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Kelidari M, Abedi F, Hayes AW, Jomehzadeh V, Karimi G. The protective effects of protocatechuic acid against natural and chemical toxicants: cellular and molecular mechanisms. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:5597-5616. [PMID: 38607443 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03072-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is a water-soluble polyphenol compound that is extracted from certain fruits and plants or obtained from glucose fermentation. Several in vivo and in vitro studies have determined that PCA has protective effects against the toxicity of natural and chemical toxicants. We searched these articles in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus with appropriate keywords from inception up to August 2023. Forty-nine studies were found about protective effects of PCA against drug toxicity, metal toxicity, toxins, chemical toxicants, and some other miscellaneous toxicants. PCA indicates these protective effects by suppression of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. PCA reduces reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RONS) and enhances the level of antioxidant parameters mainly through the activation of the Nrf-2 signaling pathway. PCA also decreases the levels of inflammatory mediators via downregulating the TLR-4-mediated IKBKB/NF-κB and MAPK/Erk signaling pathways. In addition, PCA inhibits apoptosis by lowering the expression of Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9 along with enhancing the level of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. Further evaluation, especially in humans, is necessary to confirm PCA as a potential therapeutic approach to intervene in such toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Kelidari
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farshad Abedi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Vahid Jomehzadeh
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Go MJ, Kim JM, Lee HL, Kim TY, Joo SG, Kim JH, Lee HS, Kim DO, Heo HJ. Anti-Amnesia-like Effect of Pinus densiflora Extract by Improving Apoptosis and Neuroinflammation on Trimethyltin-Induced ICR Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14084. [PMID: 37762386 PMCID: PMC10531555 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the anti-amnestic property of Korean red pine bark extract (KRPBE) on TMT-induced cognitive decline in ICR mice. As a result of looking at behavioral function, the consumption of KRPBE improved the spatial work ability, short-term learning, and memory ability by Y-maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze tests. KRPBE suppressed antioxidant system damage by assessing the SOD activity, reduced GSH content, and MDA levels in brain tissue. In addition, it had a protective effect on cholinergic and synaptic systems by regulating ACh levels, AChE activity, and protein expression levels of ChAT, AChE, SYP, and PSD-95. Also, the KRPBE ameliorated TMT-induced mitochondrial damage by regulating the ROS content, MMP, and ATP levels. Treatment with KRPBE suppressed Aβ accumulation and phosphorylation of tau and reduced the expression level of BAX/BCl-2 ratio and caspase 3, improving oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Moreover, treatment with KRPBE improved cognitive dysfunction by regulating the neuro-inflammatory protein expression levels of p-JNK, p-Akt, p-IκB-α, COX-2, and IL-1β. Based on these results, the extract of Korean red pine bark, which is discarded as a byproduct of forestry, might be used as an eco-friendly material for functional foods or pharmaceuticals by having an anti-amnesia effect on cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ji Go
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (M.J.G.); (J.M.K.); (H.L.L.); (T.Y.K.); (S.G.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.S.L.)
| | - Jong Min Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (M.J.G.); (J.M.K.); (H.L.L.); (T.Y.K.); (S.G.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.S.L.)
| | - Hyo Lim Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (M.J.G.); (J.M.K.); (H.L.L.); (T.Y.K.); (S.G.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.S.L.)
| | - Tae Yoon Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (M.J.G.); (J.M.K.); (H.L.L.); (T.Y.K.); (S.G.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.S.L.)
| | - Seung Gyum Joo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (M.J.G.); (J.M.K.); (H.L.L.); (T.Y.K.); (S.G.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.S.L.)
| | - Ju Hui Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (M.J.G.); (J.M.K.); (H.L.L.); (T.Y.K.); (S.G.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.S.L.)
| | - Han Su Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (M.J.G.); (J.M.K.); (H.L.L.); (T.Y.K.); (S.G.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.S.L.)
| | - Dae-Ok Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ho Jin Heo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (M.J.G.); (J.M.K.); (H.L.L.); (T.Y.K.); (S.G.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.S.L.)
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Makinde E, Ma L, Mellick GD, Feng Y. Mitochondrial Modulators: The Defender. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020226. [PMID: 36830595 PMCID: PMC9953029 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are widely considered the "power hub" of the cell because of their pivotal roles in energy metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation. However, beyond the production of ATP, which is the major source of chemical energy supply in eukaryotes, mitochondria are also central to calcium homeostasis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance, and cell apoptosis. The mitochondria also perform crucial multifaceted roles in biosynthetic pathways, serving as an important source of building blocks for the biosynthesis of fatty acid, cholesterol, amino acid, glucose, and heme. Since mitochondria play multiple vital roles in the cell, it is not surprising that disruption of mitochondrial function has been linked to a myriad of diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and metabolic disorders. In this review, we discuss the key physiological and pathological functions of mitochondria and present bioactive compounds with protective effects on the mitochondria and their mechanisms of action. We highlight promising compounds and existing difficulties limiting the therapeutic use of these compounds and potential solutions. We also provide insights and perspectives into future research windows on mitochondrial modulators.
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de Siqueira EA, Magalhães EP, de Assis ALC, Sampaio TL, Lima DB, Marinho MM, Martins AMC, de Andrade GM, de Barros Viana GS. 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3) Shows a Neuroprotective Action Against Rotenone Toxicity on PC12 Cells: An In Vitro Model of Parkinson's Disease. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:250-262. [PMID: 36066698 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03735-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by dopaminergic cell loss in the substantia nigra, and PD brains show neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The study evaluated the neuroprotective activity of 1α,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (VD3), on the rotenone (ROT)-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. The viability parameters were assessed by the MTT and flow cytometry, on cells treated or not with VD3 and/or ROT. Besides, ROS production, cell death, mitochondrial transmembrane potential, reduced GSH, superoxide accumulation, molecular docking (TH and Keap1-Nrf2), and TH, Nrf2, NF-kB, and VD3 receptor protein contents by western blot were evaluated. VD3 was shown to improve the viability of ROT-exposed cells. Cells exposed to ROT showed increased production of ROS and superoxide, which decreased after VD3. ROT decrease in the mitochondrial transmembrane potential was prevented, after VD3 treatment and, VD3 was shown to interact with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and Nrf2. While ROT decreased TH, Nrf2, and NF-kB expressions, these effects were reversed by VD3. In addition, VD3 also increased VD3 receptor protein contents and values went back to those of controls after ROT exposure. VD3 protects PC12 cells against ROT damage, by decreasing oxidative stress and improving mitochondrial function. One target seems to be the TH molecule and possibly an indirect Nrf2 activation could also justify its neuroprotective actions on this PC12 cell model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlânia Alves de Siqueira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Paula Magalhães
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Tiago Lima Sampaio
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Danya Bandeira Lima
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Marcia Machado Marinho
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Alice Maria Costa Martins
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Geanne Matos de Andrade
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Protocatechuic acid protects against thioacetamide-induced chronic liver injury and encephalopathy in mice via modulating mTOR, p53 and the IL-6/ IL-17/ IL-23 immunoinflammatory pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 440:115931. [PMID: 35202709 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.115931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protocatechuic acid (PCA), a natural phenolic acid, is known for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-fibrotic activities. However, the protective mechanisms of PCA on thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver/brain injury are not well addressed. Chronic liver injury was induced in mice by intraperitoneal injection of TAA (200 mg/kg, 3 times/week) for 8 weeks. Simultaneously, PCA (100, 150 mg/kg/day, p.o.) was given daily from the 4th week. Protocatechuic acid ameliorated liver and brain damage indicated by the decrease in serum activities of aminotransferases, gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, levels of bilirubin, and ammonia concomitant with restoration of normal albumin levels. Additionally, PCA treatment ameliorated oxidative stress in liver and brain, confirmed by the decrease in malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels and the increase in antioxidant activities. Moreover, PCA showed anti-inflammatory actions through downregulation of TNF-α expression in the liver and IL-6/IL-17/IL-23 levels in the brain, which is confirmed by the decrease in CD4+ T brain cell numbers. Most importantly, PCA treatment showed a significant decrease in mTOR level and number of LC3 positive cells in both liver and brain tissues. Consequently, PCA could inhibit mTOR-induced apoptosis, as it showed anti-apoptotic actions through downregulation of caspase-3 expression in liver and p53 expression in liver and brain. Furthermore, liver and brain tissues of treated mice showed restoration of normal histology. It can be concluded that, several mechanisms, including: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-autophagic and anti-apoptotic activities can be implicated in the hepato- and neuroprotective potentials of PCA.
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Phenolic Acids and Prevention of Cognitive Decline: Polyphenols with a Neuroprotective Role in Cognitive Disorders and Alzheimer's Disease. Nutrients 2022. [PMID: 35215469 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040819.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment, also known as cognitive decline, can occur gradually or suddenly and can be temporary or more permanent. It represents an increasingly important public health problem and can depend on normal aging or be linked to different neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is now well-established that lifestyle factors including dietary patterns play an important role in healthy aging as well as in the prevention of cognitive decline in later life. Among the natural compounds, dietary polyphenols including phenolic acids have been recently the focus of major attention, with their supplementation being associated with better cognitive status and prevention of cognitive decline. Despite their therapeutic potential, human studies investigating the relation between phenolic acids intake and cognitive outcomes are rather scarce. In this review, we provide preclinical evidence that different dietary polyphenols such as rosmarinic acid, ellagic acid, and cinnamic aldehyde can exert neuroprotective and pro-cognitive activities through different molecular mechanisms including the modulation of pro-oxidant and antioxidant machinery as well as inflammatory status. Future and more numerous in vivo studies are needed to strengthen the promising results obtained at the preclinical level. Despite the excellent pharmacokinetic properties of phenolic acids, which are able to be accumulated in the brain at pharmacologically relevant levels, future studies should also identify which among the different metabolites produced as a consequence of phenolic acids' consumption may be responsible for the potential neuroprotective effects of this subgroup of polyphenols.
