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Alam P, Clovis NS, Chand AK, Khan MF, Sen S. Effect of molecular crowders on ligand binding kinetics with G-quadruplex DNA probed by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2024; 12:045002. [PMID: 39013401 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ad63f5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Guanine-rich single-stranded DNA folds into G-quadruplex DNA (GqDNA) structures, which play crucial roles in various biological processes. These structures are also promising targets for ligands, potentially inducing antitumor effects. While thermodynamic parameters of ligand/DNA interactions are well-studied, the kinetics of ligand interaction with GqDNA, particularly in cell-like crowded environments, remain less explored. In this study, we investigate the impact of molecular crowding agents (glucose, sucrose, and ficoll 70) at physiologically relevant concentrations (20% w/v) on the association and dissociation rates of the benzophenoxazine-core based ligand, cresyl violet (CV), with human telomeric antiparallel-GqDNA. We utilized fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) along with other techniques. Our findings reveal that crowding agents decrease the binding affinity of CV to GqDNA, with the most significant effect-a nearly three-fold decrease-observed with ficoll 70. FCS measurements indicate that this decrease is primarily due to a viscosity-induced slowdown of ligand association in the crowded environment. Interestingly, dissociation rates remain largely unaffected by smaller crowders, with only small effect observed in presence of ficoll 70 due to direct but weak interaction between the ligand and ficoll. These results along with previously reported data provide valuable insights into ligand/GqDNA interactions in cellular contexts, suggesting a conserved mechanism of saccharide crowder influence, regardless of variations in GqDNA structure and ligand binding mode. This underscores the importance of considering crowding effects in the design and development of GqDNA-targeted drugs for potential cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvez Alam
- Spectroscopy Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ndege Simisi Clovis
- Spectroscopy Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Chand
- Spectroscopy Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Mohammad Firoz Khan
- Spectroscopy Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sobhan Sen
- Spectroscopy Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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2
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Schmidt A, Zhang H, Schmitt S, Rausch C, Popp O, Chen J, Cmarko D, Butter F, Dittmar G, Lermyte F, Cardoso MC. The Proteomic Composition and Organization of Constitutive Heterochromatin in Mouse Tissues. Cells 2024; 13:139. [PMID: 38247831 PMCID: PMC10814525 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Pericentric heterochromatin (PCH) forms spatio-temporarily distinct compartments and affects chromosome organization and stability. Albeit some of its components are known, an elucidation of its proteome and how it differs between tissues in vivo is lacking. Here, we find that PCH compartments are dynamically organized in a tissue-specific manner, possibly reflecting compositional differences. As the mouse brain and liver exhibit very different PCH architecture, we isolated native PCH fractions from these tissues, analyzed their protein compositions using quantitative mass spectrometry, and compared them to identify common and tissue-specific PCH proteins. In addition to heterochromatin-enriched proteins, the PCH proteome includes RNA/transcription and membrane-related proteins, which showed lower abundance than PCH-enriched proteins. Thus, we applied a cut-off of PCH-unspecific candidates based on their abundance and validated PCH-enriched proteins. Amongst the hits, MeCP2 was classified into brain PCH-enriched proteins, while linker histone H1 was not. We found that H1 and MeCP2 compete to bind to PCH and regulate PCH organization in opposite ways. Altogether, our workflow of unbiased PCH isolation, quantitative mass spectrometry, and validation-based analysis allowed the identification of proteins that are common and tissue-specifically enriched at PCH. Further investigation of selected hits revealed their opposing role in heterochromatin higher-order architecture in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Schmidt
- Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany (S.S.)
| | - Hui Zhang
- Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany (S.S.)
| | - Stephanie Schmitt
- Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany (S.S.)
| | - Cathia Rausch
- Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany (S.S.)
| | - Oliver Popp
- Proteomics Platform, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jiaxuan Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dusan Cmarko
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Falk Butter
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- Proteomics Platform, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frederik Lermyte
- Clemens-Schöpf Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M. Cristina Cardoso
- Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany (S.S.)
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Malgulwar PB, Danussi C, Dharmaiah S, Johnson W, Singh A, Rai K, Rao A, Huse JT. Sirtuin 2 inhibition modulates chromatin landscapes genome-wide to induce senescence in ATRX-deficient malignant glioma. Neuro Oncol 2024; 26:55-67. [PMID: 37625115 PMCID: PMC10769000 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noad155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional inactivation of ATRX characterizes large subgroups of malignant gliomas in adults and children. ATRX deficiency in glioma induces widespread chromatin remodeling, driving transcriptional shifts and oncogenic phenotypes. Effective strategies to therapeutically target these broad epigenomic sequelae remain undeveloped. METHODS We utilized integrated multiomics and the Broad Institute Connectivity Map (CMAP) to identify drug candidates that could potentially revert ATRX-deficient transcriptional changes. We then employed disease-relevant experimental models to evaluate functional phenotypes, coupling these studies with epigenomic profiling to elucidate molecular mechanism(s). RESULTS CMAP analysis and transcriptional/epigenomic profiling implicated the Class III HDAC Sirtuin2 (SIRT2) as a central mediator of ATRX-deficient cellular phenotypes and a driver of unfavorable prognosis in ATRX-deficient glioma. SIRT2 inhibitors reverted Atrx-deficient transcriptional signatures in murine neuroepithelial progenitor cells (mNPCs), impaired cell migration in Atrx/ATRX-deficient mNPCs and human glioma stem cells (GSCs), and increased expression of senescence markers in glioma models. Moreover, SIRT2 inhibition impaired growth and increased senescence in ATRX-deficient GSCs in vivo. These effects were accompanied by genome-wide shifts in enhancer-associated H3K27ac and H4K16ac marks, with the latter in particular demonstrating compelling transcriptional links to SIRT2-dependent phenotypic reversals. Motif analysis of these data identified the transcription factor KLF16 as a mediator of phenotype reversal in Atrx-deficient cells upon SIRT2 inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that SIRT2 inhibition selectively targets ATRX-deficient gliomas for senescence through global chromatin remodeling, while demonstrating more broadly a viable approach to combat complex epigenetic rewiring in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prit Benny Malgulwar
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Carla Danussi
- Sanofi, Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sharvari Dharmaiah
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - William Johnson
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anand Singh
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kunal Rai
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Arvind Rao
- Departments of Biostatistics, Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, and Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jason T Huse
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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4
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Bedics G, Szőke P, Bátai B, Nagy T, Papp G, Kránitz N, Rajnai H, Reiniger L, Bödör C, Scheich B. Novel, clinically relevant genomic patterns identified by comprehensive genomic profiling in ATRX-deficient IDH-wildtype adult high-grade gliomas. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18436. [PMID: 37891325 PMCID: PMC10611758 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45786-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas are the most common IDH-wildtype adult high-grade gliomas, frequently harboring mutations in the TERT gene promoter (pTERT) and utilizing the subsequent telomerase overexpression for telomere length maintenance. However, some rare cases show loss of ATRX and use alternative mechanisms of telomere lengthening. In this study, we performed the first complex genomic analysis specifically concentrating on the latter subgroup. Comprehensive genomic profiling of 12 ATRX-deficient and 13 ATRX-intact IDH-wildtype adult high-grade gliomas revealed that ATRX and pTERT mutations are mutually exclusive. DNMT3A alterations were confined to ATRX-deficient, while PTEN mutations to ATRX-intact cases. RAS-MAPK pathway alterations, including NF1 mutations, were more characteristic in the ATRX-deficient group. Variants of genes related to homologous recombination repair showed different patterns of affected genes. Two ATRX-deficient tumors with high tumor mutational burden and mismatch repair deficiency were found. One of these contained a novel fusion involving the NTRK2 and LRRFIP2 genes, while the other showed loss of MSH2 and MSH6 without genetic alterations in the encoding genes suggesting an epigenetic background. Genetic characteristics of ATRX-deficient IDH-wildtype adult high-grade gliomas suggest that these tumors are particularly intriguing targets of potential future therapeutic interventions including immunotherapies combined with MAPK pathway inhibition and DNA repair inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Bedics
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
- HCEMM-SE Molecular Oncohematology Research Group, Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Péter Szőke
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Bence Bátai
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
- HCEMM-SE Molecular Oncohematology Research Group, Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Tibor Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Life Science Building, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Gergő Papp
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Noémi Kránitz
- Department of Pathology, County Hospital Győr, Petz Aladár Hospital, Vasvári Pál út 2-4, Győr, 9024, Hungary
| | - Hajnalka Rajnai
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Lilla Reiniger
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Csaba Bödör
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
- HCEMM-SE Molecular Oncohematology Research Group, Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Bálint Scheich
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary.
