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Biasetti P, Mercugliano E, Schrade L, Spiriti MM, Göritz F, Holtze S, Seet S, Galli C, Stejskal J, Colleoni S, Čižmár D, Simone R, Hildebrandt TB, de Mori B. Ethical assessment of genome resource banking (GRB) in wildlife conservation. Cryobiology 2024; 117:104956. [PMID: 39181526 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2024.104956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Genome Resources Banks (GRBs) represent vital repositories for the systematic collection, storage, and management of genetic material across various taxa, with a primary objective of safeguarding genetic diversity for research and practical applications. Alongside the development of assisted reproductive techniques (ART), GRBs have evolved into indispensable tools in conservation, offering opportunities for species preservation, mitigating inbreeding risks, and facilitating genetic management across fragmented populations. By preserving genetic information in a suspended state, GRBs serve as backups against population vulnerabilities, potentially aiding in the restoration of endangered species and extending their genetic lifespan. While evidence demonstrates the efficacy of GRBs, ethical considerations surrounding biobanking procedures for wildlife conservation remain largely unexplored. In this article, we will discuss possible ethical issues related to GRBs and the need to ethically monitor biobanking procedures in wildlife conservation. We will then propose a methodological tool, ETHAS, already in use for the ethical self-assessment of assisted reproduction techniques, to assess also biobanking procedures. ETHAS can make it possible to monitor a GRB from its design phase to its actual operation, helping to build biobanking procedures that meet high ethical standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierfrancesco Biasetti
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany; Ethics Laboratory for Veterinary Medicine, Conservation and Animal Welfare, Padua University, Padua, Italy.
| | - Elena Mercugliano
- Ethics Laboratory for Veterinary Medicine, Conservation and Animal Welfare, Padua University, Padua, Italy; Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Padua University, Padua, Italy
| | - Lisa Schrade
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Michela Spiriti
- Ethics Laboratory for Veterinary Medicine, Conservation and Animal Welfare, Padua University, Padua, Italy
| | - Frank Göritz
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Holtze
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Steven Seet
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Čižmár
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raffaella Simone
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Barbara de Mori
- Ethics Laboratory for Veterinary Medicine, Conservation and Animal Welfare, Padua University, Padua, Italy; Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Padua University, Padua, Italy.
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2
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Saylor EM, Kouba AJ, Boudreau MR, Songsasen N, Kouba CK. Efficacy of salmon GnRHa, Ovaprim® and hCG for hormonal stimulation of spermiation in the Fowler's toad ( Anaxyrus fowleri). CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 12:coae056. [PMID: 39170830 PMCID: PMC11337219 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coae056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Ex situ amphibian populations can experience reproductive dysfunction due to the absence of environmental cues that trigger reproductive events. Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) for amphibians, specifically exogenous hormone regimens, can circumvent these external signals to induce gametogenesis and gamete release. Currently, the use of the mammalian reproductive hormones gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) are used in a species-specific manner to stimulate amphibian breeding. Hormones or hormone mixtures that are effective in all breeding scenarios would provide the best option for conservation practitioners and some commercial products are already in use for breeding other ectotherms. Ovaprim®, which contains salmon GnRH analogue (sGnRHa) and the dopamine antagonist domperidone (DOM), is effective in fish aquaculture and may be effective for amphibians. To test this hypothesis, we treated Fowler's toads (Anaxyrus fowleri) with either sGnRHa alone, a high or low dose of Ovaprim® or hCG. We then compared spermiation response, sperm quantity and quality parameters, and changes in animal mass over time within each treatment. We found administration of Ovaprim® resulted in more males producing sperm with better motility compared to administration of sGnRHa alone. In addition, the Ovaprim® and sGnRHa treatments resulted in lower response rates, lower sperm motilities, more abnormal sperm, and higher aggregations of sperm compared to the hCG treatment. Furthermore, Ovaprim®-treated males gained significant mass, suggesting an anti-diuretic effect of DOM. Together, these results show that neither Ovaprim® nor sGnRHa, at the concentrations tested, are likely suitable replacements for hCG in ex situ bufonid breeding programmes and that hormone mixtures developed for fish may have limited transferability to new world toad species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Saylor
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, 32 Creelman St., Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Andrew J Kouba
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, 775 Stone Blvd, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Melanie R Boudreau
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, 775 Stone Blvd, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Nucharin Songsasen
- Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Rd, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Carrie K Kouba
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, 32 Creelman St., Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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3
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Browne RK, Luo Q, Wang P, Mansour N, Kaurova SA, Gakhova EN, Shishova NV, Uteshev VK, Kramarova LI, Venu G, Vaissi S, Taheri-Khas Z, Heshmatzad P, Bagaturov MF, Janzen P, Naranjo RE, Swegen A, Strand J, McGinnity D, Dunce I. Ecological Civilisation and Amphibian Sustainability through Reproduction Biotechnologies, Biobanking, and Conservation Breeding Programs (RBCs). Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1455. [PMID: 38791672 PMCID: PMC11117272 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Intergenerational justice entitles the maximum retention of Earth's biodiversity. The 2022 United Nations COP 15, "Ecological Civilisation: Building a Shared Future for All Life on Earth", is committed to protecting 30% of Earth's terrestrial environments and, through COP 28, to mitigate the effects of the climate catastrophe on the biosphere. We focused this review on three core themes: the need and potential of reproduction biotechnologies, biobanks, and conservation breeding programs (RBCs) to satisfy sustainability goals; the technical state and current application of RBCs; and how to achieve the future potentials of RBCs in a rapidly evolving environmental and cultural landscape. RBCs include the hormonal stimulation of reproduction, the collection and storage of sperm and oocytes, and artificial fertilisation. Emerging technologies promise the perpetuation of species solely from biobanked biomaterials stored for perpetuity. Despite significant global declines and extinctions of amphibians, and predictions of a disastrous future for most biodiversity, practical support for amphibian RBCs remains limited mainly to a few limited projects in wealthy Western countries. We discuss the potential of amphibian RBCs to perpetuate amphibian diversity and prevent extinctions within multipolar geopolitical, cultural, and economic frameworks. We argue that a democratic, globally inclusive organisation is needed to focus RBCs on regions with the highest amphibian diversity. Prioritisation should include regional and international collaborations, community engagement, and support for RBC facilities ranging from zoos and other institutions to those of private carers. We tabulate a standard terminology for field programs associated with RBCs for publication and media consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qinghua Luo
- School of Biological Resources and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China; (Q.L.); (P.W.)
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha 410022, China
| | - Pei Wang
- School of Biological Resources and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China; (Q.L.); (P.W.)
