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Cocquyt CM, Wilson IS, Madan CR, Palombo DJ. The retrograde effects of negative emotion on memory for conceptually related events: a registered report. Cogn Emot 2024:1-17. [PMID: 39254338 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2397371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Emotional events are often remembered better than neutral ones; however, emotion can also spill over and affect our memory for neutral experiences that precede an emotional event. Theories suggest that emotion can retroactively enhance memory for preceding neutral events that are considered high-priority while impairing memory for events deemed low-priority. However, the impact of conceptual relationships (i.e., semantic connections) between preceding neutral information and emotional events on memory for the preceding information has received little attention. This study investigated the influence of conceptual relatedness on the retroactive effects of emotion on memory. Participants sequentially encoded pairs of images that were high or low in conceptual relatedness, each comprising a neutral object followed by either a negative or neutral image. Participants returned the next day for a recognition memory assessment. The results indicated an interactive effect of emotion and conceptual relatedness on memory: In a "discovery" sample, memory was poorer for images preceding conceptually unrelated negative (vs. neutral) images, while the opposite pattern was seen for conceptually related images. In a "replication" sample, these effects were partially replicated, with the former impairment effect statistically observed but not the latter augmentation effect. Hence, conceptual relatedness affects how negative emotion influences memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel S Wilson
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Daniela J Palombo
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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2
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Laing PAF, Vervliet B, Dunsmoor JE, Harrison BJ. Pavlovian safety learning: An integrative theoretical review. Psychon Bull Rev 2024:10.3758/s13423-024-02559-4. [PMID: 39167292 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02559-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Safety learning involves associating stimuli with the absence of threats, enabling the inhibition of fear and anxiety. Despite growing interest in psychology, psychiatry, and neuroscience, safety learning lacks a formal consensus definition, leading to inconsistent methodologies and varied results. Conceptualized as a form of inhibitory learning (conditioned inhibition), safety learning can be understood through formal learning theories, such as the Rescorla-Wagner and Pearce-Hall models. This review aims to establish a principled conceptualization of 'Pavlovian safety learning', identifying cognitive mechanisms that generate safety and the boundary conditions that constrain it. Based on these observations, we define Pavlovian safety learning as an active associative process, where surprising threat-omission (safety prediction error) acts as a salient reinforcing event. Instead of producing merely neutral or nonaversive states, safety learning endows stimuli with active positive associations to 'safety'. The resulting stimulus-safety memories counteract the influence of fear memories, promoting fear regulation, positive affect, and relief. We critically analyze traditional criteria of conditioned inhibition for their relevance to safety and propose areas for future innovation. A principled concept of Pavlovian safety learning may reduce methodological inconsistencies, stimulate translational research, and facilitate a comprehensive understanding of an indispensable psychological construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A F Laing
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
- Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Bram Vervliet
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joseph E Dunsmoor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Ben J Harrison
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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3
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Cooper SE, Hennings AC, Bibb SA, Lewis-Peacock JA, Dunsmoor JE. Semantic structures facilitate threat memory integration throughout the medial temporal lobe and medial prefrontal cortex. Curr Biol 2024; 34:3522-3536.e5. [PMID: 39059393 PMCID: PMC11303100 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Emotional experiences can profoundly impact our conceptual model of the world, modifying how we represent and remember a host of information even indirectly associated with that experienced in the past. Yet, how a new emotional experience infiltrates and spreads across pre-existing semantic knowledge structures (e.g., categories) is unknown. We used a modified aversive sensory preconditioning paradigm in fMRI (n = 35) to investigate whether threat memories integrate with a pre-established category to alter the representation of the entire category. We observed selective but transient changes in the representation of conceptually related items in the amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, and occipitotemporal cortex following threat conditioning to a simple cue (geometric shape) pre-associated with a different, but related, set of category exemplars. These representational changes persisted beyond 24 h in the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex. Reactivation of the semantic category during threat conditioning, combined with activation of the hippocampus or medial prefrontal cortex, was predictive of subsequent amygdala reactivity toward novel category members at test. This provides evidence for online integration of emotional experiences into semantic categories, which then promotes threat generalization. Behaviorally, threat conditioning by proxy selectively and retroactively enhanced recognition memory and increased the perceived typicality of the semantic category indirectly associated with threat. These findings detail a complex route through which new emotional learning generalizes by modifying semantic structures built up over time and stored in memory as conceptual knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Cooper
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | | | - Sophia A Bibb
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jarrod A Lewis-Peacock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Joseph E Dunsmoor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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4
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Dubinsky JM, Hamid AA. The neuroscience of active learning and direct instruction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 163:105737. [PMID: 38796122 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Throughout the educational system, students experiencing active learning pedagogy perform better and fail less than those taught through direct instruction. Can this be ascribed to differences in learning from a neuroscientific perspective? This review examines mechanistic, neuroscientific evidence that might explain differences in cognitive engagement contributing to learning outcomes between these instructional approaches. In classrooms, direct instruction comprehensively describes academic content, while active learning provides structured opportunities for learners to explore, apply, and manipulate content. Synaptic plasticity and its modulation by arousal or novelty are central to all learning and both approaches. As a form of social learning, direct instruction relies upon working memory. The reinforcement learning circuit, associated agency, curiosity, and peer-to-peer social interactions combine to enhance motivation, improve retention, and build higher-order-thinking skills in active learning environments. When working memory becomes overwhelmed, additionally engaging the reinforcement learning circuit improves retention, providing an explanation for the benefits of active learning. This analysis provides a mechanistic examination of how emerging neuroscience principles might inform pedagogical choices at all educational levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M Dubinsky
