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Cao C, Wang J, Guo T, Hu X, Li B, Wu C, Liu Z, Pan SW. Voluntary blood donation preferences in China: A discrete choice experiment among experienced and inexperienced donors. Vox Sang 2024; 119:428-438. [PMID: 38389330 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Due partly to an ageing population, China faces an increasingly dire blood shortage crisis requiring greater voluntary blood donations. A better understanding of blood donation preferences can inform blood donation policies and potentially increase donations. We used an online survey and discrete choice experiment to achieve our study objective: identify the most influential structural facilitators and barriers to voluntary blood donation in China. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, we identified six structural attributes (travel time, venue, donation volume, paid leave, scheduling and gifts) that were hypothesized to influence voluntary blood donation; attribute selection was based on a literature review and qualitative interviews. Second, a d-efficient design with 36 choice sets and 9 blocks was developed. Participants were asked to complete four choice sets, and in each choice set, they were asked to choose from three options: two voluntary blood donation scenarios and a 'Do not donate blood' option. Study participants were recruited through an online survey platform company in China. Voluntary blood donation preferences and preferences by blood donation history were estimated with random-parameter logit models and interaction terms. RESULTS In 2022, 1185 individuals enrolled in the study. Most participants had college education (92%). Generally, participants preferred longer paid leave, lower blood donation volumes and gifts after donation. Based on interaction analyses, experienced and inexperienced donors exhibited similar preferences. CONCLUSION Campaigns to increase voluntary blood donation rates in China should consider implementing paid leave after voluntary blood donation, lower blood donation volumes and small gifts conferred after donation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuqing Cao
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tianyu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinwen Hu
- Duke Kunshan University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bo Li
- Wisdom Lake Pharmacy Academy, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Caixia Wu
- Department of Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Transfusion Adverse Reactions, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhong Liu
- Department of Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Transfusion Adverse Reactions, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Stephen W Pan
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Public Health, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Wang Y, Zhai P, Zhang Y, Jiang S, Chen G, Li S. Gauging Incentive Values and Expectations (G.I.V.E.) among Blood Donors for Nonmonetary Incentives: Developing a Preference Elicitation Instrument through Qualitative Approaches in Shandong, China. THE PATIENT 2023; 16:593-606. [PMID: 37523066 DOI: 10.1007/s40271-023-00639-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Blood donation rates remain suboptimal in China necessitating the reform of the current nonmonetary incentive system to motivate donors. This study aims to identify relevant attributes and levels for nonmonetary incentives in repeated blood donation and provide insights for the development of preference elicitation instruments. METHODS A qualitative research process was employed, including a literature review, in-depth interviews, attribute ranking, focus group discussions, and cognitive interviews, to identify potential nonmonetary incentives for blood donation. The identified attributes were then incorporated into a discrete choice experiment (DCE) study design. The comprehensibility and acceptability of the DCE questionnaire were assessed through cognitive interviews and a pilot study. RESULTS Five nonmonetary incentive attributes were identified, including health examination, designated blood recipient, honor for donation, travel time, and gifts. The designated recipient of blood donation emerged as the most important motivator for future donations among the participants. The cognitive interviews and pilot study provided valuable feedback for refining the DCE questionnaire and ensuring its reliability. CONCLUSION This study contributes to the understanding of nonmonetary incentives for blood donation and highlights the importance of designated blood recipients, health examination, honor for donation, travel time, and gifts as potential motivators. Moreover, it emphasizes the value of employing cognitive interviews and pilot studies in the development and refinement of DCE questionnaires, ultimately enhancing the reliability and validity of preference elicitation instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, Shandong, China
- Center for Health Preference Research, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Peicong Zhai
- Blood Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, Shandong, China
- Center for Health Preference Research, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie Business School & Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Gang Chen
- Centre for Health Economics, Monash Business School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shunping Li