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Caruso G, Godos J, Privitera A, Lanza G, Castellano S, Chillemi A, Bruni O, Ferri R, Caraci F, Grosso G. Phenolic Acids and Prevention of Cognitive Decline: Polyphenols with a Neuroprotective Role in Cognitive Disorders and Alzheimer's Disease. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14040819. [PMID: 35215469 PMCID: PMC8875888 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment, also known as cognitive decline, can occur gradually or suddenly and can be temporary or more permanent. It represents an increasingly important public health problem and can depend on normal aging or be linked to different neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is now well-established that lifestyle factors including dietary patterns play an important role in healthy aging as well as in the prevention of cognitive decline in later life. Among the natural compounds, dietary polyphenols including phenolic acids have been recently the focus of major attention, with their supplementation being associated with better cognitive status and prevention of cognitive decline. Despite their therapeutic potential, human studies investigating the relation between phenolic acids intake and cognitive outcomes are rather scarce. In this review, we provide preclinical evidence that different dietary polyphenols such as rosmarinic acid, ellagic acid, and cinnamic aldehyde can exert neuroprotective and pro-cognitive activities through different molecular mechanisms including the modulation of pro-oxidant and antioxidant machinery as well as inflammatory status. Future and more numerous in vivo studies are needed to strengthen the promising results obtained at the preclinical level. Despite the excellent pharmacokinetic properties of phenolic acids, which are able to be accumulated in the brain at pharmacologically relevant levels, future studies should also identify which among the different metabolites produced as a consequence of phenolic acids' consumption may be responsible for the potential neuroprotective effects of this subgroup of polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (A.P.)
- Research Operative Unit of Neuropharmacology and Translational Neurosciences, Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Justyna Godos
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (J.G.); (A.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Anna Privitera
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Lanza
- Clinical Neurophysiology Research Unit, Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy;
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Sabrina Castellano
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy;
| | - Alessio Chillemi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (J.G.); (A.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Oliviero Bruni
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Raffaele Ferri
- Sleep Research Centre, Department of Neurology IC, Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy;
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (A.P.)
- Research Operative Unit of Neuropharmacology and Translational Neurosciences, Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Giuseppe Grosso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (J.G.); (A.C.); (G.G.)
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Kassab RB, Theyab A, Al-Ghamdy AO, Algahtani M, Mufti AH, Alsharif KF, Abdella EM, Habotta OA, Omran MM, Lokman MS, Bauomy AA, Albrakati A, Baty RS, Hassan KE, Alshiekheid MA, Abdel Moneim AE, Elmasry HA. Protocatechuic acid abrogates oxidative insults, inflammation, and apoptosis in liver and kidney associated with monosodium glutamate intoxication in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:12208-12221. [PMID: 34562213 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16578-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG), a commonly used flavor enhancer, has been reported to induce hepatic and renal dysfunctions. In this study, the palliative role of protocatechuic acid (PCA) in MSG-administered rats was elucidated. Adult male rats were assigned to four groups, namely control, MSG (4 g/kg), PCA (100 mg/kg), and the last group was co-administered MSG and PCA at aforementioned doses for 7 days. Results showed that MSG augmented the hepatic and renal functions markers as well as glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein levels. Moreover, marked increases in malondialdehyde levels accompanied by declines in glutathione levels and notable decreases in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were observed in MSG-treated group. The MSG-mediated oxidative stress was further confirmed by downregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) gene expression levels in both tissues. In addition, MSG enhanced the hepatorenal inflammation as witnessed by increased inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1b and tumor necrosis factor-α) and elevated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) levels. Further, significant increases in Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) levels together with decreases in B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) levels were observed in MSG administration. Histopathological screening supported the biochemical and molecular findings. In contrast, co-treatment of rats with PCA resulted in remarkable enhancement of the antioxidant cellular capacity, suppression of inflammatory mediators, and apoptosis. These effects are possibly endorsed for activation of Nrf-2 and suppression of NF-kB signaling pathways. Collectively, addition of PCA counteracted MSG-induced hepatorenal injuries through modulation of oxidative, inflammatory and apoptotic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami B Kassab
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt
- Department of Biology, Al Baha University, Al Baha, Almakhwah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Theyab
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Security Forces Hospital, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali O Al-Ghamdy
- Department of Biology, Al Baha University, Al Baha, Almakhwah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Algahtani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Security Forces Hospital, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad H Mufti
- Medical Genetics Department, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalaf F Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab M Abdella
- Zoology Department, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
- Biology Department, Al Baha University, Al Baha, Al Aqiq, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ola A Habotta
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Omran
- Chemistry Department, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt
| | - Maha S Lokman
- Biology Department, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdul Aziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira A Bauomy
- Department of Science Laboratories, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Ar Rass, 52719, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf Albrakati
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Roua S Baty
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid E Hassan
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha A Alshiekheid
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Heba A Elmasry
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt
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Leonurine Ameliorates Oxidative Stress and Insufficient Angiogenesis by Regulating the PI3K/Akt-eNOS Signaling Pathway in H 2O 2-Induced HUVECs. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9919466. [PMID: 34394836 PMCID: PMC8357476 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9919466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thrombus is considered to be the pathological source of morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular disease and thrombotic complications, while oxidative stress is regarded as an important factor in vascular endothelial injury and thrombus formation. Therefore, antioxidative stress and maintaining the normal function of vascular endothelial cells are greatly significant in regulating vascular tension and maintaining a nonthrombotic environment. Leonurine (LEO) is a unique alkaloid isolated from Leonurus japonicus Houtt (a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)), which has shown a good effect on promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis. In this study, we explored the protective effect and action mechanism of LEO on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) after damage by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The protective effects of LEO on H2O2-induced HUVECs were determined by measuring the cell viability, cell migration, tube formation, and oxidative biomarkers. The underlying mechanism of antioxidation of LEO was investigated by RT-qPCR and western blotting. Our results showed that LEO treatment promoted cell viability; remarkably downregulated the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) production, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); and upregulated the nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in H2O2-induced HUVECs. At the same time, LEO treatment significantly promoted the phosphorylation level of angiogenic protein PI3K, Akt, and eNOS and the expression level of survival factor Bcl2 and decreased the expression level of death factor Bax and caspase3. In conclusion, our findings suggested that LEO can ameliorate the oxidative stress damage and insufficient angiogenesis of HUVECs induced by H2O2 through activating the PI3K/Akt-eNOS signaling pathway.
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Dilberger B, Weppler S, Eckert GP. Phenolic acid metabolites of polyphenols act as inductors for hormesis in C. elegans. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 198:111518. [PMID: 34139214 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aging represents a major risk factors for metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, or neurodegeneration. Polyphenols and their metabolites, especially simple phenolic acids, gained growing attention as a preventive strategy against age-related, non-communicable diseases, due to their hormetic potential. Using Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) we investigate the effect of protocatechuic, gallic, and vanillic acid on mitochondrial function, health parameters, and the induction of potential hormetic pathways. METHODS Lifespan, heat-stress resistance and chemotaxis of C. elegans strain P X 627, a specific model for aging, were assessed in 2-day and 10-day old nematodes. Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and ATP generation were measured. mRNA expression levels of longevity and energy metabolism-related genes were determined using qRT-PCR. RESULTS All phenolic acids were able to significantly increase the nematodes lifespan, heat-stress resistance and chemotaxis at micromolar concentrations. While ΔΨm was only affected by age, vanillic acid (VA) significantly decreased ATP concentrations in aged nematodes. Longevity pathways, were activated by all phenolic acids, while VA also induced glycolytic activity and response to cold. CONCLUSION While life- and health span parameters are positively affected by the investigated phenolic acids, the concentrations applied were unable to affect mitochondrial performance. Therefore we suggest a hormetic mode of action, especially by activation of the sirtuin-pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Dilberger
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Laboratory for Nutrition in Prevention and Therapy, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Selina Weppler
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Laboratory for Nutrition in Prevention and Therapy, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Gunter P Eckert
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Laboratory for Nutrition in Prevention and Therapy, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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Mithul Aravind S, Wichienchot S, Tsao R, Ramakrishnan S, Chakkaravarthi S. Role of dietary polyphenols on gut microbiota, their metabolites and health benefits. Food Res Int 2021; 142:110189. [PMID: 33773665 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial health roles of dietary polyphenols in preventing oxidative stress related chronic diseases have been subjected to intense investigation over the last two decades. As our understanding of the role of gut microbiota advances our knowledge of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions of polyphenols accumulates, there emerges a need to examine the prebiotic role of dietary polyphenols. This review focused onthe role of different types and sources of dietary polyphenols on the modulation of the gut microbiota, their metabolites and how they impact on host health benefits. Inter-dependence between the gut microbiota and polyphenol metabolites and the vital balance between the two in maintaining the host gut homeostasis were discussed with reference to different types and sources of dietary polyphenols. Similarly, the mechanisms behind the health benefits by various polyphenolic metabolites bio-transformed by gut microbiota were also explained. However, further research should focus on the importance of human trials and profound links of polyphenols-gut microbiota-nerve-brain as they provide the key to unlock the mechanisms behind the observed benefits of dietary polyphenols found in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mithul Aravind
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology and Entrepreneurship Management, Haryana, India
| | - Santad Wichienchot
- Center of Excellence in Functional Food and Gastronomy, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Korhong, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Rong Tsao
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada.
| | - S Ramakrishnan
- Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - S Chakkaravarthi
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology and Entrepreneurship Management, Haryana, India.