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Arif A Hamid
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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5
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Azar A, Hubert T, Adams TG, Cisler JM, Crombie KM. Exercise and Fear and Safety Learning. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2024. [PMID: 39039358 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2024_494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Fear conditioning paradigms have been studied for over 100 years and are of great interest to the behavioral and clinical sciences given that several safety learning processes (e.g., extinction learning and recall) are thought to be fundamental to the success of exposure-based therapies for anxiety and related disorders. This chapter provides an overview of preclinical and clinical investigations that examined the effects of exercise on initial fear acquisition, fear extinction learning and consolidation, and return of fear outcomes. This chapter highlights the collective body of evidence suggesting that exercise administered after extinction learning enhances the consolidation and subsequent recall of extinction memories to a greater extent than exercise administered prior to extinction learning. This suggests that the addition of exercise after exposure therapy sessions may improve treatment outcomes for people with anxiety and related disorders. Potential mechanisms are discussed in addition to suggestions for future research to improve our understanding of the effects of exercise on fear conditioning and extinction outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameera Azar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Troy Hubert
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, UK
| | - Thomas G Adams
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Josh M Cisler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, USA
- Institute for Early Life Adversity Research, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Kevin M Crombie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, USA.
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.
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6
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Lohnas LJ, Howard MW. The influence of emotion on temporal context models. Cogn Emot 2024:1-29. [PMID: 39007902 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2371075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Temporal context models (TCMs) have been influential in understanding episodic memory and its neural underpinnings. Recently, TCMs have been extended to explain emotional memory effects, one of the most clinically important findings in the field of memory research. This review covers recent advances in hypotheses for the neural representation of spatiotemporal context through the lens of TCMs, including their ability to explain the influence of emotion on episodic and temporal memory. In recent years, simplifying assumptions of "classical" TCMs - with exponential trace decay and the mechanism by which temporal context is recovered - have become increasingly clear. The review also outlines how recent advances could be incorporated into a future TCM, beyond classical assumptions, to integrate emotional modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn J Lohnas
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Marc W Howard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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7
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McAlpine T, Mullan BA, Dorina I. Comparison of approach/avoidance intentions for alcohol and vegetable consumption under a temporal self-regulation theory framework. Psychol Health 2024:1-22. [PMID: 38952006 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2024.2372649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare the differences between the framing of intention (approach vs. avoidance) and the type of self-regulatory capacity (planning vs. inhibition) to predict two behaviours (alcohol vs. vegetable consumption). Interaction effects between temporal self-regulation theory constructs were also explored. METHODS UK participants were recruited online (N = 254) and completed measures of intention (approach and avoidance), self-regulatory capacity (planning and inhibition), and behavioural prepotency (habit) related to alcohol and vegetable consumption. One week later, consumption was assessed. RESULTS Habit strength and approach-intentions consistently predicted consumption across each model for both behaviours. There was mixed support for avoidance-intentions and self-regulatory capacity variables in predicting consumption. Planning was more important in vegetable consumption than in alcohol consumption, and avoidance-intentions were only predictive in alcohol consumption. Inhibition was not significant for either behaviour. The interaction between approach-intention and planning was the only significant moderation detected and was only present in vegetable consumption. CONCLUSION The framing of intentions and the sub-facet of self-regulatory capacity are important to consider when attempting to explain health behaviours. Furthermore, theoretically defined moderation between temporal self-regulation theory variables might also depend on the type of behaviour and specific measured used to capture self-regulatory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas McAlpine
- enAble Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Barbara A Mullan
- enAble Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Indita Dorina
- enAble Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
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8
