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Thormann U, Marti S, Lensmith E, Lanz M, Herzig S, Naef R, Imanidis G. Formulation and dermal delivery of a new active pharmaceutical ingredient in an in vitro wound model for the treatment of chronic ulcers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 202:114373. [PMID: 38906230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate dermal delivery of the new active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) TOP-N53 into diabetic foot ulcer using an in vitro wound model consisting of pig ear dermis and elucidate the impact of drug formulation and wound dressing taking into consideration clinical relevance in the home care setting and possible bacterial infection. Different formulation approaches for the poorly water-soluble API including colloidal solubilization, drug micro-suspension and cosolvent addition were investigated; moreover, the effect of (micro-)viscosity of hydrogels used as primary wound dressing on delivery was assessed. Addition of Transcutol® P as cosolvent to water improved solubility and was significantly superior to all other approaches providing a sustained three-day delivery that reached therapeutic drug levels in the tissue. Solubilization in micelles or liposomes, on the contrary, did not boost delivery while micro-suspensions exhibited sedimentation on the tissue surface. Microbial contamination was responsible for considerable metabolism of the drug leading to tissue penetration of metabolites which may be relevant for therapeutic effect. Use of hydrogels under semi-occlusive conditions significantly reduced drug delivery in a viscosity-dependent fashion. Micro-rheologic analysis of the gels using diffusive wave spectroscopy confirmed the restricted diffusion of drug particles in the gel lattice which correlated with the obtained tissue delivery results. Hence, the advantages of hydrogel dressings from the applicatory characteristic point of view must be weighed against their adverse effect on drug delivery. The employed in vitro wound model was useful for the assessment of drug delivery and the development of a drug therapy concept for chronic diabetic foot ulcer. Mechanistic insights about formulation and dressing performance may be applied to drug delivery in other skin conditions such as digital ulcer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Thormann
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Selina Marti
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elizabeth Lensmith
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Lanz
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Herzig
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reto Naef
- Topadur Pharma AG, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Georgios Imanidis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Basel, Switzerland.
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2
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Mojsiewicz-Pieńkowska K, Bazar D, Filipecki J, Chamerski K. Investigating the Free Volumes as Nanospaces in Human Stratum Corneum Lipid Bilayers Using Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6472. [PMID: 38928177 PMCID: PMC11203785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This work is the first one that provides not only evidence for the existence of free volumes in the human stratum corneum but also focuses on comparing these experimental data, obtained through the unique positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) method, with theoretical values published in earlier works. The mean free volume of 0.269 nm was slightly lower than the theoretical value of 0.4 nm. The lifetime τ3 (1.83 ns with a coefficient of variation CV of 3.21%) is dependent on the size of open sites in the skin. This information was used to calculate the free volume radius R (0.269 nm with CV 2.14%), free volume size Vf (0.081 nm3 with CV 4.69%), and the intensity I3 (9.01% with CV 10.94%) to estimate the relative fractional free volume fv (1.32 a.u. with CV 13.68%) in human skin ex vivo. The relation between the lifetime of o-Ps (τ3) and the radius of free volume (R) was formulated using the Tao-Eldrup model, which assumes spherical voids and applies to sites with radii smaller than 1 nm. The results indicate that PALS is a powerful tool for confirming the existence of free volumes and determining their size. The studies also focused on describing the probable locations of these nanospaces in SC lipid bilayers. According to the theory, these play an essential role in dynamic processes in biological systems, including the diffusion of low-molecular-weight hydrophobic and moderately hydrophilic molecules. The mechanism of their formation has been determined by the molecular dynamics of the lipid chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Mojsiewicz-Pieńkowska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Józefa Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Dagmara Bazar
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Józefa Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Jacek Filipecki
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science & Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland; (J.F.); (K.C.)
| | - Kordian Chamerski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science & Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland; (J.F.); (K.C.)
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3
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Brackin T, Gayes H, Johnson I, Fox D, Roper C. Skin barrier function for regulatory skin absorption tests and effects on testosterone and sucrose absorption. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 95:105735. [PMID: 37977296 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
In vitro absorption through human skin is a critical component in the safety assessment of chemicals, crop protection products, consumer healthcare products and cosmetics. A barrier integrity assay is used to identify skin samples which are potentially damaged. A retrospective analysis of 9978 electrical resistance (ER) measurements generated in a single laboratory (DTL) over a 15-year period was performed. Skin absorption experiments were performed using two model penetrants, testosterone and sucrose, utilising no ER acceptance criteria, and the results assessed. Using a barrier integrity test, to remove potentially damaged samples, was offset against one that can be used to remove intact skin samples with a poorer barrier function (i.e. false positives). The previously identified barrier integrity limit (10 kΩ for a 2.54 cm2 diffusion cell; Davies et al., 2004) was demonstrated to identify half of all samples tested, many of which would be false positive samples. This retrospective analysis identified 5.0 kΩ (17.5th percentile) as an acceptance criterion for a 2.54 cm2 diffusion cell, whilst not considerably changing results generated in skin absorption studies. This was confirmed from the cumulative absorption of the model penetrants tested. Using this limit would, therefore, provide suitable skin samples for regulatory skin absorption studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Brackin
- Dermal Technology Laboratory, Med IC4, Keele University Science & Business Park, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5NL, UK.
| | - Heather Gayes
- Dermal Technology Laboratory, Med IC4, Keele University Science & Business Park, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5NL, UK.
| | - Ian Johnson
- Dermal Technology Laboratory, Med IC4, Keele University Science & Business Park, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5NL, UK.
| | - David Fox
- Dermal Technology Laboratory, Med IC4, Keele University Science & Business Park, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5NL, UK.
| | - Clive Roper
- Roper Toxicology Consulting Limited, 6 St Colme Street, Edinburgh EH3 6AD, UK.
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4
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Williams FM. New approaches build upon historical studies in dermal toxicology. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2023; 12:1007-1013. [PMID: 38145096 PMCID: PMC10734571 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfad101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
These are my personal reflections on the history of approaches to understanding dermal toxicology brought together for the Paton Prize Award. This is not a comprehensive account of all publications from in vivo studies in humans to development of in vitro and in silico approaches but highlghts important progress. I will consider what is needed now to influence approaches to understanding dermal exposure with the current development and use of NAMs (new approach methodologies).