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12
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Li J, Du Q, Li N, Du S, Sun Z. Alpiniae oxyphyllae Fructus and Alzheimer's disease: An update and current perspective on this traditional Chinese medicine. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 135:111167. [PMID: 33383373 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common progressive neuro-degenerative disease, and the morbidity and mortality are still on the rise. In spite of recent advances in AD treatment, their clinical efficacy has been limited, non-curative and easy to drug resistance. Alpiniae oxyphyllae Fructus (AOF), derived from the dried and mature fruits of the Zingiberaceae plant Alpinia oxyphylla Miq, is a choice in traditional Chinese medicine to treat AD, which has a good effect and has been used for a long time. Recent studies have demonstrated its potent activities in modulating multiple signaling pathways associated with β-amyloid deposition, tau protein phosphorylation, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress. The neuropharmacological mechanism of AOF in AD have been fully illustrated in numerous studies. In this review, we first briefly described the active components of AOF and related mechanism for treating AD. And we also provide a systematic overview of recent progress on the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the active ingredients of AOF and analyzed their bioavailability differences in the development of AD. Thus, AOF hold a great therapeutic potential in the treatment of AD and is worthy of further research and promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qiuzheng Du
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Na Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shuzhang Du
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Zhi Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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13
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Motamedi Z, Amini SA, Raeisi E, Lemoigne Y, Heidarian E. Combined Effects of Protocatechuic Acid and 5-Fluorouracil on p53 Gene Expression and Apoptosis in Gastric Adenocarcinoma Cells. Turk J Pharm Sci 2020; 17:578-585. [PMID: 33389946 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2019.69335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study evaluated the combined effects of protocatechuic acid (PCA) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells. Materials and Methods The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, colony formation assay, flow cytometry technique, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting were used to investigate cytotoxic effects, colony formation, apoptosis, p53 gene expression, and Bcl-2 protein level in AGS cells treated with 5-FU and PCA. Results Our results demonstrated that PCA (500 μM) alone or in combination with 5-FU (10 μM) inhibited AGS cell proliferation, inhibited a colony formation, and increased apoptosis compared with untreated control cells. Moreover, the combined 5-FU/PCA exposure led to upregulation of p53 and downregulation of Bcl-2 protein when compared to the untreated control cells. Conclusion The results demonstrate that the combined 5-FU/PCA may promote antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects with the inhibition of colony formation in AGS cells. The mechanisms by which the combined 5-FU/PCA exposure exerts its effects are associated with upregulation of p53 gene expression and downregulation of Bcl-2 level. Therefore, the combination of 5-FU with PCA not only could be a promising approach to potentially reduce the dose requirements of 5-FU but also could promote apoptosis via p53 and Bcl-2 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Motamedi
- Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Sayed Asadollah Amini
- Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Elham Raeisi
- Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | | | - Esfandiar Heidarian
- Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Shahrekord, Iran
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14
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Wang Z, He C, Shi JS. Natural Products for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5790-5828. [PMID: 31131744 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190527120614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by the progressive degeneration of the structure and function of the central nervous system or peripheral nervous system. Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) are the common neurodegenerative diseases, which typically occur in people over the age of 60. With the rapid development of an aged society, over 60 million people worldwide are suffering from these uncurable diseases. Therefore, the search for new drugs and therapeutic methods has become an increasingly important research topic. Natural products especially those from the Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs), are the most important sources of drugs, and have received extensive interest among pharmacist. In this review, in order to facilitate further chemical modification of those useful natural products by pharmacists, we will bring together recent studies in single natural compound from TCMs with neuroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi Guizhou 563003, China.,Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563003, P.R. China
| | - Chunyang He
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi Guizhou 563003, China.,Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563003, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Shan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi Guizhou 563003, China
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15
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Yang MH, Baek SH, Chinnathambi A, Alharbi SA, Ahn KS. Identification of protocatechuic acid as a novel blocker of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in lung tumor cells. Phytother Res 2020; 35:1953-1966. [PMID: 33251669 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protocatechuic acid (PA) is widely distributed and commonly occurring natural compound that can exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, as well as anti-cancer effects. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is important cellular process that can control tumor invasion and metastasis. Here, we investigated whether PA can modulate the EMT process in basal and transforming growth factorβ-induced A549 and H1299 cells. We found that PA suppressed expression of mesenchymal markers (Fibronectin, Vimentin, and N-cadherin), MMP-9, MMP-2, twist, and snail but stimulated the levels of epithelial markers (E-cadherin and Occludin). In addition, PA can affect TGFβ-induced expression of both mesenchymal and epithelial markers. Moreover, PA abrogated migratory and invasive potential of tumor cells by reversing the EMT process. Furthermore, we found that PA suppressed EMT process by abrogating the activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling cascade in lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hee Yang
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ho Baek
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Arunachalam Chinnathambi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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16
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Anushree G, Aravind P, Vinod D, Hemalatha N, Girisha ST, Devaraju KS. Peroxynitrite-induced conformational changes in DNA that lead to cell death: UV, CD spectral, molecular dynamics simulation and FACS analysis. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 40:1-15. [PMID: 32933357 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2020.1809673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite is known to react with biomolecules leading to their structural and function alteration. Structural alteration in DNA induced by peroxynitrite is not clearly known. The current study was carried out to decipher the changes induced by peroxynitrite using UV-Vis spectra, circular dichrometry, molecular dynamics simulation followed by restriction digestion. Apoptotic markers Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase genes were also studied by FACS in peroxynitrite induced PC12 cells. The results obtained showed that PXN binds to DNA leading to hyperchromicity of DNA in the presence of PXN over a period of time and the same was established by In silico studies where PXN modifies the DNA to accommodate itself into the stacking and brings about the significant structural alterations. Further, FACS studies reveal that Bcl-2 gene expression was down regulated whereas BAXand caspase genes were up regulated compared to control concluding that PXN induces apoptotic cell death in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Anushree
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Bangalore University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - P Aravind
- Department of Biochemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - D Vinod
- SBST Department, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Hemalatha
- Department of Biochemistry, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, India.,Multidisciplinary Research Unit, DIMHANS, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - S T Girisha
- Department of Biochemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - K S Devaraju
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Bangalore University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.,Department of Biochemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
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17
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Wu T, Fang X, Xu J, Jiang Y, Cao F, Zhao L. Synergistic Effects of Ginkgolide B and Protocatechuic Acid on the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173976. [PMID: 32878312 PMCID: PMC7504731 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba extract (EGB) has many pharmacological activities. In the quality standard of EGB, the main quality control indexes are total flavone (content ≥ 24%) and total lactone (content ≥ 6%). There are no specific limits for nearly 70% of "other components". In recent years, in order to pursue the production of a high-ketone ester, some enterprises removed the unwanted components, including some organic acids. Protocatechuic acid (PCA), as an important organic acid, has been reported to have a variety of biological activities. It is necessary to explore whether it can promote the biological activities of the main functional components of EGB. In this study, PCA was selected to be combined with Ginkgolide B (GB) for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. In vitro, rotenone (rot) was used to induce PC12 cells. The survival rate was tested by the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-dimethyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidase were detected to analyze the effects of drugs on oxidative stress. The apoptosis was tested via Western blot. The results show that the cell viability was increased, morphology was improved, the oxidative stress level decreased, and the apoptosis was inhibited after the combination treatment of GB and PCA, and the effect was better than GB or PCA alone. In vivo, MPTP (30 mg/kg) was used to induce Parkinson's disease (PD) in male C57BL/6 mice. The motor ability of the mice was measured by pole-climbing and the suspension. The injury of nerve cells was indicated by HE staining. Oxidative stress levels were tested via antioxidant enzyme activity. The number of dopaminergic neurons was reflected by TH staining. Results show that the combination treatment of GB and PCA could significantly restore the motor ability of PD mice, reduce the injury of nerve cells, improve the activity of the antioxidant enzyme in the brain tissue, and increase the expression of TH in the substantia nigra of midbrain. Our study shows that PCA increases the efficacy of GB (the main functional ingredient of EGB) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, which provides a new idea for the treatment of nervous system diseases and a new concept for the efficient utilization of active components in Ginkgo biloba leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (T.W.); (X.F.); (J.X.); (F.C.)
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xianying Fang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (T.W.); (X.F.); (J.X.); (F.C.)
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jiahui Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (T.W.); (X.F.); (J.X.); (F.C.)
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (T.W.); (X.F.); (J.X.); (F.C.)
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: (Y.J.); (L.Z.); Tel.: +86-025-85427544 (Y.J.); +86-025-85427962 (L.Z.)
| | - Fuliang Cao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (T.W.); (X.F.); (J.X.); (F.C.)
| | - Linguo Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (T.W.); (X.F.); (J.X.); (F.C.)
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: (Y.J.); (L.Z.); Tel.: +86-025-85427544 (Y.J.); +86-025-85427962 (L.Z.)