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha 410022, China
| | - Nabil Mansour
- Fujairah Research Centre (FRC), Al-Hilal Tower 3003, Fujairah P.O. Box 666, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Svetlana A. Kaurova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia; (S.A.K.); (E.N.G.); (N.V.S.); (V.K.U.)
| | - Edith N. Gakhova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia; (S.A.K.); (E.N.G.); (N.V.S.); (V.K.U.)
| | - Natalia V. Shishova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia; (S.A.K.); (E.N.G.); (N.V.S.); (V.K.U.)
| | - Victor K. Uteshev
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia; (S.A.K.); (E.N.G.); (N.V.S.); (V.K.U.)
| | - Ludmila I. Kramarova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia;
| | - Govindappa Venu
- Centre for Applied Genetics, Department of Zoology, Jnana Bharathi Campus, Bangalore University, Bengaluru 560056, India;
- Evolving Phylo Lab, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Somaye Vaissi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah 57146, Iran; (S.V.); (Z.T.-K.)
| | - Zeynab Taheri-Khas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah 57146, Iran; (S.V.); (Z.T.-K.)
| | - Pouria Heshmatzad
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan 49138, Iran;
| | - Mikhail F. Bagaturov
- IUCN/SSC/Athens Institute for Education and Research/Zoological Institute RAS, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia;
| | - Peter Janzen
- Verband Deutscher Zoodirectoren/Justus-von-Liebig-Schule, 47166 Duisburg, Germany;
| | - Renato E. Naranjo
- Centro Jambatu de Investigación y Conservación de Anfibios, Fundación Jambatu, Giovanni, Farina 566 y Baltra, San Rafael, Quito 171102, Ecuador;
| | - Aleona Swegen
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia;
| | - Julie Strand
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark;
| | - Dale McGinnity
- Ectotherm Department, Nashville Zoo at Grassmere, Nashville, TN 37211, USA;
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Upton R, Calatayud NE, Clulow S, Brett D, Burton AL, Colyvas K, Mahony M, Clulow J. Refrigerated storage and cryopreservation of hormonally induced sperm in the threatened frog, Litoria aurea. Anim Reprod Sci 2024; 262:107416. [PMID: 38335623 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
As sperm cryopreservation and other assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) advance in common amphibian species, focus on applying non-lethal sperm collection methods to the conservation and genetic management of threatened species is imperative. The goal of this study was to examine the application of logistically practical ART protocols in a threatened frog (Litoria aurea). First, we tested the efficacy of various concentrations of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (20, 40 IU/g bodyweight) and Gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonist (0.25 µg/g and 0.5 µg/g body weight GnRH-a) on the induction of spermatozoa. Using the samples obtained from the previous trials, we tested the effect of cold storage and cryopreservation protocols on long-term refrigerated storage and post-thaw sperm recovery. Our major findings include: (1) high quality sperm were induced with 20 and 40 IU/g bodyweight of (hCG); (2) proportions of live, motile sperm post-thaw, were recovered at higher levels than previously reported for L. aurea (>50%) when preserved with 15% v/v DMSO and 1% w/v sucrose; and (3) spermic urine stored at 5 °C retained motility for up to 14 days. Our findings demonstrate that the protocols developed in this study allowed for successful induction and recovery of high-quality spermatozoa from a threatened Australian anuran, L. aurea, providing a prime example of how ARTs can contribute to the conservation of rare and threatened species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Upton
- The Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308 Australia.
| | - Natalie E Calatayud
- San Diego Zoo Global-Beckman Center for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92027, USA
| | - Simon Clulow
- Centre for Conservation Ecology and Genomics, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | - Darcie Brett
- The Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308 Australia
| | - Alana L Burton
- The Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308 Australia
| | - Kim Colyvas
- College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Mahony
- The Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308 Australia
| | - John Clulow
- The Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308 Australia
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5
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Browne RK, Venu G, Kaurova SA. The case for considering the term 'mitochondrial vesicle' as a misnomer in publications about assisted reproductive technologies (ART) for amphibians. Reprod Fertil Dev 2024; 36:RD24014. [PMID: 38412552 DOI: 10.1071/rd24014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The term 'mitochondrial vesicle' was first used in 2003 in a description of anuran sperm and persists to this day throughout the literature on assisted reproductive technologies (ART) for amphibians. In the present paper, we argue that the term is inappropriate because the widely accepted definition of a 'vesicle' refers to an integral structure with an enclosing lipid bilayer/membrane. Moreover, there are no electron micrographs that show a vesicular structure encapsulating mitochondria on amphibian sperm heads in the literature. In fact, in 1993, the mitochondria in the anuran sperm head had been described as positioned in 'mitochondrial collars' or 'mitochondrial sheaths' surrounded by the plasma membrane of the sperm head. On the other hand, mitochondrial-derived vesicles are defined as vesicles shed from mitochondria surfaces, potentially creating confusion. Therefore, our view is that the term 'mitochondrial vesicle' should be avoided in describing the positioning of mitochondria on sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Browne
- Sustainability America, La Isla Road, Sarteneja, Corozal District, Belize
| | - Govindappa Venu
- Department of Zoology, Centre for Applied Genetics, Jnana Bharathi Campus, Bangalore University, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560056, India
| | - Svetlana A Kaurova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
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6
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Hartmann AM, McGrath-Blaser SE, Colón-Piñeiro Z, Longo AV. Ontogeny drives shifts in skin bacterial communities in facultatively paedomorphic salamanders. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169:001399. [PMID: 37815535 PMCID: PMC10634365 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Microbiomes are major determinants of host growth, development and survival. In amphibians, host-associated bacteria in the skin can inhibit pathogen infection, but many processes can influence the structure and composition of the community. Here we quantified the shifts in skin-associated bacteria across developmental stages in the striped newt (Notophthalmus perstriatus), a threatened salamander species with a complex life history and vulnerable to infection by the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and ranavirus. Our analyses show that pre-metamorphic larval and paedomorphic stages share similar bacterial compositions, and that the changes in the microbiome coincided with physiological restructuring during metamorphosis. Newts undergoing metamorphosis exhibited microbiome compositions that were intermediate between paedomorphic and post-metamorphic stages, further supporting the idea that metamorphosis is a major driver of host-associated microbes in amphibians. We did not find support for infection-related disruption of the microbiome, though infection replicates were small for each respective life stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik M. Hartmann
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Ana V. Longo
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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7
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Hobbs RJ, Upton R, Calatayud NE, Silla AJ, Daly J, McFadden MS, O’Brien JK. Cryopreservation Cooling Rate Impacts Post-Thaw Sperm Motility and Survival in Litoria booroolongensis. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3014. [PMID: 37835620 PMCID: PMC10571529 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The cryopreservation and storage of gametes (biobanking) can provide a long-term, low-cost option for the preservation of population genetic diversity and is particularly impactful when applied to manage selective breeding within conservation breeding programs (CBPs). This study aimed to develop a sperm cryopreservation protocol for the critically endangered Booroolong frog (Litoria booroolongensis) to capture founder genetics within the recently established (est. 2019) CBP for this species. Hormone-induced sperm release was achieved using established protocols, and spermic urine samples were collected over a 6-h period. Pooled spermic urine samples (n = 3 males) were divided equally between two cryoprotectant (CPA) treatments and diluted by 1:5 (sperm:CPA) with either 15% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide + 1% (w/v) sucrose in simplified amphibian Ringer's (SAR; CPAA) or 10% (v/v) dimethylformamide + 10% (w/v) trehalose dihydrate in SAR (CPAB). The samples were cryopreserved in 0.25 mL straws using either a programmable freezer (FrA) or an adapted dry shipper method (FrB). The thawed samples were activated via dilution in water and assessed for viability and motility using both manual assessment and computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA; 0 h, 0.5 h post-thaw). Upon activation, the survival and recovery of motility (total motility, forward progression and velocity) of cryopreserved sperm suspensions were higher for sperm preserved using FrB than FrA, regardless of CPA composition. This work supports our long-term goal to pioneer the integration of biobanked cryopreserved sperm with population genetic management to maximize restoration program outcomes for Australian amphibian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Hobbs
- Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia (J.K.O.)