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith M Williams
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE24HH, United Kingdom
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Mohamed EM, Dharani S, Khuroo T, Hamed R, Khan MA, Rahman Z. In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of the Transdermal Gel Formulation of Desloratadine for Prevention of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040578. [PMID: 37111335 PMCID: PMC10144708 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic use of antihistamines can induce abnormalities in lipid absorption with potential excessive accumulation of lipids in the mesentery that can lead to the development of obesity and a metabolic syndrome. The focus of the present work was to develop a transdermal gel formulation of desloratadine (DES) to prevent/reduce obesity and metabolic syndromes. Nine formulations were prepared to contain hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (2-3%), DES (2.5-5.0%), and Transcutol® (15-20%). The formulations were evaluated for cohesive and adhesive properties, viscosity, drug diffusion through synthetic and pig ear skin, and pharmacokinetics in New Zealand white rabbits. Drug permeation was faster through the skin compared to synthetic membranes. The drug had good permeation, as indicated by very short lag time (0.08-0.47 h) and high flux (59.3-230.7 μg/cm2.h). The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC) of transdermal gel formulations were 2.4 and 3.2 fold that of the Clarinex tablet formulation. In conclusion, as indicated by the higher bioavailability, transdermal gel formulation of DES may decrease the dose of the drug, compared to commercial formulation. It has the potential to reduce or eliminate metabolic syndromes associated with oral antihistamine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M Mohamed
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Sathish Dharani
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Tahir Khuroo
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Rania Hamed
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Mansoor A Khan
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ziyaur Rahman
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Donadon LGF, Salata GC, Gonçalves TP, Matos LDC, Evangelista MCP, da Silva NS, Martins TS, Machado-Neto JA, Lopes LB, Garcia MTJ. Monoolein-based nanodispersions for cutaneous co-delivery of methylene blue and metformin: Thermal and structural characterization and effects on the cutaneous barrier, skin penetration and cytotoxicity. Int J Pharm 2023; 633:122612. [PMID: 36642349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the potential of monoolein (MO)-based nanodispersions to promote the cutaneous co-delivery of metformin (MET) and methylene blue (MB) for the treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer. MO-based nanodispersions were obtained using Kolliphor® P407 (KP) and/or sodium cholate (CH), and characterized concerning the structure, thermal stability, ability to disrupt the skin barrier, cutaneous permeation and retention of MB and MET. Additionally, the cytotoxic effect of MO nanodispersions-mediated combination therapy using MET and MB in A431 cells was evaluated. The nanodispersions exhibited nanometric size (<200 nm) and thermal and physical stability. Small angle X-ray scattering studies revealed multiple structures depending on composition. They were able to interact with stratum corneum lipid structure, increasing its fluidity. The effect of MO-nanodispersions on topical/transdermal delivery of MB and MET was composition-dependent. Nanodispersions with low MO content (5 %) and stabilized with KP and CH (0.05-0.10 %) were the most promising, enhancing the cutaneous delivery of MB and MET by 1.9 to 2.2-fold and 1.4 to 1.7-fold, respectively, compared to control. Cytotoxic studies revealed that the most promising MO nanodispersion-mediated combination therapy using MET and MB (1:1) reduced the IC50 by 24-fold, compared to MB solution, and a further reduction (1.5-fold) was observed by MB photoactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thalita Pedralino Gonçalves
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema/SP, Brazil
| | - Lisa de Carvalho Matos
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema/SP, Brazil
| | | | - Nicole Sampaio da Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema/SP, Brazil
| | - Tereza Silva Martins
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema/SP, Brazil
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Li M, Sun L, Liu Z, Shen Z, Cao Y, Han L, Sang S, Wang J. 3D bioprinting of heterogeneous tissue-engineered skin containing human dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:2461-2477. [PMID: 36762551 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm02092k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printed skin substitutes have great potential for wound healing. However, current 3D printed skin models are limited in simulating heterogeneity and complexity of skin tissue due to the lack of customized bioinks optimized for different skin layers. Herein, different gelatin methacrylate (GelMA)/nano-cellulose (BNC) bioink formulations were used to develop heterogeneous tissue-engineered skin (HTS) containing layers of fibroblast networks with larger pores, basal layers with smaller pores, and multilayered keratinocytes. The results revealed that the 10%GelMA/0.3%BNC bioink was better to model bioprinted dermis due to its high printability and cell-friendly sparse microenvironment. Additionally, the 10%GelMA/1.5%BNC bioink as the basal layer presented a dense network and sufficient material stiffness to support the establishment of keratinocyte confluent monolayers. The HTS not only had the ability to remodel the extracellular matrix but also supported epidermis reconstruction and stratification in vitro, with the epidermal thickness growing to 80 μm after 14 days. Furthermore, the full-thickness wound healing experiments demonstrated that the HTS promoted granulation tissue regeneration and improved wound healing quality. The generated skin of the HTS group had hair follicles and early-stage rete ridge structures, which were similar to normal skin in vivo. The HTS may deliver effective skin grafts for future clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China.
| | - Lei Sun
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China. .,Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China
| | - Zixian Liu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China. .,Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China
| | - Zhizhong Shen
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China. .,Shanxi Research Institute of 6D Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Science, Taiyuan, 030031, PR China
| | - Yanyan Cao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China. .,Shanxi Research Institute of 6D Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Science, Taiyuan, 030031, PR China.,College of Information Science and Engineering, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, PR China
| | - Lu Han
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China. .,Shanxi Research Institute of 6D Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Science, Taiyuan, 030031, PR China
| | - Shengbo Sang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China. .,Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China
| | - Jianming Wang
- General Hospital of TISCO, North Street, Xinghualing District, Taiyuan 030809, PR China.
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Dandekar AA, Kale M, Garimella HT, Banga AK. Effect of compromised skin barrier on delivery of diclofenac sodium from brand and generic formulations via microneedles and iontophoresis. Int J Pharm 2022; 628:122271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fedorowicz J, Bazar D, Brankiewicz W, Kapica H, Ciura K, Zalewska-Piątek B, Piątek R, Cal K, Mojsiewicz-Pieńkowska K, Sączewski J. Development of Safirinium dyes for new applications: fluorescent staining of bacteria, human kidney cells, and the horny layer of the epidermis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15098. [PMID: 36065005 PMCID: PMC9445088 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19262-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-molecular synthetic fluorophores are convenient tools in bioimaging applications. Several derivatives of Safirinium dyes as well as their reactive N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) esters bearing diverse substituents were synthesized and evaluated experimentally in terms of their lipophilicity by means of reverse-phase and immobilized artificial membrane high-performance liquid chromatography. Subsequently, the selected compounds were employed as novel cellular imaging agents for staining Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, human kidney cell line, as well as human skin tissue. The analyzed dyes allowed for visualization of cellular structures such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and cellular nuclei. They proved to be useful in fluorescent staining of stratum corneum, especially in the aspect of xenobiotic exposure and its penetration into the skin. The best results were obtained with the use of moderately lipophilic NHS esters of Safirinium Q. The development of Safirinium dyes is a promising alternative for commercially available dyes since the reported molecules have low molecular masses and exhibit efficient staining and remarkable water solubility. Moreover, they are relatively simple and low-cost in synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Fedorowicz
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E), 00014, Helsinki, Finland. .,Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Dagmara Bazar
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Wioletta Brankiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hanna Kapica
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzesimir Ciura
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland.,QSAR Lab Ltd., Trzy Lipy 3 St., 80-172, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Beata Zalewska-Piątek
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Rafał Piątek
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.,BioTechMed Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Cal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Jarosław Sączewski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
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Kirkby M, Sabri AB, Scurr D, Moss G. Microneedle-Mediated Permeation Enhancement of Chlorhexidine Digluconate: Mechanistic Insights Through Imaging Mass Spectrometry. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1945-1958. [PMID: 35689005 PMCID: PMC9314308 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG) is a first-line antiseptic agent typically applied to the skin as a topical solution prior to surgery due to its efficacy and safety profile. However, the physiochemical properties of CHG limits its cutaneous permeation, preventing it from reaching potentially pathogenic bacteria residing within deeper skin layers. Thus, the utility of a solid oscillating microneedle system, Dermapen®, and a CHG-hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) gel were investigated to improve the intradermal delivery of CHG. METHODS Permeation of CHG from the commercial product, Hibiscrub®, and HEC-CHG gels (containing 1% or 4% CHG w/w) was assessed in intact skin, or skin that had been pre-treated with microneedles of different array numbers, using an Franz diffusion cells and Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). RESULTS Gels containing 1% and 4% CHG resulted in significantly increased depth permeation of CHG compared to Hibiscrub® (4% w/v CHG) when applied to microneedle pre-treated skin, with the effect being more significant with the higher array number. ToF-SIMS analysis indicated that the depth of dermal penetration achieved was sufficient to reach the skin strata that typically harbours pathogenic bacteria, which is currently inaccessible by Hibiscrub®, and showed potential lateral diffusion within the viable epidermis. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that HEC-CHG gels applied to microneedle pre-treated skin may be a viable strategy to improve the permeation CHG into the skin. Such enhanced intradermal delivery may be of significant clinical utility for improved skin antisepsis in those at risk of a skin or soft tissue infection following surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Kirkby
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Keele, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Akmal Bin Sabri
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - David Scurr
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Gary Moss
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Keele, ST5 5BG, UK.
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11
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Pulsoni I, Lubda M, Aiello M, Fedi A, Marzagalli M, von Hagen J, Scaglione S. Comparison Between Franz Diffusion Cell and a novel Micro-physiological System for In Vitro Penetration Assay Using Different Skin Models. SLAS Technol 2022; 27:161-171. [PMID: 35058208 DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In vitro diffusive models are an important tool to screen the penetration ability of active ingredients in various formulations. A reliable assessment of skin penetration enhancing properties, mechanism of action of carrier systems, and an estimation of a bioavailability are essential for transdermal delivery. Given the importance of testing the penetration kinetics of different compounds across the skin barrier, several in vitro models have been developedThe aim of this study was to compare the Franz Diffusion Cell (FDC) with a novel fluid-dynamic platform (MIVO) by evaluating penetration ability of caffeine, a widely used reference substance, and LIP1, a testing molecule having the same molecular weight but a different lipophilicity in the two diffusion chamber systems. A 0.7% caffeine or LIP1 formulation in either water or propylene glycol (PG) containing oleic acid (OA) was topically applied on the Strat-M® membrane or pig ear skin, according to the infinite-dose experimental condition (780 ul/cm2). The profile of the penetration kinetics was determined by quantify the amount of molecule absorbed at different time-points (1, 2, 4, 6, 8 hours), by means of HPLC analysis. Both diffusive systems show a similar trend for caffeine and LIP1 penetration kinetics. The Strat-M® skin model shows a lower barrier function than the pig skin biopsies, whereby the PGOA vehicle exhibits a higher penetration, enhancing the effect for both diffusive chambers and skin surrogates. Most interestingly, MIVO diffusive system better predicts the lipophilic molecules (i.e. LIP1) permeation through highly physiological fluid flows resembled below the skin models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maurizio Aiello
- React4life Srl, Genoa, Italy; CNR -National Research Council of Italy, Genova, Italy
| | - Arianna Fedi
- CNR -National Research Council of Italy, Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - Silvia Scaglione
- React4life Srl, Genoa, Italy; CNR -National Research Council of Italy, Genova, Italy.