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5
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Salomoni P, Flanagan AM, Cottone L. (B)On(e)-cohistones and the epigenetic alterations at the root of bone cancer. Cell Death Differ 2023:10.1038/s41418-023-01227-9. [PMID: 37828086 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01227-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of mutations in histones in a number of human neoplasms and developmental syndromes represents the most compelling evidence to date for a causal role of epigenetic perturbations in human disease. In most cases, these mutations have gain of function properties that cause deviation from normal developmental processes leading to embryo defects and/or neoplastic transformation. These exciting discoveries represent a step-change in our understanding of the role of chromatin (dys)regulation in development and disease. However, the mechanisms of action of oncogenic histone mutations (oncohistones) remain only partially understood. Here, we critically assess existing literature on oncohistones focussing mainly on bone neoplasms. We show how it is possible to draw parallels with some of the cell-autonomous mechanisms of action described in paediatric brain cancer, although the functions of oncohistones in bone tumours remain under-investigated. In this respect, it is becoming clear that histone mutations targeting the same residues display, at least in part, tissue-specific oncogenic mechanisms. Furthermore, it is emerging that cancer cells carrying oncohistones can modify the surrounding microenvironment to support growth and/or alter differentiation trajectories. A better understanding of oncohistone function in different neoplasms provide potential for identification of signalling that could be targeted therapeutically. Finally, we discuss some of the main concepts and future directions in this research area, while also drawing possible connections and parallels with other cancer epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Salomoni
- Nuclear Function Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Adrienne M Flanagan
- Department of Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK
- Department of Pathology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Lucia Cottone
- Department of Pathology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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6
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Negrao MV, Araujo HA, Lamberti G, Cooper AJ, Akhave NS, Zhou T, Delasos L, Hicks JK, Aldea M, Minuti G, Hines J, Aredo JV, Dennis MJ, Chakrabarti T, Scott SC, Bironzo P, Scheffler M, Christopoulos P, Stenzinger A, Riess JW, Kim SY, Goldberg SB, Li M, Wang Q, Qing Y, Ni Y, Do MT, Lee R, Ricciuti B, Alessi JV, Wang J, Resuli B, Landi L, Tseng SC, Nishino M, Digumarthy SR, Rinsurongkawong W, kawong VR, Vaporciyan AA, Blumenschein GR, Zhang J, Owen DH, Blakely CM, Mountzios G, Shu CA, Bestvina CM, Garassino MC, Marrone KA, Gray JE, Patel SP, Cummings AL, Wakelee HA, Wolf J, Scagliotti GV, Cappuzzo F, Barlesi F, Patil PD, Drusbosky L, Gibbons DL, Meric-Bernstam F, Lee JJ, Heymach JV, Hong DS, Heist RS, Awad MM, Skoulidis F. Comutations and KRASG12C Inhibitor Efficacy in Advanced NSCLC. Cancer Discov 2023; 13:1556-1571. [PMID: 37068173 PMCID: PMC11024958 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-22-1420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Molecular modifiers of KRASG12C inhibitor (KRASG12Ci) efficacy in advanced KRASG12C-mutant NSCLC are poorly defined. In a large unbiased clinicogenomic analysis of 424 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we identified and validated coalterations in KEAP1, SMARCA4, and CDKN2A as major independent determinants of inferior clinical outcomes with KRASG12Ci monotherapy. Collectively, comutations in these three tumor suppressor genes segregated patients into distinct prognostic subgroups and captured ∼50% of those with early disease progression (progression-free survival ≤3 months) with KRASG12Ci. Pathway-level integration of less prevalent coalterations in functionally related genes nominated PI3K/AKT/MTOR pathway and additional baseline RAS gene alterations, including amplifications, as candidate drivers of inferior outcomes with KRASG12Ci, and revealed a possible association between defective DNA damage response/repair and improved KRASG12Ci efficacy. Our findings propose a framework for patient stratification and clinical outcome prediction in KRASG12C-mutant NSCLC that can inform rational selection and appropriate tailoring of emerging combination therapies. SIGNIFICANCE In this work, we identify co-occurring genomic alterations in KEAP1, SMARCA4, and CDKN2A as independent determinants of poor clinical outcomes with KRASG12Ci monotherapy in advanced NSCLC, and we propose a framework for patient stratification and treatment personalization based on the comutational status of individual tumors. See related commentary by Heng et al., p. 1513. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1501.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo V. Negrao
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Haniel A. Araujo
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Giuseppe Lamberti
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Neal S. Akhave
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Teng Zhou
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Lukas Delasos
- Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - J. Kevin Hicks
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Mihaela Aldea
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Paris-Saclay University, Paris, France
| | | | - Jacobi Hines
- University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Michael J. Dennis
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Turja Chakrabarti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Susan C. Scott
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Paolo Bironzo
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Matthias Scheffler
- Department for Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Köln-Bonn, University Hospital Cologne, Germany
| | - Petros Christopoulos
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik and National Center for Tumor Diseases at Heidelberg University Hospital
| | | | - Jonathan W. Riess
- University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - So Yeon Kim
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Mingjia Li
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University - James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yun Qing
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ying Ni
- Center for Immunotherapy & Precision Immuno-Oncology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Minh Truong Do
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Richard Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Biagio Ricciuti
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joao Victor Alessi
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Blerina Resuli
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Regina Elena”, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenza Landi
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Regina Elena”, Rome, Italy
| | - Shu-Chi Tseng
- Department of Radiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mizuki Nishino
- Department of Radiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Subba R. Digumarthy
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Waree Rinsurongkawong
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Vadeerat Rinsurong kawong
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Ara A. Vaporciyan
- Department Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - George R. Blumenschein
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Dwight H. Owen
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University - James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Collin M. Blakely
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Giannis Mountzios
- Fourth Department of Medical Oncology and Clinical Trials Unit, Henry Dunant Hospital Center, Greece
| | - Catherine A. Shu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Kristen A. Marrone
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jhanelle E. Gray
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Sandip Pravin Patel
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Amy L. Cummings
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Juergen Wolf
- Department for Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Köln-Bonn, University Hospital Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Fabrice Barlesi
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Paris-Saclay University, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Don L. Gibbons
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Funda Meric-Bernstam
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - J. Jack Lee
- Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - John V. Heymach
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - David S. Hong
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Mark M. Awad
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ferdinandos Skoulidis
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
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7
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Pang Y, Chen X, Ji T, Cheng M, Wang R, Zhang C, Liu M, Zhang J, Zhong C. The Chromatin Remodeler ATRX: Role and Mechanism in Biology and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082228. [PMID: 37190157 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The alpha-thalassemia mental retardation X-linked (ATRX) syndrome protein is a chromatin remodeling protein that primarily promotes the deposit of H3.3 histone variants in the telomere area. ATRX mutations not only cause ATRX syndrome but also influence development and promote cancer. The primary molecular characteristics of ATRX, including its molecular structures and normal and malignant biological roles, are reviewed in this article. We discuss the role of ATRX in its interactions with the histone variant H3.3, chromatin remodeling, DNA damage response, replication stress, and cancers, particularly gliomas, neuroblastomas, and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. ATRX is implicated in several important cellular processes and serves a crucial function in regulating gene expression and genomic integrity throughout embryogenesis. However, the nature of its involvement in the growth and development of cancer remains unknown. As mechanistic and molecular investigations on ATRX disclose its essential functions in cancer, customized therapies targeting ATRX will become accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Tongjie Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Meng Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China
- Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chunlong Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China
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8
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Abstract
Thalassemia syndromes are common monogenic disorders and represent a significant health issue worldwide. In this review, the authors elaborate on fundamental genetic knowledge about thalassemias, including the structure and location of globin genes, the production of hemoglobin during development, the molecular lesions causing α-, β-, and other thalassemia syndromes, the genotype-phenotype correlation, and the genetic modifiers of these conditions. In addition, they briefly discuss the molecular techniques applied for diagnosis and innovative cell and gene therapy strategies to cure these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Tesio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole, 10, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy. https://twitter.com/nicolotesio
| | - Daniel E Bauer
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Broad Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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9
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Malgulwar PB, Danussi C, Dharmaiah S, Johnson WE, Rao A, Huse JT. Sirtuin 2 inhibition modulates chromatin landscapes genome-wide to induce senescence in ATRX-deficient malignant glioma. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.09.523324. [PMID: 36711727 PMCID: PMC9882017 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.09.523324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Inactivating mutations in ATRX characterize large subgroups of malignant gliomas in adults and children. ATRX deficiency in glioma induces widespread chromatin remodeling, driving transcriptional shifts and oncogenic phenotypes. Effective strategies to therapeutically target these broad epigenomic sequelae remain undeveloped. We utilized integrated mulit-omics and the Broad Institute Connectivity Map (CMAP) to identify drug candidates that could potentially revert ATRX-deficient transcriptional changes. We then employed disease-relevant experimental models to evaluate functional phenotypes, coupling these studies with epigenomic profiling to elucidate molecular mechanim(s). CMAP analysis and transcriptional/epigenomic profiling implicated the Class III HDAC Sirtuin2 (Sirt2) as a central mediator of ATRX-deficient cellular phenotypes and a driver of unfavorable prognosis in ATRX-deficient glioma. Sirt2 inhibitors reverted Atrx-deficient transcriptional signatures in murine neuroprogenitor cells (mNPCs) and impaired cell migration in Atrx/ATRX-deficient mNPCs and human glioma stem cells (GSCs). While effects on cellular proliferation in these contexts were more modest, markers of senescence significantly increased, suggesting that Sirt2 inhibition promotes terminal differentiation in ATRX-deficient glioma. These phenotypic effects were accompanied by genome-wide shifts in enhancer-associated H3K27ac and H4K16ac marks, with the latter in particular demonstrating compelling transcriptional links to Sirt2-dependent phenotypic reversals. Motif analysis of these data identified the transcription factor KLF16 as a mediator of phenotype reversal in Atrx-deficient cells upon Sirt2 inhibition. Finally, Sirt2 inhibition impaired growth and increased senescence in ATRX-deficient GSCs in vivo . Our findings indicate that Sirt2 inhibition selectively targets ATRX-deficient gliomas through global chromatin remodeling, while demonstrating more broadly a viable approach to combat complex epigenetic rewiring in cancer. One Sentence Summary Our study demonstrates that SIRT2 inhibition promotes senescence in ATRX-deficient glioma model systems through global epigenomic remodeling, impacting key downstream transcriptional profiles.