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Peshev B, Ivanova P, Krushovlieva D, Kortenska L, Atanasova D, Rashev P, Lazarov N, Tchekalarova J. Predatory Odor Exposure as a Potential Paradigm for Studying Emotional Modulation of Memory Consolidation-The Role of the Noradrenergic Transmission in the Basolateral Amygdala. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6576. [PMID: 38928281 PMCID: PMC11204360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The pivotal role of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in the emotional modulation of hippocampal plasticity and memory consolidation is well-established. Specifically, multiple studies have demonstrated that the activation of the noradrenergic (NA) system within the BLA governs these modulatory effects. However, most current evidence has been obtained by direct infusion of synthetic NA or beta-adrenergic agonists. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of endogenous NA release in the BLA, induced by a natural aversive stimulus (coyote urine), on memory consolidation for a low-arousing, hippocampal-dependent task. Our experiments combined a weak object location task (OLT) version with subsequent mild predator odor exposure (POE). To investigate the role of endogenous NA in the BLA in memory modulation, a subset of the animals (Wistar rats) was treated with the non-selective beta-blocker propranolol at the end of the behavioral procedures. Hippocampal tissue was collected 90 min after drug infusion or after the OLT test, which was performed 24 h later. We used the obtained samples to estimate the levels of phosphorylated CREB (pCREB) and activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc)-two molecular markers of experience-dependent changes in neuronal activity. The result suggests that POE has the potential to become a valuable behavioral paradigm for studying the interaction between BLA and the hippocampus in memory prioritization and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogomil Peshev
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (B.P.); (P.I.); (D.K.); (L.K.); (D.A.)
| | - Petya Ivanova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (B.P.); (P.I.); (D.K.); (L.K.); (D.A.)
| | - Desislava Krushovlieva
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (B.P.); (P.I.); (D.K.); (L.K.); (D.A.)
| | - Lidia Kortenska
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (B.P.); (P.I.); (D.K.); (L.K.); (D.A.)
| | - Dimitrinka Atanasova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (B.P.); (P.I.); (D.K.); (L.K.); (D.A.)
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Trakia University, 6003 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Pavel Rashev
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Nikolai Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Jana Tchekalarova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (B.P.); (P.I.); (D.K.); (L.K.); (D.A.)
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9
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Loetscher KB, Goldfarb EV. Integrating and fragmenting memories under stress and alcohol. Neurobiol Stress 2024; 30:100615. [PMID: 38375503 PMCID: PMC10874731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2024.100615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Stress can powerfully influence the way we form memories, particularly the extent to which they are integrated or situated within an underlying spatiotemporal and broader knowledge architecture. These different representations in turn have significant consequences for the way we use these memories to guide later behavior. Puzzlingly, although stress has historically been argued to promote fragmentation, leading to disjoint memory representations, more recent work suggests that stress can also facilitate memory binding and integration. Understanding the circumstances under which stress fosters integration will be key to resolving this discrepancy and unpacking the mechanisms by which stress can shape later behavior. Here, we examine memory integration at multiple levels: linking together the content of an individual experience, threading associations between related but distinct events, and binding an experience into a pre-existing schema or sense of causal structure. We discuss neural and cognitive mechanisms underlying each form of integration as well as findings regarding how stress, aversive learning, and negative affect can modulate each. In this analysis, we uncover that stress can indeed promote each level of integration. We also show how memory integration may apply to understanding effects of alcohol, highlighting extant clinical and preclinical findings and opportunities for further investigation. Finally, we consider the implications of integration and fragmentation for later memory-guided behavior, and the importance of understanding which type of memory representation is potentiated in order to design appropriate interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth V. Goldfarb
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, USA
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, USA
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, USA
- National Center for PTSD, West Haven VA, USA
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10
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Koevoet D, Postma A. Is there selective retroactive memory enhancement in humans?: a meta-analysis. Psychon Bull Rev 2024; 31:531-540. [PMID: 37749381 PMCID: PMC11061014 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02372-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Memory is an adaptive and flexible system that preferentially stores motivationally relevant information. However, in some cases information that is initially irrelevant can become relevant at a later time. The question arises whether and to what extent the memory system can retroactively boost memories of the initially irrelevant information. Experimental studies in animals and humans have provided evidence for such retroactive memory boosting. Additionally, these studies suggest that retroactive memory enhancement (RME) can be selective to the semantic meaning of the material. Nonetheless, recent experimental work could not replicate these findings, posing the question whether the selective RME effect is reliable. To synthesize the available evidence, we conducted meta-analyses of 14 experiments. Although the classical meta-analytic procedure suggested a small selective RME effect, Cohen's dz = 0.16, when accounting for small-study bias using robust Bayesian meta-analysis the null hypothesis was supported, Cohen's dz = 0.02, BF01 = 3.03. Furthermore strong evidence was found for a bias due to small-study effects, BF10 = 11.39. Together, this calls the reliability of a selective RME effect into question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Koevoet
- Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Albert Postma
- Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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11
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Keller NE, Salvi C, Leiker EK, Gruber MJ, Dunsmoor JE. States of epistemic curiosity interfere with memory for incidental scholastic facts. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2024; 9:22. [PMID: 38499583 PMCID: PMC10948872 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-024-00234-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Curiosity can be a powerful motivator to learn and retain new information. Evidence shows that high states of curiosity elicited by a specific source (i.e., a trivia question) can promote memory for incidental stimuli (non-target) presented close in time. The spreading effect of curiosity states on memory for other information has potential for educational applications. Specifically, it could provide techniques to improve learning for information that did not spark a sense of curiosity on its own. Here, we investigated how high states of curiosity induced through trivia questions affect memory performance for unrelated scholastic facts (e.g., scientific, English, or historical facts) presented in close temporal proximity to the trivia question. Across three task versions, participants viewed trivia questions closely followed in time by a scholastic fact unrelated to the trivia question, either just prior to or immediately following the answer to the trivia question. Participants then completed a surprise multiple-choice memory test (akin to a pop quiz) for the scholastic material. In all three task versions, memory performance was poorer for scholastic facts presented after trivia questions that had elicited high versus low levels of curiosity. These results contradict previous findings showing curiosity-enhanced memory for incidentally presented visual stimuli and suggest that target information that generates a high-curiosity state interferes with encoding complex and unrelated scholastic facts presented close in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Keller
