1
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Dai Y, Xie XL, Dai HF, Li SM. Formation of Fungal 2,18-Dioxo-2,18- seco Indole Diterpenes by Nonenzymatic Flavin-Catalyzed Oxidative Ring Expansion and Oxygen Incorporation from Solvent Water. Org Lett 2023; 25:4092-4097. [PMID: 37249271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Most naturally occurring indole diterpenes share a 6/5/5/6/6/6 hexacyclic ring system, while a 6/8/6/6/6 pentacyclic skeleton is occasionally observed. In this study, we demonstrate the formation of an eight-membered C-N heteroring via nonenzymatic flavin-catalyzed oxidative indole ring opening. More interestingly, 18O-labeled experiments proved that the two incorporated oxygen atoms are predominantly originated from water instead of molecular oxygen. In this process, the oxidized form of flavin catalyzes two successive oxidations of amines to imines with involvement of hydrolysis for the ring expansion. The reduced flavin is then regenerated by oxidation with molecular oxygen to form H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Dai
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Xiu-Lan Xie
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Hao-Fu Dai
- Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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2
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Maureira D, Romero O, Illanes A, Wilson L, Ottone C. Industrial bioelectrochemistry for waste valorization: State of the art and challenges. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 64:108123. [PMID: 36868391 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectrochemistry has gained importance in recent years for some of its applications on waste valorization, such as wastewater treatment and carbon dioxide conversion, among others. The aim of this review is to provide an updated overview of the applications of bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) for waste valorization in the industry, identifying current limitations and future perspectives of this technology. BESs are classified according to biorefinery concepts into three different categories: (i) waste to power, (ii) waste to fuel and (iii) waste to chemicals. The main issues related to the scalability of bioelectrochemical systems are discussed, such as electrode construction, the addition of redox mediators and the design parameters of the cells. Among the existing BESs, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) stand out as the more advanced technologies in terms of implementation and R&D investment. However, there has been little transfer of such achievements to enzymatic electrochemical systems. It is necessary that enzymatic systems learn from the knowledge reached with MFC and MEC to accelerate their development to achieve competitiveness in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Maureira
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Brasil 2085, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Oscar Romero
- Bioprocess Engineering and Applied Biocatalysis Group, Departament of Chemical, Biological and Enviromental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Spain.
| | - Andrés Illanes
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Brasil 2085, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Lorena Wilson
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Brasil 2085, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Carminna Ottone
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Brasil 2085, Valparaíso, Chile.
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3
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Yang XT, Wang ZW, Tan X, Yin XY, Sun Y, Zhu YZ, Wang HF. Cr 3+-ZnGa 2O 4@Pt for Light-Triggered Dark Catalytic Regeneration of Nicotinamide Coenzymes without Other Electron Mediators. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:5273-5282. [PMID: 36648244 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysts for regeneration of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) usually work with continuous lighting and electron mediators, which causes impracticability under dark conditions, risk of NADH reoxidation, and complex separation. To solve these problems, we present a new catalyst of tiny Pt nanoparticles photodeposited on chromium-doped zinc gallate (CZGO@Pt). Upon being light-triggered, the photogenerated electrons are stored in the traps of CZGO and then gradually released and transferred by Pt to directly reduce NAD+ after stoppage of illumination. Three lighting modes are compared to demonstrate the feasibility and advantage of this light-triggered dark catalysis. Within 4 h of reaction, the in-the-dark NADH yield reaches 75.0% under prelighting CZGO@5%Pt and it reaches 80.0% under prelighting CZGO@5%Pt and triethanolamine (TEOA). However, the NADH yield is only 53.5% under continuous lighting of CZGO@5%Pt, TEOA, and NAD+. Consequently, the light-triggered dark catalytic regeneration of NADH not only saves energy and operates easily but also significantly elevates the NADH yield. It thus would secure wide interests and applications in places where no light or only intermittent light is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ting Yang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zheng-Wu Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xin Tan
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xia-Yin Yin
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yi-Zhou Zhu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - He-Fang Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Tianjin 300071, China
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4
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Zhang N, Trépout S, Chen H, Li MH. AIE Polymer Micelle/Vesicle Photocatalysts Combined with Native Enzymes for Aerobic Photobiocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:288-299. [PMID: 36562998 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalytic transformation has attracted increasing attention in the green synthesis of chemicals due to the diversity of enzymes, their high catalytic activities and specificities, and environmentally benign conditions. Most redox enzymes in nature are dependent on nicotinamide cofactors like β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)/reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). The use of solar energy, especially visible light, in the regeneration of cofactors through the combination of photocatalysis and biocatalysis provides an extraordinary opportunity to make complete green processes. However, the combination of photocatalysts and enzymes has been challenged by the rapid degradation and deactivation of the enzymatic material by photogenerated reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we design core-shell structured polymer micelles and vesicles with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) as visible-light-mediated photocatalysts for highly stable and recyclable photobiocatalysis under aerobic conditions. NAD+ from NADH can be efficiently regenerated by the photoactive hydrophobic core of polymer micelles and the hydrophobic membrane of polymer vesicles, while the enzymatic material (glucose 1-dehydrogenase) is screened from the attack of photogenerated ROS by the hydrophilic surface layer of polymer colloids. After at least 10 regeneration cycles, the enzyme keeps its active state; meanwhile, polymer micelles and vesicles maintain their photocatalytic activity. These polymer colloids show the potential to be developed for the implementation of industrially relevant photobiocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Zhang
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, UMR8247, CNRS, Chimie ParisTech, PSL Université Paris, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Trépout
- Institut Curie, Inserm US43, CNRS UMS2016, Université Paris-Saclay, Centre Universitaire, Bât. 101B-110-111-112, Rue Henri Becquerel, CS 90030, 91401 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Hui Chen
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, UMR8247, CNRS, Chimie ParisTech, PSL Université Paris, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Min-Hui Li
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, UMR8247, CNRS, Chimie ParisTech, PSL Université Paris, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
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5
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Biosynthesis of alkanes/alkenes from fatty acids or derivatives (triacylglycerols or fatty aldehydes). Biotechnol Adv 2022; 61:108045. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Properties and Mechanisms of Flavin-Dependent Monooxygenases and Their Applications in Natural Product Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052622. [PMID: 35269764 PMCID: PMC8910399 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products are usually highly complicated organic molecules with special scaffolds, and they are an important resource in medicine. Natural products with complicated structures are produced by enzymes, and this is still a challenging research field, its mechanisms requiring detailed methods for elucidation. Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent monooxygenases (FMOs) catalyze many oxidation reactions with chemo-, regio-, and stereo-selectivity, and they are involved in the synthesis of many natural products. In this review, we introduce the mechanisms for different FMOs, with the classical FAD (C4a)-hydroperoxide as the major oxidant. We also summarize the difference between FMOs and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) monooxygenases emphasizing the advantages of FMOs and their specificity for substrates. Finally, we present examples of FMO-catalyzed synthesis of natural products. Based on these explanations, this review will expand our knowledge of FMOs as powerful enzymes, as well as implementation of the FMOs as effective tools for biosynthesis.