| | - Rose Upton
- Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Natalie E. Calatayud
- Beckman Center for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92025, USA
| | - Aimee J. Silla
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;
| | - Jonathan Daly
- Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia (J.K.O.)
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Michael S. McFadden
- Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia (J.K.O.)
| | - Justine K. O’Brien
- Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia (J.K.O.)
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Otero Y, Calatayud NE, Arcia ID, Mariscal D, Samaniego D, Rodríguez D, Rodríguez K, Guerrel J, Ibáñez R, Della Togna G. Recovery and Characterization of Spermatozoa in a Neotropical, Terrestrial, Direct-Developing Riparian Frog ( Craugastor evanesco) through Hormonal Stimulation. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2689. [PMID: 37684953 PMCID: PMC10486684 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Vanishing Rainfrog (Craugastor evanesco) is an endemic and critically endangered frog species of Panama. It is suspected that 90% of the population has disappeared from the wild. Frogs were collected from the wild and brought to a Captive Breeding Program; however, accomplishing regular reproductive events for this species has been difficult. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of hormonal stimulation on the production and quality of C. evanesco spermatozoa, aiming to develop an efficient and safe sperm collection protocol as a tool to help reproduce this endangered species. Mature males received intra-peritoneal injections with one of six hormone treatments, including des-Gly10, D-Ala6, Pro-NHEt9-GnRH-A, Amphiplex or hCG. Urine samples were collected at 10 different time points post-injection. Quality assessments included sperm concentration, percentage motility, percentage forward progressive motility (FPM), osmolality, pH and morphology analysis. Our results indicate that the optimal treatment for the collection of highly concentrated sperm samples of C. evanesco is 4 µg/gbw GnRH, followed by Amphiplex and 2 µg/gbw GnRH as sub-optimal treatments and finally, 6 µg/gbw GnRH and 5 and 10 IU/gbw hCG as non-optimal treatments. GnRH-A at 4 μg/gbw and Amphiplex stimulated the production of samples with the highest sperm concentrations and quality, despite Amphiplex producing lower percentages of intact acrosome and tail. In contrast, hCG concentrations were not reliable inducers of sperm production, consistently showing lower concentrations, higher percentages of sperm abnormalities and more acidic spermic urine than that induced by Amphiplex and GnRH-A. Morphological assessments revealed that C. evanesco spermatozoa have a filiform shape with a large acrosome on the anterior part of an elongated head, a small midpiece and a long tail with two filaments joined together by an undulating membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yineska Otero
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Apartado 0843-03092, Panama; (Y.O.); (I.D.A.); (D.M.); (D.S.); (D.R.); (K.R.); (J.G.); (R.I.)
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Panamá, Bella Vista, Apartado 3366, Panama
| | - Natalie E. Calatayud
- San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Beckman Center for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92025, USA;
| | - Igli D. Arcia
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Apartado 0843-03092, Panama; (Y.O.); (I.D.A.); (D.M.); (D.S.); (D.R.); (K.R.); (J.G.); (R.I.)
| | - Denise Mariscal
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Apartado 0843-03092, Panama; (Y.O.); (I.D.A.); (D.M.); (D.S.); (D.R.); (K.R.); (J.G.); (R.I.)
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Panamá, Bella Vista, Apartado 3366, Panama
| | - Diego Samaniego
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Apartado 0843-03092, Panama; (Y.O.); (I.D.A.); (D.M.); (D.S.); (D.R.); (K.R.); (J.G.); (R.I.)
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Panamá, Bella Vista, Apartado 3366, Panama
| | - Dionel Rodríguez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Apartado 0843-03092, Panama; (Y.O.); (I.D.A.); (D.M.); (D.S.); (D.R.); (K.R.); (J.G.); (R.I.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnología, Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Panamá, Bella Vista, Apartado 3366, Panama
| | - Karina Rodríguez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Apartado 0843-03092, Panama; (Y.O.); (I.D.A.); (D.M.); (D.S.); (D.R.); (K.R.); (J.G.); (R.I.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnología, Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Panamá, Bella Vista, Apartado 3366, Panama
| | - Jorge Guerrel
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Apartado 0843-03092, Panama; (Y.O.); (I.D.A.); (D.M.); (D.S.); (D.R.); (K.R.); (J.G.); (R.I.)
| | - Roberto Ibáñez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Apartado 0843-03092, Panama; (Y.O.); (I.D.A.); (D.M.); (D.S.); (D.R.); (K.R.); (J.G.); (R.I.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnología, Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Panamá, Bella Vista, Apartado 3366, Panama
| | - Gina Della Togna
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Apartado 0843-03092, Panama; (Y.O.); (I.D.A.); (D.M.); (D.S.); (D.R.); (K.R.); (J.G.); (R.I.)