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12
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Su H, Huang MZ, Shiea J, Lee CW. Thermal desorption ambient ionization mass spectrometry for emergency toxicology. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022:e21784. [PMID: 35603997 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the emergency department, it is important to rapidly identify the toxic substances that have led to acute poisoning because different toxicants or toxins cause poisoning through different mechanisms, requiring disparate therapeutic strategies and precautions against contraindicating actions, and diverse directions of clinical course monitoring and prediction of prognosis. Ambient ionization mass spectrometry, a state-of-the-art technology, has been proved to be a fast, accurate, and user-friendly tool for rapidly identifying toxicants like residual pesticides on fruits and vegetables. In view of this, developing an analytical platform that explores the application of such a cutting-edge technology in a novel direction has been initiated a research program, namely, the rapid identification of toxic substances which might have caused acute poisoning in patients who visit the emergency department and requires an accurate diagnosis for correct clinical decision-making to bring about corresponding data-guided management. This review includes (i) a narrative account of the breakthrough in emergency toxicology brought about by the advent of ambient ionization mass spectrometry and (ii) a thorough discussion about the clinical implications and technical limitations of such a promising innovation for promoting toxicological tests from tier two-level to tier one level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Su
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Min-Zong Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jentaie Shiea
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wei Lee
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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13
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Mojsiewicz-Pieńkowska K, Krenczkowska D, Bazar D, Wielgomas B, Cal K, Kaliszan M. Comparative study of the percutaneous permeation and bioaccumulation of the cyclic siloxane using frozen-thawed and nonfrozen ex vivo human skin. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 82:105379. [PMID: 35561954 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Literature shows contradictory information regarding the effect of freezing the excise skin ex vivo on the diffusion of substances into the skin. Few studies indicate that storing the human or animal skin in a frozen state decreases the barrier properties after thawing. Therefore, to understand the properties of frozen skin, we evaluated the effect of storage of ex vivo human skin (2 weeks at -20 °C) on the penetration of stratum corneum and permeation into deeper skin layers (epidermis, and dermis) as well as to the receptor fluid by octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) a representative test compound of cyclic siloxanes. The main research were preceded by checking the integrity of nonfrozen ex vivo human skin in comparison to the frozen-thawed one by using the Electrical Resistance technique (ER) and the fluorescence microscopy. Samples collected in the skin absorption experiment were analyzed by gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The results of this study demonstrated that freezing of excised ex vivo human skin at -20 °C for up to 14 days does not alter the permeability of D4 in a statistically significant manner. Thus, our results confirmed the validity of using skin storage conditions for testing the penetration and permeation of xenobiotics recommended by the OECD, EMA, and WHO guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Mojsiewicz-Pieńkowska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Józefa Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Dominika Krenczkowska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Józefa Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dagmara Bazar
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Józefa Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bartosz Wielgomas
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Józefa Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Cal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Józefa Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Kaliszan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębowa 23, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland
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14
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Keck CM, Abdelkader A, Pelikh O, Wiemann S, Kaushik V, Specht D, Eckert RW, Alnemari RM, Dietrich H, Brüßler J. Assessing the Dermal Penetration Efficacy of Chemical Compounds with the Ex-Vivo Porcine Ear Model. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:678. [PMID: 35336052 PMCID: PMC8951478 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The ex vivo porcine ear model is often used for the determination of the dermal penetration efficacy of chemical compounds. This study investigated the influence of the post-slaughter storage time of porcine ears on the dermal penetration efficacy of chemical compounds. (2) Methods: Six different formulations (curcumin and different fluorescent dyes in different vehicles and/or nanocarriers) were tested on ears that were (i) freshly obtained, (ii) stored for 24 or 48 h at 4 °C after slaughter before use and (iii) freshly frozen and defrosted 12 h before use. (3) Results: Results showed that porcine ears undergo post-mortem changes. The changes can be linked to rigor mortis and all other well-described phenomena that occur with carcasses after slaughter. The post-mortem changes modify the skin properties of the ears and affect the penetration efficacy. The onset of rigor mortis causes a decrease in the water-holding capacity of the ears, which leads to reduced penetration of chemical compounds. The water-holding capacity increases once the rigor is released and results in an increased penetration efficacy for chemical compounds. Despite different absolute penetration values, no differences in the ranking of penetration efficacies between the different formulations were observed between the differently aged ears. (4) Conclusions: All different types of ears can be regarded to be suitable for dermal penetration testing of chemical compounds. The transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and/or skin hydration of the ears were not correlated with the ex vivo penetration efficacy because both an impaired skin barrier and rigor mortis cause elevated skin hydration and TEWL values but an opposite penetration efficacy. Other additional values (for example, pH and/or autofluorescence of the skin) should, therefore, be used to select suitable and non-suitable skin areas for ex vivo penetration testing. Finally, data from this study confirmed that smartFilms and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) represent superior formulation strategies for efficient dermal and transdermal delivery of curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia M. Keck
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (A.A.); (O.P.); (S.W.); (V.K.); (D.S.); (R.W.E.); (R.M.A.); (H.D.); (J.B.)
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15
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Silva IR, Lima FA, Reis ECO, Ferreira LAM, Goulart GAC. Stepwise Protocols for Preparation and Use of Porcine Ear Skin for in Vitro Skin Permeation Studies Using Franz Diffusion Cells. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e391. [PMID: 35290730 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The skin, the largest organ of the body, is an attractive route of topical and systemic drug administration. During the development of topical formulations, in vitro skin permeation studies using biological membranes mounted in Franz diffusion cells are a useful tool to assess the permeation of substances through the skin, and are recommended by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Among the types of biological membranes used in such studies, porcine ear skin has been identified as the most promising, due to its similarities to human skin and its greater accessibility as compared to human skin. To standardize techniques for the preparation and use of porcine ear skin as biological membrane, here we present systematic procedures for the selection of porcine ears, their cleaning, the removal of skin from cartilage, its transformation into membranes, and its use for the in vitro assessment of the permeation of drugs from topical formulations. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Obtaining porcine ear membranes Basic Protocol 2: Preparation of membranes from porcine ear skin and use of membranes for in vitro skin permeation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela R Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flávia A Lima
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo C O Reis
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucas A M Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gisele A C Goulart
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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16
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In Vitro Skin Delivery of Griseofulvin by Layer-by-Layer Nanocoated Emulsions Stabilized by Whey Protein and Polysaccharides. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030554. [PMID: 35335930 PMCID: PMC8949154 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Griseofulvin is a poorly water-soluble drug administered orally to treat topical fungal infections of the skin and hair. However, oral administration leads to poor and unpredictable drug pharmacokinetics. Additionally, griseofulvin is unstable in the presence of light. A layer-by-layer (LbL) nanocoating approach was employed to curb these shortcomings by stabilizing emulsions, lyophilized emulsions, and reconstituted emulsions with a layer each of whey protein, and either hyaluronic acid, amylopectin, or alginic acid, which captured the drug. The coating materials are biological, environmentally benign, and plentiful. Photostability studies indicated that the LbL particles afforded 6 h of protection of the topical application. In vitro absorption studies showed that griseofulvin concentrated preferentially in the stratum corneum, with virtually no transdermal delivery. Therefore, LbL-nanocoated emulsions, lyophilized particles, and reconstituted lyophilized emulsions can produce a viable topical delivery system to treat superficial fungal infections.