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Preparation of ZIF@ADH/NAD-MSN/LDH Core Shell Nanocomposites for the Enhancement of Coenzyme Catalyzed Double Enzyme Cascade. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11092171. [PMID: 34578486 PMCID: PMC8464746 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The field of enzyme cascades in limited microscale or nanoscale environments has undergone a quick growth and attracted increasing interests in the field of rapid development of systems chemistry. In this study, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) immobilized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) were successfully immobilized on the zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs). This immobilized product was named ZIF@ADH/NAD-MSN/LDH, and the effect of the multi-enzyme cascade was studied by measuring the catalytic synthesis of lactic acid. The loading efficiency of the enzyme in the in-situ co-immobilization method reached 92.65%. The synthesis rate of lactic acid was increased to 70.10%, which was about 2.82 times that of the free enzyme under the optimal conditions (40 °C, pH = 8). Additionally, ZIF@ADH/NAD-MSN/LDH had experimental stability (71.67% relative activity after four experiments) and storage stability (93.45% relative activity after three weeks of storage at 4 °C; 76.89% relative activity after incubation in acetonitrile-aqueous solution for 1 h; 27.42% relative activity after incubation in 15% N, N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) solution for 1 h). In summary, in this paper, the cyclic regeneration of coenzymes was achieved, and the reaction efficiency of the multi-enzyme biocatalytic cascade was improved due to the reduction of substrate diffusion.
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8
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Ottone C, Pugliese D, Laurenti M, Hernández S, Cauda V, Grez P, Wilson L. ZnO Materials as Effective Anodes for the Photoelectrochemical Regeneration of Enzymatically Active NAD . ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:10719-10727. [PMID: 33645209 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the study of ZnO-based anodes for the photoelectrochemical regeneration of the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). The latter is the most important coenzyme for dehydrogenases. However, the high costs of NAD+ limit the use of such enzymes at the industrial level. The influence of the ZnO morphologies (flower-like, porous film, and nanowires), showing different surface area and crystallinity, was studied. The detection of diluted solutions (0.1 mM) of the reduced form of the coenzyme (NADH) was accomplished by the flower-like and the porous films, whereas concentrations greater than 20 mM were needed for the detection of NADH with nanowire-shaped ZnO-based electrodes. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO was reduced at increasing concentrations of NAD+ because part of the ultraviolet irradiation was absorbed by the coenzyme, reducing the photons available for the ZnO material. The higher electrochemical surface area of the flower-like film makes it suitable for the regeneration reaction. The illumination of the electrodes led to a significant increase on the NAD+ regeneration with respect to both the electrochemical oxidation in dark and the only photochemical reaction. The tests with formate dehydrogenase demonstrated that 94% of the regenerated NAD+ was enzymatically active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carminna Ottone
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil 2085, 2340000 Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Diego Pugliese
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Laurenti
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Simelys Hernández
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Cauda
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Paula Grez
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Universidad 330, Curauma, 2340000 Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Lorena Wilson
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil 2085, 2340000 Valparaiso, Chile
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Morrison CS, Paskaleva EE, Rios MA, Beusse TR, Blair EM, Lin LQ, Hu JR, Gorby AH, Dodds DR, Armiger WB, Dordick JS, Koffas MAG. Improved soluble expression and use of recombinant human renalase. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242109. [PMID: 33180865 PMCID: PMC7660482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical bioreactor systems have enjoyed significant attention in the past few decades, particularly because of their applications to biobatteries, artificial photosynthetic systems, and microbial electrosynthesis. A key opportunity with electrochemical bioreactors is the ability to employ cofactor regeneration strategies critical in oxidative and reductive enzymatic and cell-based biotransformations. Electrochemical cofactor regeneration presents several advantages over other current cofactor regeneration systems, such as chemoenzymatic multi-enzyme reactions, because there is no need for a sacrificial substrate and a recycling enzyme. Additionally, process monitoring is simpler and downstream processing is less costly. However, the direct electrochemical reduction of NAD(P)+ on a cathode may produce adventitious side products, including isomers of NAD(P)H that can act as potent competitive inhibitors to NAD(P)H-requiring enzymes such as dehydrogenases. To overcome this limitation, we examined how nature addresses the adventitious formation of isomers of NAD(P)H. Specifically, renalases are enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of 1,2- and 1,6-NAD(P)H to NAD(P)+, yielding an effective recycling of unproductive NAD(P)H isomers. We designed several mutants of recombinant human renalase isoform 1 (rhRen1), expressed them in E. coli BL21(DE3) to enhance protein solubility, and evaluated the activity profiles of the renalase variants against NAD(P)H isomers. The potential for rhRen1 to be employed in engineering applications was then assessed in view of the enzyme’s stability upon immobilization. Finally, comparative modeling was performed to assess the underlying reasons for the enhanced solubility and activity of the mutant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford S. Morrison
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - Elena E. Paskaleva
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - Marvin A. Rios
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas R. Beusse
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - Elaina M. Blair
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Lucy Q. Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - James R. Hu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - Aidan H. Gorby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - David R. Dodds
- BiochemInsights, Malvern, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Jonathan S. Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JSD); (MAGK)
| | - Mattheos A. G. Koffas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JSD); (MAGK)
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10