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10
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Bartholf DeWitt S, Hoskinson Plumlee S, Brighton HE, Sivaraj D, Martz E, Zand M, Kumar V, Sheth MU, Floyd W, Spruance JV, Hawkey N, Varghese S, Ruan J, Kirsch DG, Somarelli JA, Alman B, Eward WC. Loss of ATRX promotes aggressive features of osteosarcoma with increased NF-κB signaling and integrin binding. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e151583. [PMID: 36073547 PMCID: PMC9536280 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.151583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a lethal disease with few known targeted therapies. Here, we show that decreased ATRX expression is associated with more aggressive tumor cell phenotypes, including increased growth, migration, invasion, and metastasis. These phenotypic changes correspond with activation of NF-κB signaling, extracellular matrix remodeling, increased integrin αvβ3 expression, and ETS family transcription factor binding. Here, we characterize these changes in vitro, in vivo, and in a data set of human OS patients. This increased aggression substantially sensitizes ATRX-deficient OS cells to integrin signaling inhibition. Thus, ATRX plays an important tumor-suppression role in OS, and loss of function of this gene may underlie new therapeutic vulnerabilities. The relationship between ATRX expression and integrin binding, NF-κB activation, and ETS family transcription factor binding has not been described in previous studies and may impact the pathophysiology of other diseases with ATRX loss, including other cancers and the ATR-X α thalassemia intellectual disability syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Bartholf DeWitt
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Maryam Zand
- Computer Science Department, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Vardhman Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maya U. Sheth
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Warren Floyd
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jacob V. Spruance
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nathan Hawkey
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shyni Varghese
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jianhua Ruan
- Computer Science Department, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - David G. Kirsch
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jason A. Somarelli
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ben Alman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and
| | - William C. Eward
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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11
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de Nonneville A, Salas S, Bertucci F, Sobinoff AP, Adélaïde J, Guille A, Finetti P, Noble JR, Churikov D, Chaffanet M, Lavit E, Pickett HA, Bouvier C, Birnbaum D, Reddel RR, Géli V. TOP3A amplification and ATRX inactivation are mutually exclusive events in pediatric osteosarcomas using ALT. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e15859. [PMID: 35920001 PMCID: PMC9549729 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202215859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In some types of cancer, telomere length is maintained by the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) mechanism. In many ALT cancers, the α-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked (ATRX) gene is mutated leading to the conclusion that the ATRX complex represses ALT. Here, we report that most high-grade pediatric osteosarcomas maintain their telomeres by ALT, and that the majority of these ALT tumors are ATRX wild-type (wt) and instead carry an amplified 17p11.2 chromosomal region containing TOP3A. We found that TOP3A was overexpressed in the ALT-positive ATRX-wt tumors consistent with its amplification. We demonstrated the functional significance of these results by showing that TOP3A overexpression in ALT cancer cells countered ATRX-mediated ALT inhibition and that TOP3A knockdown disrupted the ALT phenotype in ATRX-wt cells. Moreover, we report that TOP3A is required for proper BLM localization and promotes ALT DNA synthesis in ALT cell lines. Collectively, our results identify TOP3A as a major ALT player and potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre de Nonneville
- Marseille Cancer Research Centre (CRCM), Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli‐Calmettes, Team « Telomere and Chromatin ». Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre Le CancerAix‐Marseille UnivMarseilleFrance,Cancer Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Children's Medical Research InstituteUniversity of SydneyWestmeadNSWAustralia,Predictive Oncology Laboratory, Marseille Cancer Research Centre (CRCM), Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli‐CalmettesAix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance,Department of Medical Oncology, CRCM, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli‐CalmettesAix‐Marseille UnivMarseilleFrance
| | - Sébastien Salas
- Department of Medical OncologyAssistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille ‐ Timone HospitalMarseilleFrance
| | - François Bertucci
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, Marseille Cancer Research Centre (CRCM), Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli‐CalmettesAix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance,Department of Medical Oncology, CRCM, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli‐CalmettesAix‐Marseille UnivMarseilleFrance
| | - Alexander P Sobinoff
- Telomere Length Regulation Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Children's Medical Research InstituteUniversity of SydneyWestmeadNSWAustralia
| | - José Adélaïde
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, Marseille Cancer Research Centre (CRCM), Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli‐CalmettesAix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
| | - Arnaud Guille
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, Marseille Cancer Research Centre (CRCM), Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli‐CalmettesAix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
| | - Pascal Finetti
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, Marseille Cancer Research Centre (CRCM), Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli‐CalmettesAix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
| | - Jane R Noble
- Cancer Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Children's Medical Research InstituteUniversity of SydneyWestmeadNSWAustralia
| | - Dimitri Churikov
- Marseille Cancer Research Centre (CRCM), Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli‐Calmettes, Team « Telomere and Chromatin ». Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre Le CancerAix‐Marseille UnivMarseilleFrance
| | - Max Chaffanet
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, Marseille Cancer Research Centre (CRCM), Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli‐CalmettesAix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
| | - Elise Lavit
- Department of Medical OncologyAssistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille ‐ Timone HospitalMarseilleFrance
| | - Hilda A Pickett
- Telomere Length Regulation Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Children's Medical Research InstituteUniversity of SydneyWestmeadNSWAustralia
| | - Corinne Bouvier
- Department of PathologyAssistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille ‐ Timone HospitalMarseilleFrance
| | - Daniel Birnbaum
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, Marseille Cancer Research Centre (CRCM), Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli‐CalmettesAix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
| | - Roger R Reddel
- Cancer Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Children's Medical Research InstituteUniversity of SydneyWestmeadNSWAustralia
| | - Vincent Géli
- Marseille Cancer Research Centre (CRCM), Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli‐Calmettes, Team « Telomere and Chromatin ». Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre Le CancerAix‐Marseille UnivMarseilleFrance
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12
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The chromatin remodeller ATRX facilitates diverse nuclear processes, in a stochastic manner, in both heterochromatin and euchromatin. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3485. [PMID: 35710802 PMCID: PMC9203812 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31194-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromatin remodeller ATRX interacts with the histone chaperone DAXX to deposit the histone variant H3.3 at sites of nucleosome turnover. ATRX is known to bind repetitive, heterochromatic regions of the genome including telomeres, ribosomal DNA and pericentric repeats, many of which are putative G-quadruplex forming sequences (PQS). At these sites ATRX plays an ancillary role in a wide range of nuclear processes facilitating replication, chromatin modification and transcription. Here, using an improved protocol for chromatin immunoprecipitation, we show that ATRX also binds active regulatory elements in euchromatin. Mutations in ATRX lead to perturbation of gene expression associated with a reduction in chromatin accessibility, histone modification, transcription factor binding and deposition of H3.3 at the sequences to which it normally binds. In erythroid cells where downregulation of α-globin expression is a hallmark of ATR-X syndrome, perturbation of chromatin accessibility and gene expression occurs in only a subset of cells. The stochastic nature of this process suggests that ATRX acts as a general facilitator of cell specific transcriptional and epigenetic programmes, both in heterochromatin and euchromatin.
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13
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Zanotti S, Decaesteker B, Vanhauwaert S, De Wilde B, De Vos WH, Speleman F. Cellular senescence in neuroblastoma. Br J Cancer 2022; 126:1529-1538. [PMID: 35197583 PMCID: PMC9130206 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01755-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a tumour that arises from the sympathoadrenal lineage occurring predominantly in children younger than five years. About half of the patients are diagnosed with high-risk tumours and undergo intensive multi-modal therapy. The success rate of current treatments for high-risk neuroblastoma is disappointingly low and survivors suffer from multiple therapy-related long-term side effects. Most chemotherapeutics drive cancer cells towards cell death or senescence. Senescence has long been considered to represent a terminal non-proliferative state and therefore an effective barrier against tumorigenesis. This dogma, however, has been challenged by recent observations that infer a much more dynamic and reversible nature for this process, which may have implications for the efficacy of therapy-induced senescence-oriented treatment strategies. Neuroblastoma cells in a dormant, senescent-like state may escape therapy, whilst their senescence-associated secretome may promote inflammation and invasiveness, potentially fostering relapse. Conversely, due to its distinct molecular identity, senescence may also represent an opportunity for the development of novel (combination) therapies. However, the limited knowledge on the molecular dynamics and diversity of senescence signatures demands appropriate models to study this process in detail. This review summarises the molecular knowledge about cellular senescence in neuroblastoma and investigates current and future options towards therapeutic exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Zanotti
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, 2610 Belgium ,grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, 9000 Belgium ,grid.510942.bCancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, 9000 Belgium
| | - Bieke Decaesteker
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, 9000 Belgium ,grid.510942.bCancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, 9000 Belgium
| | - Suzanne Vanhauwaert
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, 9000 Belgium ,grid.510942.bCancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, 9000 Belgium
| | - Bram De Wilde
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, 9000 Belgium ,grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, 9000 Belgium ,grid.410566.00000 0004 0626 3303Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, 9000 Belgium
| | - Winnok H. De Vos
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, 2610 Belgium
| | - Frank Speleman
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, 9000, Belgium. .,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, 9000, Belgium.
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14
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Bagheri-Fam S, Alankarage D, Frost ER, Harley VR. Dataset of differentially expressed genes in mouse P12 testes in response to the loss of ATRX in Sertoli cells. Data Brief 2022; 42:108230. [PMID: 35592768 PMCID: PMC9111927 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2022.108230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This dataset represents genes that are dysregulated in the postnatal day 12 (P12) mouse testis when ATRX is specifically inactivated in Sertoli cells (ScAtrxKO mice). The differentially expressed genes included in the dataset may play important roles in the testicular phenotypes observed in the ScAtrxKO mice, which were first reported in our previous work [1]. In fetal ScAtrxKO mice, Sertoli cells undergo apoptosis due to cell cycle defects, resulting in smaller testes with reduced tubule volume [1]. Adult ScAtrxKO mice show a wide range of spermatogenesis defects probably due to a failure of the dysfunctional ATRX protein to interact with the androgen receptor (AR) [1]. ATRX, a chromatin remodeling protein, is widely expressed in the human testis including Sertoli cells [2,3]. In XY individuals, the loss of ATRX leads to ATR-X (alpha thalassemia, mental retardation, X-linked) syndrome associated with a wide range of genital abnormalities such as hypospadias, ambiguous genitalia, and small testes with reduced tubule volume [4], [5], [6], [7], [8]. Our dataset contributes towards understanding the mechanism underlying ATRX regulation of testis development and spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bagheri-Fam
- Sex Development Laboratory, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Dimuthu Alankarage
- Sex Development Laboratory, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Emily R. Frost
- Sex Development Laboratory, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Vincent R. Harley
- Sex Development Laboratory, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
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15
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Shahbazi Z, Rostami G, Hamid M. New heritable ATRX mutation identified by whole exome sequencing and review. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The mutations in the ATRX gene have been shown to cause two types of disorders: inherited mutations lead to alpha thalassemia X-linked mental retardation (ATR-X) syndrome and acquired somatic mutations cause alpha thalassemia myelodysplastic syndrome (ATMDS). Here we report a case of ATRX gene mutation without completely features of ATR-X or ATMDS syndromes. Moreover we review previous reports of ATRX gene mutations in both ATR-X syndrome and ATMDS.