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Simard M, Tremblay A, Morin S, Martin C, Julien P, Fradette J, Flamand N, Pouliot R. α-Linolenic acid and linoleic acid modulate the lipidome and the skin barrier of a tissue-engineered skin model. Acta Biomater 2022; 140:261-274. [PMID: 34808417 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play an important role in the establishment and the maintenance of the skin barrier function. However, the impact of their derived lipid mediators remains unclear. Skin substitutes were engineered according to the self-assembly method with a culture medium supplemented with 10 μM of both α-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA). The supplementation with ALA and LA decreased testosterone absorption through a tissue-engineered reconstructed skin model, thus indicating an improved skin barrier function following supplementation. The exogenously provided fatty acids were incorporated into the phospholipid and triglyceride fractions of the skin substitutes. Indeed, the dual supplementation increased the levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (15-fold), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) (3-fold), and LA (1.5-fold) in the epidermal phospholipids while it increased the levels of ALA (>20-fold), DPA (3-fold) and LA (1.5-fold) in the epidermal triglycerides. The bioactive lipid mediator profile of the skin substitutes, including prostaglandins, hydroxy-fatty acids, N-acylethanolamines and monoacylglycerols, was next analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The lipid supplementation further modulated bioactive lipid mediator levels of the reconstructed skin substitutes, leading to a lipid mediator profile more representative of the one found in normal human skin. These findings show that an optimized supply of PUFAs via culture media is essential for the establishment of improved barrier function in vitro. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Supplementation of the culture medium with 10 μM of both α-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA) improved the skin barrier function of a tissue-engineered skin model. The exogenously provided fatty acids were incorporated into the phospholipid and triglyceride fractions of the skin substitutes and further modulated bioactive lipid mediator levels, including prostaglandins, hydroxy-fatty acids, N-acylethanolamines and monoacylglycerols. These findings highlight the important role of ALA and LA in skin homeostasis and show that an optimized supply of polyunsaturated fatty acids via culture media is essential for the establishment of improved barrier function in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Simard
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1J 1Z4, Canada; Faculté de pharmacie de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1J 1A4, Canada
| | - Andréa Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1J 1Z4, Canada; Faculté de pharmacie de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1J 1A4, Canada
| | - Sophie Morin
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1J 1Z4, Canada; Faculté de pharmacie de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1J 1A4, Canada
| | - Cyril Martin
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada; Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Julien
- Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada; Axe Endocrinologie et Néphrologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1J 1A4, Canada
| | - Julie Fradette
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1J 1Z4, Canada; Département de chirurgie, Faculté de médecine de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada; Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Roxane Pouliot
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1J 1Z4, Canada; Faculté de pharmacie de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1J 1A4, Canada.
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18
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Lubda M, Zander M, Salazar A, Kolmar H, von Hagen J. Comparison of Membrane Depth Determination Techniques for Active Ingredient Skin Penetration Studies Using Microdialysis. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 34:203-213. [PMID: 34023823 DOI: 10.1159/000515113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The skin is a major physical barrier to the environment, and thus, percutaneous delivery of active ingredients to the dermal target site faces a unique set of hurdles. The efficacy of these active ingredients is governed by their release into the underlying epidermal and dermal tissue, especially when administered topically. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to understand if different physicochemical properties influence the skin penetration of active ingredients and the depth to which they penetrate into the dermis. METHODS A microdialysis (MD) setup was used to compare the percutaneous penetration in superficial and deep implanted MD membranes in porcine skin. The precise MD membrane depth was determined using histological sectioning paired with microscopy, ultrasound, and a novel computed tomographic approach. RESULTS In study A, the measured depth of the superficial and deep implanted MD membranes was compared using histological sectioning, ultrasound, and computed tomography. Experimental determination of the depth up to which penetration occurs was found to be crucial to percutaneous penetration studies. In study B, the lipophilic differences of the active ingredients and its influences on the penetration was tested using hydrophilic caffeine and lipophilic LIP1 as model compounds, which have an identical molecular weight with different lipophilic characteristics. It is assumed that the lipophilic characteristics of active ingredients influence their penetration and thus governs the concentration of these molecules reaching their target site. CONCLUSION The transdermal penetration of caffeine was found to exceed that of LIP1 through the hydrophilic environment of the dermis. Thus, the findings of this study show that the precise MD dermis localization and the physicochemical properties, such as lipophilicity, influence the penetration rate of active ingredients and lay the foundation for creating optimized transdermal delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lubda
- Cosmetic Functionals, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.,Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Maximilian Zander
- Cosmetic Functionals, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.,Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Harald Kolmar
- Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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19
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Novel Self-Nano-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems Containing Astaxanthin for Topical Skin Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050649. [PMID: 34063593 PMCID: PMC8147608 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin (ASX) is a potent lipophilic antioxidant derived from the natural pigment that gives marine animals their distinctive red-orange colour and confers protection from ultraviolet radiation. Self nano-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) have been successfully developed and evaluated to increase the skin penetration of ASX and target its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential to the epidermis and dermis. SNEDDS were prepared using a low-temperature spontaneous emulsification method, and their physical characteristics, stability, antioxidant activity, and skin penetration were characterized. Terpenes (D-limonene, geraniol, and farnesol) were included in the SNEDDS formulations to evaluate their potential skin penetration enhancement. An HPLC assay was developed that allowed ASX recovery from skin tissues and quantification. All SNEDDS formulations had droplets in the 20 nm range, with low polydispersity. ASX stability over 28 days storage in light and dark conditions was improved and antioxidant activity was high. SNEDDS-L1 (no terpene) gave significantly increased ASX penetration to the stratum corneum (SC) and the epidermis-dermis-follicle region (E + D + F) compared to an ASX in oil solution and a commercial ASX facial serum product. The SNEDDS-containing D-limonene gave the highest ASX permeation enhancement, with 3.34- and 3.79-fold the amount in the SC and E + D + F, respectively, compared to a similar applied dose of ASX in oil. We concluded that SNEDDS provide an effective formulation strategy for enhanced skin penetration of a highly lipophilic molecule, and when applied to ASX, have the potential to provide topical formulations for UV protection, anti-aging, and inflammatory conditions of the skin.
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20
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Letsiou S. Tracing skin aging process: a mini- review of in vitro approaches. Biogerontology 2021; 22:261-272. [PMID: 33721158 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-021-09916-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Skin is a rather complex, yet useful organ of our body. Besides, skin aging is a complicated process that gains a growing interest as mediates many molecular processes in our body. Thus, an efficient skin model is important to understand skin aging function as well as to develop an effective innovative product for skin aging treatment. In this mini review, we present in vitro methods for assessments of skin aging in an attempt to pinpoint basic molecular mechanisms behind this process achieving both a better understanding of aging function and an effective evaluation of potential products or ingredients that counteract aging. Specifically, this study presents in vitro assays such as 2D or 3D skin models, to evaluate skin aging-related processes such as skin moisturization, photoaging, wound healing, menopause, and skin microbiome as novel efforts in the designing of efficacy assessments in the development of skincare products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Letsiou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Research and Development Department, APIVITA S.A., Industrial Park of Markopoulo Mesogaias, Markopoulo Attiki, 19003, Athens, Greece.
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21
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Kirkby M, Sabri AB, Scurr DJ, Moss GP. Dendrimer-mediated permeation enhancement of chlorhexidine digluconate: Determination of in vitro skin permeability and visualisation of dermal distribution. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 159:77-87. [PMID: 33359754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG) is a cationic bisbiguanide used in the UK as the first-line skin antiseptic prior to surgery in the UK due to its favourable efficacy and safety profile, high affinity for skin binding and minimal reports of resistance. Despite this, bacteria remain within deeper skin layers, furrows and appendages that are considered inaccessible to CHG, due to its poor dermal penetration. In this study a third generation, polyamidoamine dendrimer (G3 PAMAM-NH2) was utilised to improve dermal penetration of CHG. A topical gel formulation was optimised to maximise CHG delivery (containing 0.5% gelling agent and 4% drug), followed by drug and dendrimer co-formulation into a commercially viable gel. The gel containing 4% CHG and 1 mM PAMAM dendrimer significantly increased the depth permeation of CHG compared to the commercial benchmark (Hibiscrub®, containing 4% w/v CHG) (p < 0.05). The optimised formulation was further characterised using Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), which indicated that the depth of dermal penetration achieved was sufficient to reach the skin strata that typically harbours pathogenic bacteria, which is currently inaccessible by commercial CHG formulations. This study therefore indicates that a G3 PAMAM-NH2 dendrimer gel may be viable as a permeation enhancer of CHG, for improved skin antisepsis in those at risk of a skin or soft tissue infection as a result of surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Kirkby
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom.
| | - Akmal B Sabri
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - David J Scurr
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Gary P Moss
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
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22
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Sanabria-de la Torre R, Fernández-González A, Quiñones-Vico MI, Montero-Vilchez T, Arias-Santiago S. Bioengineered Skin Intended as In Vitro Model for Pharmacosmetics, Skin Disease Study and Environmental Skin Impact Analysis. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E464. [PMID: 33142704 PMCID: PMC7694072 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to be an update of Bioengineered Artificial Skin Substitutes (BASS) applications. At the first moment, they were created as an attempt to replace native skin grafts transplantation. Nowadays, these in vitro models have been increasing and widening their application areas, becoming important tools for research. This study is focus on the ability to design in vitro BASS which have been demonstrated to be appropriate to develop new products in the cosmetic and pharmacology industry. Allowing to go deeper into the skin disease research, and to analyze the effects provoked by environmental stressful agents. The importance of BASS to replace animal experimentation is also highlighted. Furthermore, the BASS validation parameters approved by the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) are also analyzed. This report presents an overview of the skin models applicable to skin research along with their design methods. Finally, the potential and limitations of the currently available BASS to supply the demands for disease modeling and pharmaceutical screening are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Sanabria-de la Torre
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain; (R.S.-d.l.T.); (M.I.Q.-V.); (S.A.-S.)