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Qian WZ, Ou L, Li CX, Pan J, Xu JH, Chen Q, Zheng GW. Evolution of Glucose Dehydrogenase for Cofactor Regeneration in Bioredox Processes with Denaturing Agents. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2680-2688. [PMID: 32324965 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) is a general tool for driving nicotinamide (NAD(P)H) regeneration in synthetic biochemistry. An increasing number of synthetic bioreactions are carried out in media containing high amounts of organic cosolvents or hydrophobic substrates/products, which often denature native enzymes, including those for cofactor regeneration. In this work, we attempted to improve the chemical stability of Bacillus megaterium GDH (BmGDHM0 ) in the presence of large amounts of 1-phenylethanol by directed evolution. Among the resulting mutants, BmGDHM6 (Q252L/E170K/S100P/K166R/V72I/K137R) exhibited a 9.2-fold increase in tolerance against 10 % (v/v) 1-phenylethanol. Moreover, BmGDHM6 was also more stable than BmGDHM0 when exposed to hydrophobic and enzyme-inactivating compounds such as acetophenone, ethyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate, and ethyl (R)-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyrate. Coupled with a Candida glabrata carbonyl reductase, BmGDHM6 was successfully used for the asymmetric reduction of deactivating ethyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate with total turnover number of 1800 for the nicotinamide cofactor, thus making it attractive for commercial application. Overall, the evolution of chemically robust GDH facilitates its wider use as a general tool for NAD(P)H regeneration in biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Zhuo Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Ling Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Xiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Gao-Wei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
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Le TXH, Etienne M, Lapicque F, Hehn A, Vilà N, Walcarius A. Local removal of oxygen for NAD(P)+ detection in aerated solutions. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Abstract
Flavin-dependent enzymes catalyze a wide variety of biological reactions that are important for all types of living organisms. Knowledge gained from studying the chemistry and biological functions of flavins and flavin-dependent enzymes has continuously made significant contributions to the development of the fields of enzymology and metabolism from the 1970s until now. The enzymes have been applied in various applications such as use as biocatalysts in synthetic processes for the chemical and pharmaceutical industries or in the biodetoxification and bioremediation of toxic or unwanted compounds, and as biosensors or biodetection tools for quantifying various agents of interest. Many flavin-dependent enzymes are also prime targets for drug development. Based on their reaction mechanisms, they can be classified into five categories: oxidase, dehydrogenase, monooxygenase, reductase, and redox neutral flavin-dependent enzymes. In this chapter, the general properties of flavin-dependent enzymes and the nature of their chemical reactions are discussed, along with their practical applications.
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Cui C, Lin H, Pu W, Guo C, Liu Y, Pei XQ, Wu ZL. Asymmetric Epoxidation and Sulfoxidation Catalyzed by a New Styrene Monooxygenase from Bradyrhizobium. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 193:65-78. [PMID: 32808246 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03413-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric epoxidation catalyzed with styrene monooxygenase (SMO) is a powerful enzymatic process producing enantiopure styrene epoxide derivatives. To establish a more diversified reservoir of SMOs, a new SMO from Bradyrhizobium sp. ORS 375, named BrSMO, was mined from the database and characterized. BrSMO was constituted of an epoxygenase component of 415 amino acid residues and an NADH-dependent flavin reductase component of 175 residues. BrSMO catalyzed the epoxidation of styrene and 7 more styrene derivatives, yielding the corresponding (S)-epoxides with excellent enantiomeric excesses (95- > 99% ee), with the highest activity achieved for styrene. BrSMO also catalyzed the asymmetric sulfoxidation of 7 sulfides, producing the corresponding (R)-sulfoxides (20-90% ee) with good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hui Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Wei Pu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chao Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiao-Qiong Pei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhong-Liu Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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14
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Mordhorst S, Andexer JN. Round, round we go - strategies for enzymatic cofactor regeneration. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:1316-1333. [PMID: 32582886 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00004c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to the beginning of 2020Enzymes depending on cofactors are essential in many biosynthetic pathways of natural products. They are often involved in key steps: catalytic conversions that are difficult to achieve purely with synthetic organic chemistry. Hence, cofactor-dependent enzymes have great potential for biocatalysis, on the condition that a corresponding cofactor regeneration system is available. For some cofactors, these regeneration systems require multiple steps; such complex enzyme cascades/multi-enzyme systems are (still) challenging for in vitro biocatalysis. Further, artificial cofactor analogues have been synthesised that are more stable, show an altered reaction range, or act as inhibitors. The development of bio-orthogonal systems that can be used for the production of modified natural products in vivo is an ongoing challenge. In light of the recent progress in this field, this review aims to provide an overview of general strategies involving enzyme cofactors, cofactor analogues, and regeneration systems; highlighting the current possibilities for application of enzymes using some of the most common cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja Mordhorst
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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15