Methods
After sample collection and DNA extraction, whole exome sequencing was performed using Illumina HiSeq PE150 apparatus. The results were confirmed using Sanger sequencing for the patients and his relatives. Literature review was performed based on the published data in Web of science, Science direct, Springer link and Pubmed databases.
Results
We identified a hemizygous missense ATRX gene mutation (ATRX, c.2388A > C, p. K796N) as a new disease-causing variant in the patient, heterozygous situation for his mother and his father was hemizygous for wild type allele. The literatures of patients were reviewed regarding the ATR-X syndrome.
Conclusions
According to previous findings, inherited ATRX mutations are associated with a broad spectrum of clinical presentations. Therefore a person with a mild α-thalassemia phenotype may also has mutation in ATRX gene. Accordingly, it is critical for geneticist and physicians to increase awareness in molecular diagnosis of α-thalassemia patients.
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16
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Wen T, Chen QY. Dynamic Activity of Histone H3-Specific Chaperone Complexes in Oncogenesis. Front Oncol 2022; 11:806974. [PMID: 35087762 PMCID: PMC8786718 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.806974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Canonical histone H3.1 and variant H3.3 deposit at different sites of the chromatin via distinct histone chaperones. Histone H3.1 relies on chaperone CAF-1 to mediate replication-dependent nucleosome assembly during S-phase, while H3.3 variant is regulated and incorporated into the chromatin in a replication-independent manner through HIRA and DAXX/ATRX. Current literature suggests that dysregulated expression of histone chaperones may be implicated in tumor progression. Notably, ectopic expression of CAF-1 can promote a switch between canonical H3.1 and H3 variants in the chromatin, impair the chromatic state, lead to chromosome instability, and impact gene transcription, potentially contributing to carcinogenesis. This review focuses on the chaperone proteins of H3.1 and H3.3, including structure, regulation, as well as their oncogenic and tumor suppressive functions in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wen
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiao Yi Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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17
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Telomeres and Cancer. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11121405. [PMID: 34947936 PMCID: PMC8704776 DOI: 10.3390/life11121405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres cap the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes and are indispensable chromatin structures for genome protection and replication. Telomere length maintenance has been attributed to several functional modulators, including telomerase, the shelterin complex, and the CST complex, synergizing with DNA replication, repair, and the RNA metabolism pathway components. As dysfunctional telomere maintenance and telomerase activation are associated with several human diseases, including cancer, the molecular mechanisms behind telomere length regulation and protection need particular emphasis. Cancer cells exhibit telomerase activation, enabling replicative immortality. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) activation is involved in cancer development through diverse activities other than mediating telomere elongation. This review describes the telomere functions, the role of functional modulators, the implications in cancer development, and the future therapeutic opportunities.
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18
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Kent T, Clynes D. Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres: Lessons to Be Learned from Telomeric DNA Double-Strand Break Repair. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1734. [PMID: 34828344 PMCID: PMC8619803 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the molecular pathways underlying cancer has given us important insights into how breaks in our DNA are repaired and the dire consequences that can occur when these processes are perturbed. Extensive research over the past 20 years has shown that the key molecular event underpinning a subset of cancers involves the deregulated repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) at telomeres, which in turn leads to telomere lengthening and the potential for replicative immortality. Here we discuss, in-depth, recent major breakthroughs in our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning this pathway known as the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). We explore how this gives us important insights into how DSB repair at telomeres is regulated, with relevance to the cell-cycle-dependent regulation of repair, repair of stalled replication forks and the spatial regulation of DSB repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kent
- Molecular Haematology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, The MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK;
| | - David Clynes
- Department of Oncology, The MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
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19
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Forsyth RG, Krenács T, Athanasou N, Hogendoorn PCW. Cell Biology of Giant Cell Tumour of Bone: Crosstalk between m/wt Nucleosome H3.3, Telomeres and Osteoclastogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5119. [PMID: 34680268 PMCID: PMC8534144 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant cell tumour of bone (GCTB) is a rare and intriguing primary bone neoplasm. Worrisome clinical features are its local destructive behaviour, its high tendency to recur after surgical therapy and its ability to create so-called benign lung metastases (lung 'plugs'). GCTB displays a complex and difficult-to-understand cell biological behaviour because of its heterogenous morphology. Recently, a driver mutation in histone H3.3 was found. This mutation is highly conserved in GCTB but can also be detected in glioblastoma. Denosumab was recently introduced as an extra option of medical treatment next to traditional surgical and in rare cases, radiotherapy. Despite these new insights, many 'old' questions about the key features of GCTB remain unanswered, such as the presence of telomeric associations (TAs), the reactivation of hTERT, and its slight genomic instability. This review summarises the recent relevant literature of histone H3.3 in relation to the GCTB-specific G34W mutation and pays specific attention to the G34W mutation in relation to the development of TAs, genomic instability, and the characteristic morphology of GCTB. As pieces of an etiogenetic puzzle, this review tries fitting all these molecular features and the unique H3.3 G34W mutation together in GCTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramses G. Forsyth
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Brussels (UZB), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium;
- Labaratorium for Experimental Pathology (EXPA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tibor Krenács
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllöi ut 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Nicholas Athanasou
- Department of Histopathology, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, University of Oxford, NDORMS, Oxford OX3 7HE, UK;
| | - Pancras C. W. Hogendoorn
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Brussels (UZB), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium;
- Labaratorium for Experimental Pathology (EXPA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllöi ut 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary;
- Department of Histopathology, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, University of Oxford, NDORMS, Oxford OX3 7HE, UK;
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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20
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Stainczyk SA, Westermann F. Neuroblastoma-Telomere maintenance, deregulated signaling transduction and beyond. Int J Cancer 2021; 150:903-915. [PMID: 34636058 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The childhood malignancy neuroblastoma belongs to the group of embryonal tumors and originates from progenitor cells of the sympathoadrenal lineage. Treatment options for children with high-risk and relapsed disease are still very limited. In recent years, an ever-growing molecular diversity was identified using (epi)-genetic profiling of neuroblastoma tumors, indicating that molecularly targeted therapies could be a promising therapeutic option. In this review article, we summarize the various molecular subtypes and genetic events associated with neuroblastoma and describe recent advances in targeted therapies. We lay a strong emphasis on the importance of telomere maintenance mechanisms for understanding tumor progression and risk classification of neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine A Stainczyk
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Neuroblastoma Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Westermann
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Neuroblastoma Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Suzich JB, Cuddy SR, Baidas H, Dochnal S, Ke E, Schinlever AR, Babnis A, Boutell C, Cliffe AR. PML-NB-dependent type I interferon memory results in a restricted form of HSV latency. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52547. [PMID: 34197022 PMCID: PMC8419685 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) establishes latent infection in long-lived neurons. During initial infection, neurons are exposed to multiple inflammatory cytokines but the effects of immune signaling on the nature of HSV latency are unknown. We show that initial infection of primary murine neurons in the presence of type I interferon (IFN) results in a form of latency that is restricted for reactivation. We also find that the subnuclear condensates, promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs), are absent from primary sympathetic and sensory neurons but form with type I IFN treatment and persist even when IFN signaling resolves. HSV-1 genomes colocalize with PML-NBs throughout a latent infection of neurons only when type I IFN is present during initial infection. Depletion of PML prior to or following infection does not impact the establishment latency; however, it does rescue the ability of HSV to reactivate from IFN-treated neurons. This study demonstrates that viral genomes possess a memory of the IFN response during de novo infection, which results in differential subnuclear positioning and ultimately restricts the ability of genomes to reactivate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon B Suzich
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
| | - Sean R Cuddy
- Neuroscience Graduate ProgramUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
| | - Hiam Baidas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
| | - Sara Dochnal
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
| | - Eugene Ke
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
| | - Austin R Schinlever
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
| | - Aleksandra Babnis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
| | - Chris Boutell
- MRC‐University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR)GlasgowUK
| | - Anna R Cliffe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
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22
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Rebeillard F, De Gois S, Pietrancosta N, Mai TH, Lai-Kuen R, Kieffer BL, Giros B, Massart R, Darmon M, Diaz J. The Orphan GPCR Receptor, GPR88, Interacts with Nuclear Protein Partners in the Cerebral Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:479-489. [PMID: 34247243 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR88 is an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) highly expressed in striatal medium spiny neurons (MSN), also found in cortical neurons at low level. In MSN, GPR88 has a canonical GPCR plasma membrane/cytoplasmic expression, whereas in cortical neurons, we previously reported an atypical intranuclear localization. Molecular size analysis suggests that GPR88, expressed in plasma membrane of MSN or in nuclear compartment of cortical neurons, corresponds to the full-length protein. By transfection of cortical neurons, we showed that GPR88 fluorescent chimeras exhibit a nuclear localization. This localization is contingent on the third intracytoplasmic loop and C-terminus domains, even though these domains do not contain any known nuclear localization signals (NLS). Using yeast two-hybrid screening with these domains, we identified the nuclear proteins ATRX, TOP2B, and BAZ2B, all involved in chromatin remodeling, as potential protein partners of GPR88. We also validated the interaction of GPR88 with these nuclear proteins by proximity ligation assay on cortical neurons in culture and coimmunoprecipitation experiments on cortical extracts from GPR88 wild-type (WT) and knockout (KO) mice. The identification of GPR88 subcellular partners may provide novel functional insights for nonclassical modes of GPCR action that could be relevant in the maturating process of neocortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rebeillard
- Cellular Biology and Molecular Pharmacology of Central Receptors, Institut de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences de Paris, Inserm U1266, Paris 75014, France.,Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75005, France
| | | | - Nicolas Pietrancosta
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Département de chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris 75005, France.,Neuroscience Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS) INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris 75005, France
| | - Thi Hue Mai
- Cellular Biology and Molecular Pharmacology of Central Receptors, Institut de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences de Paris, Inserm U1266, Paris 75014, France
| | - René Lai-Kuen
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Facility, US25 Inserm-3612 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Bruno Giros
- Université de Paris, INCC UMR 8002, CNRS, Paris F-75006, France.,Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Hospital, Mc Gill University, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Renaud Massart
- Inserm U955 Interventional NeuroPsychology Team, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris 75005, France
| | - Michèle Darmon
- Cellular Biology and Molecular Pharmacology of Central Receptors, Institut de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences de Paris, Inserm U1266, Paris 75014, France
| | - Jorge Diaz
- Cellular Biology and Molecular Pharmacology of Central Receptors, Institut de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences de Paris, Inserm U1266, Paris 75014, France.,Université de Paris, INCC UMR 8002, CNRS, Paris F-75006, France
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23
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The Multiple Facets of ATRX Protein. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092211. [PMID: 34062956 PMCID: PMC8124985 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The gene encoding for the epigenetic regulator ATRX is gaining a prominent position among the most important oncosuppressive genes of the human genome. ATRX gene somatic mutations are found across a number of diverse cancer types, suggesting its relevance in tumor induction and progression. In the present review, the multiple activities of ATRX protein are described in the light of the most recent literature available highlighting its multifaceted role in the caretaking of the human genome. Abstract ATRX gene codifies for a protein member of the SWI-SNF family and was cloned for the first time over 25 years ago as the gene responsible for a rare developmental disorder characterized by α-thalassemia and intellectual disability called Alpha Thalassemia/mental Retardation syndrome X-linked (ATRX) syndrome. Since its discovery as a helicase involved in alpha-globin gene transcriptional regulation, our understanding of the multiple roles played by the ATRX protein increased continuously, leading to the recognition of this multifaceted protein as a central “caretaker” of the human genome involved in cancer suppression. In this review, we report recent advances in the comprehension of the ATRX manifold functions that encompass heterochromatin epigenetic regulation and maintenance, telomere function, replicative stress response, genome stability, and the suppression of endogenous transposable elements and exogenous viral genomes.