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18
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Yarmohammadi F, Wallace Hayes A, Najafi N, Karimi G. The protective effect of natural compounds against rotenone‐induced neurotoxicity. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22605. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Yarmohammadi
- Student Research Committee Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - A. Wallace Hayes
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology University of South Florida Tampa Florida
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan
| | - Nahid Najafi
- Student Research Committee Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
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19
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Koza LA, Winter AN, Holsopple J, Baybayon-Grandgeorge AN, Pena C, Olson JR, Mazzarino RC, Patterson D, Linseman DA. Protocatechuic Acid Extends Survival, Improves Motor Function, Diminishes Gliosis, and Sustains Neuromuscular Junctions in the hSOD1 G93A Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061824. [PMID: 32570926 PMCID: PMC7353311 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating disorder characterized by motor neuron apoptosis and subsequent skeletal muscle atrophy caused by oxidative and nitrosative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. Anthocyanins are polyphenolic compounds found in berries that possess neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is a phenolic acid metabolite of the parent anthocyanin, kuromanin, found in blackberries and bilberries. We explored the therapeutic effects of PCA in a transgenic mouse model of ALS that expresses mutant human Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase 1 with a glycine to alanine substitution at position 93. These mice display skeletal muscle atrophy, hindlimb weakness, and weight loss. Disease onset occurs at approximately 90 days old and end stage is reached at approximately 120 days old. Daily treatment with PCA (100 mg/kg) by oral gavage beginning at disease onset significantly extended survival (121 days old in untreated vs. 133 days old in PCA-treated) and preserved skeletal muscle strength and endurance as assessed by grip strength testing and rotarod performance. Furthermore, PCA reduced astrogliosis and microgliosis in spinal cord, protected spinal motor neurons from apoptosis, and maintained neuromuscular junction integrity in transgenic mice. PCA lengthens survival, lessens the severity of pathological symptoms, and slows disease progression in this mouse model of ALS. Given its significant preclinical therapeutic effects, PCA should be further investigated as a treatment option for patients with ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia A. Koza
- Department of Biological Sciences, F. W. Olin Hall, Room 102, University of Denver, 2190 E. Iliff Ave, Denver, CO 80208, USA; (L.A.K.); (A.N.W.); (J.H.); (A.N.B.-G.); (C.P.); (J.R.O.); (R.C.M.); (D.P.)
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, Engineering Computer Science, Suite 579, University of Denver, 2155 E. Wesley Ave, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Aimee N. Winter
- Department of Biological Sciences, F. W. Olin Hall, Room 102, University of Denver, 2190 E. Iliff Ave, Denver, CO 80208, USA; (L.A.K.); (A.N.W.); (J.H.); (A.N.B.-G.); (C.P.); (J.R.O.); (R.C.M.); (D.P.)
| | - Jessica Holsopple
- Department of Biological Sciences, F. W. Olin Hall, Room 102, University of Denver, 2190 E. Iliff Ave, Denver, CO 80208, USA; (L.A.K.); (A.N.W.); (J.H.); (A.N.B.-G.); (C.P.); (J.R.O.); (R.C.M.); (D.P.)
| | - Angela N. Baybayon-Grandgeorge
- Department of Biological Sciences, F. W. Olin Hall, Room 102, University of Denver, 2190 E. Iliff Ave, Denver, CO 80208, USA; (L.A.K.); (A.N.W.); (J.H.); (A.N.B.-G.); (C.P.); (J.R.O.); (R.C.M.); (D.P.)
| | - Claudia Pena
- Department of Biological Sciences, F. W. Olin Hall, Room 102, University of Denver, 2190 E. Iliff Ave, Denver, CO 80208, USA; (L.A.K.); (A.N.W.); (J.H.); (A.N.B.-G.); (C.P.); (J.R.O.); (R.C.M.); (D.P.)
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, Engineering Computer Science, Suite 579, University of Denver, 2155 E. Wesley Ave, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Olson
- Department of Biological Sciences, F. W. Olin Hall, Room 102, University of Denver, 2190 E. Iliff Ave, Denver, CO 80208, USA; (L.A.K.); (A.N.W.); (J.H.); (A.N.B.-G.); (C.P.); (J.R.O.); (R.C.M.); (D.P.)
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, Engineering Computer Science, Suite 579, University of Denver, 2155 E. Wesley Ave, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Randall C. Mazzarino
- Department of Biological Sciences, F. W. Olin Hall, Room 102, University of Denver, 2190 E. Iliff Ave, Denver, CO 80208, USA; (L.A.K.); (A.N.W.); (J.H.); (A.N.B.-G.); (C.P.); (J.R.O.); (R.C.M.); (D.P.)
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, Engineering Computer Science, Suite 579, University of Denver, 2155 E. Wesley Ave, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - David Patterson
- Department of Biological Sciences, F. W. Olin Hall, Room 102, University of Denver, 2190 E. Iliff Ave, Denver, CO 80208, USA; (L.A.K.); (A.N.W.); (J.H.); (A.N.B.-G.); (C.P.); (J.R.O.); (R.C.M.); (D.P.)
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, Engineering Computer Science, Suite 579, University of Denver, 2155 E. Wesley Ave, Denver, CO 80208, USA
- Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, 2101 E. Wesley Ave, Denver, CO 80210, USA
| | - Daniel A. Linseman
- Department of Biological Sciences, F. W. Olin Hall, Room 102, University of Denver, 2190 E. Iliff Ave, Denver, CO 80208, USA; (L.A.K.); (A.N.W.); (J.H.); (A.N.B.-G.); (C.P.); (J.R.O.); (R.C.M.); (D.P.)
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, Engineering Computer Science, Suite 579, University of Denver, 2155 E. Wesley Ave, Denver, CO 80208, USA
- Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, 2101 E. Wesley Ave, Denver, CO 80210, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(303)-871-4663
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Anthocyanins and Their Metabolites as Therapeutic Agents for Neurodegenerative Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8090333. [PMID: 31443476 PMCID: PMC6770078 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8090333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are characterized by the death of neurons within specific regions of the brain or spinal cord. While the etiology of many neurodegenerative diseases remains elusive, several factors are thought to contribute to the neurodegenerative process, such as oxidative and nitrosative stress, excitotoxicity, endoplasmic reticulum stress, protein aggregation, and neuroinflammation. These processes culminate in the death of vulnerable neuronal populations, which manifests symptomatically as cognitive and/or motor impairments. Until recently, most treatments for these disorders have targeted single aspects of disease pathology; however, this strategy has proved largely ineffective, and focus has now turned towards therapeutics which target multiple aspects underlying neurodegeneration. Anthocyanins are unique flavonoid compounds that have been shown to modulate several of the factors contributing to neuronal death, and interest in their use as therapeutics for neurodegeneration has grown in recent years. Additionally, due to observations that the bioavailability of anthocyanins is low relative to that of their metabolites, it has been proposed that anthocyanin metabolites may play a significant part in mediating the beneficial effects of an anthocyanin-rich diet. Thus, in this review, we will explore the evidence evaluating the neuroprotective and therapeutic potential of anthocyanins and their common metabolites for treating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Dilberger B, Passon M, Asseburg H, Silaidos CV, Schmitt F, Schmiedl T, Schieber A, Eckert GP. Polyphenols and Metabolites Enhance Survival in Rodents and Nematodes-Impact of Mitochondria. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1886. [PMID: 31412639 PMCID: PMC6723680 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Polyphenols (PP) play an important role in the prevention of non-communicable diseases and may contribute to healthy aging. To investigate the molecular and cellular aspects of PP metabolites on longevity with a focus on mitochondrial function, we applied a pre-fermented mixture of polyphenols (Rechtsregulat®, RR) to rodents and nematodes. (2) Methods: The lifespans of Navar Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice and C. elegans were recorded. The heat-stress resistance (37 °C) of C. elegans N2 was measured using nucleic staining. Respiration and membrane potential (ΔΨm) were measured in isolated mitochondria. The energetic metabolites adenosine triphosphate (ATP), lactate, and pyruvate were determined in lysates. Expression levels of longevity related genes were determined using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Phenolic compounds were identified using ultra high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-Iontrap-multiple stage mass spectrometry (UHPLC-DAD-Iontrap-MSn). (3) Results: Several phenolic metabolites including protocatechuic acid (PCA) were identified in RR. Feeding of mice with RR resulted in a significantly increased lifespan. Heat-stress resistance (RR *** p = 0.0006; PCA **** p < 0.0001), median lifespan (NMRI: RR ** p = 0.0035; C. elegans RR * p = 0.0279; PCA **** p < 0.0001), and activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes (RR *-** p = 0.0237 - 0.0052; PCA * p = 0.019 - 0.0208) of C. elegans were significantly increased after incubation with RR (10%) or PCA (780 µM). PCA significantly improved nematodes ΔΨm (* p = 0.02058) and ATP levels (* p = 0.029). RR significantly up-regulated lactate levels, indicating enhanced glycolysis. The expression levels of longevity related genes daf-16, sir-2.1, and skn-1 were significantly upregulated after PCA, and partially after RR administration. (4) Conclusion: Phenolic metabolites such as PCA have the potential to enhance health and lifespan and mitochondrial function, and thus may contribute to healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Dilberger
- Laboratory for Nutrition in Prevention and Therapy, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Maike Passon
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Molecular Food Technology, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 19b, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Heike Asseburg
- Laboratory for Nutrition in Prevention and Therapy, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Carmina V Silaidos
- Laboratory for Nutrition in Prevention and Therapy, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Fabian Schmitt
- Laboratory for Nutrition in Prevention and Therapy, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Tommy Schmiedl
- Laboratory for Nutrition in Prevention and Therapy, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schieber
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Molecular Food Technology, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 19b, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gunter P Eckert
- Laboratory for Nutrition in Prevention and Therapy, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Chang HC, Liu KF, Teng CJ, Lai SC, Yang SE, Ching H, Wu CR. Sophora Tomentosa Extract Prevents MPTP-Induced Parkinsonism in C57BL/6 Mice Via the Inhibition of GSK-3β Phosphorylation and Oxidative Stress. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020252. [PMID: 30678114 PMCID: PMC6412387 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sophora species are used as dietary medicines in aging-associated symptoms. Sophora tomentosa L. (ST) is a native medicinal plant in Southeast Asia; however, there is no pharmacological literature about ST extract. The present study evaluates the antioxidant phytoconstituent contents and radical scavenging capacities of ST extract. The further investigation was to clarify the neuroprotective mechanism of ST extract against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinsonism by assaying the activities of the dopaminergic system and antioxidant defenses, glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3-β) phosphorylation, and α-synuclein levels in C57BL/6 mice. The results show that ST extract alleviated the motor deficits in MPTP-induced Parkinsonism with four behavioral tests, including a rearing locomotor, catalepsy test, balance beam walking test, and pole test. ST extract reversed the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons in substantia nigra (SN) that had decreased by MPTP. ST extract also restored the decreased levels of dopamine and the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the striatum. Furthermore, ST extract restored the levels of glutathione (GSH) and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, and decreased the elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in mouse striatum. ST extract also decreased α-synuclein overexpression and GSK-3β phosphorylation in mouse striatum. In vitro, ST extract exerted higher 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging capacities through its higher phenolic contents, especially protocatechuic acid and epicatechin. These results suggest that ST extract has the potential to counteract MPTP-induced motor deficit. The neuroprotective mechanism of ST extract against MPTP-induced Parkinsonism might be related to decreasing GSK-3β phosphorylation and restoring the activities of striatal antioxidant defenses to restore the nigrostriatal dopaminergic function and decrease α-synuclein accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chi Chang
- Department of Golden-Ager Industry Management, College of Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 41394, Taiwan.