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Mortazavi M, Nezafat N, Negahdaripour M, Raee MJ, Torkzadeh-Mahani M, Riahi-Madvar A, Ghasemi Y. In silicoEvaluation of Substrate Binding Site and Rare Codons in the Structure of CYP152A1. CURR PROTEOMICS 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570164616666190220143131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:The Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) have an essential role in the oxidation of endogenous and exogenous molecules. The CYPs are identified in all domains of life, but the CYP152A1 from Bacillus subtilis is specially considered for clinical and industrial applications. The molecular cloning of a new type of CYP from Bacillus subtilis was reported, previously. Here, we describe the hidden layer of biological information of the CYP152A1 enzyme, which can help researchers for better understanding of enzyme application. In this study, four rare codons of enzyme, including Arg63, Arg187, Arg276, and Arg338 were identified and evaluated using the bioinformatics web servers.Methods:Through in silico modeling of CYP152A1 via the I-TASSER server, the above-mentioned rare codons were studied in the structure of enzyme that may have an important role in the proper folding of CYP152A1. In the following, the substrate binding site of CYP152A1 was studied by AutoDock Vina, and the heme and palmitic acid were considered as the substrates.Results:The results of docking study elucidated the Arg242 in the active site is closely related to the substrate binding site of CYP152A1, which help us to further clarify the mechanism of the enzyme reaction.Conclusion:Studies of these hidden information’s can enhance our understanding of CYP152A1 folding and protein expression challenges. Moreover, identification of rare codons can help in the rational design of new and effective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Mortazavi
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Science, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Navid Nezafat
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Manica Negahdaripour
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad J. Raee
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Masoud Torkzadeh-Mahani
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Science, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Riahi-Madvar
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Science, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran
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16
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El-Sayed R, Waraky A, Ezzat K, Albabtain R, ElGammal K, Shityakov S, Muhammed M, Hassan M. Degradation of pristine and oxidized single wall carbon nanotubes by CYP3A4. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 515:487-492. [PMID: 31164198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a class of carbon based nanomaterials which have attracted substantial attention in recent years as they exhibit outstanding physical, mechanical and optical properties. In the last decade many studies have emerged of the underlying mechanisms behind CNT toxicity including malignant transformation, the formation of granulomas, inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, DNA damage and mutation. In the present investigation, we studied the biodegradation of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) by Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP3A4) through using Raman spectroscopy. CYP3A4 is known isozyme accountable for metabolizing various endogenous and exogenous xenobiotics. CYP3A4 is expressed dominantly in the liver and other organs including the lungs. Our results suggest that CYP3A4 has a higher affinity for p-SWNTs compared to c-SWNTs. HEK293 cellular viability was not compromised when incubated with SWNT. However, CYP3A4 transfected HEK293 cell line showed no digestion of c-SWNTs after incubation for 96 h. Cellular uptake of c-SWNTs was observed by electron microscopy and localization of c-SWNTs was confirmed in endosomal vesicles and in the cytoplasm. This is the first study CYP3A4 degrading both p-SWNTs and c-SWNTs in an in vitro setup. Interestingly, our results show that CYP3A4 is more proficient in degrading p-SWNTs than c-SWNTs. We also employed computational modeling and docking assessments to develop a further understanding of the molecular interaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R El-Sayed
- Experimental Cancer Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Waraky
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gothenburg University, Sweden
| | - K Ezzat
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Albabtain
- College of Applied Medical Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - K ElGammal
- Department of Electronics and Embedded Systems, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Shityakov
- Dept. of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - M Muhammed
- Functional Nanomaterials Division, The Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Hassan
- Experimental Cancer Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden; Clinical Research Centre, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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17
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Abstract
Styrene monooxygenases are soluble two-component flavoproteins that catalyze the NADH and FAD-dependent enantioselective epoxidation of styrene to styrene oxide in the aqueous phase. These enzymes present interesting mechanistic features and potential as catalysts in biotechnological applications ranging from green chemical synthesis to bioremediation. This chapter presents approaches for the expression of the reductase (SMOB, StyB) and epoxidase (SMOA, StyA) components of SMO from pET-vectors as native or N-terminally histidine-tagged proteins in commercial strains of E. coli. The two-component structure of SMO and hydrophobic nature of styrene substrate requires some special consideration in evaluating the mechanism of this enzyme. The modular composition of the enzyme allows the flavin-reduction reaction of SMOB and styrene epoxidation reaction of SMOA to be evaluated both independently and as a composite catalytic system. The freedom to independently study the reductase and epoxidase components of SMO significantly simplifies studies of equilibrium-binding and the coupling of the free energy of ligand binding to the electrochemical potential of bound FAD. In this chapter, methods of steady-state and pre-steady-state kinetic assay, experimental approaches to equilibrium-binding reactions of flavin and substrate, and determination of the electrochemical midpoint potential of FAD bound to the reductase and epoxidase components of SMO are presented. This presentation focuses on approaches that have been successfully used in the study of the wild-type styrene monooxygenase system recovered from Pseudomonas putida (S12), but similar approaches may be effective in the characterization of related two-component enzyme systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- George T Gassner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Ee Taek Hwang
- Center for Convergence Bioceramic Materials, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering & Technology, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonbyul Lee
- Center for Convergence Bioceramic Materials, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering & Technology, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Republic of Korea
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19
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Mühldorf B, Lennert U, Wolf R. Coupling photoredox and biomimetic catalysis for the visible-light-driven oxygenation of organic compounds. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2018-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Recent advances in the development of coupled photoredox systems for the oxygenation of organic compounds are reviewed.