- The Amphibian Survival Alliance, Apartado 0830-00689, Panama
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Anastas ZM, Byrne PG, O'Brien JK, Hobbs RJ, Upton R, Silla AJ. The Increasing Role of Short-Term Sperm Storage and Cryopreservation in Conserving Threatened Amphibian Species. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2094. [PMID: 37443891 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidisciplinary approaches to conserve threatened species are required to curb biodiversity loss. Globally, amphibians are facing the most severe declines of any vertebrate class. In response, conservation breeding programs have been established in a growing number of amphibian species as a safeguard against further extinction. One of the main challenges to the long-term success of conservation breeding programs is the maintenance of genetic diversity, which, if lost, poses threats to the viability and adaptive potential of at-risk populations. Integrating reproductive technologies into conservation breeding programs can greatly assist genetic management and facilitate genetic exchange between captive and wild populations, as well as reinvigorate genetic diversity from expired genotypes. The generation of offspring produced via assisted fertilisation using frozen-thawed sperm has been achieved in a small but growing number of amphibian species and is poised to be a valuable tool for the genetic management of many more threatened species globally. This review discusses the role of sperm storage in amphibian conservation, presents the state of current technologies for the short-term cold storage and cryopreservation of amphibian sperm, and discusses the generation of cryo-derived offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara M Anastas
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Phillip G Byrne
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Justine K O'Brien
- Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Hobbs
- Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia
| | - Rose Upton
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Aimee J Silla
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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10
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Nolan N, Hayward MW, Klop-Toker K, Mahony M, Lemckert F, Callen A. Complex Organisms Must Deal with Complex Threats: How Does Amphibian Conservation Deal with Biphasic Life Cycles? Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1634. [PMID: 37238064 PMCID: PMC10215276 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented rate of global amphibian decline is attributed to The Anthropocene, with human actions triggering the Sixth Mass Extinction Event. Amphibians have suffered some of the most extreme declines, and their lack of response to conservation actions may reflect challenges faced by taxa that exhibit biphasic life histories. There is an urgent need to ensure that conservation measures are cost-effective and yield positive outcomes. Many conservation actions have failed to meet their intended goals of bolstering populations to ensure the persistence of species into the future. We suggest that past conservation efforts have not considered how different threats influence multiple life stages of amphibians, potentially leading to suboptimal outcomes for their conservation. Our review highlights the multitude of threats amphibians face at each life stage and the conservation actions used to mitigate these threats. We also draw attention to the paucity of studies that have employed multiple actions across more than one life stage. Conservation programs for biphasic amphibians, and the research that guides them, lack a multi-pronged approach to deal with multiple threats across the lifecycle. Conservation management programs must recognise the changing threat landscape for biphasic amphibians to reduce their notoriety as the most threatened vertebrate taxa globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Nolan
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (M.W.H.); (K.K.-T.); (M.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Matthew W. Hayward
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (M.W.H.); (K.K.-T.); (M.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Kaya Klop-Toker
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (M.W.H.); (K.K.-T.); (M.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Michael Mahony
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (M.W.H.); (K.K.-T.); (M.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Frank Lemckert
- Eco Logical Australia Pty Ltd., Perth, WA 6000, Australia;
| | - Alex Callen
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (M.W.H.); (K.K.-T.); (M.M.); (A.C.)
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11
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Howell LG, Mawson PR, Comizzoli P, Witt RR, Frankham R, Clulow S, O'Brien JK, Clulow J, Marinari P, Rodger JC. Modeling genetic benefits and financial costs of integrating biobanking into the conservation breeding of managed marsupials. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2023; 37:e14010. [PMID: 36178038 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Managed breeding programs are an important tool in marsupial conservation efforts but may be costly and have adverse genetic effects in unavoidably small captive colonies. Biobanking and assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) could help overcome these challenges, but further demonstration of their potential is required to improve uptake. We used genetic and economic models to examine whether supplementing hypothetical captive populations of dibblers (Parantechinus apicalis) and numbats (Myrmecobius fasciatus) with biobanked founder sperm through ARTs could reduce inbreeding, lower required colony sizes, and reduce program costs. We also asked practitioners of the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) captive recovery program to complete a questionnaire to examine the resources and model species research pathways required to develop an optimized biobanking protocol in the black-footed ferret. We used data from this questionnaire to devise similar costed research pathways for Australian marsupials. With biobanking and assisted reproduction, inbreeding was reduced on average by between 80% and 98%, colony sizes were on average 99% smaller, and program costs were 69- to 83-fold lower. Integrating biobanking made long-standing captive genetic retention targets possible in marsupials (90% source population heterozygosity for a minimum of 100 years) within realistic cost frameworks. Lessons from the use of biobanking technology that contributed to the recovery of the black-footed ferret include the importance of adequate research funding (US$4.2 million), extensive partnerships that provide access to facilities and equipment, colony animals, appropriate research model species, and professional and technical staff required to address knowledge gaps to deliver an optimized biobanking protocol. Applied research investment of A$133 million across marsupial research pathways could deliver biobanking protocols for 15 of Australia's most at-risk marsupial species and 7 model species. The technical expertise and ex situ facilities exist to emulate the success of the black-footed ferret recovery program in threatened marsupials using these research pathways. All that is needed now for significant and cost-effective conservation gains is greater investment by policy makers in marsupial ARTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan G Howell
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
- FAUNA Research Alliance, Kahibah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter R Mawson
- Perth Zoo, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, South Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Pierre Comizzoli
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Ryan R Witt
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- FAUNA Research Alliance, Kahibah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Frankham
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon Clulow
- Centre for Conservation Ecology and Genomics, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Justine K O'Brien
- Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Clulow
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- FAUNA Research Alliance, Kahibah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul Marinari
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, USA
| | - John C Rodger
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- FAUNA Research Alliance, Kahibah, New South Wales, Australia
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12
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Howell LG, Witt RR. Emerging arguments for reproductive technologies in wildlife and their implications for assisted reproduction and conservation of threatened marsupials. Theriogenology 2023; 198:19-29. [PMID: 36529108 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have significant potential to make a meaningful contribution to the conservation of threatened wildlife. This is true of Australia's iconic, and endangered koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). If developed, ARTs could offer a solution to manage genetic diversity and costs in breeding programs and may provide frozen repositories for either insurance or the practical production of genetically resilient koalas for release and on-ground recovery. Holding back the wider use of ARTs for koalas and other wildlife is a lack of funding to close the remaining knowledge gaps in the marsupial reproductive sciences and develop the reproductive tools needed. This lack of funding is arguably driven by a poor understanding of the potential contribution ARTs could make to threatened species management. We present a review of our cross-disciplinary and accessible strategy to draw much needed public attention and funding for the development of ARTs in wildlife, using emerging cost and genetic modelling arguments and the koala as a case study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan G Howell
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University Geelong, Melbourne Burwood Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia; FAUNA Research Alliance, Kahibah, NSW, 2290, Australia.
| | - Ryan R Witt
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; FAUNA Research Alliance, Kahibah, NSW, 2290, Australia.