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Carola Salvi
- Department of Psychology and Social Sciences, John Cabot University, Rome, Italy
| | - Emily K Leiker
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Matthias J Gruber
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Joseph E Dunsmoor
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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12
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Tal A, Schechtman E, Caughran B, Paller KA, Davachi L. The reach of reactivation: Effects of consciously triggered versus unconsciously triggered reactivation of associative memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2313604121. [PMID: 38408248 PMCID: PMC10927514 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313604121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Consolidating memories for long-term storage depends on reactivation. Reactivation occurs both consciously, during wakefulness, and unconsciously, during wakefulness and sleep. While considerable work has examined conscious awake and unconscious sleep reactivation, in this study, we directly compare the consequences of conscious and unconscious reactivation during wakefulness. Forty-one participants learned associations consisting of adjective-object-position triads. Objects were clustered into distinct semantic groups (e.g., fruits, vehicles) such that we could examine consequences of reactivation on semantically related memories. After an intensive learning protocol, we systematically reactivated some of the triads by presenting the adjective as a cue. Reactivation was done so that it was consciously experienced for some triads, and only unconsciously processed for others. Memory for spatial positions, the most distal part of the association, was affected by reactivation in a consciousness-dependent and memory-strength-dependent manner. Conscious reactivation resulted in weakening of semantically related memories that were strong initially, resonating with prior findings of retrieval-induced forgetting. Unconscious reactivation, on the other hand, selectively benefited weak reactivated memories, as previously shown for reactivation during sleep. Semantically linked memories were not impaired, but rather were integrated with the reactivated memory. These results taken together demonstrate that conscious and unconscious reactivation have qualitatively different consequences. Results support a consciousness-dependent inhibition account, whereby unconscious reactivation entails less inhibition than conscious reactivation, thus allowing more liberal spread of activation. Findings set the stage for additional exploration into the role of conscious experience in memory storage and structuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tal
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY10027
| | - Eitan Schechtman
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
- Center for Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
| | - Bruce Caughran
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
| | - Ken A. Paller
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
| | - Lila Davachi
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY10027
- Department of Clinical Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY10962
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13
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Nolden S, Turan G, Güler B, Günseli E. Prediction error and event segmentation in episodic memory. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 157:105533. [PMID: 38184184 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Organizing the continuous flow of experiences into meaningful events is a crucial prerequisite for episodic memory. Prediction error and event segmentation both play important roles in supporting the genesis of meaningful mnemonic representations of events. We review theoretical contributions discussing the relationship between prediction error and event segmentation, as well as literature on episodic memory related to prediction error and event segmentation. We discuss the extent of overlap of mechanisms underlying memory emergence through prediction error and event segmentation, with a specific focus on attention and working memory. Finally, we identify areas in research that are currently developing and suggest future directions. We provide an overview of mechanisms underlying memory formation through predictions, violations of predictions, and event segmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Nolden
- Department for Developmental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Germany; IDeA-Center for Research on Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Gözem Turan
- Department for Developmental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Germany; IDeA-Center for Research on Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Berna Güler
- Department of Psychology, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eren Günseli
- Department of Psychology, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
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14
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Sukumaran P, Kazanina N, Houghton C. Reward conditioning may not have an effect on category-specific memory. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22297. [PMID: 38102205 PMCID: PMC10724210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48874-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavioural tagging facilitates the temporary storage of seemingly insignificant episodic events, which may later become salient and enhanced in memory. Human behavioural studies have demonstrated selective memory enhancement for neutral stimuli from one category when this category is subsequently paired with reward. Although this phenomenon has implications for the role of reward conditioning on emotional and adaptive memory, its generalisability is underexplored. We conducted four experiments to investigate whether pairing items from a semantic category, animals or objects, with high or low rewards resulted in preferential memory for the high-reward category. Three of these experiments also aimed to replicate the category-specific retrospective enhancement effect reported by Patil et al. and two explored the corresponding prospective memory effect. None of our experiments showed consistent evidence for an effect of reward on category-specific memory enhancement, despite employing the same reward paradigm and incidental encoding protocol as in the original study. Consequently, we found no evidence for category-specific retrospective or prospective enhancement effects. Our experiments were conducted online which is an equally relevant method for assessing behavioural phenomenon as the in-person studies conducted by Patil et al. Overall, our results question the generalisability of previously reported category-specific memory enhancement effects due to reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sukumaran
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UB, UK.