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana Fernández-González
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain; (R.S.-d.l.T.); (M.I.Q.-V.); (S.A.-S.)
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María I. Quiñones-Vico
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain; (R.S.-d.l.T.); (M.I.Q.-V.); (S.A.-S.)
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Trinidad Montero-Vilchez
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Dermatology Department, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador Arias-Santiago
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain; (R.S.-d.l.T.); (M.I.Q.-V.); (S.A.-S.)
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- Dermatology Department, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Dermatology Department, School of Medicine, Granada University, 18016 Granada, Spain
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Mojsiewicz-Pieńkowska K, Stachowska E, Krenczkowska D, Bazar D, Meijer F. Evidence of Skin Barrier Damage by Cyclic Siloxanes (Silicones)-Using Digital Holographic Microscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176375. [PMID: 32887477 PMCID: PMC7504040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic siloxanes (D4, D5, D6) are widely used in skin products. They improve skin sensory properties and alleviate dry skin, but there is still one report (published 2019), which regards their effects on the destruction of the skin barrier, by using fluorescence microscopy and attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). A new skin-imaging technique, digital holographic microscopy (DHM), was used for the first time to investigate the impact of D4, D5, and D6 on the skin barrier. We observed irreversible damage of the stratum corneum due to the interaction with cyclic siloxanes. These substances changed: (a) the first level of the skin barrier through destabilization of the intercellular lipid lamellae and destruction of the corneocyte structure (measured with axial nanometer resolution), (b) the second level by collapse of not only corneocytes but also of a significant part of the clusters, leading to the loss of the stratum corneum integrity and formation of the lacunae, (c) the third level as an effect of the change in the surface geometrical topography of the stratum corneum and disruption of the integrity of this skin layer, measured with lateral micrometer resolution. DHM allowed also to identify an important pathway for substances to penetrate into the skin through canyons surrounding the clusters. Our investigations provide advanced information for understanding the mechanisms by which various substances pass the skin barrier, including uncontrolled diffusion into the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Mojsiewicz-Pieńkowska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, al. gen. Józefa Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (D.K.); (D.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-3491656
| | - Ewa Stachowska
- Department of Metrology and Measurement Systems, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Management, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland; (E.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Dominika Krenczkowska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, al. gen. Józefa Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (D.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Dagmara Bazar
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, al. gen. Józefa Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (D.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Frans Meijer
- Department of Metrology and Measurement Systems, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Management, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland; (E.S.); (F.M.)
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Krenczkowska D, Mojsiewicz-Pieńkowska K, Wielgomas B, Bazar D, Jankowski Z. Ex Vivo Human Skin is not a Barrier for Cyclic Siloxanes (Cyclic Silicones): Evidence of Diffusion, Bioaccumulation, and Risk of Dermal Absorption Using a New Validated GC-FID Procedure. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E586. [PMID: 32599732 PMCID: PMC7355424 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic methylsiloxanes D4, D5, D6 (also called cyclic silicones) are widely used in various dermatological products and cosmetics, both for children and adults. As a result of their unique physicochemical properties, the production of cyclic methylsiloxanes has greatly increased over the last few years, which has resulted in increased exposure to mankind. The validated quantitative for gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) analysis with using the transdermal diffusion system with vertical Franz cells demonstrated that ex vivo human skin is not a barrier to cyclic siloxanes. D4, D5, and D6 have a specific affinity to stratum corneum (SC) (especially D6), and can even diffuse into the deeper layers of the skin (epidermis (E) and dermis (D)), or into the receptor fluid as well. An important achievement of this work was the observation of the characteristic ratio partitioning D4, D5, and D6 in skin layers and receptor fluid (RF). The studies have shown that, in order to thoroughly understand the mechanism, it is important to determine not only the differences in the amounts of cumulated doses in total in all skin layers and receptor fluid, but also the mutual ratios of analyte concentrations existing between matrices. For example, in the case of the stratum corneum, the cumulative doses of D4, D5, and D6 were 27.5, 63.9, and 67.2 µg/cm2/24 h, respectively, and in the epidermis, they were 6.9, 29.9, and 10.7 µg/cm2/24 h, respectively, which confirmed the highest affinity of D6 to stratum corneum as the amount diffused into the epidermis was 2.8 times smaller compared to D5. The calculated epidermis-to-stratum corneum ratios of analyte concentrations also confirm this. The largest ratio was identified for D5 (E/SC = 47), followed by D4 (E/SC = 25), and finally by D6 (E/SC = 16). The analysis of the next stage of diffusion from epidermis to dermis revealed that in dermis the highest cumulative dose was observed for D5 (13.9 µg/cm2/24 h), while the doses of D4 and D6 were similar (5.1 and 5.3 µg/cm2/24 h). Considering the concentration gradient, it can be concluded that the diffusion of D5 and D6 occurs at a similar level, while D4 diffuses at a much higher level. These observations were also confirmed by the dermis-to-epidermis concentration ratios. The final stage of diffusion from dermis to the receptor fluid indicated that D4 was able to permeate easily, while D5 exhibited a difficult diffusion and the diffusion of D6 was limited. The receptor fluid-to-dermis concentration ratios (RF/D) were calculated for D4, D5, and D6: 80, 53, and 17, respectively. Our results also revealed the increased risk of D4 and D5 absorption into the blood and lymphatic systems, whereas D6 demonstrated the lowest risk. Therefore, we can argue that, among the three tested compounds, D6 is the safest one that can be used in dermatological, cosmetic, and personal care products. This study demonstrates that the stratum corneum, epidermis, and dermis can be also considered reservoirs of cyclic methylsiloxanes. Therefore, these compounds can demonstrate potential long-term bioaccumulation, and can be absorbed to the bloodstream in a long-term and uncontrolled process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Krenczkowska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (D.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Krystyna Mojsiewicz-Pieńkowska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (D.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Bartosz Wielgomas
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Dagmara Bazar
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (D.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Zbigniew Jankowski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębowa 23, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland;
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Rabbit Ear Membranes as an Interesting Alternative for Permeability Tests in the Preformulation Stages of Cosmetic Products. COSMETICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics7020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the pre-formulation stages of cosmetic products, in vitro permeability tests correspond to an important alternative for making better decisions regarding the stability, performance and biocompatibility of these products. Moreover, these tests allow us to establish whether a cosmetic ingredient can penetrate the different layers of the skin, which is essential in these products. This study was focused on the extraction, characterization and preservation of rabbit ear membranes and their subsequent performance comparison against two synthetic membranes (cellulose and Strat-MTM). For this, the rabbit ear stratum corneum was isolated and characterized histologically, using the Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) staining protocol along with light microscopy and image analysis. Then, the Frank diffusion cell (FC) model was employed to evaluate and compare the permeability of the model compound Naproxen sodium (NPX) between the three membrane systems. The results show that NPX permeability is strongly affected by the type of membrane, and the implementation of rabbit ear membranes shows high reproducibility, demonstrating that this model could be implemented during pre-formulation studies of cosmetic products.