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13
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Reeve RE, Quale K, Curtis GH, Crespi EJ. Evolutionary conservation of leptin effects on wound healing in vertebrates: Implications for veterinary medicine. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:938296. [PMID: 36093099 PMCID: PMC9453652 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.938296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the cytokine hormone leptin promotes wound healing by increasing inflammation, cellular recruitment, angiogenic regrowth, and re-epithelialization; however, it is not known whether leptin has conserved actions on wound healing in other vertebrates. Here, we tested the hypothesis that leptin promotes both the quality and speed of wound healing in the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. First, fluorescent immunohistochemistry using a polyclonal antibody specific to Xenopus leptin showed that in juvenile dorsal skin, leptin protein is expressed in the dorsal epidermal layer, as well in blood vessel endothelial cells and sensory nerves that run along the base of the dermis. Injection of recombinant Xenopus leptin (rXleptin) stimulates phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3), indicative of leptin-activated JAK/STAT signaling in the epidermis. Similar to mammals, leptin protein expression increases at the wound site after injury of the epidermis. We then cultured "punch-in-a-punch" full-thickness dorsal skin explants in three doses of rXleptin (0, 10, and 100 ng/ml) and showed that leptin treatment doubled the rate of wound closure after 48 h relative to skin punches cultured without leptin. Food restriction prior to wound explant culture reduced the amount of wound closure, but leptin injection prior to euthanasia rescued closure to similar control levels. Leptin treatment also significantly reduced bacterial infection of these epidermal punches by 48 h in culture. This study shows that leptin is likely an endogenous promoter of wound healing in amphibians. Leptin-based therapies have the potential to expedite healing and reduce the incidence of secondary infections without toxicity issues, the threat of antibiotic resistance, or environmental antibiotic contamination. The conservation of leptin's actions on wound healing also suggests that it may have similar veterinary applications for other exotic species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Erica J. Crespi
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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14
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Recovering an endangered frog species through integrative reproductive technologies. Theriogenology 2022; 191:141-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Howell LG, Johnston SD, O’Brien JK, Frankham R, Rodger JC, Ryan SA, Beranek CT, Clulow J, Hudson DS, Witt RR. Modelling Genetic Benefits and Financial Costs of Integrating Biobanking into the Captive Management of Koalas. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:990. [PMID: 35454237 PMCID: PMC9028793 DOI: 10.3390/ani12080990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoo and wildlife hospital networks are set to become a vital component of Australia's contemporary efforts to conserve the iconic and imperiled koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). Managed breeding programs held across zoo-based networks typically face high economic costs and can be at risk of adverse genetic effects typical of unavoidably small captive colonies. Emerging evidence suggests that biobanking and associated assisted reproductive technologies could address these economic and genetic challenges. We present a modelled scenario, supported by detailed costings, where these technologies are optimized and could be integrated into conservation breeding programs of koalas across the established zoo and wildlife hospital network. Genetic and economic modelling comparing closed captive koala populations suggest that supplementing them with cryopreserved founder sperm using artificial insemination or intracytoplasmic sperm injection could substantially reduce inbreeding, lower the required colony sizes of conservation breeding programs, and greatly reduce program costs. Ambitious genetic retention targets (maintaining 90%, 95% and 99% of source population heterozygosity for 100 years) could be possible within realistic cost frameworks, with output koalas suited for wild release. Integrating biobanking into the zoo and wildlife hospital network presents a cost-effective and financially feasible model for the uptake of these tools due to the technical and research expertise, captive koala colonies, and ex situ facilities that already exist across these networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan G. Howell
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University Geelong, Melbourne Burwood Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Biology Building, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.C.R.); (S.A.R.); (C.T.B.); (J.C.)
- FAUNA Research Alliance, P.O. Box 5092, Kahibah, NSW 2290, Australia
| | - Stephen D. Johnston
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia;
| | - Justine K. O’Brien
- Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society, Bradleys Head Rd., Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia;
| | - Richard Frankham
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia;
| | - John C. Rodger
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Biology Building, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.C.R.); (S.A.R.); (C.T.B.); (J.C.)
- FAUNA Research Alliance, P.O. Box 5092, Kahibah, NSW 2290, Australia
| | - Shelby A. Ryan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Biology Building, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.C.R.); (S.A.R.); (C.T.B.); (J.C.)
- FAUNA Research Alliance, P.O. Box 5092, Kahibah, NSW 2290, Australia
| | - Chad T. Beranek
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Biology Building, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.C.R.); (S.A.R.); (C.T.B.); (J.C.)
- FAUNA Research Alliance, P.O. Box 5092, Kahibah, NSW 2290, Australia
| | - John Clulow
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Biology Building, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.C.R.); (S.A.R.); (C.T.B.); (J.C.)
- FAUNA Research Alliance, P.O. Box 5092, Kahibah, NSW 2290, Australia
| | - Donald S. Hudson
- Port Stephens Koala & Wildlife Preservation Society LTD., t/a Port Stephens Koala Hospital, One Mile, NSW 2316, Australia;
| | - Ryan R. Witt
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Biology Building, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.C.R.); (S.A.R.); (C.T.B.); (J.C.)
- FAUNA Research Alliance, P.O. Box 5092, Kahibah, NSW 2290, Australia
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16
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Clulow S, Clulow J, Marcec-Greaves R, Della Togna G, Calatayud NE. Common goals, different stages: the state of the ARTs for reptile and amphibian conservation. Reprod Fertil Dev 2022; 34:i-ix. [PMID: 35275052 DOI: 10.1071/rdv34n5_fo] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphibians and reptiles are highly threatened vertebrate taxa with large numbers of species threatened with extinction. With so many species at risk, conservation requires the efficient and cost-effective application of all the tools available so that as many species as possible are assisted. Biobanking of genetic material in genetic resource banks (GRBs) in combination with assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) to retrieve live animals from stored materials are two powerful, complementary tools in the conservation toolbox for arresting and reversing biodiversity decline for both amphibians and reptiles. However, the degree of development of the ARTs and cryopreservation technologies differ markedly between these two groups. These differences are explained in part by different perceptions of the taxa, but also to differing reproductive anatomy and biology between the amphibians and reptiles. Artificial fertilisation with cryopreserved sperm is becoming a more widely developed and utilised technology for amphibians. However, in contrast, artificial insemination with production of live progeny has been reported in few reptiles, and while sperm have been successfully cryopreserved, there are still no reports of the production of live offspring generated from cryopreserved sperm. In both amphibians and reptiles, a focus on sperm cryopreservation and artificial fertilisation or artificial insemination has been at the expense of the development and application of more advanced technologies such as cryopreservation of the female germline and embryonic genome, or the use of sophisticated stem cell/primordial germ cell cryopreservation and transplantation approaches. This review accompanies the publication of ten papers on amphibians and twelve papers on reptiles reporting advances in ARTs and biobanking for the herpetological taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Clulow
- Centre for Conservation Ecology & Genomics, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - John Clulow
- University of Newcastle, Conservation Biology Research Group, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | | | - Gina Della Togna
- Universidad Interamericana de Panama, Direccion de Investigacion, Campus Central, Avenida Ricardo J. Alfaro, Panama City, Panama; and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project, Panama
| | - Natalie E Calatayud
- San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Beckman Center for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual valley Road, Escondido, CA 92025, USA; and Conservation Science Network, 24 Thomas Street, Mayfield, NSW 2304, Australia