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TU, UK.
| | - Nina Kazanina
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TU, UK
- International Laboratory of Social Neurobiology, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Conor Houghton
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UB, UK
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15
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Højgaard K, Szöllősi B, Henningsen K, Minami N, Nakanishi N, Kaadt E, Tamura M, Morris RGM, Takeuchi T, Elfving B. Novelty-induced memory consolidation is accompanied by increased Agap3 transcription: a cross-species study. Mol Brain 2023; 16:69. [PMID: 37749596 PMCID: PMC10521532 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-01056-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Novelty-induced memory consolidation is a well-established phenomenon that depends on the activation of a locus coeruleus-hippocampal circuit. It is associated with the expression of activity-dependent genes that may mediate initial or cellular memory consolidation. Several genes have been identified to date, however, to fully understand the mechanisms of memory consolidation, additional candidates must be identified. In this cross-species study, we used a contextual novelty-exploration paradigm to identify changes in gene expression in the dorsal hippocampus of both mice and rats. We found that changes in gene expression following contextual novelty varied between the two species, with 9 genes being upregulated in mice and 3 genes in rats. Comparison across species revealed that ArfGAP with a GTPase domain, an ankyrin repeat and PH domain 3 (Agap3) was the only gene being upregulated in both, suggesting a potentially conserved role for Agap3. AGAP3 is known to regulate α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptor trafficking in the synapse, which suggests that increased transcription of Agap3 may be involved in maintaining functional plasticity. While we identified several genes affected by contextual novelty exploration, we were unable to fully reverse these changes using SCH 23390, a dopamine D1/D5 receptor antagonist. Further research on the role of AGAP3 in novelty-induced memory consolidation could lead to better understanding of this process and guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Højgaard
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, DK8200, Denmark
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK8000, Denmark
| | - Bianka Szöllősi
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK8000, Denmark
| | - Kim Henningsen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK8000, Denmark
| | - Natsumi Minami
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Kanagawa, 227-0033, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nakanishi
- Data Science Department, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Kanagawa, 227-0033, Japan
| | - Erik Kaadt
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, DK8200, Denmark
| | - Makoto Tamura
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Kanagawa, 227-0033, Japan
- NeuroDiscovery Lab, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Holdings America Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Richard G M Morris
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience, Edinburgh Neuroscience, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Tomonori Takeuchi
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK8000, Denmark.
- Center for Proteins in Memory - PROMEMO, Department of Biomedicine, Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK8000, Denmark.
- Gftd DeSci, Gftd DAO, Tokyo, 162-0044, Japan.
| | - Betina Elfving
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, DK8200, Denmark.
