be capable of silencing GAPDH in a dose-dependent manner. Backbone modifications approaching the 3'-end on the sense strand were tolerated without compromising siRNA potency. This study highlights the compatibility of triazole-modified siRNAs within the RNAi pathway, and the modification's potential to impart favorable properties to siRNAs designed to target other endogenous genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim C Efthymiou
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Krim J, Taourirte M, Engels JW. Synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted mono and bis-triazolocarbo-acyclonucleoside analogues of 9-(4-hydroxybutyl)guanine by Cu(I)-catalyzed click azide-alkyne cycloaddition. Molecules 2011; 17:179-90. [PMID: 22202806 PMCID: PMC6269037 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17010179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel mono-1,2,3-triazole and bis-1,2,3-triazole acyclonucleoside analogues of 9-(4-hydroxybutyl)guanine was prepared via copper(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of N-9 propargylpurine, N-1-propargylpyrimidines/as-triazine with the azido-pseudo-sugar 4-azidobutylacetate under solvent-free microwave conditions, followed by treatment with K(2)CO(3)/MeOH, or NH(3)/MeOH. All compounds studied in this work were screened for their antiviral activities [against human rhinovirus (HRV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV)] and antibacterial activities against a series of Gram positive and negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Krim
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique et Macromoléculaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques - Guéliz, 40000, Marrakech, Maroc
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische Biologie, J.W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Moha Taourirte
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique et Macromoléculaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques - Guéliz, 40000, Marrakech, Maroc
| | - Joachim W. Engels
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische Biologie, J.W. Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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27
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Vergnaud J, Faugeras PA, Chaleix V, Champavier Y, Zerrouki R. Design of a new oligotriazole peptide nucleic acid analogue (oT-PNA). Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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28
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Abstract
In recent decades, nucleosides analogs have been the cornerstone in the treatment of various diseases, such as AIDS, herpes and hepatitis. More than 40 modified nucleosides are officially approved by the US FDA and represent the major compound class for inhibition of viral replication. By comparison with traditional conditions, microwave irradiation offers a powerful tool that can increase yields and decrease reaction time, with simple manipulation and an environmentally friendly way. Here, we report the latest progress in nucleoside synthesis using microwave irradiation.
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Vanasschen C, Bouslimani N, Thonon D, Desreux JF. Gadolinium DOTA Chelates Featuring Alkyne Groups Directly Grafted on the Tetraaza Macrocyclic Ring: Synthesis, Relaxation Properties, “Click” Reaction, and High-Relaxivity Micelles. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:8946-58. [DOI: 10.1021/ic2010997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Vanasschen
- Coordination and Radiochemistry, University of Liège, Sart Tilman B16, B4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Nouri Bouslimani
- Coordination and Radiochemistry, University of Liège, Sart Tilman B16, B4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - David Thonon
- Coordination and Radiochemistry, University of Liège, Sart Tilman B16, B4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean F. Desreux
- Coordination and Radiochemistry, University of Liège, Sart Tilman B16, B4000 Liège, Belgium
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30
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Mutisya D, Selvam C, Kennedy SD, Rozners E. Synthesis and properties of triazole-linked RNA. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:3420-2. [PMID: 21524577 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.03.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RNA oligonucleotides having triazole linkages between uridine and adenosine nucleosides have been prepared and studied using spectroscopic techniques. UV melting and CD showed that triazole strongly destabilized RNA duplex (7-14°C per modification). NMR data suggested that, despite relative flexibility around the modified linkage, all base pairs were formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mutisya
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, The State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
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31
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Richel A, Laurent P, Wathelet B, Wathelet JP, Paquot M. Microwave-assisted conversion of carbohydrates. State of the art and outlook. CR CHIM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Baraniak D, Kacprzak K, Celewicz L. Synthesis of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT)—Cinchona alkaloid conjugates via click chemistry: Toward novel fluorescent markers and cytostatic agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:723-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.11.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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33
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Lucas R, Elchinger PH, Faugeras PA, Zerrouki R. Pyrimidine-purine and pyrimidine heterodinucleosides synthesis containing a triazole linkage. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2010; 29:168-77. [PMID: 20408048 DOI: 10.1080/15257771003708579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This article describes a synthetic route to generate two purine-pyrimidine and pyrimidine heterodinucleosides. Both microwave activated regioselective alkylation using hydride and copper-catalyzed-azide-alkyne-cycloaddition (CuAAC) were used in order to perform the synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lucas