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Davies AE, Williams RL, Lugano G, Pop SR, Kearns VR. In vitro and computational modelling of drug delivery across the outer blood-retinal barrier. Interface Focus 2020; 10:20190132. [PMID: 32194934 PMCID: PMC7061949 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2019.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to produce rapid, cost-effective and human-relevant data has the potential to accelerate the development of new drug delivery systems. Intraocular drug delivery is an area undergoing rapid expansion, due to the increase in sight-threatening diseases linked to increasing age and lifestyle factors. The outer blood-retinal barrier (OBRB) is important in this area of drug delivery, as it separates the eye from the systemic blood flow. This study reports the development of complementary in vitro and in silico models to study drug transport from silicone oil across the OBRB. Monolayer cultures of a human retinal pigmented epithelium cell line, ARPE-19, were added to chambers and exposed to a controlled flow to simulate drug clearance across the OBRB. Movement of dextran molecules and release of ibuprofen from silicone oil in this model were measured. Corresponding simulations were developed using COMSOL Multiphysics computational fluid dynamics software and validated using independent in vitro datasets. Computational simulations were able to predict dextran movement and ibuprofen release, with all of the features of the experimental release profiles being observed in the simulated data. Simulated values for peak concentrations of permeated dextran and ibuprofen released from silicone oil were within 18% of the in vitro results. This model could be used as a predictive tool for drug transport across this important tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alys E. Davies
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rachel L. Williams
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gaia Lugano
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Serban R. Pop
- Department of Computer Science, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Victoria R. Kearns
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Su H, Yeh IJ, Wu YH, Jiang ZH, Shiea J, Lee CW. Rapid identification of organophosphorus pesticides on contaminated skin and confirmation of adequate decontamination by ambient mass spectrometry in emergency settings. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 1:e8562. [PMID: 31461793 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Dermal exposure to pesticides may cause severe intoxication and even result in a fatal outcome. To expedite rescue in the emergency department, it is mandatory to develop a point-of-care analytical method for immediate identification of pesticides on the skin of exposed personnel, and to perform immediate dermal decontamination to prevent further harm and optimize the chance for full clinical recovery. METHODS Four of the most commonly used highly toxic pesticides that contaminate the skin were rapidly characterized by thermal desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The technique was also applied to confirm the completeness of pesticide decontamination from the skin. Pesticide sampling, desorption, ionization, and detection altogether took less than 30 s. In addition, different fabrics of protective garments worn by farmers were assessed with this efficient ambient mass spectrometric technique for their protective capabilities against dermal exposure to pesticides, and scanning electron microscopy was used to observe their different microstructures. The decontaminating efficacies of different cleansing agents for these skin contaminants were also evaluated by this technical platform. RESULTS The repeatability of this method had a low relative standard deviation (<22%) for the detection of pesticides on the surface of swine skin. The detection limits of the pesticides in solution were found to be in the range of 3-20 ng/mL. Linearity was observed between the signal intensities and the concentrations of the four pesticides in solution within the range of 50 ng/mL to 50 μg/mL (R2 between 0.9921 and 0.9966). In addition, it was found that PVC fabric is optimal in preventing skin contamination by fenthion and detergent had the best efficiency for fenthion decontamination. CONCLUSIONS Since the whole analytical process is extremely fast, this technique allows early point-of-care identification of contaminating pesticides on the skin of exposed patients in the emergency room, as well as rapid assessment of the adequacy of decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Su
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - I-Jeng Yeh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Zong-Han Jiang
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jentaie Shiea
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wei Lee
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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28
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Neupane R, Boddu SH, Renukuntla J, Babu RJ, Tiwari AK. Alternatives to Biological Skin in Permeation Studies: Current Trends and Possibilities. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E152. [PMID: 32070011 PMCID: PMC7076422 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
: The transdermal route of drugs has received increased attention in recent years due to numerous advantages over the oral and injectable routes, such as avoidance of the hepatic metabolism, protection of drugs from the gastrointestinal tract, sustained drug delivery, and good patient compliance. The assessment of ex vivo permeation during the pharmaceutical development process helps in understanding the product quality and performance of a transdermal delivery system. Generally, excised human skin relevant to the application site or animal skin is recommended for ex vivo permeation studies. However, the limited availability of the human skin and ethical issues surrounding the use of animal skin rendered these models less attractive in the permeation study. In the last three decades, enormous efforts have been put into developing artificial membranes and 3D cultured human skin models as surrogates to the human skin. This manuscript provides an insight on the European Medicines Agency (EMA) guidelines for permeation studies and the parameters affected when using Franz diffusion cells in the permeation study. The need and possibilities for skin alternatives, such as artificially cultured human skin models, parallel artificial membrane permeability assays (PAMPA), and artificial membranes for penetration and permeation studies, are comprehensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabin Neupane
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (R.N.); (A.K.T.)
| | - Sai H.S. Boddu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman 346, UAE;
| | - Jwala Renukuntla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC 27240, USA
| | - R. Jayachandra Babu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA;
| | - Amit K. Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (R.N.); (A.K.T.)
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29
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Novel Nanocarriers for Targeted Topical Skin Delivery of the Antioxidant Resveratrol. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020108. [PMID: 32013204 PMCID: PMC7076350 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (RSV) is a potent lipophilic antioxidant with a low aqueous solubility. Novel nanoformulations have been successfully developed and evaluated to increase the potential of resveratrol as a skin targeting antioxidant. Nanoformulations were prepared using a spontaneous emulsification method, and characterized and evaluated for their capabilities to penetrate/permeate the skin. In nanoformulations, the thermodynamic activity of the RSV penetration into/permeation through the skin was correlated with the thermodynamic activity of the RSV in the formulations. When terpenes were incorporated into the nanoformulations, the permeation of RSV through the skin increased and correlated with an increasing lipophilicity of the terpene. The nanoemulsion containing eugenol showed the highest RSV penetration into the stratum corneum (SC) and the epidermis-dermis-follicle region, whereas the limonene containing nanoemulsion had the highest RSV permeation through the skin (the enhancement ratios, compared to a saturated solution of RSV, were (i) 9.55 and (ii) 12.61, respectively, based on the average RSV amount (i) in each skin region and (ii) permeation through skin).
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30
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Krenczkowska D, Mojsiewicz-Pieńkowska K, Wielgomas B, Cal K, Bartoszewski R, Bartoszewska S, Jankowski Z. The consequences of overcoming the human skin barrier by siloxanes (silicones) Part 1. Penetration and permeation depth study of cyclic methyl siloxanes. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 231:607-623. [PMID: 30292575 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic production of cyclic siloxanes: octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane D4, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane D5 and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane D6 increases their concentrations in environment. It is considered that both environmental pollution and the usage of personal care products and cosmetics containing cyclic siloxanes can be the main source of the human exposure by transdermal route. The aim of the study was to verify the possibility to overcome the skin barrier by cyclic siloxanes (ATR-FTIR and GC-FID), evaluation of diffusion pathway to stratum corneum SC (Fluorescence microscopy), and determination of depth of permeation to deeper skin layers: epidermis and dermis (ATR-FTIR) and also of potential interaction with SC lipids and proteins (Fluorescence microscopy, ATR-FTIR) and the cytotoxicity studies against HaCaT cells (MTT test). The results show that D4, D5 and D5 can penetrate to SC and permeate into the deeper layers of the skin: epidermis and dermis. The quantitative analysis (GC-FID) showed that total cumulative doses for D4, D5 and D6 were: 42.50; 95.37 and 77.19 μg/cm2/24 h, respectively. The microscopic analysis proved, transepidermal route through the lipid matrix as well as through the canyons (intercluster spaces) were a diffusion pathway to the SC as well as disruption of human SC lipid structure by: D4 (the most), D5 and D6 (the least). The cytotoxicity studies demonstrated that the tested range of concentrations of D5 and D6 (up to 300 mM, 111 300 mg and 133 500 mg respectively) did not impaired the HaCaT growth, while D4 had IC50 value of 40 098 mM ± 7.94 (10 906 ± 872,5 mg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Krenczkowska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krystyna Mojsiewicz-Pieńkowska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Bartosz Wielgomas