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24
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Kosiol N, Juranek S, Brossart P, Heine A, Paeschke K. G-quadruplexes: a promising target for cancer therapy. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:40. [PMID: 33632214 PMCID: PMC7905668 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01328-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA and RNA can fold into a variety of alternative conformations. In recent years, a particular nucleic acid structure was discussed to play a role in malignant transformation and cancer development. This structure is called a G-quadruplex (G4). G4 structure formation can drive genome instability by creating mutations, deletions and stimulating recombination events. The importance of G4 structures in the characterization of malignant cells was currently demonstrated in breast cancer samples. In this analysis a correlation between G4 structure formation and an increased intratumor heterogeneity was identified. This suggests that G4 structures might allow breast cancer stratification and supports the identification of new personalized treatment options. Because of the stability of G4 structures and their presence within most human oncogenic promoters and at telomeres, G4 structures are currently tested as a therapeutic target to downregulate transcription or to block telomere elongation in cancer cells. To date, different chemical molecules (G4 ligands) have been developed that aim to target G4 structures. In this review we discuss and compare G4 function and relevance for therapeutic approaches and their impact on cancer development for three cancer entities, which differ significantly in their amount and type of mutations: pancreatic cancer, leukemia and malignant melanoma. G4 structures might present a promising new strategy to individually target tumor cells and could support personalized treatment approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Kosiol
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Rheumatology and Immune-Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Juranek
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Rheumatology and Immune-Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Brossart
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Rheumatology and Immune-Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Annkristin Heine
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Rheumatology and Immune-Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katrin Paeschke
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Rheumatology and Immune-Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
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25
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Collados Rodríguez M. The Fate of Speckled Protein 100 (Sp100) During Herpesviruses Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:607526. [PMID: 33598438 PMCID: PMC7882683 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.607526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutive expression of Speckled-100 (Sp100) is known to restrict the replication of many clinically important DNA viruses. This pre-existing (intrinsic) immune defense to virus infection can be further upregulated upon interferon (IFN) stimulation as a component of the innate immune response. In humans, Sp100 is encoded by a single gene locus, which can produce alternatively spliced isoforms. The widely studied Sp100A, Sp100B, Sp100C and Sp100HMG have functions associated with the transcriptional regulation of viral and cellular chromatin, either directly through their characteristic DNA-binding domains, or indirectly through post-translational modification (PTM) and associated protein interaction networks. Sp100 isoforms are resident component proteins of promyelocytic leukemia-nuclear bodies (PML-NBs), dynamic nuclear sub-structures which regulate host immune defenses against many pathogens. In the case of human herpesviruses, multiple protein antagonists are expressed to relieve viral DNA genome transcriptional silencing imposed by PML-NB and Sp100-derived proteinaceous structures, thereby stimulating viral propagation, pathogenesis, and transmission to new hosts. This review details how different Sp100 isoforms are manipulated during herpesviruses HSV1, VZV, HCMV, EBV, and KSHV infection, identifying gaps in our current knowledge, and highlighting future areas of research.
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26
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Low Protein Expression of both ATRX and ZNRF3 as Novel Negative Prognostic Markers of Adult Adrenocortical Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031238. [PMID: 33513905 PMCID: PMC7866180 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy that is associated with a dismal prognosis. Pan-genomic studies have demonstrated the involvement of ATRX and ZNRF3 genes in adrenocortical tumorigenesis. Our aims were to evaluate the protein expression of ATRX and ZNRF3 in a cohort of 82 adults with ACC and to establish their prognostic value. Two pathologists analyzed immuno-stained slides of a tissue microarray. The low protein expression of ATRX and ZNRF3 was associated with a decrease in overall survival (OS) (p = 0.045, p = 0.012, respectively). The Cox regression for ATRX protein expression of >1.5 showed a hazard ratio (HR) for OS of 0.521 (95% CI 0.273-0.997; p = 0.049) when compared with ≤1.5; for ZNRF3 expression >2, the HR for OS was 0.441 (95% CI, 0.229-0.852; p = 0.015) when compared with ≤2. High ATRX and ZNRF3 protein expressions were associated with optimistic recurrence-free survival (RFS) (p = 0.027 and p = 0.005, respectively). The Cox regression of RFS showed an HR of 0.332 (95%CI, 0.111-0.932) for ATRX expression >2.7 (p = 0.037), and an HR of 0.333 (95%CI, 0.140-0.790) for ZNRF3 expression >2 (p = 0.013). In conclusion, low protein expression of ATRX and ZNRF3 are negative prognostic markers of ACC; however, different cohorts should be evaluated to validate these findings.
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27
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Adrenocortical tumor (ACT) is a rare disease with an annual worldwide incidence of 0.3-0.38/million children below 15 years old, and Brazilian population presents the highest incidence because of germline mutation in the TP53. Pediatric ACT is associated with virilizing features and hypercortisolism in most cases. Malignancy is defined when local invasion or metastasis is found, and it is associated with a poor prognosis. However, the correct and early diagnosis and treatment may impact on overall and disease-free survival. RECENT FINDINGS A complete understanding of the disease and its singularities facilitates the assistance to the pediatric patient with ACT. The new insights about adrenal tumorigenesis have provided a better understanding of this disease. In this scenario, the era of molecular studies is leading to the refinement of the taxonomy, and it is offering the opportunity to discover new biomarkers and pathways of tumorigenesis, beyond the knowing β-catenin, Insulin-like growth factor-II/IGF-IR, and the p53/Rb signaling. SUMMARY The rarity of this disease makes it a real challenge. Here, we present a review focusing on clinical practice. A methodic approach aiming to clarify the diagnosis and a follow-up are suggested to guide physicians in the assistance of pediatrics patients, improving the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania B Brondani
- Unidade de Suprarrenal, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo
| | - Maria Candida B V Fragoso
- Unidade de Suprarrenal, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo
- Serviço de Endocrinologia da Clínica de Bases do Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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28
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Gerlitz G. The Emerging Roles of Heterochromatin in Cell Migration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:394. [PMID: 32528959 PMCID: PMC7266953 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is a key process in health and disease. In the last decade an increasing attention is given to chromatin organization in migrating cells. In various types of cells induction of migration leads to a global increase in heterochromatin levels. Heterochromatin is required for optimal cell migration capabilities, since various interventions with heterochromatin formation impeded the migration rate of numerous cell types. Heterochromatin supports the migration process by affecting both the mechanical properties of the nucleus as well as the genetic processes taking place within it. Increased heterochromatin levels elevate nuclear rigidity in a manner that allows faster cell migration in 3D environments. Condensed chromatin and a more rigid nucleus may increase nuclear durability to shear stress and prevent DNA damage during the migration process. In addition, heterochromatin reorganization in migrating cells is important for induction of migration-specific transcriptional plan together with inhibition of many other unnecessary transcriptional changes. Thus, chromatin organization appears to have a key role in the cellular migration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabi Gerlitz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ariel Center for Applied Cancer Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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29
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Southgate HED, Chen L, Curtin NJ, Tweddle DA. Targeting the DNA Damage Response for the Treatment of High Risk Neuroblastoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:371. [PMID: 32309213 PMCID: PMC7145987 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive multimodal therapy, the survival rate for high risk neuroblastoma (HR-NB) remains <50%. Most cases initially respond to treatment but almost half will subsequently relapse with aggressive treatment resistant disease. Novel treatments exploiting the molecular pathology of NB and/or overcoming resistance to current genotoxic therapies are needed before survival rates can significantly improve. DNA damage response (DDR) defects are frequently observed in HR-NB including allelic deletion and loss of function mutations in key DDR genes, oncogene induced replication stress and cell cycle checkpoint dysfunction. Exploiting defects in the DDR has been a successful treatment strategy in some adult cancers. Here we review the genetic features of HR-NB which lead to DDR defects and the emerging molecular targeting agents to exploit them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet E D Southgate
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lindi Chen
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah A Tweddle
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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30
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Probing the Protein-Protein Interaction Between the ATRX ADD Domain and the Histone H3 Tail. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071500. [PMID: 32218364 PMCID: PMC7181051 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While loss-of-function mutations in the ATRX gene have been implicated as a driving force for a variety of pediatric brain tumors, as well as pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, the role of ATRX in gene regulation and oncogenic development is not well-characterized. The ADD domain of ATRX (ATRXADD) localizes the protein to chromatin by specifically binding to the histone H3 tail. This domain is also a primary region that is mutated in these cancers. The overall goal of our studies was to utilize a variety of techniques (experimental and computational) to probe the H3:ATRXADD protein-protein interaction (PPI). We developed two biochemical assays that can be utilized to study the interaction. These assays were utilized to experimentally validate and expand upon our previous computational results. We demonstrated that the three anchor points in the H3 tail (A1, K4, and K9) are all essential for high affinity binding and that disruption of more than one contact region will be required to develop a small molecule that disrupts the PPI. Our approach in this study could be applied to other domains of ATRX, as well as PPIs between other distinct proteins.