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Center for Health Preference Research, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Zhang Q, Gao Y, Tian Y, Gao S, Diao X, Ji H, Wang Y, Ji B. A transfusion risk stratification score to facilitate quality management in cardiopulmonary bypass. Transfusion 2023; 63:1495-1505. [PMID: 37458390 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous showed that a blood management program in the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) department, reduced red blood cell (RBC) transfusion and complications, but assessing transfusion practice solely based on transfusion rates was insufficient. This study aimed to design a risk stratification score to predict perioperative RBC transfusion to guide targeted measures for on-pump cardiac surgery patients. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed data from 42,435 adult cardiac patients. Eight predictors were entered into the final model including age, sex, anemia, New York Heart Association classification, body surface area, cardiac surgery history, emergency surgery, and surgery type. We then simplified the score to an integer-based system. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test, and a calibration curve were used for its performance test. The score was compared to existing scores. RESULTS The final score included eight predictors. The AUC for the model was 0.77 (95% CI, 0.76-0.77) and 0.77 (95% CI, 0.76-0.78) in the training and test set, respectively. The calibration curves showed a good fit. The risk score was finally grouped into low-risk (score of 0-13 points), medium-risk (14-19 points), and high-risk (more than 19 points). The score had better predictive power compared to the other two existing risk scores. DISCUSSION We developed an effective risk stratification score with eight variables to predict perioperative RBC transfusion for on-pump cardiac surgery. It assists perfusionists in proactively preparing blood conservation measures for high-risk patients before surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoni Zhang
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Bypass, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchen Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sizhe Gao
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Bypass, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Diao
- Department of Information Center, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwen Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Yuefu Wang
- Surgery Intensive Care Unit & Center of Anesthesia, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bingyang Ji
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Bypass, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, China
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Sun P, Zhu L, Ma L, Li C, Wang Z, Zhang R, Ye S, Wang Y. Blood Service in a Region of China's Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:1944. [PMID: 37444778 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11131944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The purpose of this paper is to describe blood services in the Aba Tibetan and Qiang Regions, (hereinafter referred to as Aba Prefecture), a region of China's Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, the third largest area of Tibet and the main inhabited area of the Qiang people. Design: We present a comprehensive investigation into blood donations, donors, screening and supply in the 13 counties of Aba Prefecture based on data from 2013 to 2018. Geography and population were also used to analyze the differences in blood services among different regions. Participants: The number of blood donors totaled 19,047. Results: Over the past 6 years, blood donations have increased by 29 and clinical blood usage by 45%. The blood donation rate was 3.4‱ and per capita blood use was 1.04 mL, both of which were significantly lower than the national average, and blood donation decreased with altitude. It should be noted that the donation rate of the Tibetan and Qiang peoples is much lower than that of the Han population. Moreover, the rejection rate of blood in laboratory testing was found to be higher than the national average, especially in counties located at higher altitudes. Conclusions: Blood donations and usage increased every year in Aba Prefecture, but blood shortage is still an important issue. In addition, the prevalence of transfusion-transmitted diseases is relatively high, which may be linked to lower-education and unfavorable geographical and medical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Sun
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Liyuan Zhu
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Li Ma
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Changqing Li
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Zongkui Wang
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Shengliang Ye
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China
- Blood Center of Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Barkam 624000, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China
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Wang Y, Zhai P, Jiang S, Li C, Li S. Blood Donors' Preferences Toward Incentives for Donation in China. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2318320. [PMID: 37314802 PMCID: PMC10267764 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.18320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Blood donation is critical for health care systems, but donor retention remains challenging. Understanding donors' preferences can inform incentive design and improve retention rates. Objective To identify donor preferences for incentive attributes and their relative importance in promoting blood donation among Chinese donors in Shandong. Design, Setting, and Participants This survey study fielded a discrete choice experiment (DCE) with a dual response design among blood donors, analyzing the responses under forced and unforced choice settings. The study took place from January 1 to April 30, 2022, in 3 cities (Yantai, Jinan, and Heze) representing diverse socioeconomic strata in Shandong, China. Eligible participants were blood donors aged 18 to 60 years who had donated within the preceding 12 months. Participants were recruited using convenience sampling. Data were analyzed from May to June 2022. Exposure Respondents were presented with different blood donation incentive profiles, varying in health examination, blood recipient, honor recognition, travel time, and gift value. Main Outcome and Measure Respondent preferences for nonmonetary incentive attributes, attribute relative importance, willingness-to-discard values for attribute improvement, and estimated uptake of new incentive profiles. Results A total of 650 donors were invited, of which 477 were included for analysis. The respondents were predominately male (308 respondents [64.6%]), aged 18 to 34 years (291 respondents [61.0%]), and had undergraduate degrees or higher (286 respondents [59.9%]). Among the 477 valid respondents, the mean (SD) age was 31.9 (11.2) years. Respondents preferred comprehensive health examination, family members as recipients, central government recognition, 30-minute