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Cal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Rafał Bartoszewski
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sylwia Bartoszewska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Jankowski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębowa 23, 80-204 Gdańsk. Poland
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Nastiti C, Mohammed Y, Telaprolu K, Liang X, Grice J, Roberts M, Benson H. Evaluation of Quantum Dot Skin Penetration in Porcine Skin: Effect of Age and Anatomical Site of Topical Application. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 32:182-191. [DOI: 10.1159/000499435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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Zhu XM, Li Y, Xu F, Gu W, Yan GJ, Dong J, Chen J. Skin Electrical Resistance Measurement of Oxygen-Containing Terpenes as Penetration Enhancers: Role of Stratum Corneum Lipids. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030523. [PMID: 30709044 PMCID: PMC6384980 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The measurement of skin electrical resistance (SER) has drawn a great deal of attention for the rapid screening of transdermal penetration enhancers (PEs). However, the mechanisms underlying the SER measurement are still unclear. This study was to investigate the effects and mechanisms of seven oxygen-containing terpenes on the SER kinetics. Stratum corneum (SC) lipids were proved to play a key role in SER measurement. Then, the factors affecting the SER measurement were optimized. By the determination of SER kinetics, cyclic terpenes (1,8-cineole, terpinen-4-ol, menthol and α-terpineol) were demonstrated to possess higher enhancement ratio (ER) values compared with linear terpenes (linalool, geraniol and citral). For the first time, the linear correlation was found between ER of terpenes and the interaction energy of terpene⁻ceramide complexes revealed by molecular simulation. The attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) analysis revealed that the effect of cyclic terpenes on SC lipid arrangement was obviously stronger than that of linear terpenes. In addition, by evaluating HaCaT skin cell viability, little difference was found between the toxicities of cyclic and linear terpenes. In conclusion, measurement of SER could be a feasible approach for the efficient evaluation of the PEs that mainly act on SC lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Min Zhu
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yu Li
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Fei Xu
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Wei Gu
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Guo-Jun Yan
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jie Dong
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jun Chen
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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33
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Design of in vitro skin permeation studies according to the EMA guideline on quality of transdermal patches. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 125:86-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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34
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Pakkang N, Uraki Y, Koda K, Nithitanakul M, Charoensaeng A. Preparation of Water-in-Oil Microemulsion from the Mixtures of Castor Oil and Sunflower Oil as Makeup Remover. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nutthira Pakkang
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-8589 Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Uraki
- Research Faculty of Agriculture; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-8589 Japan
| | - Keiichi Koda
- Research Faculty of Agriculture; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-8589 Japan
| | - Manit Nithitanakul
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Ampira Charoensaeng
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok 10330 Thailand
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35
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Heylings JR, Davies DJ, Burton R. Dermal absorption of testosterone in human and pig skin in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 48:71-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ionic liquid – microemulsions assisting in the transdermal delivery of Dencichine: Preparation, in-vitro and in-vivo evaluations, and investigation of the permeation mechanism. Int J Pharm 2018; 535:120-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Osman-Ponchet H, Gaborit A, Kouidhi M, Anglars S, Marceau-Suissa J, Duffy-Roger O, Linget JM, Wilson CE. Comparison of the Effect of Skin Preparation Pads on Transepidermal Water Loss in Ex Vivo Human Skin. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2017; 7:407-415. [PMID: 28710659 PMCID: PMC5574744 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-017-0193-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pre-treatment of the skin to remove scales and crusts prior to photodynamic therapy (PDT) is essential to enhance the uptake of topically applied methyl aminolevulinate (MAL) and to improve treatment efficacy. This study compared the effect of two different skin preparation pads on skin integrity in ex vivo human skin. Methods Ex vivo human skin samples from three donors were pre-treated in triplicates with PREPSTER™ (PR) skin preparation pad (6, 8, and 10 passages) or Ambu Unilect™ (A-UN) skin preparation pad (6, 8, and 10 passages). In addition, skin samples were pre-treated with tape strippings (10 adhesive tape strips) as a reference method for comparison. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured on intact skin and following skin barrier impairment using skin preparation pads and tape stripping. Histological analysis was performed to verify the impairment of the stratum corneum (SC) barrier function in samples from intact skin (control), 10 tape strippings (reference method), 10 passages of PR, and 10 passages of A-UN. Results TEWL increased with the increasing number of passages of skin preparation pads, with 2.4- and 3.3-fold increases following 10 passages of A-UN and PR, respectively, versus a 2.2-fold increase with 10 tape strippings (reference). Histological analysis showed only partial removal of the SC, with no damage observed on the epidermis, regardless of the procedure used. Conclusion Pre-treatment of skin using PR and A-UN skin preparation pads markedly increases TEWL, indicating slight impairment of the SC barrier function. Comparison of both skin preparation pads showed that PR pad consistently induced significantly higher TEWL than A-UN pad (p < 0.05), regardless of the number of passages. Both skin preparation pads are thought to increase the uptake of MAL and can therefore be used for the preparation of skin prior to PDT. Funding Nestlé Skin Health – Galderma R&D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Magali Kouidhi
- Nestlé Skin Health - Galderma R&D, Sophia Antipolis, France
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Souza C, Maia Campos PM. Development of a HPLC method for determination of four UV filters in sunscreen and its application to skin penetration studies. Biomed Chromatogr 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Souza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto Brazil
| | - Patrícia M.B.G. Maia Campos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto Brazil
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Kim BS, Lee JS, Gao G, Cho DW. Direct 3D cell-printing of human skin with functional transwell system. Biofabrication 2017; 9:025034. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aa71c8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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40
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Steiner A, Kugarajan K, Wullimann M, Ruty B, Kunze G. Margin of safety of pentylene glycol derived using measurements of cutaneous absorption and volatility. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 87:106-111. [PMID: 28483712 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The safety assessment of pentylene glycol (PG) has been based on a bioavailability extrapolated from those of other 1,2-glycols or an assumed 100% absorption. To make a better safety assessment and an accurate calculation of the margin of safety (MoS), the skin penetration of PG present in a commercially available sunscreen was measured in pig skin at different exposure durations. The mass balance of PG decreased with increasing exposure durations, from 98% (1 h) to 29% (24 h) and the amount of PG detected in the skin wash decreased over time from 93% to 3%. The decrease in mass balance was attributed to an unexpected volatility of PG, which was confirmed in additional experiments. The maximum bioavailable amount of PG was 123 μg/cm2 after 24 h and was considered to be worst case scenario (10 mg/cm2 i.e. 5-fold the recommended application standard dose, 2 mg/cm2). MoS values for the application of a standard dose of sunscreen after 1-24 h exposure were 140-671 in adults and, if calculated for children ratios, 87-217 Based on the available toxicological data for PG in comparison to the amounts determined to be potentially bioavailable, PG in the test sun protection product SPF 50 + does not show any safety concerns for daily usage at the recommended dosage of 2 mg/cm2 or lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Steiner
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Froschackerstrasse 6, CH-4622 Egerkingen, Switzerland
| | - K Kugarajan
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Froschackerstrasse 6, CH-4622 Egerkingen, Switzerland
| | - M Wullimann
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Froschackerstrasse 6, CH-4622 Egerkingen, Switzerland
| | - B Ruty
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Froschackerstrasse 6, CH-4622 Egerkingen, Switzerland
| | - G Kunze
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Froschackerstrasse 6, CH-4622 Egerkingen, Switzerland.