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20
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Bahrami A, Iliuta I, Garnier A, Larachi F, Vincent T, Iliuta MC. Kinetics of Enzymatic Hydroxylation by Free and MNPs-Immobilized NADH-Dependent Cytochrome P450 BM3 from Bacillus megaterium. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b04513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atieh Bahrami
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laval University, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Ion Iliuta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laval University, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Alain Garnier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laval University, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Faïçal Larachi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laval University, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Thierry Vincent
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laval University, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Maria C. Iliuta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laval University, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
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21
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Morrison C, Heitmann E, Armiger W, Dodds D, Koffas M. Electrochemical Bioreactor Technology for Biocatalysis and Microbial Electrosynthesis. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018; 105:51-86. [PMID: 30342723 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Two seemingly distinct fields, industrial biocatalysis and microbial electrosynthesis, can be viewed together through the lens of electrochemical bioreactor technology in order to highlight the challenges that exist in creating a versatile platform technology for use in chemical and biological applications. Industrial biocatalysis applications requiring NAD(P)H to perform redox transformations often necessitate convoluted coupled-enzyme regeneration systems to regenerate reduced cofactor, NAD(P)H from oxidized cofactor, NAD(P). Renewed interest in continuously recycling the cofactor via electrochemical reduction is motivated by the low cost of performing electrochemical reactions, easy monitoring of the reaction progress, and straightforward product recovery. However, electrochemical cofactor regeneration methods invariably produce adventitious reduced cofactor side products which result in unproductive loss of input NAD(P). Microbial electrosynthesis is a form of microbially driven catalysis in which electricity is supplied to living microorganisms for the production of industrially relevant chemical products at higher carbon efficiencies and yields compared with traditional, nonelectrically driven, fermentations. The fundamental biochemistry of these organisms as related to selected biochemical redox processes will be explored in order to highlight opportunities to devise strategies for taking advantage of these biochemical processes in engineered systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Morrison
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth Heitmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | | | - David Dodds
- BioChemInsights, Inc., Malvern, PA, United States
| | - Mattheos Koffas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
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22
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Lee SH, Choi DS, Kuk SK, Park CB. Photobiokatalyse: Aktivierung von Redoxenzymen durch direkten oder indirekten Transfer photoinduzierter Elektronen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sahng Ha Lee
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 335 Science Road Daejeon 305-701 Republik Korea
| | - Da Som Choi
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 335 Science Road Daejeon 305-701 Republik Korea
| | - Su Keun Kuk
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 335 Science Road Daejeon 305-701 Republik Korea
| | - Chan Beum Park
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 335 Science Road Daejeon 305-701 Republik Korea
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23
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Lee SH, Choi DS, Kuk SK, Park CB. Photobiocatalysis: Activating Redox Enzymes by Direct or Indirect Transfer of Photoinduced Electrons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7958-7985. [PMID: 29194901 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalytic transformation has received increasing attention in the green synthesis of chemicals because of the diversity of enzymes, their high catalytic activities and specificities, and mild reaction conditions. The idea of solar energy utilization in chemical synthesis through the combination of photocatalysis and biocatalysis provides an opportunity to make the "green" process greener. Oxidoreductases catalyze redox transformation of substrates by exchanging electrons at the enzyme's active site, often with the aid of electron mediator(s) as a counterpart. Recent progress indicates that photoinduced electron transfer using organic (or inorganic) photosensitizers can activate a wide spectrum of redox enzymes to catalyze fuel-forming reactions (e.g., H2 evolution, CO2 reduction) and synthetically useful reductions (e.g., asymmetric reduction, oxygenation, hydroxylation, epoxidation, Baeyer-Villiger oxidation). This Review provides an overview of recent advances in light-driven activation of redox enzymes through direct or indirect transfer of photoinduced electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahng Ha Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 335 Science Road, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Som Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 335 Science Road, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Keun Kuk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 335 Science Road, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Beum Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 335 Science Road, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
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24
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Bahrami A, Garnier A, Larachi F, Iliuta MC. Covalent immobilization of cytochrome P450 BM3 (R966D/W1046S) on glutaraldehyde activated SPIONs. CAN J CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atieh Bahrami
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Laval University; QC, G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Alain Garnier
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Laval University; QC, G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Faïçal Larachi
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Laval University; QC, G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Maria C. Iliuta
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Laval University; QC, G1V 0A6 Canada
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25
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Zernia S, Frank R, Weiße RHJ, Jahnke HG, Bellmann-Sickert K, Prager A, Abel B, Sträter N, Robitzki A, Beck-Sickinger AG. Surface-Binding Peptide Facilitates Electricity-Driven NADPH-Free Cytochrome P450 Catalysis. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201701810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Zernia
- Institute of Biochemistry; Leipzig University; Brüderstraße 34 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Ronny Frank
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine; Leipzig University; Deutscher Platz 5 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Renato H.-J. Weiße
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine; Leipzig University; Deutscher Platz 5 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Heinz-Georg Jahnke
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine; Leipzig University; Deutscher Platz 5 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | | | - Andrea Prager
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Modification, IOM; Permoserstraße 15 04318 Leipzig Germany
| | - Bernd Abel
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Modification, IOM; Permoserstraße 15 04318 Leipzig Germany
| | - Norbert Sträter
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine; Leipzig University; Deutscher Platz 5 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Andrea Robitzki
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine; Leipzig University; Deutscher Platz 5 04103 Leipzig Germany
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26
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Xu X, Bai G, Song L, Zheng Q, Yao Y, Liu S, Yao C. Fast steroid hormone metabolism assays with electrochemical liver microsomal bioreactor based on polydopamine encapsulated gold-graphene nanocomposite. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.11.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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27
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Improved strategies for electrochemical 1,4-NAD(P)H 2 regeneration: A new era of bioreactors for industrial biocatalysis. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 36:120-131. [PMID: 29030132 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Industrial enzymatic reactions requiring 1,4-NAD(P)H2 to perform redox transformations often require convoluted coupled enzyme regeneration systems to regenerate 1,4-NAD(P)H2 from NAD(P) and recycle the cofactor for as many turnovers as possible. Renewed interest in recycling the cofactor via electrochemical means is motivated by the low cost of performing electrochemical reactions, easy monitoring of the reaction progress, and straightforward product recovery. However, electrochemical cofactor regeneration methods invariably produce adventitious reduced cofactor side products which result in unproductive loss of input NAD(P). We review various literature strategies for mitigating adventitious product formation by electrochemical cofactor regeneration systems, and offer insight as to how a successful electrochemical bioreactor system could be constructed to engineer efficient 1,4-NAD(P)H2-dependent enzyme reactions of interest to the industrial biocatalysis community.