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Browne RK, Kaurova SA, Vasudevan K, McGinnity D, Venu G, Gonzalez M, Uteshev VK, Marcec-Greaves R. Reproduction technologies for the sustainable management of Caudata (salamander) and Gymnophiona (caecilian) biodiversity. Reprod Fertil Dev 2022; 34:479-497. [PMID: 35157827 DOI: 10.1071/rd21356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the use of reproduction technologies (RTs) to support the sustainable management of threatened Caudata (salamanders) and Gymnophiona (caecilian) biodiversity in conservation breeding programs (CBPs) or through biobanking alone. The Caudata include ∼760 species with ∼55% threatened, the Gymnophiona include ∼215 species with an undetermined but substantial number threatened, with 80% of Caudata and 65% of Gymnophiona habitat unprotected. Reproduction technologies include: (1) the exogenous hormonal induction of spermatozoa, eggs, or mating, (2) in vitro fertilisation, (3) intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), (4) the refrigerated storage of spermatozoa, (5) the cryopreservation of sperm, cell or tissues, (6) cloning, and (7) gonadal tissue or cell transplantation into living amphibians to eventually produce gametes and then individuals. Exogenous hormone regimens have been applied to 11 Caudata species to stimulate mating and to 14 species to enable the collection of spermatozoa or eggs. In vitro fertilisation has been successful in eight species, spermatozoa have been cryopreserved in seven species, and in two species in vitro fertilisation with cryopreserved spermatozoa has resulted in mature reproductive adults. However, the application of RTs to Caudata needs research and development over a broader range of species. Reproduction technologies are only now being developed for Gymnophiona, with many discoveries and pioneering achievement to be made. Species with the potential for repopulation are the focus of the few currently available amphibian CBPs. As Caudata and Gymnophiona eggs or larvae cannot be cryopreserved, and the capacity of CBPs is limited, the perpetuation of the biodiversity of an increasing number of species depends on the development of RTs to recover female individuals from cryopreserved and biobanked cells or tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Browne
- Sustainability America, La Isla Road, Sarteneja, Corozal District, Belize
| | - Svetlana A Kaurova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, PSCBR RAS, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - Karthikeyan Vasudevan
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500048, India
| | - Dale McGinnity
- Ectotherm Department, Nashville Zoo at Grassmere, Nashville, TN 37211, USA
| | - Govindappa Venu
- Department of Zoology, Centre for Applied Genetics, Bangalore University, Jnana Bharathi Campus, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560056, India
| | - Manuel Gonzalez
- Departamento de Produccion Animal, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Victor K Uteshev
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, PSCBR RAS, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - Ruth Marcec-Greaves
- National Amphibian Conservation Center Detroit Zoological Society, Detroit, MI, USA. Honduras Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Center, Oak Grove Missouri 64075
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18
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Arregui L, Kouba AJ, Germano JM, Barrios L, Moore M, Kouba CK. Fertilization potential of cold-stored Fowler's toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) spermatozoa: temporal changes in sperm motility based on temperature and osmolality. Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 34:461-469. [PMID: 34717793 DOI: 10.1071/rd21037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Asynchrony of gamete release is problematic in amphibian captive breeding programs but can be overcome by short-term storage of spermatozoa. Hormonally induced sperm from the model species Anaxyrus fowleri were used to determine storage conditions for optimal fertilisation capacity. Sperm motility was measured over time, as a function of storage temperature (4°C or 22°C) and solution osmolality (7-40mOsm/kg). Sperm at 40mOsm/kg (spermic urine) stored at 4°C exhibited higher motility compared to 22°C. Also, sperm stored at 40mOsm/kg retained higher motility compared to sperm stored below 15mOsm/kg at both temperatures. Under optimal storage conditions (40mOsm and 4°C) a 30% decrease in sperm motility occurred within 24h, however, subsequent loss of sperm motility was lower (<10%/day) for days2-8 thereafter. Sperm samples stored for 1-8days under optimal conditions were tested for fertilising capacity by conducting in vitro fertilisation trials. Sperm stored for 8days yielded 48% neurula development, similar to sperm stored for 1day, which produced 60% neurula development. Overall, sperm stored for up to 8days at 4°C as spermic urine retained fertilising capacity and thus can be used to circumvent asynchronous gamete release in assisted breeding efforts for amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Arregui
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain; and Conservation and Research Department, Memphis Zoological Society, Memphis, TN 38112, USA
| | - Andy J Kouba
- Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; and Conservation and Research Department, Memphis Zoological Society, Memphis, TN 38112, USA
| | - Jennifer M Germano
- Conservation and Research Department, Memphis Zoological Society, Memphis, TN 38112, USA; and New Zealand Department of Conservation, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Laura Barrios
- Department of Statistics, CTI, Consejo Superior Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marian Moore
- Conservation and Research Department, Memphis Zoological Society, Memphis, TN 38112, USA
| | - Carrie K Kouba
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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19
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Holt WV, Comizzoli P. Opportunities and Limitations for Reproductive Science in Species Conservation. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2021; 10:491-511. [PMID: 34699258 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-013120-030858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive science in the context of conservation biology is often understood solely in terms of breeding threatened species. Although technologies developed primarily for agriculture or biomedicine have a potentially important role in species conservation, their effectiveness is limited if we regard the main objective of animal conservation as helping to support populations rather than to breed a small number of individuals. The global threats facing wild species include the consequences of climate change, population growth, urbanization, atmospheric and water pollution, and the release of chemicals into the environment, to cite but a few. Reproductive sciences provide important and often unexpected windows into many of these consequences, and our aim here is both to demonstrate the breadth of reproductive science and the importance of basic knowledge and to suggest where some of the insights might be useful in mitigating the problems. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 10 is February 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- William V Holt
- Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom;
| | - Pierre Comizzoli
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA;
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20
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Jacobs LE, Hammond TT, Gaffney PM, Curtis MJ, Shier DM, Durrant BS, Righton A, Williams CL, Calatayud NE. Using reproductive technologies to assess the development of secondary sexual characteristics, ovarian senescence and hermaphroditism in the endangered mountain yellow-legged frog Rana muscosa. Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 33:610-614. [PMID: 34148562 DOI: 10.1071/rd21029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anurans can display a host of intriguing sexual syndromes, including hermaphroditism and sex reversal. Using a multifaceted approach for diagnosing and characterising hermaphroditism in the endangered anuran species Rana mucosa , we tracked changes in female reproductive status using hormone monitoring, ultrasound examinations, individual life history, fertilisation records and post-mortem findings. Seven individuals originally sexed as females developed secondary male sexual characteristics, behaviour and hormone profiles and, in some cases, had testicular tissue despite having previously laid eggs. Our results suggest that reproductive technologies can shed light on life history patterns and reproductive anomalies that may affect endangered anuran survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah E Jacobs
- San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Beckman Center for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92025, USA; and Corresponding author
| | - Talisin T Hammond
- San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Beckman Center for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92025, USA
| | - Patricia M Gaffney
- San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Beckman Center for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92025, USA
| | - Michelle J Curtis
- San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Beckman Center for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92025, USA
| | - Debra M Shier
- San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Beckman Center for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92025, USA
| | - Barbara S Durrant
- San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Beckman Center for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92025, USA
| | - Alison Righton
- Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, 3701 S 10th Street Omaha, NE 68107, USA
| | - Candace L Williams
- San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Beckman Center for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92025, USA
| | - Natalie E Calatayud
- San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Beckman Center for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92025, USA; and Conservation Science Network, 24 Thomas Street, Mayfield, NSW 2304, Australia
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21