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16
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Rouhani N, Niv Y, Frank MJ, Schwabe L. Multiple routes to enhanced memory for emotionally relevant events. Trends Cogn Sci 2023; 27:867-882. [PMID: 37479601 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Events associated with aversive or rewarding outcomes are prioritized in memory. This memory boost is commonly attributed to the elicited affective response, closely linked to noradrenergic and dopaminergic modulation of hippocampal plasticity. Herein we review and compare this 'affect' mechanism to an additional, recently discovered, 'prediction' mechanism whereby memories are strengthened by the extent to which outcomes deviate from expectations, that is, by prediction errors (PEs). The mnemonic impact of PEs is separate from the affective outcome itself and has a distinct neural signature. While both routes enhance memory, these mechanisms are linked to different - and sometimes opposing - predictions for memory integration. We discuss new findings that highlight mechanisms by which emotional events strengthen, integrate, and segment memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Rouhani
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering and Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Yael Niv
- Department of Psychology and Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Michael J Frank
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Sciences and Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lars Schwabe
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
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17
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Abstract
In a complex world, we are constantly faced with environmental stimuli that shape our moment-to-moment experiences. But just as rich and complex as the external world is the internal milieu-our imagination. Imagination offers a powerful vehicle for playing out hypothetical experiences in the mind's eye. It allows us to mentally time travel to behold what the future might bring, including our greatest desires or fears. Indeed, imagined experiences tend to be emotion-laden. How and why are humans capable of this remarkable feat? Based on psychological findings, we highlight the importance of imagination for emotional aspects of cognition and behavior, namely in the generation and regulation of emotions. Based on recent cognitive neuroscience work, we identify putative neural networks that are most critical for emotional imagination, with a major focus on the default mode network. Finally, we briefly highlight the possible functional implications of individual differences in imagination. Overall, we hope to address why humans have the capacity to simulate hypothetical emotional experiences and how this ability can be harnessed in adaptive (and sometimes maladaptive) ways. We end by discussing open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantelle M Cocquyt
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniela J Palombo
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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18
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Rouhani N, Stanley D, Adolphs R. Collective events and individual affect shape autobiographical memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2221919120. [PMID: 37432994 PMCID: PMC10629560 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221919120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
How do collective events shape how we remember our lives? We leveraged advances in natural language processing as well as a rich, longitudinal assessment of 1,000 Americans throughout 2020 to examine how memory is influenced by two prominent factors: surprise and emotion. Autobiographical memory for 2020 displayed a unique signature: There was a substantial bump in March, aligning with pandemic onset and lockdowns, consistent across three memory collections 1 y apart. We further investigated how emotion, using both immediate and retrieved measures, predicted the amount and content of autobiographical memory: Negative affect increased recall across all measures, whereas its more clinical indices, depression and posttraumatic stress disorder, selectively increased nonepisodic recall. Finally, in a separate cohort, we found pandemic news to be better remembered, surprising, and negative, while lockdowns compressed remembered time. Our work connects laboratory findings to the real world and delineates the effects of acute versus clinical signatures of negative emotion on memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Rouhani
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Damian Stanley
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
- Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University, New York, NY11530
| | | | - Ralph Adolphs
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
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19
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Luckey AM, McLeod LS, Huang Y, Mohan A, Vanneste S. Making memories last using the peripheral effect of direct current stimulation. eLife 2023; 12:e75586. [PMID: 37204308 PMCID: PMC10241520 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Most memories that are formed are forgotten, while others are retained longer and are subject to memory stabilization. We show that non-invasive transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the greater occipital nerve (NITESGON) using direct current during learning elicited a long-term memory effect. However, it did not trigger an immediate effect on learning. A neurobiological model of long-term memory proposes a mechanism by which memories that are initially unstable can be strengthened through subsequent novel experiences. In a series of studies, we demonstrate NITESGON's capability to boost the retention of memories when applied shortly before, during, or shortly after the time of learning by enhancing memory consolidation via activation and communication in and between the locus coeruleus pathway and hippocampus by plausibly modulating dopaminergic input. These findings may have a significant impact for neurocognitive disorders that inhibit memory consolidation such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Luckey
- Global Brain Health Institute and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Lauren S McLeod
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech School of MedicineLubbockUnited States
| | - Yuefeng Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - Anusha Mohan
- Global Brain Health Institute and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Sven Vanneste
- Global Brain Health Institute and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
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20
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Laing PAF, Dunsmoor JE. Pattern separation of fear extinction memory. Learn Mem 2023; 30:110-115. [PMID: 37433642 PMCID: PMC10353259 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053760.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