| | - Keng-Fan Liu
- The Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Jen Teng
- The Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Chen Lai
- Department of Pharmacy, Tung's Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung 43550, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Er Yang
- Department of Beauty Science and Graduate, Institute of Beauty Science Technology, Chienkuo Technology University, Changhua City 500, Taiwan.
| | - Hui Ching
- Department of Pharmacy, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung, 40343, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Rei Wu
- The Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
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Stevens JF, Revel JS, Maier CS. Mitochondria-Centric Review of Polyphenol Bioactivity in Cancer Models. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1589-1611. [PMID: 29084444 PMCID: PMC6207154 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Humans are exposed daily to polyphenols in milligram-to-gram amounts through dietary consumption of fruits and vegetables. Polyphenols are also available as components of dietary supplements for improving general health. Although polyphenols are often advertised as antioxidants to explain health benefits, experimental evidence shows that their beneficial cancer preventing and controlling properties are more likely due to stimulation of pro-oxidant and proapoptotic pathways. Recent Advances: The understanding of the biological differences between cancer and normal cell, and especially the role that mitochondria play in carcinogenesis, has greatly advanced in recent years. These advances have resulted in a wealth of new information on polyphenol bioactivity in cell culture and animal models of cancer. Polyphenols appear to target oxidative phosphorylation and regulation of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), glycolysis, pro-oxidant pathways, and antioxidant (adaptive) stress responses with greater selectivity in tumorigenic cells. CRITICAL ISSUES The ability of polyphenols to dissipate the MMP (Δψm) by a protonophore mechanism has been known for more than 50 years. However, researchers focus primarily on the downstream molecular effects of Δψm dissipation and mitochondrial uncoupling. We argue that the physicochemical properties of polyphenols are responsible for their anticancer properties by virtue of their protonophoric and pro-oxidant properties rather than their specific effects on downstream molecular targets. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Polyphenol-induced dissipation of Δψm is a physicochemical process that cancer cells cannot develop resistance against by gene mutation. Therefore, polyphenols should receive more attention as agents for cotherapy with cancer drugs to gain synergistic activity. Antioxid. Redox Signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan F. Stevens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Johana S. Revel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Claudia S. Maier
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
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Abubakar IB, Malami I, Yahaya Y, Sule SM. A review on the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Alpinia officinarum Hance. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 224:45-62. [PMID: 29803568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Alpinia officinarum Hance is a perennial plant that has been traditionally used for many decades to treat several ailments including inflammation, pain, stomach-ache, cold, amongst others. Pharmacological studies over the years have demonstrated remarkable bioactivities that could be further explored for development of new therapeutic agents against various ailments. AIM OF THE STUDY The paper critically reviewed the ethno-medicinal uses, pharmacology, and phytochemistry of A. officinarum. METHODS Keywords including A. officinarum and its synonyms were searched using electronic databases including ISI web of knowledge, Science direct, Scopus, PubMed, Google scholar and relevant database for Masters and Doctoral theses. RESULTS A. officinarum is prepared in Asia, Turkey, Morocco and Iran as a decoction, infusion or juice as a single preparation or in combination with other herbs, food or drinks for the treatment of general health problems including cold, inflammation, digestive disorders, etc. Pharmacological studies revealed the potent in vitro and in vivo bioactivities of various parts of A. officinarum that include anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity, homeostasis, lipid regulation, antioxidant, antiviral, antimicrobial, antiosteoporosis, etc. Over 90 phytochemical constituents have been identified and isolated from A. officinarum comprising vastly of phenolic compounds especially diarylheptanoids isolated from the rhizome and considered the most active bioactive components. CONCLUSION In vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed the potency of A. officinarum. However, further studies are required to establish the mechanisms mediating its bioactivities in relation to the medicinal uses as well as investigating any potential toxicity for future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Babangida Abubakar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, PMB 1144 Aliero, Nigeria.
| | - Ibrahim Malami
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, PMB 2346 Sokoto, Nigeria.
| | - Yakubu Yahaya
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, PMB 1144 Aliero, Nigeria.
| | - Sahabi Manga Sule
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, PMB 1144 Aliero, Nigeria.
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Limonoids from the fruits of Swietenia macrophylla with inhibitory activity against H 2 O 2 -induced apoptosis in HUVECs. Fitoterapia 2018; 129:179-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Pro-apoptosis effects of protocatechuic acid in the early stage of infectious bursal disease virus infection. Microb Pathog 2018; 124:216-222. [PMID: 30145255 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a very important small RNA virus in the family of Birnaviridae, which can cause severe immunosuppressive effects and pathological damages in young chickens. It can replicate in bursal lymphocytes and impede the growth and development of B cells, finally causing bursal lymphocytes apoptosis. Previous results have shown that protocatechuic acid (PCA) as an important phenolic compound could effectively improve the survival rate of chickens infected with IBDV. The current study aimed to explore how PCA influenced the pathogenesis of IBDV, especially lymphocyte apoptosis in the process of IBDV infection. The results showed that PCA could effectively alleviate bursal pathological changes at the early stage of IBDV invasion. Moreover, bursal lymphocyte apoptosis for tissue section samples was largely elevated by PCA by using the terminal dexynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method while the bursal lymphocyte apoptosis ratio was also increased by PCA by flow cytometry in the early stage of IBDV infection in vivo. Meanwhile, PCA could promote non-lymphocyte apoptosis in vitro. Further study displayed that the potential mechanisms mainly relied on regulation of the expressions of pro-apoptotic protein Bax and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, thus speeding up the process of IBDV-infected cell apoptosis and preventing virus infection. Meanwhile, the results displayed that the PI3K/Akt and NF kappa B signal pathways might play an important role in promoting cell apoptosis after IBDV infection. Overall, PCA as a potent antiviral drug precursor is expected to be applied in the poultry industry as a substitute for clinical antiviral application.
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Xu C, Guan S, Wang B, Wang S, Wang Y, Sun C, Ma X, Liu T. Synthesis of protocatechuic acid grafted chitosan copolymer: Structure characterization and in vitro neuroprotective potential. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 109:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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28
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Teixeira J, Oliveira C, Amorim R, Cagide F, Garrido J, Ribeiro JA, Pereira CM, Silva AF, Andrade PB, Oliveira PJ, Borges F. Development of hydroxybenzoic-based platforms as a solution to deliver dietary antioxidants to mitochondria. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6842. [PMID: 28754950 PMCID: PMC5533782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07272-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been associated with metabolic and age-related diseases. Thus, the prevention of mitochondrial oxidative damage is nowadays a recognized pharmacological strategy to delay disease progression. Epidemiological studies suggested an association between the consumption of polyphenol-rich diet and the prevention of different pathologies, including diseases with a mitochondrial etiology. The development of mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants based on dietary antioxidants may decrease mitochondrial oxidative damage. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of two new mitochondriotropic antioxidants based on hydroxybenzoic acids (AntiOxBENs). The results obtained showed that the novel antioxidants are accumulated inside rat liver mitochondria driven by the organelle transmembrane electric potential and prevented lipid peroxidation, exhibiting low toxicity. Some of the observed effects on mitochondrial bioenergetics resulted from an increase of proton leakage through the mitochondrial inner membrane. The new derivatives present a higher lipophilicity than the parent compounds (protocatechuic and gallic acids) and similar antioxidant and iron chelating properties. AntiOxBENs are valid mitochondriotropic antioxidant prototypes, which can be optimized and used in a next future as drug candidates to prevent or slow mitochondrial oxidative stress associated to several pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Teixeira
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech Building, Biocant Park -University of Coimbra, Cantanhede, 3060-197, Portugal
| | - Catarina Oliveira
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Amorim
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech Building, Biocant Park -University of Coimbra, Cantanhede, 3060-197, Portugal
| | - Fernando Cagide
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Jorge Garrido
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering (ISEP), Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, 4200%, Portugal
| | - José A Ribeiro
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Carlos M Pereira
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
| | - António F Silva
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Paula B Andrade
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech Building, Biocant Park -University of Coimbra, Cantanhede, 3060-197, Portugal.