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28
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White BE, Fenner CJ, Smit MS, Harrison STL. Effect of cell permeability and dehydrogenase expression on octane activation by CYP153A6-based whole cell Escherichia coli catalysts. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:156. [PMID: 28931395 PMCID: PMC5607502 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0763-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regeneration of cofactors and the supply of alkane substrate are key considerations for the biocatalytic activation of hydrocarbons by cytochrome P450s. This study focused on the biotransformation of n-octane to 1-octanol using resting Escherichia coli cells expressing the CYP153A6 operon, which includes the electron transport proteins ferredoxin and ferredoxin reductase. Glycerol dehydrogenase was co-expressed with the CYP153A6 operon to investigate the effects of boosting cofactor regeneration. In order to overcome the alkane supply bottleneck, various chemical and physical approaches to membrane permeabilisation were tested in strains with or without additional dehydrogenase expression. RESULTS Dehydrogenase co-expression in whole cells did not improve product formation and reduced the stability of the system at high cell densities. Chemical permeabilisation resulted in initial hydroxylation rates that were up to two times higher than the whole cell system, but severely impacted biocatalyst stability. Mechanical cell breakage led to improved enzyme stability, but additional dehydrogenase expression was necessary to improve product formation. The best-performing system (in terms of final titres) consisted of mechanically ruptured cells expressing additional dehydrogenase. This system had an initial activity of 1.67 ± 0.12 U/gDCW (32% improvement on whole cells) and attained a product concentration of 34.8 ± 1.6 mM after 24 h (22% improvement on whole cells). Furthermore, the system was able to maintain activity when biotransformation was extended to 72 h, resulting in a final product titre of 60.9 ± 1.1 mM. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that CYP153A6 in whole cells is limited by coupling efficiencies rather than cofactor supply. However, the most significant limitation in the current system is hydrocarbon transport, with substrate import being the main determinant of hydroxylation rates, and product export playing a key role in system stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn E White
- Centre for Bioprocess Engineering Research (CeBER), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa.,South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis, c*change, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - Caryn J Fenner
- Centre for Bioprocess Engineering Research (CeBER), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa.,South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis, c*change, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - Martha S Smit
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.,South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis, c*change, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - Susan T L Harrison
- Centre for Bioprocess Engineering Research (CeBER), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa. .,South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis, c*change, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa.
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29
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Fang X, Duan Y, Liu Y, Adkins G, Zang W, Zhong W, Qiao L, Liu B. Photochemical Bionanoreactor for Efficient Visible-Light-Driven in Vitro Drug Metabolism. Anal Chem 2017; 89:7365-7372. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoni Fang
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and State Key Lab of
Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yaokai Duan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside 92501, United States
| | - Yujie Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and State Key Lab of
Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Gary Adkins
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside 92501, United States
| | - Weijun Zang
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and State Key Lab of
Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wenwan Zhong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside 92501, United States
| | - Liang Qiao
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and State Key Lab of
Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai
Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Baohong Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and State Key Lab of
Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai
Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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30
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Hou Y, Hossain GS, Li J, Shin HD, Du G, Chen J, Liu L. Metabolic engineering of cofactor flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) synthesis and regeneration in Escherichia coli for production of α-keto acids. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:1928-1936. [PMID: 28498544 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cofactor flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) plays a vital role in many FAD-dependent enzymatic reactions; therefore, how to efficiently accelerate FAD synthesis and regeneration is an important topic in biocatalysis and metabolic engineering. In this study, a system involving the synthesis pathway and regeneration of FAD was engineered in Escherichia coli to improve α-keto acid production-from the corresponding l-amino acids-catalyzed by FAD-dependent l-amino acid deaminase (l-AAD). First, key genes, ribH, ribC, and ribF, were overexpressed and fine-tuned for FAD synthesis. In the resulting E. coli strain PHCF7, strong overexpression of pma, ribC, and ribF and moderate overexpression of ribH yielded a 90% increase in phenylpyruvic acid (PPA) titer: 19.4 ± 1.1 g · L-1 . Next, formate dehydrogenase (FDH) and NADH oxidase (NOX) were overexpressed to strengthen the regeneration rate of cofactors FADH2 /FAD using FDH for FADH2 /FAD regeneration and NOX for NAD+ /NADH regeneration. The resulting E. coli strain PHCF7-FDH-NOX yielded the highest PPA production: 31.4 ± 1.1 g · L-1 . Finally, this whole-cell system was adapted to production of other α-keto acids including α-ketoglutaric acid, α-ketoisocaproate, and keto-γ-methylthiobutyric acid to demonstrate the broad utility of strengthening of FAD synthesis and FADH2 /FAD regeneration for production of α-keto acids. Notably, the strategy reported herein may be generally applicable to other flavin-dependent biocatalysis reactions and metabolic pathway optimizations. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1928-1936. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China, 214122.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Gazi S Hossain
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China, 214122.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China, 214122.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hyun-Dong Shin
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China, 214122.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China, 214122.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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31
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Kato M, Lam Q, Bhandarkar M, Banh T, Heredia J, U A, Cheruzel L. Selective C–H bond functionalization with light-driven P450 biocatalysts. CR CHIM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Stufano P, Paris AR, Bocarsly A. Photoelectrochemical NADH Regeneration using Pt‐Modified
p
‐GaAs Semiconductor Electrodes. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Stufano
- Department of Chemistry Princeton University Frick Laboratory Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Aubrey R. Paris
- Department of Chemistry Princeton University Frick Laboratory Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Andrew Bocarsly
- Department of Chemistry Princeton University Frick Laboratory Princeton NJ 08544 USA
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Rodríguez-Hinestroza RA, López C, López-Santín J, Kane C, Dolors Benaiges M, Tzedakis T. HLADH-catalyzed synthesis of β-amino acids, assisted by continuous electrochemical regeneration of NAD + in a filter press microreactor. Chem Eng Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Okamoto Y, Köhler V, Paul CE, Hollmann F, Ward TR. Efficient In Situ Regeneration of NADH Mimics by an Artificial Metalloenzyme. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Okamoto
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 51, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Köhler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 51, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Caroline E. Paul
- Department
of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department
of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas R. Ward
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 51, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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35
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Holec C, Neufeld K, Pietruszka J. P450 BM3 Monooxygenase as an Efficient NAD(P)H-Oxidase for Regeneration of Nicotinamide Cofactors in ADH-Catalysed Preparative Scale Biotransformations. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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36
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Soussan L, Pen N, Belleville MP, Marcano JS, Paolucci-Jeanjean D. Alkane biohydroxylation: Interests, constraints and future developments. J Biotechnol 2016; 222:117-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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37
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Lee JH, Nam DH, Lee SH, Park JH, Park CB, Jeong KJ. Solar-to-chemical conversion platform by Robust Cytochrome P450-P(3HB) complex. J IND ENG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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A probabilistic framework for the exploration of enzymatic capabilities based on feasible kinetics and control analysis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1860:576-87. [PMID: 26721334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analysis of limiting steps within enzyme-catalyzed reactions is fundamental to understand their behavior and regulation. Methods capable of unravelling control properties and exploring kinetic capabilities of enzymatic reactions would be particularly useful for protein and metabolic engineering. While single-enzyme control analysis formalism has previously been applied to well-studied enzymatic mechanisms, broader application of this formalism is limited in practice by the limited amount of kinetic data and the difficulty of describing complex allosteric mechanisms. METHODS To overcome these limitations, we present here a probabilistic framework enabling control analysis of previously unexplored mechanisms under uncertainty. By combining a thermodynamically consistent parameterization with an efficient Sequential Monte Carlo sampler embedded in a Bayesian setting, this framework yields insights into the capabilities of enzyme-catalyzed reactions with modest kinetic information, provided that the catalytic mechanism and a thermodynamic reference point are defined. RESULTS The framework was used to unravel the impact of thermodynamic affinity, substrate saturation levels and effector concentrations on the flux control and response coefficients of a diverse set of enzymatic reactions. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the importance of the metabolic context in the control analysis of isolated enzymes as well as the use of statistically sound methods for their interpretation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This framework significantly expands our current capabilities for unravelling the control properties of general reaction kinetics with limited amount of information. This framework will be useful for both theoreticians and experimentalists in the field.