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31
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Zeineldin M, Federico S, Chen X, Fan Y, Xu B, Stewart E, Zhou X, Jeon J, Griffiths L, Nguyen R, Norrie J, Easton J, Mulder H, Yergeau D, Liu Y, Wu J, Van Ryn C, Naranjo A, Hogarty MD, Kamiński MM, Valentine M, Pruett-Miller SM, Pappo A, Zhang J, Clay MR, Bahrami A, Vogel P, Lee S, Shelat A, Sarthy JF, Meers MP, George RE, Mardis ER, Wilson RK, Henikoff S, Downing JR, Dyer MA. MYCN amplification and ATRX mutations are incompatible in neuroblastoma. Nat Commun 2020; 11:913. [PMID: 32060267 PMCID: PMC7021759 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14682-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggressive cancers often have activating mutations in growth-controlling oncogenes and inactivating mutations in tumor-suppressor genes. In neuroblastoma, amplification of the MYCN oncogene and inactivation of the ATRX tumor-suppressor gene correlate with high-risk disease and poor prognosis. Here we show that ATRX mutations and MYCN amplification are mutually exclusive across all ages and stages in neuroblastoma. Using human cell lines and mouse models, we found that elevated MYCN expression and ATRX mutations are incompatible. Elevated MYCN levels promote metabolic reprogramming, mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive-oxygen species generation, and DNA-replicative stress. The combination of replicative stress caused by defects in the ATRX-histone chaperone complex, and that induced by MYCN-mediated metabolic reprogramming, leads to synthetic lethality. Therefore, ATRX and MYCN represent an unusual example, where inactivation of a tumor-suppressor gene and activation of an oncogene are incompatible. This synthetic lethality may eventually be exploited to improve outcomes for patients with high-risk neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged Zeineldin
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Sara Federico
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital-Washington University Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yiping Fan
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Beisi Xu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Elizabeth Stewart
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jongrye Jeon
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Lyra Griffiths
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Rosa Nguyen
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jackie Norrie
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - John Easton
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Heather Mulder
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Donald Yergeau
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yanling Liu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jianrong Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Collin Van Ryn
- Children's Oncology Group Statistics and Data Center, Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FlL, 32607, USA
| | - Arlene Naranjo
- Children's Oncology Group Statistics and Data Center, Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FlL, 32607, USA
| | - Michael D Hogarty
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Marcin M Kamiński
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Marc Valentine
- Cytogenetics Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Shondra M Pruett-Miller
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Alberto Pappo
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Michael R Clay
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Armita Bahrami
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Seungjae Lee
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Anang Shelat
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jay F Sarthy
- Basic Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Michael P Meers
- Basic Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Rani E George
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Elaine R Mardis
- The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Richard K Wilson
- The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Steven Henikoff
- Basic Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - James R Downing
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Michael A Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital-Washington University Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
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32
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Li Y, Li X, Li H, Zhao Y, Liu Z, Sun K, Zhu X, Qi Q, An B, Shen D, Li R, Liu T, Mi J, Wang L, Yang F, Bai F, Wang J. Genomic characterisation of pulmonary subsolid nodules: mutational landscape and radiological features. Eur Respir J 2020; 55:13993003.01409-2019. [PMID: 31699841 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01409-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung adenocarcinomas (LUADs) that display radiologically as subsolid nodules (SSNs) exhibit more indolent biological behaviour than solid LUADs. SSNs, commonly encompassing pre-invasive and invasive yet early-stage adenocarcinomas, can be categorised as pure ground-glass nodules and part-solid nodules. The genomic characteristics of SSNs remain poorly understood. METHODS We subjected 154 SSN samples from 120 treatment-naïve Chinese patients to whole-exome sequencing. Clinical parameters and radiological features of these SSNs were collected. The genomic landscape of SSNs and differences from that of advanced-stage LUADs were defined. In addition, we investigated the intratumour heterogeneity and clonal relationship of multifocal SSNs and conducted radiogenomic analysis to link imaging and molecular characteristics of SSNs. Fisher's exact and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS The median somatic mutation rate across the SSN cohort was 1.12 mutations per Mb. Mutations in EGFR were the most prominent and significant variation, followed by those in RBM10, TP53, STK11 and KRAS. The differences between SSNs and advanced-stage LUADs at a genomic level were unravelled. Branched evolution and remarkable genomic heterogeneity were demonstrated in SSNs. Although multicentric origin was predominant, we also detected early metastatic events among multifocal SSNs. Using radiogenomic analysis, we found that higher ratios of solid components in SSNs were accompanied by significantly higher mutation frequencies in EGFR, TP53, RBM10 and ARID1B, suggesting that these genes play roles in the progression of LUADs. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides the first comprehensive description of the mutational landscape and radiogenomic mapping of SSNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmeng Li
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences and Dept of Thoracic Surgery, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,These authors contributed equally to the study
| | - Xiao Li
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences and Dept of Thoracic Surgery, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,These authors contributed equally to the study
| | - Hao Li
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences and Dept of Thoracic Surgery, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,These authors contributed equally to the study
| | - Yifan Zhao
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences and Dept of Thoracic Surgery, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,These authors contributed equally to the study
| | - Ziyang Liu
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences and Dept of Thoracic Surgery, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,These authors contributed equally to the study
| | - Kunkun Sun
- Dept of Pathology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Zhu
- Dept of Pathology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyi Qi
- Dept of Radiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bei An
- Dept of Radiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Danhua Shen
- Dept of Pathology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoyan Li
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences and Dept of Thoracic Surgery, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Taorui Liu
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences and Dept of Thoracic Surgery, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahui Mi
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences and Dept of Thoracic Surgery, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Fan Yang
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences and Dept of Thoracic Surgery, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,These authors contributed equally to the study
| | - Fan Bai
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences and Dept of Thoracic Surgery, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,These authors contributed equally to the study
| | - Jun Wang
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences and Dept of Thoracic Surgery, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China .,These authors contributed equally to the study
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33
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Wang H, Ma Y, Lin Y, Chen R, Xu B, Deng J. SHU00238 Promotes Colorectal Cancer Cell Apoptosis Through miR-4701-3p and miR-4793-3p. Front Genet 2020; 10:1320. [PMID: 31998373 PMCID: PMC6965150 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most leading causes of death. Searching for new therapeutic targets for colorectal cancer is urgently needed. SHU00238, an isoxazole derivative, was reported to suppress colorectal tumor growth through microRNAs. But the underlying mechanisms still remain unknown. Here, we explored the mechanism of SHU00238 on colorectal cancer by RT-PCR, CCK-8, flow cytometry, mirTarBase, and GO enrichment analysis. We screened partial microRNAs regulated by SHU00238 in colorectal cancer cells. Furthermore, we identified that miR-4701-3p and miR-4793-3p can reverse the acceleration of SHU00238 on colorectal cancer cell apoptosis in HCT116 Cells. Finally, we found that SMARCA5, MBD3, VPS53, EHD4 are estimated to mediate the regulation of miR-4701-3p and miR-4793-3p on colorectal cancer cell apoptosis, which targets ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling pathway and endocytic recycling pathway. Taken together, our study reveals that SHU00238 promotes colorectal cancer cell apoptosis through miR-4701-3p and miR-4793-3p, which provide a potential drug target and therapeutic strategy for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Qianweichang College, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yurui Ma
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Qianweichang College, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Chen
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Qianweichang College, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,Innovative Drug Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiali Deng
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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34
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Shioda N, Yabuki Y, Asamitsu S. [The potential of G-quadruplexes as a therapeutic target for neurological diseases]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2019; 154:294-300. [PMID: 31787679 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.154.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The most common form of DNA is a right-handed helix, the B-form DNA. DNA can also adopt a variety of alternative conformations, termed non-B-form DNA secondary structures, including the G-quadruplex (G4). Furthermore, non-canonical RNA G4 secondary structures are also observed. Recent bioinformatics analysis revealed genomic positions of G4. In addition, G4 formation may be associated with various biological functions, including DNA replication, transcription, epigenetic modification, and RNA metabolism. In this review, we focus on G4 structures in neuronal functions, which may have important roles reveal mechanisms underlying neurological disorders. In addition, we discuss the potential of G4s as a therapeutic target for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norifumi Shioda
- Department of Genomic Neurology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University
| | - Yasushi Yabuki
- Department of Genomic Neurology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University
| | - Sefan Asamitsu
- Department of Genomic Neurology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University
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35
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Cavalcante SG, Silva CPN, Sola PR, Tanaka LY, Oba-Shinjo SM, Marie SKN. ATRX-DAXX Complex Expression Levels and Telomere Length in Normal Young and Elder Autopsy Human Brains. DNA Cell Biol 2019; 38:955-961. [PMID: 31361513 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2019.4752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The chromatin-remodeling complex ATRX/DAXX is one of the major epigenetic factors that controls heterochromatin maintenance due to its role in histone deposition. ATRX is involved in nucleosome configuration and maintenance of higher order chromatin structure, and DAXX is a specific histone chaperone for H3.3 deposition. Dysfunctions in this complex have been associated with telomere shortening, which influences cell senescence. However, data about this complex in brain tissue related to aging are still scarce. Therefore, in the present study, we analyzed ATRX and DAXX expressions in autopsied human brain specimens and the telomere length. A significant decrease in gene and protein expressions was observed in the brain tissues from the elderly compared with those from the young, which were related to short telomeres. These findings may motivate further functional analysis to confirm the ATRX-DAXX complex involvement in telomere maintenance and brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella G Cavalcante
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, LIM 15, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarisse P N Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, LIM 15, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula R Sola
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, LIM 15, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Y Tanaka
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sueli M Oba-Shinjo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, LIM 15, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suely K N Marie
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, LIM 15, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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36
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Perspectives for Applying G-Quadruplex Structures in Neurobiology and Neuropharmacology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122884. [PMID: 31200506 PMCID: PMC6627371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common form of DNA is a right-handed helix or the B-form DNA. DNA can also adopt a variety of alternative conformations, non-B-form DNA secondary structures, including the DNA G-quadruplex (DNA-G4). Furthermore, besides stem-loops that yield A-form double-stranded RNA, non-canonical RNA G-quadruplex (RNA-G4) secondary structures are also observed. Recent bioinformatics analysis of the whole-genome and transcriptome obtained using G-quadruplex–specific antibodies and ligands, revealed genomic positions of G-quadruplexes. In addition, accumulating evidence pointed to the existence of these structures under physiologically- and pathologically-relevant conditions, with functional roles in vivo. In this review, we focused on DNA-G4 and RNA-G4, which may have important roles in neuronal function, and reveal mechanisms underlying neurological disorders related to synaptic dysfunction. In addition, we mention the potential of G-quadruplexes as therapeutic targets for neurological diseases.