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Kaurova SA, Uteshev VK, Gapeyev AB, Shishova NV, Gakhova EN, Browne RK, Kramarova LI. Cryopreservation of spermatozoa obtained postmortem from the European common frog Rana temporaria. Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 33:588-595. [PMID: 33966716 DOI: 10.1071/rd20336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryopreserved spermatozoa offers a reliable, efficient and cost-effective means to perpetuate the genetic variation of endangered amphibian species in concert with conservation breeding programs. Here we describe successful cryopreservation of testicular spermatozoa of the common frog Rana temporaria , preliminarily stored in the carcasses of decapitated animals at +4°C for 0, 1 and 4 days. The motility, membrane integrity and fertilisation capability of fresh testicular spermatozoa treated with cryoprotective medium supplemented with 15% dimethylformamide (DMF) or 15% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were examined. DMSO had a significantly greater toxic effect on fresh frog spermatozoa than DMF. Low levels of DNA fragmentation were seen in spermatozoa stored in the testis for different times and then treated with DMF (mean (±s.e.m.) 8.2±0.7% and 18.2±1.8% after 0 and 4 days storage respectively). After 1 day of storage in frog carcasses, the quality of spermatozoa cryopreserved with DMF was not significantly different from that of control spermatozoa (0 days of storage). After 4 days of storage, the quality of frozen-thawed spermatozoa was significantly lower in the DMF-treated than control group: 35% of the spermatozoa cryopreserved with DMF retained motility, 25% maintained the ability to fertilise fresh oocytes and 80% of fertilised oocytes survived to hatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana A Kaurova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Victor K Uteshev
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Andrew B Gapeyev
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia; and Moscow Region State University, Mytishchi, Moscow Region, 141014, Russia
| | - Natalia V Shishova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Edith N Gakhova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Robert K Browne
- Sustainability America, La Isla Road, Sarteneja, Corozal District, Belise
| | - Ludmila I Kramarova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia; and Corresponding author
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22
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Howell LG, Mawson PR, Frankham R, Rodger JC, Upton RMO, Witt RR, Calatayud NE, Clulow S, Clulow J. Integrating biobanking could produce significant cost benefits and minimise inbreeding for Australian amphibian captive breeding programs. Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 33:573-587. [PMID: 38600658 DOI: 10.1071/rd21058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Captive breeding is an important tool for amphibian conservation despite high economic costs and deleterious genetic effects of sustained captivity and unavoidably small colony sizes. Integration of biobanking and assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) could provide solutions to these challenges, but is rarely used due to lack of recognition of the potential benefits and clear policy direction. Here we present compelling genetic and economic arguments to integrate biobanking and ARTs into captive breeding programs using modelled captive populations of two Australian threatened frogs, namely the orange-bellied frog Geocrinia vitellina and the white bellied frog Geocrinia alba . Back-crossing with frozen founder spermatozoa using ARTs every generation minimises rates of inbreeding and provides considerable reductions in colony size and program costs compared with conventional captive management. Biobanking could allow captive institutions to meet or exceed longstanding genetic retention targets (90% of source population heterozygosity over 100 years). We provide a broad policy direction that could make biobanking technology a practical reality across Australia's ex situ management of amphibians in current and future holdings. Incorporating biobanking technology widely across this network could deliver outcomes by maintaining high levels of source population genetic diversity and freeing economic resources to develop ex situ programs for a greater number of threatened amphibian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan G Howell
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; and FAUNA Research Alliance, Kahibah, NSW 2290, Australia; and Corresponding author
| | - Peter R Mawson
- Perth Zoo, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, PO Box 489, South Perth, WA 6951, Australia
| | - Richard Frankham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2019, Australia; and Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - John C Rodger
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; and FAUNA Research Alliance, Kahibah, NSW 2290, Australia
| | - Rose M O Upton
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; and FAUNA Research Alliance, Kahibah, NSW 2290, Australia
| | - Ryan R Witt
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; and FAUNA Research Alliance, Kahibah, NSW 2290, Australia
| | - Natalie E Calatayud
- San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92027, USA; and Conservation Science Network, 24 Thomas Street, Mayfield, NSW 2304, Australia
| | - Simon Clulow
- Centre for Conservation Ecology and Genomics, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - John Clulow
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; and FAUNA Research Alliance, Kahibah, NSW 2290, Australia
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23
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Upton R, Clulow S, Calatayud NE, Colyvas K, Seeto RGY, Wong LAM, Mahony MJ, Clulow J. Generation of reproductively mature offspring from the endangered green and golden bell frog Litoria aurea using cryopreserved spermatozoa. Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 33:562-572. [PMID: 33820600 DOI: 10.1071/rd20296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphibians are becoming increasingly reliant on captive breeding programs for continued survival. Assisted reproductive technologies including gamete cryopreservation and IVF can help reduce costs of breeding programs, provide insurance against extinction and assist genetic rescue in wild populations. However, the use of these technologies to produce reproductively mature offspring has only been demonstrated in a few non-model species. We aimed to optimise sperm cryopreservation in the threatened frog Litoria aurea and generate mature offspring from frozen-thawed spermatozoa by IVF. We tested three concentrations (1.4, 2.1 and 2.8M) of the cryoprotectants dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and glycerol with 0.3M sucrose. Using DMSO was more likely to result in recovery of sperm motility, vitality and acrosome integrity than glycerol, regardless of concentration, with forward progressive motility being most sensitive to damage. The lowest concentrations of 1.4 and 2.1M provided the best protection regardless of cryoprotectant type. Spermatozoa cryopreserved in 2.1M DMSO outperformed spermatozoa cryopreserved in equivalent concentrations of glycerol in terms of their ability to fertilise ova, resulting in higher rates of embryos hatching and several individuals reaching sexual maturity. We have demonstrated that sperm cryopreservation and subsequent offspring generation via IVF is a feasible conservation tool for L. aurea and other threatened amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Upton
- The Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; and FAUNA Research Alliance, PO Box 5092, Kahibah, NSW 2290, Australia; and Corresponding author
| | - Simon Clulow
- FAUNA Research Alliance, PO Box 5092, Kahibah, NSW 2290, Australia; and Centre for Conservation Ecology and Genomics, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Natalie E Calatayud
- FAUNA Research Alliance, PO Box 5092, Kahibah, NSW 2290, Australia; and Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Taronga Western Plains Zoo, Dubbo, NSW 2830, Australia; and San Diego Zoo Global-Beckman Center for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92027, USA
| | - Kim Colyvas
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Rebecca G Y Seeto
- The Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Lesley A M Wong
- The Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Michael J Mahony
- The Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; and FAUNA Research Alliance, PO Box 5092, Kahibah, NSW 2290, Australia
| | - John Clulow
- The Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; and FAUNA Research Alliance, PO Box 5092, Kahibah, NSW 2290, Australia
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24
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Silla AJ, Calatayud NE, Trudeau VL. Amphibian reproductive technologies: approaches and welfare considerations. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab011. [PMID: 33763231 PMCID: PMC7976225 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Captive breeding and reintroduction programs have been established for several threatened amphibian species globally, but with varied success. This reflects our relatively poor understanding of the hormonal control of amphibian reproduction and the stimuli required to initiate and complete reproductive events. While the amphibian hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis shares fundamental similarities with both teleosts and tetrapods, there are more species differences than previously assumed. As a result, many amphibian captive breeding programs fail to reliably initiate breeding behaviour, achieve high rates of fertilization or generate large numbers of healthy, genetically diverse offspring. Reproductive technologies have the potential to overcome these challenges but should be used in concert with traditional methods that manipulate environmental conditions (including temperature, nutrition and social environment). Species-dependent methods for handling, restraint and hormone administration (including route and frequency) are discussed to ensure optimal welfare of captive breeding stock. We summarize advances in hormone therapies and discuss two case studies that illustrate some of the challenges and successes with amphibian reproductive technologies: the mountain yellow-legged frog (Rana muscosa; USA) and the northern corroboree frog (Pseudophryne pengilleyi; Australia). Further research is required to develop hormone therapies for a greater number of species to boost global conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee J Silla
- Corresponding author: School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia.