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Ströhle FW, Kranen E, Schrader J, Maas R, Holtmann D. A simplified process design for P450 driven hydroxylation based on surface displayed enzymes. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 113:1225-33. [PMID: 26574191 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
New production routes for fine and bulk chemicals are important to establish further sustainable processes in industry. Besides the identification of new biocatalysts and new production routes the optimization of existing processes in regard to an improved utilization of the catalysts are needed. In this paper we describe the successful expression of P450BM3 on the surface of E. coli cells with the Autodisplay system. The successful hydroxylation of palmitic acid by using surface-displayed P450BM3 was shown. Besides optimization of surface protein expression, several cofactor regeneration systems were compared and evaluated. Afterwards, the development of a suitable process for the biocatalytic hydroxylation of fatty acids based on the re-use of the catalysts after a simple centrifugation was investigated. It was shown that the catalyst can be used for several times without any loss in activity. By using surface-displayed P450s in combination with an enzymatic cofactor regeneration system a total turnover number of up to 54,700 could be reached, to the knowledge of the authors the highest value reported for a P450 monooxygenase to date. Further optimizations of the described reaction system can have an enormous impact on the process design for more sustainable bioprocesses. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1225-1233. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W Ströhle
- DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Biochemical Engineering, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, 60486, Germany
| | - Eva Kranen
- Autodisplay Biotech GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens Schrader
- DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Biochemical Engineering, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, 60486, Germany
| | - Ruth Maas
- Autodisplay Biotech GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dirk Holtmann
- DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Biochemical Engineering, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, 60486, Germany.
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40
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Comparison of CYP106A1 and CYP106A2 from Bacillus megaterium – identification of a novel 11-oxidase activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:8495-514. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6563-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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41
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Paul CE, Tischler D, Riedel A, Heine T, Itoh N, Hollmann F. Nonenzymatic Regeneration of Styrene Monooxygenase for Catalysis. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E. Paul
- Department
of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Tischler
- Interdisciplinary
Ecological Center, TU Bergakademie Freiberg Leipziger Straße 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Anika Riedel
- Interdisciplinary
Ecological Center, TU Bergakademie Freiberg Leipziger Straße 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Heine
- Interdisciplinary
Ecological Center, TU Bergakademie Freiberg Leipziger Straße 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Nobuya Itoh
- Biotechnology
Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department
of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628BL Delft, The Netherlands
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42
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Guidelines for development and implementation of biocatalytic P450 processes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:2465-83. [PMID: 25652652 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6403-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalytic reactions performed by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are interesting in pharmaceutical research since they are involved in human drug metabolism. Furthermore, they are potentially interesting as biocatalysts for synthetic chemistry because of the exquisite selectivity of the chemistry they undertake. For example, selective hydroxylation can be undertaken on a highly functionalized molecule without the need for functional group protection. Recent progress in the discovery of novel P450s as well as protein engineering of these enzymes strongly encourages further development of their application, including use in synthetic processes. The biological characteristics of P450s (e.g., cofactor dependence) motivate the use of whole-cell systems for synthetic processes, and those processes implemented in industry are so far dominated by growing cells and native host systems. However, for an economically feasible process, the expression of P450 systems in a heterologous host with sufficient biocatalyst yield (g/g cdw) for non-growing systems or space-time yield (g/L/h) for growing systems remains a major challenge. This review summarizes the opportunities to improve P450 whole-cell processes and strategies in order to apply and implement them in industrial processes, both from a biological and process perspective. Indeed, a combined approach of host selection and cell engineering, integrated with process engineering, is suggested as the most effective route to implementation.