- Faculte des Sciences et Techniques, Universite de Limoges, Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Limoges, France
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34
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Ustinov AV, Stepanova IA, Dubnyakova VV, Zatsepin TS, Nozhevnikova EV, Korshun VA. Modification of nucleic acids using [3 + 2]-dipolar cycloaddition of azides and alkynes. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2010; 36:437-81. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162010040011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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35
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Dondoni A. Heterocycles in organic synthesis: thiazoles and triazoles as exemplar cases of synthetic auxiliaries. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:3366-85. [PMID: 20505853 DOI: 10.1039/c002586k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This Perspective article illustrates the key role of thiazole and triazole in the work carried out in the author's laboratory over three decades and deals with the synthesis of carbohydrate-based bioactive molecules. The first part reports on the development of synthetic strategies exploiting the use of various thiazole-based reagents and the ready conversion of thiazole into the formyl group. After describing the chain elongation of monosaccharides into higher-carbon homologues, the synthesis of target natural and non-natural carbohydrates, or their ultimate precursors, is presented. These include some sphingoids, neuraminic and destomic acids, lincosamine, various 3-deoxy-2-ulosonic acids (KDO, KDN, iso-Neu4Ac), iminosugars (nojirimycin, mannojirimycin, galactostatin) and homoazasugars. Also prepared were the disaccharide subunit of bleomycin A(2) and the side-chain of taxol and taxotere.((R)) The use of 1,2,3-triazole is discussed in the second part of the paper. The service of this heterocycle that is easily formed by the Cu(i)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) is considered in light of its use as a robust linker (a sort of keystone) of complex and diverse molecular architectures. Thus, the assembly of triazole-linked glycosyl amino acids, non-natural nucleotides, 1,6-oligomannosides, sialoside clusters on calixarene platfom via CuAAC is described and the biological relevance of these compounds is discussed in brief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Dondoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Organica, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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36
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James D, Escudier JM, Amigues E, Schulz J, Vitry C, Bordenave T, Szlosek-Pinaud M, Fouquet E. A ‘click chemistry’ approach to the efficient synthesis of modified nucleosides and oligonucleotides for PET imaging. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.12.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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37
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Algay V, Singh I, Heaney F. Nucleoside and nucleotide analogues by catalyst free Huisgen nitrile oxide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 8:391-7. [PMID: 20066275 DOI: 10.1039/b917450h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient, catalyst free, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition strategy to conjugate nucleosides and nucleotides with isoxazoles under atmospheric conditions and in an aqueous environment is reported. The protocol involves chloramine-T as a practical reagent to induce in situ nitrile oxide formation and the alkyne partner is attached to the sugar residue or the nucleobase. The reactions are regiospecific, fast and high yielding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Algay
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Republic of Ireland
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38
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Amblard F, Cho JH, Schinazi RF. Cu(I)-catalyzed Huisgen azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction in nucleoside, nucleotide, and oligonucleotide chemistry. Chem Rev 2009; 109:4207-20. [PMID: 19737023 PMCID: PMC2741614 DOI: 10.1021/cr9001462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 661] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, USA
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39
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40
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Chemama M, Fonvielle M, Arthur M, Valéry JM, Etheve-Quelquejeu M. Synthesis of Stable Aminoacyl-tRNA Analogues Containing Triazole as a Bioisoster of Esters. Chemistry 2009; 15:1929-38. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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41
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Lucas R, Zerrouki R, Granet R, Krausz P, Champavier Y. A rapid efficient microwave-assisted synthesis of a 3′,5′-pentathymidine by copper(I)-catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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42
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Teste K, Colombeau L, Hadj-Bouazza A, Lucas R, Zerrouki R, Krausz P, Champavier Y. Solvent-controlled regioselective protection of 5'-O-protected thymidine. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:1490-5. [PMID: 18479677 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Revised: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes an efficient procedure for selective 3'-O- or 3-N-protection of 5'-O-tert-butyldimethylsilylthymidine, depending on the use of aprotic polar solvents with low or high dielectric constant, respectively. These syntheses were activated by either ultrasound or microwaves. Several alkyl bromides offer a convenient route to prepare 3'-O- or 3-N-protected and functionalized thymidine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Teste
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles EA1069, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, F-87060 Limoges, France
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