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37
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Wang Y, Yang J, Wild AT, Wu WH, Shah R, Danussi C, Riggins GJ, Kannan K, Sulman EP, Chan TA, Huse JT. G-quadruplex DNA drives genomic instability and represents a targetable molecular abnormality in ATRX-deficient malignant glioma. Nat Commun 2019; 10:943. [PMID: 30808951 PMCID: PMC6391399 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08905-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutational inactivation of ATRX (α-thalassemia mental retardation X-linked) represents a defining molecular alteration in large subsets of malignant glioma. Yet the pathogenic consequences of ATRX deficiency remain unclear, as do tractable mechanisms for its therapeutic targeting. Here we report that ATRX loss in isogenic glioma model systems induces replication stress and DNA damage by way of G-quadruplex (G4) DNA secondary structure. Moreover, these effects are associated with the acquisition of disease-relevant copy number alterations over time. We then demonstrate, both in vitro and in vivo, that ATRX deficiency selectively enhances DNA damage and cell death following chemical G4 stabilization. Finally, we show that G4 stabilization synergizes with other DNA-damaging therapies, including ionizing radiation, in the ATRX-deficient context. Our findings reveal novel pathogenic mechanisms driven by ATRX deficiency in glioma, while also pointing to tangible strategies for drug development. ATRX deficiency is linked to genomic stability in cancer cells. Here, the authors show that ATRX inactivation induces G-quadruplex formation, leading to genome-wide DNA damage, and the use of G-quadruplex stabilisers can be exploited therapeutically in ATRX deficient gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Wang
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Radation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Aaron T Wild
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Wei H Wu
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Rachna Shah
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Carla Danussi
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Gregory J Riggins
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Oncology, and Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Kasthuri Kannan
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Erik P Sulman
- Department of Radation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Timothy A Chan
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jason T Huse
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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38
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Abstract
Advances in genome sequencing have elucidated the genetics of low-grade glioma. Available evidence indicates a neomorphic mutation in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) initiates gliomagenesis. Mutant IDH produces the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate, which inhibits enzymes that demethylate genomic DNA and histones. Recent findings by the authors and others suggest the ensuing hypermethylation alters chromatin conformation and the transcription factor landscape in brain progenitor cells, leading to a block in differentiation and tumor initiation. Work in preclinical models has identified selective metabolic and molecular vulnerabilities of low-grade glioma. These new concepts will trigger a wave of innovative clinical trials in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin Bready
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU School of Medicine, 530 First Avenue, Skirball 8R, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Dimitris G Placantonakis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, Neuroscience Institute, Brain Tumor Center, NYU School of Medicine, 530 First Avenue, Skirball 8R, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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39
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Targeting Telomerase and ATRX/DAXX Inducing Tumor Senescence and Apoptosis in the Malignant Glioma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20010200. [PMID: 30625996 PMCID: PMC6337644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a type of brain tumor that is notorious for its aggressiveness and invasiveness, and the complete removal of GBM is still not possible, even with advanced diagnostic strategies and extensive therapeutic plans. Its dismal prognosis and short survival time after diagnosis make it a crucial public health issue. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying GBM may inspire novel and effective treatments against this type of cancer. At a molecular level, almost all tumor cells exhibit telomerase activity (TA), which is a major means by which they achieve immortalization. Further studies show that promoter mutations are associated with increased TA and stable telomere length. Moreover, some tumors and immortalized cells maintain their telomeres with a telomerase-independent mechanism termed the “alternative lengthening of telomeres” (ALT), which relates to the mutations of the α-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked protein (ATRX), the death-domain associated protein (DAXX) and H3.3. By means of the mutations of the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter and ATRX/DAXX, cancers can immortalize and escape cell senescence and apoptosis. In this article, we review the evidence for triggering GBM cell death by targeting telomerase and the ALT pathway, with an extra focus on a plant-derived compound, butylidene phthalide (BP), which may be a promising novel anticancer compound with good potential for clinical applications.
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40
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Chen YY, Ho HL, Lin SC, Hsu CY, Ho DMT. Loss of BCAT1 Expression is a Sensitive Marker for IDH-Mutant Diffuse Glioma. Neurosurgery 2018; 85:335-342. [DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyy338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
IDH mutation is an important prognostic factor of diffuse astrocytomas. Although the majority of IDH mutations could be identified by immunohistochemical (IHC) stain for R132H-mutant IDH1, DNA sequencing would be required for IHC negative cases to determine their IDH mutation status. This approach is not cost-effective for tumors with low IDH mutation rates.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate whether BCAT1 could be used as a surrogate marker for IDH mutations, because BCAT1 is an enzyme related to IDH genes.
METHODS
A group of 120 anaplastic astrocytomas were immunostained for BCAT1, ATRX, and R132H-mutant IDH1. Staining results correlated with the results of DNA sequencing of IDH1/IDH2.
RESULTS
DNA sequencing showed IDH1/2 mutations in 50.8% of cases of which 73.8% had IDH1 R132H mutation. Several IDH1 noncodon 132 mutations, ie, G97D, S122N, G123E, I130K, and G131S, which had uncertain prognostic significance, were identified. IHC stain for R132H-mutant IDH1 identified 93.3% of IDH1 R132H mutations and 70.5% of all IDH mutations. BCAT1 loss was seen in 65.8% of cases, its sensitivity to identify IDH mutations was 96.7%. The sensitivity reached 100% for IDH1 codon 132 and IDH2 codon 172 mutations.
CONCLUSION
Positive BCAT1 stain could be used to exclude diffuse gliomas with IDH1 codon 132 and IDH2 codon 172 mutations. Selecting cases with negative BCAT1 and R132H-mutant IDH1 staining for DNA sequencing of IDH1/2 genes could improve the cost-effectiveness of detecting IDH mutations particularly in tumors with low IDH mutation rates, and confine the need of 1p/19q assay in IDH-mutant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ying Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Ling Ho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Lin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yi Hsu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Donald Ming-Tak Ho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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41
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Haase S, Garcia-Fabiani MB, Carney S, Altshuler D, Núñez FJ, Méndez FM, Núñez F, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Mutant ATRX: uncovering a new therapeutic target for glioma. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:599-613. [PMID: 29889582 PMCID: PMC6044414 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1487953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION ATRX is a chromatin remodeling protein whose main function is the deposition of the histone variant H3.3. ATRX mutations are widely distributed in glioma, and correlate with alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) development, but they also affect other cellular functions related to epigenetic regulation. Areas covered: We discuss the main molecular characteristics of ATRX, from its various functions in normal development to the effects of its loss in ATRX syndrome patients and animal models. We focus on the salient consequences of ATRX mutations in cancer, from a clinical to a molecular point of view, focusing on both adult and pediatric glioma. Finally, we will discuss the therapeutic opportunities future research perspectives. Expert opinion: ATRX is a major component of various essential cellular pathways, exceeding its functions as a histone chaperone (e.g. DNA replication and repair, chromatin higher-order structure regulation, gene transcriptional regulation, etc.). However, it is unclear how the loss of these functions in ATRX-null cancer cells affects cancer development and progression. We anticipate new treatments and clinical approaches will emerge for glioma and other cancer types as mechanistic and molecular studies on ATRX are only just beginning to reveal the many critical functions of this protein in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Haase
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell & Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - María Belén Garcia-Fabiani
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell & Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Stephen Carney
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell & Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - David Altshuler
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell & Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Felipe J Núñez
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell & Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Flor M Méndez
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell & Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Fernando Núñez
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell & Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Pedro R Lowenstein
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell & Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Maria G Castro
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell & Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
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42
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Abstract
Thalassemia is a disorder of hemoglobin characterized by reduced or absent production of one of the globin chains in human red blood cells with relative excess of the other. Impaired synthesis of β-globin results in β-thalassemia, whereas defective synthesis of α-globin leads to α-thalassemia. Despite being a monogenic disorder, thalassemia exhibits remarkable clinical heterogeneity that is directly related to the intracellular imbalance between α- and β-like globin chains. Novel insights into the genetic modifiers have contributed to the understanding of the correlation between genotype and phenotype and are being explored as therapeutic pathways to cure this life-limiting disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachith Mettananda
- Molecular Hematology Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC), Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Thalagolla Road, Ragama 11010, Sri Lanka
| | - Douglas R Higgs
- Molecular Hematology Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC), Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Blood Theme, Oxford University Hospitals, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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43
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Han B, Cai J, Gao W, Meng X, Gao F, Wu P, Duan C, Wang R, Dinislam M, Lin L, Kang C, Jiang C. Loss of ATRX suppresses ATM dependent DNA damage repair by modulating H3K9me3 to enhance temozolomide sensitivity in glioma. Cancer Lett 2018; 419:280-290. [PMID: 29378238 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in ATRX constitute the most prevalent genetic abnormalities in gliomas. The presence of ATRX mutations in glioma serves as a marker of better prognosis with longer patient survival although the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In the present study, we found that ATRX biological function was significantly involved in DNA replication and repair. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genetic inactivation of ATRX induced inhibition of cell proliferation, invasion and vasculogenic mimicry. In addition, temozolomide (TMZ) treatment induced greater DNA damage and apoptotic changes in ATRX knockout glioma cells. Moreover, we confirmed that ATRX knockout resulted in a failure to trigger ATM phosphorylation and finally restrained the activation of downstream proteins of the ATM pathway. The ATM-associated DNA repair pathway was extensively compromised in ATRX knockout cells owing to decreased histone H3K9me3 availability. Public databases also showed that patients with low ATRX expression exhibited preferable overall survival and profited more from TMZ treatment. These data suggest that ATRX is involved in DNA damage repair by regulating the ATM pathway and might serve as a prognostic maker in predicting TMZ chemosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China; Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jinquan Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China; Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing 100050, China; Neuroscience Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Weida Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China; Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiangqi Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China; Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing 100050, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China; Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chunbin Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China; Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ruijia Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China; Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing 100050, China
| | - Magafurov Dinislam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China; Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China; Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chunsheng Kang
- Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing 100050, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Lab of Neuro-oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Chuanlu Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China; Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing 100050, China; Neuroscience Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin 150086, China.