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Lydon HL, Hall CA, Dalton CH, Chipman JK, Graham JS, Chilcott RP. Development of haemostatic decontaminants for treatment of wounds contaminated with chemical warfare agents. 3: Evaluation of in vitro
topical decontamination efficacy using damaged skin. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 37:976-984. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen L. Lydon
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards; Health Protection Agency; Chilton UK
- University of Birmingham; Edgbaston Birmingham UK
| | - Charlotte A. Hall
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards; Health Protection Agency; Chilton UK
- University of Birmingham; Edgbaston Birmingham UK
| | | | | | - John S. Graham
- Medical Toxicology Branch Analytical Toxicology Division; US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground; MD 21010 USA
| | - Robert P. Chilcott
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards; Health Protection Agency; Chilton UK
- Research Centre for Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology; University of Hertfordshire; Hatfield UK
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Davies DJ, Heylings JR, Gayes H, McCarthy TJ, Mack MC. Further development of an in vitro model for studying the penetration of chemicals through compromised skin. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 38:101-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Nciki S, Vuuren S, van Eyk A, de Wet H. Plants used to treat skin diseases in northern Maputaland, South Africa: antimicrobial activity and in vitro permeability studies. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:2420-2436. [PMID: 27137350 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2016.1158287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ethnobotanical claims of medicinal plants used in northern Maputaland are limited. Objectives To establish scientific validity for a selection of the plants used in Maputaland to treat skin diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous and dichloromethane-methanol extracts were prepared from 37 plant species which were collected from four rural communities in Maputaland. Antimicrobial screening was performed on extracts against 12 dermatological relevant pathogens using the micro-titre plate dilution assay. Their combined effect was evaluated by determining the sum of the fractional inhibitory concentrations (ΣFICs). Chemical analysis was undertaken using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and investigated in vitro across excised intact porcine skin using the ILC07 automated system. RESULTS The organic extract of Garcinia livingstonei T. Anderson (Clusiaceae) was found to be the most antimicrobially active displaying an average broad-spectrum MIC value of 270 μg/mL. The combination of Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hotsch. (Anacardaceae) with Syzygium cordatum Hochst. ex C. Krauss (Myrtaceae) displayed synergistic effects. The four antimicrobially active organic extracts were found to possess mainly anthraquinones, flavonoids, tannins and saponins. The organic extracts of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. (Bignoniaceae) and S. cordatum were found to have more compounds capable of permeating intact skin after 10 min of exposure. CONCLUSION More than 80% of the organic extracts tested displayed a correlation between the antimicrobial efficacy and the reported traditional uses of the plants. Furthermore, the traditional use of topically applied plant preparations is validated as some compounds from the active plants are capable of permeating the skin in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibongile Nciki
- a Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Sandy Vuuren
- a Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Armorel van Eyk
- a Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Helene de Wet
- b Department of Botany , University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa , South Africa
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Cui X, Zhang X, Yang Y, Wang C, Zhang C, Peng G. Preparation and evaluation of novel hydrogel based on polysaccharide isolated fromBletilla striata. Pharm Dev Technol 2016; 22:1001-1011. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2016.1221422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuming Cui
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xingying Zhang
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Ye Yang
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Chengxiao Wang
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Chaoyu Zhang
- NingEr Zhongxin Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Pu'er, China
| | - Gang Peng
- NingEr Zhongxin Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Pu'er, China
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Marto J, Vitor C, Guerreiro A, Severino C, Eleutério C, Ascenso A, Simões S. Ethosomes for enhanced skin delivery of griseofulvin. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 146:616-23. [PMID: 27429295 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Griseofulvin (GRF) is an important antifungal drug with low bioavailability and, for this reason, a topical formulation with a targeted action and minimal systemic effects, appears to be a preferable solution. GRF poor solubility has limited the development of topical formulations and their release to the market. The aim of this work was to prepare a new GRF formulation for topical application using lipid-based nanosystems; to study its permeation and penetration, cell viability and to evaluate its therapeutic action. Ethosomal systems composed of soy bean phosphatidylcholine, ethanol and water were prepared for incorporating GRF. After the characterization of the vesicles in terms of size, charge and penetrability, permeation through newborn pig using Franz diffusion cells was conducted. Cell viability at different concentrations of the chosen formulation was determined. At last, skin adapted agar diffusion test was performed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of the formulation. GRF vesicles had mean size of 130nm. Permeation and penetration assays revealed that GRF-loaded ethosomes have an adequate profile to be used in a topical formulation since drug retention in the stratum corneum was achieved. Cell viability tests proved this formulation presented no cytotoxicity to HaCaT cells for concentrations below 50μg/mL. The skin diffusion test evidenced the potential of developed formulation to target skin dermatophytes. The results obtained in this study contribute to a new perspective in topical treatment of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Marto
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Nano2B Group of Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Catarina Vitor
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Nano2B Group of Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Ana Guerreiro
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Nano2B Group of Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Cristiana Severino
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Nano2B Group of Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Carla Eleutério
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Nano2B Group of Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Andreia Ascenso
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Nano2B Group of Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Sandra Simões
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Nano2B Group of Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Skin penetration and dermal tolerability of acrylic nanocapsules: Influence of the surface charge and a chitosan gel used as vehicle. Int J Pharm 2016; 507:12-20. [PMID: 27130364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
For an improved understanding of the relevant particle features for cutaneous use, we studied the effect of the surface charge of acrylic nanocapsules (around 150nm) and the effect of a chitosan gel vehicle on the particle penetration into normal and stripped human skin ex vivo as well as local tolerability (cytotoxicity and irritancy). Rhodamin-tagged nanocapsules penetrated and remained in the stratum corneum. Penetration of cationic nanocapsules exceeded the penetration of anionic nanocapsules. When applied on stripped skin, however, the fluorescence was also recorded in the viable epidermis and dermis. Cationic surface charge and embedding the particles into chitosan gel favored access to deeper skin. Keratinocytes took up the nanocapsules rapidly. Cytotoxicity (viability<80%), following exposure for ≥24h, appears to be due to the surfactant polysorbate 80, used for nanocapsuleś stabilization. Uptake by fibroblasts was low and no cytotoxicity was observed. No irritant reactions were detected in the HET-CAM test. In conclusion, the surface charge and chitosan vehicle, as well as the skin barrier integrity, influence the skin penetration of acrylic nanocapsules. Particle localization in the intact stratum corneum of normal skin and good tolerability make the nanocapsules candidates for topical use on the skin, provided that the polymer wall allows the release of the active encapsulated substance.
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Zhang D, Wang HJ, Cui XM, Wang CX. Evaluations of imidazolium ionic liquids as novel skin permeation enhancers for drug transdermal delivery. Pharm Dev Technol 2016; 22:511-520. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2015.1131718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ding Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Huai-Ji Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xiu-Ming Cui
- School of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Cheng-Xiao Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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Rouaud-Tinguely P, Boudier D, Marchand L, Barruche V, Bordes S, Coppin H, Roth MP, Closs B. From the morphological to the transcriptomic characterization of a compromised three-dimensional in vitro model mimicking atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2015; 173:1006-14. [PMID: 26147950 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease in which skin barrier function is disrupted. In this AD environment, proinflammatory cytokines are upregulated, promoting a vicious circle of inflammation. Although several three-dimensional in vitro models mimicking AD have been published, no study has presented a fully characterized and controlled model of AD-related inflammation. OBJECTIVES To develop and characterize, from the morphological to the molecular level, a compromised reconstructed epidermis (RE) mimicking AD-related inflammation in vitro. METHODS Normal human keratinocytes were used to generate RE, treated or not with an inflammatory cocktail (polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-4 and interleukin-13). RESULTS The inflammatory cocktail induces some modifications observed in patients with AD: (i) it leads to spongiosis; (ii) it alters early and terminal differentiation proteins; (iii) it increases thymic stromal lymphopoietin and interleukin-8 secretion by keratinocytes and (iv) it results in a specific gene expression pattern. CONCLUSIONS The inflammatory context contributes to the morphological, functional and transcriptomic changes observed in AD skin. As a result, this compromised RE model shares some characteristics with those found in AD skin and thus can be used as a relevant tool for screening formulations and drugs for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D Boudier
- R&D Department, SILAB, BP 213, 19108, Brive CEDEX, France
| | - L Marchand
- R&D Department, SILAB, BP 213, 19108, Brive CEDEX, France
| | - V Barruche
- R&D Department, SILAB, BP 213, 19108, Brive CEDEX, France
| | - S Bordes
- R&D Department, SILAB, BP 213, 19108, Brive CEDEX, France
| | - H Coppin
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Inserm U1043, CNRS U5282, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - M P Roth
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Inserm U1043, CNRS U5282, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - B Closs
- R&D Department, SILAB, BP 213, 19108, Brive CEDEX, France
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Assessing the Impact of Mechanical Damage on Full-Thickness Porcine and Human Skin Using an In Vitro Approach. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:434623. [PMID: 26247021 PMCID: PMC4515495 DOI: 10.1155/2015/434623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
For most xenobiotics, the rates of percutaneous absorption are limited by diffusion through the horny layer of skin. However, percutaneous absorption of chemicals may seriously increase when the skin is damaged. The aim of this work was to develop an in vitro representative model of mechanically damaged skins. The epidermal barrier was examined following exposure to a razor, a rotating brush, and a microneedle system in comparison to tape-stripping which acted as a reference. Excised full-thickness skins were mounted on a diffusion chamber in order to evaluate the effect of injuries and to mimic physiological conditions. The transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was greatly increased when the barrier function was compromised. Measurements were made for all the damaged biopsies and observed histologically by microscopy. On human and porcine skins, the tape-stripping application (0 to 40 times) showed a proportional increase in TEWL which highlights the destruction of the stratum corneum. Similar results were obtained for all cosmetic instruments. This is reflected in our study by the nonsignificant difference of the mean TEWL scores between 30 strips and mechanical damage. For a specific appreciation, damaged skins were then selected to qualitatively evaluate the absorption of a chlorogenic acid solution using fluorescence microscopy.
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50
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Novel method to improve transdermal drug delivery by atmospheric microplasma irradiation. Biointerphases 2015; 10:029517. [DOI: 10.1116/1.4919708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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