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Qian J, Zhu W, Mi L, Xu X, Yu J, Cui D, Xue Y, Liu S. Nanohybrids of quantum dots and cytochrome P450 for light-driven drug metabolism. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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44
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Köhler V, Turner NJ. Artificial concurrent catalytic processes involving enzymes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 51:450-64. [PMID: 25350691 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07277d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The concurrent operation of multiple catalysts can lead to enhanced reaction features including (i) simultaneous linear multi-step transformations in a single reaction flask (ii) the control of intermediate equilibria (iii) stereoconvergent transformations (iv) rapid processing of labile reaction products. Enzymes occupy a prominent position for the development of such processes, due to their high potential compatibility with other biocatalysts. Genes for different enzymes can be co-expressed to reconstruct natural or construct artificial pathways and applied in the form of engineered whole cell biocatalysts to carry out complex transformations or, alternatively, the enzymes can be combined in vitro after isolation. Moreover, enzyme variants provide a wider substrate scope for a given reaction and often display altered selectivities and specificities. Man-made transition metal catalysts and engineered or artificial metalloenzymes also widen the range of reactivities and catalysed reactions that are potentially employable. Cascades for simultaneous cofactor or co-substrate regeneration or co-product removal are now firmly established. Many applications of more ambitious concurrent cascade catalysis are only just beginning to appear in the literature. The current review presents some of the most recent examples, with an emphasis on the combination of transition metal with enzymatic catalysis and aims to encourage researchers to contribute to this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Köhler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalststrasse 51, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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45
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Tosstorff A, Dennig A, Ruff AJ, Schwaneberg U, Sieber V, Mangold KM, Schrader J, Holtmann D. Mediated electron transfer with monooxygenases—Insight in interactions between reduced mediators and the co-substrate oxygen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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46
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Oppelt KT, Gasiorowski J, Egbe DAM, Kollender JP, Himmelsbach M, Hassel AW, Sariciftci NS, Knör G. Rhodium-coordinated poly(arylene-ethynylene)-alt-poly(arylene-vinylene) copolymer acting as photocatalyst for visible-light-powered NAD⁺/NADH reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:12721-9. [PMID: 25130570 PMCID: PMC4160281 DOI: 10.1021/ja506060u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A 2,2'-bipyridyl-containing poly(arylene-ethynylene)-alt-poly(arylene-vinylene) polymer, acting as a light-harvesting ligand system, was synthesized and coupled to an organometallic rhodium complex designed for photocatalytic NAD(+)/NADH reduction. The material, which absorbs over a wide spectral range, was characterized by using various analytical techniques, confirming its chemical structure and properties. The dielectric function of the material was determined from spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements. Photocatalytic reduction of nucleotide redox cofactors under visible light irradiation (390-650 nm) was performed and is discussed in detail. The new metal-containing polymer can be used to cover large surface areas (e.g. glass beads) and, due to this immobilization step, can be easily separated from the reaction solution after photolysis. Because of its high stability, the polymer-based catalyst system can be repeatedly used under different reaction conditions for (photo)chemical reduction of NAD(+). With this concept, enzymatic, photo-biocatalytic systems for solar energy conversion can be facilitated, and the precious metal catalyst can be recycled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin T. Oppelt
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler
University Linz, Altenberger
Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Jacek Gasiorowski
- Linz
Institute of Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
- Semiconductor
Physics, Technical University of Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Strasse 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Daniel Ayuk Mbi Egbe
- Linz
Institute of Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Jan Philipp Kollender
- Institute
of Chemical Technology of Inorganic Materials (ICTAS), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Markus Himmelsbach
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry (IAC), Johannes
Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Achim Walter Hassel
- Institute
of Chemical Technology of Inorganic Materials (ICTAS), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Niyazi Serdar Sariciftci
- Linz
Institute of Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Günther Knör
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler
University Linz, Altenberger
Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
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47
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Development of a high performance electrochemical cofactor regeneration module and its application to the continuous reduction of FAD. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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48
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Petschacher B, Staunig N, Müller M, Schürmann M, Mink D, De Wildeman S, Gruber K, Glieder A. Cofactor Specificity Engineering of Streptococcus mutans NADH Oxidase 2 for NAD(P)(+) Regeneration in Biocatalytic Oxidations. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2014; 9:e201402005. [PMID: 24757503 PMCID: PMC3995211 DOI: 10.5936/csbj.201402005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble water-forming NAD(P)H oxidases constitute a promising NAD(P)(+) regeneration method as they only need oxygen as cosubstrate and produce water as sole byproduct. Moreover, the thermodynamic equilibrium of O2 reduction is a valuable driving force for mostly energetically unfavorable biocatalytic oxidations. Here, we present the generation of an NAD(P)H oxidase with high activity for both cofactors, NADH and NADPH. Starting from the strictly NADH specific water-forming Streptococcus mutans NADH oxidase 2 several rationally designed cofactor binding site mutants were created and kinetic values for NADH and NADPH conversion were determined. Double mutant 193R194H showed comparable high rates and low K m values for NADPH (k cat 20 s(-1), K m 6 µM) and NADH (k cat 25 s(-1), K m 9 µM) with retention of 70% of wild type activity towards NADH. Moreover, by screening of a SeSaM library S. mutans NADH oxidase 2 variants showing predominantly NADPH activity were found, giving further insight into cofactor binding site architecture. Applicability for cofactor regeneration is shown for coupling with alcohol dehydrogenase from Sphyngobium yanoikuyae for 2-heptanone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Petschacher
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, c/o Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nicole Staunig
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, c/o Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50/3, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Müller
- DSM Innovative Synthesis B.V., P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, Netherlands
| | - Martin Schürmann
- DSM Innovative Synthesis B.V., P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, Netherlands
| | - Daniel Mink
- DSM Innovative Synthesis B.V., P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, Netherlands
| | | | - Karl Gruber
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, c/o Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50/3, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Anton Glieder
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, c/o Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
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50
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Winkler CK, Clay D, Entner M, Plank M, Faber K. NAD(P)H-independent asymmetric C=C bond reduction catalyzed by ene reductases by using artificial co-substrates as the hydrogen donor. Chemistry 2014; 20:1403-9. [PMID: 24382795 PMCID: PMC4413776 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To develop a nicotinamide-independent single flavoenzyme system for the asymmetric bioreduction of C=C bonds, four types of hydrogen donor, encompassing more than 50 candidates, were investigated. Six highly potent, cheap, and commercially available co-substrates were identified that (under the optimized conditions) resulted in conversions and enantioselectivities comparable with, or even superior to, those obtained with traditional two-enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H)-recycling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph K Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz (Austria) Fax: (+43) 316-380-9840
| | - Dorina Clay
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz (Austria) Fax: (+43) 316-380-9840
| | - Marcello Entner
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz (Austria) Fax: (+43) 316-380-9840
| | - Markus Plank
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz (Austria) Fax: (+43) 316-380-9840
| | - Kurt Faber
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz (Austria) Fax: (+43) 316-380-9840
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