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal.
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Han R, Tang F, Lu M, Xu C, Hu J, Mei M, Wang H. Astragalus polysaccharide ameliorates H2O2-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell injury. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:4027-4034. [PMID: 28487940 PMCID: PMC5436204 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in numerous cardiovascular diseases. Astragalus polysaccharide (APS), an important bioactive component extracted from the Chinese herb Astragalus membranaceus, has been widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of APS on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) injury. Following treatment with 400 µM H2O2 for 24 h, cell viability was decreased and apoptosis was increased. However, pretreatment with APS for 1 h significantly attenuated H2O2-induced injury in HUVECs. In addition, APS decreased intracellular ROS levels, increased the protein expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and copper-zinc superoxide dismutase, elevated intracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate (an activity marker for nitric oxide) levels and restored the mitochondrial membrane potential, compared with cells treated with H2O2 only. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that APS may protect HUVECs from injury induced by H2O2 via increasing the cell antioxidant capacity and nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, which may contribute to the improvement of the imbalance between ROS and NO levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghui Han
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Drug Research Institute, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Futian Tang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Drug Research Institute, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Meili Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Drug Research Institute, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Chonghua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Drug Research Institute, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Jin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Drug Research Institute, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Meng Mei
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Drug Research Institute, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Hongxin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Drug Research Institute, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
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Ma XN, Xie CL, Miao Z, Yang Q, Yang XW. An overview of chemical constituents from Alpinia species in the last six decades. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27830b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpinia species is one of the most important genera of the Zingiberaceae family. Up to 2015, 544 compounds with various bioactivities were isolated, the major components are diarylheptanoids (143) and sesquiterpenoids (132).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ni Ma
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources
- Third Institute of Oceanography
- State Oceanic Administration
| | - Chun-Lan Xie
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources
- Third Institute of Oceanography
- State Oceanic Administration
| | - Zi Miao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources
- Third Institute of Oceanography
- State Oceanic Administration
| | - Quan Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Xian-Wen Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources
- Third Institute of Oceanography
- State Oceanic Administration
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31
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Sengupta T, Vinayagam J, Singh R, Jaisankar P, Mohanakumar KP. Plant-Derived Natural Products for Parkinson's Disease Therapy. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 12:415-96. [PMID: 27651267 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28383-8_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant-derived natural products have made their own niche in the treatment of neurological diseases since time immemorial. Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, has no cure and the treatment available currently is symptomatic. This chapter thoughtfully and objectively assesses the scientific basis that supports the increasing use of these plant-derived natural products for the treatment of this chronic and progressive disorder. Proper considerations are made on the chemical nature, sources, preclinical tests and their validity, and mechanisms of behavioural or biochemical recovery observed following treatment with various plants derived natural products relevant to PD therapy. The scientific basis underlying the neuroprotective effect of 6 Ayurvedic herbs/formulations, 12 Chinese medicinal herbs/formulations, 33 other plants, and 5 plant-derived molecules have been judiciously examined emphasizing behavioral, cellular, or biochemical aspects of neuroprotection observed in the cellular or animal models of the disease. The molecular mechanisms triggered by these natural products to promote cell survivability and to reduce the risk of cellular degeneration have also been brought to light in this study. The study helped to reveal certain limitations in the scenario: lack of preclinical studies in all cases barring two; heavy dependence on in vitro test systems; singular animal or cellular model to establish any therapeutic potential of drugs. This strongly warrants further studies so as to reproduce and confirm these reported effects. However, the current literature offers scientific credence to traditionally used plant-derived natural products for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sengupta
- Division of Cell Biology & Physiology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR, Govt of India), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - J Vinayagam
- Division of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR, Govt of India), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - R Singh
- Division of Cell Biology & Physiology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR, Govt of India), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - P Jaisankar
- Division of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR, Govt of India), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - K P Mohanakumar
- Division of Cell Biology & Physiology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR, Govt of India), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India. .,Inter University Centre for Biomedical Research & Super Specialty Hospital, Mahatma Gandhi University Campus at Thalappady, Rubber Board PO, Kottayam, 686009, Kerala, India.
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Zhang Z, Li G, Szeto SSW, Chong CM, Quan Q, Huang C, Cui W, Guo B, Wang Y, Han Y, Michael Siu KW, Yuen Lee SM, Chu IK. Examining the neuroprotective effects of protocatechuic acid and chrysin on in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 84:331-343. [PMID: 25769424 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polypharmacology-based strategies using drug combinations with different mechanisms of action are gaining increasing attention as a novel methodology to discover potentially innovative medicines for neurodegenerative disorders. We used this approach to examine the combined neuroprotective effects of two polyphenols, protocatechuic acid (PCA) and chrysin, identified from the fruits of Alpinia oxyphylla. Our results demonstrated synergistic neuroprotective effects, with chrysin enhancing the protective effects of PCA, resulting in greater cell viability and decreased lactate dehydrogenase release from 6-hydroxydopamine-treated PC12 cells. Their combination also significantly attenuated chemically induced dopaminergic neuron loss in both zebrafish and mice. We examined the molecular mechanisms underlying these collective cytoprotective effects through proteomic analysis of treated PC12 cells, resulting in the identification of 12 regulated proteins. Two were further characterized, leading to the determination that pretreatment with PCA and chrysin resulted in (i) increased nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 protein expression and transcriptional activity; (ii) modulation of cellular redox status with the upregulated expression of hallmark antioxidant enzymes, including heme oxygenase-1, superoxide dismutase, and catalase; and (iii) decreased levels of malondialdehyde, a known lipid peroxidation product. Treatment with PCA and chrysin also inhibited activation of nuclear factor-κB and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Our findings suggest that natural products, when used in combination, can be effective potential therapeutic agents for treating diseases such as Parkinson disease. A therapy involving both PCA and chrysin exhibits its enhanced neuroprotective effects through a combination of cellular mechanisms: antioxidant cytoprotection and anti-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaijun Zhang
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangdong, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Guohui Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Samuel S W Szeto
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cheong Meng Chong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Quan Quan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Baojian Guo
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuqiang Wang
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Yifan Han
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - K W Michael Siu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Simon Ming Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China.
| | - Ivan K Chu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Salidroside stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis and protects against H₂O₂-induced endothelial dysfunction. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:904834. [PMID: 24868319 PMCID: PMC4020198 DOI: 10.1155/2014/904834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Salidroside (SAL) is an active component of Rhodiola rosea with documented antioxidative properties. The purpose of this study is to explore the mechanism of the protective effect of SAL on hydrogen peroxide- (H2O2-) induced endothelial dysfunction. Pretreatment of the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with SAL significantly reduced the cytotoxicity brought by H2O2. Functional studies on the rat aortas found that SAL rescued the endothelium-dependent relaxation and reduced superoxide anion (O2∙−) production induced by H2O2. Meanwhile, SAL pretreatment inhibited H2O2-induced nitric oxide (NO) production. The underlying mechanisms involve the inhibition of H2O2-induced activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and Akt, as well as the redox sensitive transcription factor, NF-kappa B (NF-κB). SAL also increased mitochondrial mass and upregulated the mitochondrial biogenesis factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1α), and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) in the endothelial cells. H2O2-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, as demonstrated by reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and ATP production, was rescued by SAL pretreatment. Taken together, these findings implicate that SAL could protect endothelium against H2O2-induced injury via promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and function, thus preventing the overactivation of oxidative stress-related downstream signaling pathways.
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Song Y, Cui T, Xie N, Zhang X, Qian Z, Liu J. Protocatechuic acid improves cognitive deficits and attenuates amyloid deposits, inflammatory response in aged AβPP/PS1 double transgenic mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 20:276-81. [PMID: 24667368 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Protocatechuic acid (PCA), a phenolic compound of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae (RSM), has been found to have a protective effect on improving cognitive deficits in STZ-induced AD rats. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential protection activity of PCA on improving cognitive deficits and attenuating Aβ deposition and inflammatory responses in aged AβPP/PS1 double transgenic AD-model mice. The results of Morris water maze test showed that PCA (100mg/kg) significantly prolonged the mean latency time and the path length of AβPP/PS1 mice. PCA could significantly reduce the number of Aβ positive expressions in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of AβPP/PS1 mice by immunocytochemical assay with Congo red staining and decrease remarkably APP expression level by Western blot analysis (P<0.01). The results from ELISA and Western blot analysis showed that the levels of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 decreased remarkably by the treatment with PCA (P<0.01). Further, there was a substantial increase of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of AβPP/PS1 mice treated with PCA (P<0.01). The present study provided confirmatory evidence that PCA significantly decreased Aβ deposits, APP and inflammatory response, whereas increased learning and memory ability, as well as enhanced BDNF level. Our findings indicated that PCA is an effective neuroprotective agent for AD therapy. It might be associated with the attenuation on Aβ deposits and inflammation responses involved in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Song
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Taizhen Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Xie
- The Cardiology Department of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibin Qian
- The Cardiology Department of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Juyuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
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Modulating the p66shc signaling pathway with protocatechuic acid protects the intestine from ischemia-reperfusion injury and alleviates secondary liver damage. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:387640. [PMID: 24757420 PMCID: PMC3976807 DOI: 10.1155/2014/387640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a serious clinical pathophysiological process that may result in acute local intestine and remote liver injury. Protocatechuic acid (PCA), which has been widely studied as a polyphenolic compound, induces expression of antioxidative genes that combat oxidative stress and cell apoptosis. In this study, we investigated the effect of PCA pretreatment for protecting intestinal I/R-induced local intestine and remote liver injury in mice. Intestinal I/R was established by superior mesenteric artery occlusion for 45 min followed by reperfusion for 90 min. After the reperfusion period, PCA pretreatment markedly alleviated intestine and liver injury induced by intestinal I/R as indicated by histological alterations, decreases in serological damage parameters and nuclear factor-kappa B and phospho-foxo3a protein expression levels, and increases in glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, manganese superoxide dismutase protein expression, and Bcl-xL protein expression in the intestine and liver. These parameters were accompanied by PCA-induced adaptor protein p66shc suppression. These results suggest that PCA has a significant protective effect in the intestine and liver following injury induced by intestinal I/R. The protective effect of PCA may be attributed to the suppression of p66shc and the regulation of p66shc-related antioxidative and antiapoptotic factors.