| | - Natalie E Calatayud
- Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Taronga, Western Plains Zoo, Obley Rd, Dubbo, New South Wales 2830, Australia
- San Diego Zoo Global-Beckman Center for Conservation Research, San Pasqual Valley Rd, Escondido, CA 92027, USA
| | - Vance L Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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25
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Watt AM, Marcec-Greaves R, Hinkson KM, Poo S, Roberts B, Pitcher TE. Effects of age on sperm quality metrics in endangered Mississippi gopher frogs (Lithobates sevosus) from captive populations used for controlled propagation and reintroduction efforts. Zoo Biol 2021; 40:218-226. [PMID: 33606315 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A decline in sperm quality with age is a common prediction of senescence-based hypotheses and empirical studies. While widely studied across taxa, there is little known on the effect of ageing on sperm quality in amphibians, especially in captive populations used for controlled propagation and reintroduction efforts. Here, we investigated variation in sperm quality metrics (i.e., motility, concentration, and morphology) in the endangered Mississippi gopher frog (Lithobates sevosus) among males of three age categories using individuals from captive breeding populations housed at three different zoological institutions. Different aged males across the species expectant lifespan (1-9, 1-2, 3-4, and 8-9-year-old subcategories) were chosen in an attempt to identify an optimal breeding age relevant for captive breeding programs. Moreover, we explored and statistically controlled for potential differences in sperm quality which may be attributed to the type of induction hormones and source populations that differed among institutions. Results indicated that males of different ages did not differ in sperm motility or concentration. However, we did find that older males (8-9 years old) had significantly longer sperm than other age categories and younger males (1-2 years old) had significantly more atypical sperm than other age categories. Furthermore, we found no significant differences in any sperm quality metrics between the different induction hormones or source populations used at the different institutions. Within a captive breeding program, this information is especially valuable as our results indicate that males that have only recently sexually matured may not be ready to breed, while older males maintain sperm quality metrics presumably related to fertilization success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Watt
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ruth Marcec-Greaves
- National Amphibian Conservation Center, Detroit Zoological Society, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA
| | - Kristin M Hinkson
- Department of Conservation and Research, Memphis Zoological Society, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sinlan Poo
- Department of Conservation and Research, Memphis Zoological Society, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Beth Roberts
- Department of Conservation and Research, Memphis Zoological Society, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Trevor E Pitcher
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada.,Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Johnston SD, Lever J, McLeod R, Qualischefski E, Madrigal-Valverde M, Nixon B. Assisted breeding technology in the saltwater crocodile Crocodylus porosus: a review and look to the future. Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 33:503-518. [PMID: 33581743 DOI: 10.1071/rd20217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review reports the current status of artificial breeding technology in the Crocodylia and the future requirements for the establishment of AI in the saltwater crocodile. Although there are challenges regarding safe restraint and immobilisation, semen collection of the saltwater crocodile by manual stimulation has proven effective in yielding sufficient volume and sperm concentrations for empirical and molecular analyses of sperm preservation and physiology. Nevertheless, there is still much to learn with respect to fundamental anatomy, physiology and behaviour in both sexes, but particularly in the female. Although lessons can be learned from successful AI in the alligator, the details of this research are not readily accessible. Future research needs to focus on the proximate factors of seasonality and the underlying control of the female's annual reproductive cycle; this will require novel and innovative ways to collect blood samples without causing stress or injury, and ideally a dedicated crocodile research breeding colony. Because the saltwater crocodile is a farmed species, there is likely to be sufficient impetus for the application of assisted breeding technology to drive future productivity in the industry. These developments will also have benefits for the genetic and reproductive management of endangered captive populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Johnston
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia; and Corresponding author
| | - John Lever
- Koorana Crocodile Farm, Coowonga, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Robby McLeod
- Koorana Crocodile Farm, Coowonga, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Edward Qualischefski
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia; and Ecosystem Health Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Monica Madrigal-Valverde
- Costa Rica Institute of Technology, School of Agronomy, San Carlos Campus, 223-21001, Alajuela, Costa Rica; and Animal Science Department, University of Costa Rica, Campus Rodrigo Facio, 1501-2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Brett Nixon
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Discipline of Biological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
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27
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Howell LG, Frankham R, Rodger JC, Witt RR, Clulow S, Upton RMO, Clulow J. Integrating biobanking minimises inbreeding and produces significant cost benefits for a threatened frog captive breeding programme. Conserv Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan G. Howell
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
- FAUNA Research Alliance Kahibah New South Wales Australia
| | - Richard Frankham
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Australian Museum Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - John C. Rodger
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
- FAUNA Research Alliance Kahibah New South Wales Australia
| | - Ryan R. Witt
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
- FAUNA Research Alliance Kahibah New South Wales Australia
| | - Simon Clulow
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Rose M. O. Upton
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
- FAUNA Research Alliance Kahibah New South Wales Australia
| | - John Clulow
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
- FAUNA Research Alliance Kahibah New South Wales Australia
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