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44
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Vilas CK, Emery LE, Denchi EL, Miller KM. Caught with One's Zinc Fingers in the Genome Integrity Cookie Jar. Trends Genet 2018; 34:313-325. [PMID: 29370947 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Zinc finger (ZnF) domains are present in at least 5% of human proteins. First characterized as binding to DNA, ZnFs display extraordinary binding plasticity and can bind to RNA, lipids, proteins, and protein post-translational modifications (PTMs). The diverse binding properties of ZnFs have made their functional characterization challenging. While once confined to large and poorly characterized protein families, proteomic, cellular, and molecular studies have begun to shed light on their involvement as protectors of the genome. We focus here on the emergent roles of ZnF domain-containing proteins in promoting genome integrity, including their involvement in telomere maintenance and DNA repair. These findings have highlighted the need for further characterization of ZnF proteins, which can reveal the functions of this large gene class in normal cell function and human diseases, including those involving genome instability such as aging and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline K Vilas
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 2506 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Lara E Emery
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 2506 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Eros Lazzerini Denchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Kyle M Miller
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 2506 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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45
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46
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Farashi S, Harteveld CL. Molecular basis of α-thalassemia. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2017; 70:43-53. [PMID: 29032940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
α-Thalassemia is an inherited, autosomal recessive, disorder characterized by a microcytic hypochromic anemia. It is one of the most common monogenic gene disorders in the world population. The clinical severity varies from almost asymptomatic, to mild microcytic hypochromic, and to a lethal hemolytic condition, called Hb Bart's Hydrops Foetalis Syndrome. The molecular basis are usually deletions and less frequently, point mutations affecting the expression of one or more of the duplicated α-genes. The clinical variation and increase in disease severity is directly related to the decreased expression of one, two, three or four copies of the α-globin genes. Deletions and point mutations in the α-globin genes and their regulatory elements have been studied extensively in carriers and patients and these studies have given insight into the α-globin genes are regulated. By looking at naturally occurring deletions and point mutations, our knowledge of globin-gene regulation and expression will continue to increase and will lead to new targets of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Farashi
- Dept. of Clinical Genetics, Hemoglobinopathy Expert Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis L Harteveld
- Dept. of Clinical Genetics, Hemoglobinopathy Expert Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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47
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Park SH, Won J, Kim SI, Lee Y, Park CK, Kim SK, Choi SH. Molecular Testing of Brain Tumor. J Pathol Transl Med 2017; 51:205-223. [PMID: 28535583 PMCID: PMC5445205 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2017.03.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of central nervous system (CNS) tumors was revised in 2016 with a basis on the integrated diagnosis of molecular genetics. We herein provide the guidelines for using molecular genetic tests in routine pathological practice for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management. While astrocytomas and IDH-mutant (secondary) glioblastomas are characterized by the mutational status of IDH, TP53, and ATRX, oligodendrogliomas have a 1p/19q codeletion and mutations in IDH, CIC, FUBP1, and the promoter region of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERTp). IDH-wildtype (primary) glioblastomas typically lack mutations in IDH, but are characterized by copy number variations of EGFR, PTEN, CDKN2A/B, PDGFRA, and NF1 as well as mutations of TERTp. High-grade pediatric gliomas differ from those of adult gliomas, consisting of mutations in H3F3A, ATRX, and DAXX, but not in IDH genes. In contrast, well-circumscribed low-grade neuroepithelial tumors in children, such as pilocytic astrocytoma, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, and ganglioglioma, often have mutations or activating rearrangements in the BRAF, FGFR1, and MYB genes. Other CNS tumors, such as ependymomas, neuronal and glioneuronal tumors, embryonal tumors, meningothelial, and other mesenchymal tumors have important genetic alterations, many of which are diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive markers and therapeutic targets. Therefore, the neuropathological evaluation of brain tumors is increasingly dependent on molecular genetic tests for proper classification, prediction of biological behavior and patient management. Identifying these gene abnormalities requires cost-effective and high-throughput testing, such as next-generation sequencing. Overall, this paper reviews the global guidelines and diagnostic algorithms for molecular genetic testing of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hye Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neurosicence Institute, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaekyung Won
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Ik Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yujin Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul-Kee Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Ki Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Hong Choi
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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48
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Ji J, Quindipan C, Parham D, Shen L, Ruble D, Bootwalla M, Maglinte DT, Gai X, Saitta SC, Biegel JA, Mascarenhas L. Inherited germline ATRX mutation in two brothers with ATR-X syndrome and osteosarcoma. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:1390-1395. [PMID: 28371217 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We report a family in which two brothers had an undiagnosed genetic disorder comprised of dysmorphic features, microcephaly, severe intellectual disability (non-verbal), mild anemia, and cryptorchidism. Both developed osteosarcoma. Trio exome sequencing (using blood samples from the younger brother and both parents) was performed and a nonsense NM_000489.4:c.7156C>T (p.Arg2386*) mutation in the ATRX gene was identified in the proband (hemizygous) and in the mother's peripheral blood DNA (heterozygous). The mother is healthy, does not exhibit any clinical manifestations of ATR-X syndrome and there was no family history of cancer. The same hemizygous pathogenic variant was confirmed in the affected older brother's skin tissue by subsequent Sanger sequencing. Chromosomal microarray studies of both brothers' osteosarcomas revealed complex copy number alterations consistent with the clinical diagnosis of osteosarcoma. Recently, somatic mutations in the ATRX gene have been observed as recurrent alterations in both osteosarcoma and brain tumors. However, it is unclear if there is any association between osteosarcoma and germline ATRX mutations, specifically in patients with constitutional ATR-X syndrome. This is the first report of osteosarcoma diagnosed in two males with ATR-X syndrome, suggesting a potential increased risk for cancer in patients with this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianling Ji
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Personalized Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Catherine Quindipan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Personalized Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - David Parham
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lishuang Shen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Personalized Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - David Ruble
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Personalized Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Moiz Bootwalla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Personalized Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dennis T Maglinte
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Personalized Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xiaowu Gai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Personalized Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sulagna C Saitta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Personalized Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jaclyn A Biegel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Personalized Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Leo Mascarenhas
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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49
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Dyer MA, Qadeer ZA, Valle-Garcia D, Bernstein E. ATRX and DAXX: Mechanisms and Mutations. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a026567. [PMID: 28062559 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent genome sequencing efforts in a variety of cancers have revealed mutations and/or structural alterations in ATRX and DAXX, which together encode a complex that deposits histone variant H3.3 into repetitive heterochromatin. These regions include retrotransposons, pericentric heterochromatin, and telomeres, the latter of which show deregulation in ATRX/DAXX-mutant tumors. Interestingly, ATRX and DAXX mutations are often found in pediatric tumors, suggesting a particular developmental context in which these mutations drive disease. Here we review the functions of ATRX and DAXX in chromatin regulation as well as their potential contributions to tumorigenesis. We place emphasis on the chromatin remodeler ATRX, which is mutated in the developmental disorder for which it is named, α-thalassemia, mental retardation, X-linked syndrome, and at high frequency in a number of adult and pediatric tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - Zulekha A Qadeer
- Departments of Oncological Sciences and Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - David Valle-Garcia
- Departments of Oncological Sciences and Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Emily Bernstein
- Departments of Oncological Sciences and Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
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50
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Apte MS, Cooper JP. Life and cancer without telomerase: ALT and other strategies for making sure ends (don't) meet. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 52:57-73. [PMID: 27892716 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2016.1260090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
While most cancer cells rely on telomerase expression/re-activation for linear chromosome maintenance and sustained proliferation, a significant population of cancers (10-15%) employs telomerase-independent strategies, collectively dubbed Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT). Most ALT cells relax the usual role of telomeres as inhibitors of local homologous recombination while maintaining the ability of telomeres to prohibit local non-homologous end joining reactions. Here we review current concepts surrounding how ALT telomeres achieve this new balance via alterations in chromatin landscape, DNA damage repair processes and handling of telomeric transcription. We also discuss telomerase independent end maintenance strategies utilized by other organisms, including fruitflies and yeasts, to draw parallels and contrasts and highlight additional modes, beyond ALT, that may be available to telomerase-minus cancers. We conclude by commenting on promises and challenges in the development of effective anti-ALT cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi S Apte
- a Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Julia Promisel Cooper
- a Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH , Bethesda , MD , USA
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