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36
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Nutritional Approaches for Healthy Aging of the Brain and the Prevention of Neurodegenerative Diseases. PHARMA-NUTRITION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06151-1_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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37
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Suppression of the p66shc adapter protein by protocatechuic acid prevents the development of lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia reperfusion in mice. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012; 73:1130-7. [PMID: 23117377 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e318265d069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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38
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Pharmacokinetics of protocatechuic acid in mouse and its quantification in human plasma using LC-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 908:39-44. [PMID: 23122399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protocatechuic acid (PCA), a major microbial-mediated metabolite of anthocyanins, has significant anti-oxidative and anti-carcinogenic activities in vitro and in vivo; however, its pharmacokinetics remains largely unknown. In this report, a sensitive and rapid LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the measurement of PCA concentrations in both mouse and human plasma. This method showed a linearity of 1-1000ng/mL in both mouse and human plasma with a lower limit of quantification of 1ng/mL. The within-day and between-day coefficient of variation ranged from 1.18 to 11.8% and accuracy from 92 to 110%. The method was applied to characterize the pharmacokinetics of PCA in mice after oral administration of 50mg/kg PCA. PCA was absorbed rapidly with a half-life of 2.9min, reached a peak plasma level (C(max)) of 73.6μM at 5min, and remained detectable up to 8h with the initial elimination half-life of about 3min and a terminal half-life of 16min. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0→8h)) of PCA was 1456μMmin. The method was capable of detecting low ng/mL quantities of PCA in the plasma of patients with prostate cancer after an oral ingestion of 60g of black raspberry (BRB) powder. Because PCA is derived from the anthocyanins in BRB, our method provides a useful analytical tool to further investigate the metabolism of anthocyanins, and the pharmacology of PCA in future pre-clinical and clinical studies.
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Hong SY, Jeong WS, Jun M. Protective effects of the key compounds isolated from Corni fructus against β-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. Molecules 2012; 17:10831-45. [PMID: 22964500 PMCID: PMC6268534 DOI: 10.3390/molecules170910831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Amyloid (Aβ) peptide is the major component of senile plaques and is considered to have a causal role in the development and progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). There is compelling evidence supporting the notion that Aβ-induced cytotoxicity is mediated though the generation of ROS. In the present study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of ursolic acid (UA), p-coumaric acid (p-CA), and gallic acid (GA) isolated from Corni fructus (CF) against Aβ(25-35)-induced toxicity in PC12 cell. Exposure of PC12 cells to 50 μM Aβ(25-35) increased cellular oxidative stress, the number of apoptotic cells and caspase-3 activity and finally caused significant cell death. However, UA, p-CA, and GA not only suppressed the generation of ROS but also attenuated DNA fragmentation and eventually attenuated Aβ-induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. In protecting cells against Aβ neurotoxicity, UA and GA possessed stronger ability against ROS generation than p-CA, while p-CA showed the strongest anti-apoptotic activity. Particularly, p-CA protected cells at the concentration range from 0.5 up to 125 μM without any adverse effect. Taken together, these effects of UA, p-CA, and GA may be partly associated with the neuroprotective effect of CF. Furthermore, our findings might raise a possibility of therapeutic applications of CF for preventing and/or treating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Young Hong
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea;
| | - Woo-Sik Jeong
- Department of Food & Life Sciences, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Korea;
| | - Mira Jun
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea;
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40
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Jia Y, Ji L, Zhang S, Xu L, Yin L, Li L, Zhao Y, Peng J. Total flavonoids from Rosa Laevigata Michx fruit attenuates hydrogen peroxide induced injury in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3133-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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41
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Bai Q, He J, Qiu J, Wang Y, Wang S, Xiu Y, Yu C. Rotenone induces KATP channel opening in PC12 cells in association with the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:1376-84. [PMID: 22895566 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels in PC12 cells play a pivotal role in protection against the neurotoxic effect of rotenone. However, it remains unclear why rotenone seems to preferentially affect activation of KATP channels and if this could affect its physiological activity. In this study, we sought to determine how the different energy states caused by various doses of rotenone affect the KATP opening state and whether the KATP opening state influences the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) which is related with DA synthesis. With patch clamp technology, results showed that treatment of PC12 cells with rotenone (0.2-1 µg/ml) for 15 min can cause KATP channel opening with significantly increased intracellular ROS production. Treatment with rotenone (2-16 ng/ml) for 24 h also caused the channels to open with gently increased ROS. In order to study if the rather long-term action on KATP channel opening states could affect the specified function of PC12 cells, the KATP channel opener pinacidil and the inhibitor glibenclamide were used to treat cells for 24 h, and the expression of TH was detected. Our results showed that treatment of PC12 cells with glibenclamide for 24 h can notably promote TH expression and can also enhance the expression of TH which were reduced by rotenone. These data indicate that the energy states in PC12 induced by various doses of rotenone could significantly influence the opening states of KATP channels. However long-term energy stress may raise the opening rate and opening sensitivity of this channel. In addition, our results demonstrate for the first time that activation of plasma membrane KATP channels induced by rotenone inhibits TH expression which influences DA synthesis in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunhua Bai
- Institute of Life Science, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
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Howard LR, Prior RL, Liyanage R, Lay JO. Processing and storage effect on berry polyphenols: challenges and implications for bioactive properties. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:6678-6693. [PMID: 22243517 DOI: 10.1021/jf2046575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins and tannins in blueberries, blackberries and black raspberries are susceptible to degradation during processing, with juices showing the greatest losses due to physical removal of skins and seeds. Anthocyanins and procyanidins are also degraded in processed products stored at ambient temperature with losses accompanied by increased polymeric pigments (PPs). Using chokeberry as a model, formation of PPs occurred in both pasteurized and aged juices and pasteurized juice contained a greater proportion of low molecular weight PPs than aged juice, while aged juice contained a greater proportion of higher molecular PPs. Formation of PP accounts for some of the losses of anthocyanins and procyanidins during processing and storage, but the complete fate of anthocyanins remains unclear. In this review we highlight the steps in processing where significant losses of polyphenols occur, and discuss potential mechanisms responsible for losses, methods to mitigate losses, and implications on bioactive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke R Howard
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas , 2650 North Young Avenue, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72704, United States
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43
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Schaffer S, Asseburg H, Kuntz S, Muller WE, Eckert GP. Effects of polyphenols on brain ageing and Alzheimer's disease: focus on mitochondria. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:161-78. [PMID: 22706880 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8282-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The global trend of the phenomenon of population ageing has dramatic consequences on public health and the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases. Physiological changes that occur during normal ageing of the brain may exacerbate and initiate pathological processes that may lead to neurodegenerative disorders, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD). Hence, the risk of AD rises exponentially with age. While there is no cure currently available, sufficient intake of certain micronutrients and secondary plant metabolites may prevent disease onset. Polyphenols are highly abundant in the human diet, and several experimental and epidemiological evidences indicate that these secondary plant products have beneficial effects on AD risks. This study reviews current knowledge on the potential of polyphenols and selected polyphenol-rich diets on memory and cognition in human subjects, focusing on recent data showing in vivo efficacy of polyphenols in preventing neurodegenerative events during brain ageing and in dementia. Concentrations of polyphenols in animal brains following oral administration have been consistently reported to be very low, thus eliciting controversial discussion on their neuroprotective effects and potential mechanisms. Whether polyphenols exert any direct antioxidant effects in the brain or rather act by evoking alterations in regulatory systems of the brain or even the body periphery is still unclear. To understand the mechanisms behind the protective abilities of polyphenol-rich foods, an overall understanding of the biotransformation of polyphenols and identification of the various metabolites arising in the human body is also urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schaffer
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 22 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore
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44
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Zhao F, Zhang JB, Cai TJ, Liu XQ, Liu MC, Ke T, Chen JY, Luo WJ. Manganese induces p21 expression in PC12 cells at the transcriptional level. Neuroscience 2012; 215:184-95. [PMID: 22542671 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Manganese is a common environmental and occupational pollutant. Excessive intake of manganese can cause toxicity known as manganism. Recently it has been demonstrated that unusual expression of cell cycle proteins and aberrant cell cycle progression in the central nervous system are involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. The present studies were initiated to investigate whether p21 are induced after manganese exposure and its potential effects in vitro, with particular attention being given to understand the underlying regulatory mechanism of p21 induction by manganese in this process. We found that manganese induced DAergic cells injury and upregulation of p21 levels in nigrostriatal regions. Treatment of the PC12 cells with manganese resulted in a time- and concentration-dependent loss of cell viability. Analysis of cell cycle profile indicated that manganese blocked cell cycle progression by arresting the cell cycle at G2/M phase. Moreover, manganese treatment resulted in an increase in the mRNA and protein levels of p21, but did not have the same effect on other related factors. Silencing p21 by RNA interference showed a marked reversal of both G2/M arrest and the decrease in cell viability induced by manganese. Manganese did not stabilize the p21 protein and mRNA, and caused a marked increase in p21 mRNA levels together with an increase in its promoter activity, indicating a transcriptional mechanism. Overall, the in vivo and in vitro data suggest that exposure to manganese can increase p21 levels. An altered cell cycle status of PC12 cells can be induced by manganese through p21 up-regulation, and the induction of p21 occurs at the transcriptional level via promoter activation and mRNA induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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45