While fear generalizes widely, extinction is stimulus-specific. Using a hybrid conditioning/episodic memory paradigm, subjects encoded nonrepeating category exemplars during fear conditioning and extinction. Twenty-four hours later, a surprise memory test included old, similar, and novel category exemplars. Results showed strong dissociation between pattern completion (generalization) and pattern separation (discrimination) in episodic memory for items encoded during fear conditioning versus extinction, respectively. These data suggest that directly threat-conditioned stimuli are better recognized at the expense of mnemonic precision, whereas discrimination is enhanced for extinguished stimuli. Overly precise extinction memory may be a contributing factor to fear relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A F Laing
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Joseph E Dunsmoor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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21
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Custodio J, Justel N. Stress and Novelty: Two interventions to modulate emotional memory in adolescents. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-023-00258-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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22
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Crombie KM, Azar A, Botsford C, Heilicher M, Moughrabi N, Gruichich TS, Schomaker CM, Dunsmoor JE, Cisler JM. Aerobic exercise after extinction learning reduces return of fear and enhances memory of items encoded during extinction learning. Ment Health Phys Act 2023; 24:100510. [PMID: 37065640 PMCID: PMC10104454 DOI: 10.1016/j.mhpa.2023.100510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Fear conditioning paradigms are widely used in laboratory settings to discover treatments that enhance memory consolidation and various fear processes (extinction learning, limit return of fear) that are relevant targets of exposure-based therapies. However, traditional lab-based paradigms often use the exact same conditioned stimuli for acquisition and extinction (typically differentiated with a context manipulation), whereas the opposite is true in clinical settings, as exposure therapy rarely (if ever) uses precisely the exact same stimuli from an individual's learning history. Accordingly, this study utilized a novel three-day category-based fear conditioning protocol (that uses categories of non-repeating objects [animals and tools] as conditioned stimuli during fear conditioning and extinction) to determine if aerobic exercise enhances the consolidation of extinction learning (reduces return of fear) and memory (for items encoded during extinction) during subsequent tests of extinction recall. Participants (n=40) completed a fear acquisition (day 1), fear extinction (day 2), and extinction recall (day 3) protocol. On day 1, participants completed a fear acquisition task in which they were trained to associate a category of conditioned stimuli (CS+) with the occurrence of an unconditioned stimulus (US). On day 2, participants were administered a fear extinction procedure during which CS+ and CS- categorical stimuli were presented in absence of the occurrence of the US. After completing the task, participants were randomly assigned to either receive moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (EX) or a light-intensity control (CON) condition. On day 3, participants completed fear recall tests (during which day 1, day 2, and novel CS+ and CS- stimuli were presented). Fear responding was assessed via threat expectancy ratings and skin conductance responses (SCR). During the fear recall tests, the EX group reported significantly lower threat expectancy ratings to the CS+ and CS- and exhibited greater memory of CS+ and CS- stimuli that were previously presented during day 2. There were no significant group differences for SCR. These results suggests that administration of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise following extinction learning contributes to reduced threat expectancies during tests of fear recall and enhanced memory of items encoded during extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Crombie
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, Texas, United States of America 78712
| | - Ameera Azar
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, Texas, United States of America 78712
| | - Chloe Botsford
- University of Wisconsin – Madison, Department of Psychiatry, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America, 53719
| | - Mickela Heilicher
- University of Wisconsin – Madison, Department of Psychiatry, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America, 53719
| | - Nicole Moughrabi
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, Texas, United States of America 78712
| | - Tijana Sagorac Gruichich
- University of Wisconsin – Madison, Department of Psychiatry, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America, 53719
| | - Chloe M. Schomaker
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, Texas, United States of America 78712
| | - Joseph E. Dunsmoor
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, Texas, United States of America 78712
| | - Josh M. Cisler
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, Texas, United States of America 78712
- Institute for Early Life Adversity Research, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, Texas, United States of America 78712
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23
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Lorents A, Ruitenberg M, Schomaker J. Novelty-induced memory boosts in humans: The when and how. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14410. [PMID: 36942255 PMCID: PMC10023963 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel information potentially signals danger or reward and behavioral and psychophysiological studies have suggested that the brain prioritizes its processing. Some effects of novelty even go beyond the stimulus itself. Studies in animals have robustly shown that exposure to novel stimulation can promote memory for information presented before or after this exposure. Research regarding effects of novelty on memory in humans is lagging, but in the last few years, several studies have emerged that suggest that memory-facilitating effects of novelty also exist in humans. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of these studies. We identified several factors that have been shown to influence whether novelty promotes memory or not, including the timing between the novel experience and the learning events, the involvement with the novel material, and population characteristics (such as clinical diagnosis or age). Finally, we link the behavioral findings to potential neurobiological mechanisms and discuss the relevance of specific findings in light of potential clinical and educational applications that could leverage novelty to improve memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Lorents
- Department of Health Medical and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, the Netherlands
| | - M.F.L. Ruitenberg
- Department of Health Medical and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, the Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, the Netherlands
| | - J. Schomaker
- Department of Health Medical and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, the Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author. Department of Health Medical and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, the Netherlands.