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Song JX, Sze SCW, Ng TB, Lee CKF, Leung GPH, Shaw PC, Tong Y, Zhang YB. Anti-Parkinsonian drug discovery from herbal medicines: what have we got from neurotoxic models? JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 139:698-711. [PMID: 22212501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Herbal medicines are used to treat Parkinson's disease (PD) in ancient medical systems in Asian countries such as India, China, Japan and Korea based on their own anecdotal or experience-based theories. AIM OF THE REVIEW To systematically summarize and analyze the anti-Parkinsonian activities of herbal preparations (including active compounds, herbal extracts and formulations) investigated in the neurotoxic models of PD and provide future references for basic and clinical investigations. MATERIALS AND METHODS All the herbal materials tested on in vitro and in vivo neurotoxic models of PD were retrieved from PubMed database by using pre-set searching strings. The relevant compounds and herbal extracts with anti-Parkinsonian activities were included and analyzed according to their chemical classifications or biological activities. RESULTS A total of 51 herbal medicines were analyzed. A diversity of compounds isolated from herbal materials were reported to be effective on neurotoxic models of PD by modulating multiple key events or signaling pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. The main structure types of these compounds belong to catechols, stilbenoids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids and lignans, phenylethanoid glycosides and terpenes. Although some herbal extracts and formulations have shown positive results on PD animal models, the relative compounds accounting for the effects and the underlying mechanisms remain to be further investigated. CONCLUSIONS Herbal medicines can be an alternative and valuable source for anti-Parkinsonian drug discovery. Compounds classified into stilbenoids, flavonoids, catechols and terpenes may be the most promising candidates for further investigation. Some well-studies compounds such as baicalein, puerarin, resveratrol, curcumin and ginsenosides deserve further consideration in clinical trials. In-depth experimental studies are still needed to evaluate the efficacy of herbal extracts and formulations in PD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Xian Song
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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46
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Zhang ZJ, Cheang LCV, Wang MW, Li GH, Chu IK, Lin ZX, Lee SMY. Ethanolic extract of fructus Alpinia oxyphylla protects against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced damage of PC12 cells in vitro and dopaminergic neurons in zebrafish. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2011; 32:27-40. [PMID: 21744117 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-011-9731-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to understand the neuroprotective effect of Fructus Alpinia oxyphylla (AOE) and to elucidate its underlying mechanism of action, the ethanolic extract of AOE was investigated using zebrafish and PC12 cell models. AOE prevented and restored 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced dopaminergic (DA) neuron degeneration and attenuated a deficit of locomotor activity in a zebrafish (Danio rerio) model of Parkinson's disease (PD). Treatment with AOE increased the viability of 6-OHDA-treated PC12 cells in vitro in a dose-dependent manner by attenuating cellular apoptosis. However, protocatechuic acid (PCA) and chrysin, two known polyphenol components of AOE, could not reproduce the neuroprotective activity of AOE in the PD zebrafish or PC12 cell models. A mechanistic study found that the protective effect of AOE against 6-OHDA-induced neuronal injury involved anti-inflammatory action (down-regulation of gene expression of IL-1β and TNF-α) and anti-oxidative action (inhibition of NO production and iNOS expression in PC12 cells). Moreover, the PI3K-AKT pathway might be part of the mechanism of neuroprotection of AOE. The results of this research are expected to provide a scientific rationale for the use of AOE in the treatment of PD. However, it is important that the active components that contribute to the neuroprotective action of AOE are identified and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zai-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J. Taipa, Macao SAR, China
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Monagas M, Urpi-Sarda M, Sánchez-Patán F, Llorach R, Garrido I, Gómez-Cordovés C, Andres-Lacueva C, Bartolomé B. Insights into the metabolism and microbial biotransformation of dietary flavan-3-ols and the bioactivity of their metabolites. Food Funct 2010; 1:233-53. [PMID: 21776473 DOI: 10.1039/c0fo00132e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Flavan-3-ols, occurring in monomeric, as well as in oligomeric and polymeric forms (also known as condensed tannins or proanthocyanidins), are among the most abundant and bioactive dietary polyphenols, but their in vivo health effects in humans may be limited because of their recognition as xenobiotics. Bioavailability of flavan-3-ols is largely influenced by their degree of polymerization; while monomers are readily absorbed in the small intestine, oligomers and polymers need to be biotransformed by the colonic microbiota before absorption. Therefore, phenolic metabolites, rather than the original high molecular weight compounds found in foods, may be responsible for the health effects derived from flavan-3-ol consumption. Flavan-3-ol phenolic metabolites differ in structure, amount and excretion site. Phase II or tissular metabolites derived from the small intestine and hepatic metabolism are presented as conjugated derivatives (glucuronic acid or sulfate esters, methyl ether, or their combined forms) of monomeric flavan-3-ols and are preferentially eliminated in the bile, whereas microbial metabolites are rather simple conjugated lactones and phenolic acids that are largely excreted in urine. Although the colon is seen as an important organ for the metabolism of flavan-3-ols, the microbial catabolic pathways of these compounds are still under consideration, partly due to the lack of identification of bacteria with such capacity. Studies performed with synthesized or isolated phase II conjugated metabolites have revealed that they could have an effect beyond their antioxidant properties, by interacting with signalling pathways implicated in important processes involved in the development of diseases, among other bioactivities. However, the biological properties of microbe-derived metabolites in their actual conjugated forms remain largely unknown. Currently, there is an increasing interest in their effects on intestinal infections, inflammatory intestinal diseases and overall gut health. The present review will give an insight into the metabolism and microbial biotransformation of flavan-3-ols, including tentative catabolic pathways and aspects related to the identification of bacteria with the ability to catabolize these kinds of polyphenols. Also, the in vitro bioactivities of phase II and microbial phenolic metabolites will be covered in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Monagas
- Institute of Industrial Fermentations (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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48
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Khadem S, Marles RJ. Monocyclic phenolic acids; hydroxy- and polyhydroxybenzoic acids: occurrence and recent bioactivity studies. Molecules 2010; 15:7985-8005. [PMID: 21060304 PMCID: PMC6259451 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15117985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the wide diversity of naturally occurring phenolic acids, at least 30 hydroxy- and polyhydroxybenzoic acids have been reported in the last 10 years to have biological activities. The chemical structures, natural occurrence throughout the plant, algal, bacterial, fungal and animal kingdoms, and recently described bioactivities of these phenolic and polyphenolic acids are reviewed to illustrate their wide distribution, biological and ecological importance, and potential as new leads for the development of pharmaceutical and agricultural products to improve human health and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Khadem
- Natural Health Products Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, 2936 Baseline Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada.
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Prior RL, Rogers TR, Khanal RC, Wilkes SE, Wu X, Howard LR. Urinary excretion of phenolic acids in rats fed cranberry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:3940-3949. [PMID: 20052972 DOI: 10.1021/jf9028392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Dietary flavonoids can be converted into phenolic acids by colonic microflora. Phenolic acids can then be absorbed into the circulation and may contribute to the health-promoting effects of the parent compounds. Phenolic acids can be further metabolized in other tissues via methylation and conjugation with glucuronide or sulfate. The objectives of this study were to identify and quantify the urinary excretion of 19 phenolic acids and their conjugates in rats fed three levels of a concentrated cranberry powder (3.3, 6.6, and 33 mg/kg of diet). The basic diet used was AIN93G diet containing very low amounts of any polyphenolic compounds. Of the phenolic acids studied, the amounts excreted varied by 4 orders of magnitude, with hippuric acid being excreted in the highest quantities. Amounts of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (4HPAA), 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (3HPAA), 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid (3HPPA), and 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (4HCA) excreted were in the range of 18-33 microg/mg creatinine in animals fed the highest level of cranberry powder, whereas phenylacetic acid (PAA), gallic acid (GA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (34HPAA), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (34HBA), 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid (34HCA), and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid (FA) were excreted in the urine in concentrations of 0.1-2 microg/mg creatinine. As the amount of cranberry in the diet was increased, the amount of 4HPAA excreted decreased but the percentage of conjugated 4HPAA excreted increased (from 57 to 91%). For other phenolic acids analyzed, the percentage excreted in the conjugated form was approximately constant across levels of cranberry in the diet and ranged from 65 to 100% for the individual phenolic acids. Studies of bioactivity and health effects need to consider more than just the compound(s) in the food, because they can be metabolized to other lower molecular weight compounds, which in turn may also be methylated or conjugated in some form that may affect the perceived health effects.
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Gong G, Qin Y, Huang W, Zhou S, Wu X, Yang X, Zhao Y, Li D. Protective effects of diosgenin in the hyperlipidemic rat model and in human vascular endothelial cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 184:366-75. [PMID: 20149787 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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