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24
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Khan R, Kulasiri D, Samarasinghe S. Methodology for development of single cell dendritic spine (SCDS) synaptic tagging and capture model using Virtual Cell (VCell). MethodsX 2023; 10:102070. [PMID: 36879764 PMCID: PMC9984673 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Single cell dendritic spine modelling methodology has been adopted to explain structural plasticity and respective change in the neuronal volume previously. However, the single cell dendrite methodology has not been employed previously to explain one of the important aspects of memory allocation i.e., Synaptic tagging and Capture (STC) hypothesis. It is difficult to relate the physical properties of STC pathways to structural changes and synaptic strength. We create a mathematical model based on earlier reported synaptic tagging networks. We built the model using Virtual Cell (VCell) software and used it to interpret experimental data and investigate the behavior and characteristics of known Synaptic tagging candidates.•We investigate processes associated with synaptic tagging candidates and compare them to the assumptions based on the STC hypothesis.•We assess the behavior of several reported synaptic tagging candidates against the requirements outlined in the synaptic tagging hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheel Khan
- Centre for Advanced Computational Solutions (C-fACS), RFH066, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - D. Kulasiri
- Centre for Advanced Computational Solutions (C-fACS), RFH066, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - S. Samarasinghe
- Centre for Advanced Computational Solutions (C-fACS), RFH066, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
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25
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Clewett D, Dunsmoor J. Novel strategies for expanding memory's penumbra in aging. Trends Cogn Sci 2023; 27:120-121. [PMID: 36517378 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Clewett
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Joseph Dunsmoor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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26
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Schomaker J, Ruitenberg MFL, Takeuchi T. Memory's penumbra in the older or pathological brain. Trends Cogn Sci 2023; 27:118-119. [PMID: 36517379 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Schomaker
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Health Medical and Neuropsychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
| | - Marit F L Ruitenberg
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Health Medical and Neuropsychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Tomonori Takeuchi
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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27
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Zhu Y, Zeng Y, Ren J, Zhang L, Chen C, Fernandez G, Qin S. Emotional learning retroactively promotes memory integration through rapid neural reactivation and reorganization. eLife 2022; 11:e60190. [PMID: 36476501 PMCID: PMC9815824 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutral events preceding emotional experiences can be better remembered, likely by assigning them as significant to guide possible use in future. Yet, the neurobiological mechanisms of how emotional learning enhances memory for past mundane events remain unclear. By two behavioral studies and one functional magnetic resonance imaging study with an adapted sensory preconditioning paradigm, we show rapid neural reactivation and connectivity changes underlying emotion-charged retroactive memory enhancement. Behaviorally, emotional learning retroactively enhanced initial memory for neutral associations across the three studies. Neurally, emotional learning potentiated trial-specific reactivation of overlapping neural traces in the hippocampus and stimulus-relevant neocortex. It further induced rapid hippocampal-neocortical functional reorganization supporting such retroactive memory benefit, as characterized by enhanced hippocampal-neocortical coupling modulated by the amygdala during emotional learning, and a shift of hippocampal connectivity from stimulus-relevant neocortex to distributed transmodal prefrontal-parietal areas at post-learning rests. Together, emotional learning retroactively promotes memory integration for past neutral events through stimulating trial-specific reactivation of overlapping representations and reorganization of associated memories into an integrated network to foster its priority for future use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Yimeng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jingyuan Ren
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Lingke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Changming Chen
- School of Education, Chongqing Normal UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Guillen Fernandez
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Shaozheng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- Chinese Institute for Brain ResearchBeijingChina
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28
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Müller UWD, Gerdes ABM, Alpers GW. Time is a great healer: Peak-end memory bias in anxiety - Induced by threat of shock. Behav Res Ther 2022; 159:104206. [PMID: 36270235 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2022.104206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated that the peak-end memory bias, which is well established in the context of pain, can also be observed in anxiety: Retrospective evaluations of a frightening experience are worse when peak anxiety is experienced at the end of an episode. Here, we set out to conceptually replicate and extend this finding with rigorous experimental control in a threat of shock paradigm. We induced two intensity levels of anxiety by presenting visual cues that indicated different strengths of electric stimuli. Each of the 59 participants went through one of two conditions that only differed in the order of moderate and high threat phases. As a manipulation check, orbicularis-EMG to auditory startle probes, electrodermal activity, and state anxiety confirmed the effects of the specific threat exposure. Critically, after some time had passed, participants for whom exposure had ended with high threat reported more anxiety for the entire episode than those for whom it ended with moderate threat. Moreover, they ranked their experience as more aversive when compared to other unpleasant everyday experiences. This study overcomes several previous limitations and speaks to the generalizability of the peak-end bias. Most notably, the findings bear implications for exposure therapy in clinical anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich W D Müller
- School of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Mannheim, Germany
| | - Antje B M Gerdes
- School of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Mannheim, Germany
| | - Georg W Alpers
- School of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Mannheim, Germany.
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