travel time, and a gift valued at 60 Renminbi (RMB). No significant differences were found between the model results of forced and unforced choice setting. Blood recipient was the most important attribute, followed by health examination and gifts, and then honor and travel time. Respondents were willing to discard RMB 32 (95% CI, 18-46) for an improved health examination and RMB 69 (95% CI, 47-92) for changing the recipient from themselves to family members. Scenario analysis estimated 80.3% (SE, 0.024) of donors would endorse the new incentive profile if the recipient was changed from themselves to family members. Conclusions and Relevance In this survey study, blood recipient, health examination, and gift value were perceived more important as nonmonetary incentives than travel time and honor recognition. Tailoring incentives according to these preferences may improve donor retention. Further research could help refine and optimize incentive schemes for blood donation promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Center for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Center for Health Preference Research, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Peicong Zhai
- Blood Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie Business School and Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chaofan Li
- Center for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Center for Health Preference Research, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shunping Li
- Center for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Center for Health Preference Research, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Gao D, Li H, Wang K. The development of a legal framework for blood donation and blood safety in China over 24 years. BMC Health Serv Res 2020; 20:1099. [PMID: 33256716 PMCID: PMC7702669 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-020-05944-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study analyzes the regulation of and developments in blood donation in China from 1996 to 2019, and demonstrates the government’s efforts to improve blood safety. Results Since the implementation of the Blood Donation Law in 1998, the number of blood donors in China increased by 275% from 1998 to 2018 (from 4 million to 15 million). The principle of no-fault liability was proposed and has been applied since 2010 to the tort liability related to blood transfusion malpractice. In 2015, mutual blood donation accounted for 4.2% of the national collection. However, in some provinces of China, the percentage of mutual blood donation increased from 9.3 to 35.6% in 2016. The National Health Commission canceled mutual blood donation in March of 2018. Since 2015, nucleic acid amplification testing has become a routine test item for screening blood. Conclusions The Chinese government institutionalized the voluntary non-remunerated donation principle, enacted regulations for the management of blood transfusion, and adopted advanced blood testing technology to sustain blood supply and ensure blood safety. Despite increased blood donation, blood shortages persist. The quality and safety of blood collection can be further improved through the cancellation of mutual blood donation and incentive measures for voluntary non-remunerated donation of blood, which needs facilitation by governmental legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajun Gao
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Li
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Kang Wang
- Law School, Shanghai University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai, China.
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Yu X, Wang Z, Shen Y, Liu Z, Wang H, Zhang S, Gan J, Xue F, Han W, Shi X, Hu Y, Wang L, Li N, Wu P, Yang C, Jiang J. Population-based projections of blood supply and demand, China, 2017-2036. Bull World Health Organ 2019; 98:10-18. [PMID: 31902958 PMCID: PMC6933428 DOI: 10.2471/blt.19.233361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To estimate the long-term effect of the changing demography in China on blood supply and demand. Methods We developed a predictive model to estimate blood supply and demand during 2017–2036 in mainland China and in 31 province-level regions. Model parameters were obtained from World Population Prospects, China statistical yearbook 2016, China’s report on blood safety and records from a large tertiary hospital. Our main assumptions were stable age-specific per capita blood supply and demand over time. Findings We estimated that the change in demographic structure between 2016 (baseline year) and 2036 would result in a 16.0% decrease in blood supply (from 43.2 million units of 200 mL to 36.3 million units) and a 33.1% increase in demand (from 43.2 million units to 57.5 million units). In 2036, there would be an estimated shortage of 21.2 million units. An annual increase in supply between 0.9% and 1.8% is required to maintain a balance in blood supply and demand. This increase is not enough for every region as regional differences will increase, e.g. a blood demand/supply ratio ≥ 1.45 by 2036 is predicted in regions with large populations older than 65 years. Sensitivity analyses showed that increasing donations by 4.0% annually by people aged 18–34 years or decreasing the overall blood discard rate from 5.0% to 2.0% would not offset but help reduce the blood shortage. Conclusion Multidimensional strategies and tailored, coordinated actions are needed to deal with growing pressures on blood services because of China’s ageing population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochu Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zixing Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 5, Dong Dan San Tiao, Dong Cheng District, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Yubing Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 5, Dong Dan San Tiao, Dong Cheng District, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Zhong Liu
- Clinical Transfusion Research Center , Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Shumei Zhang
- School of Statistics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Gan
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Xue
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 5, Dong Dan San Tiao, Dong Cheng District, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 5, Dong Dan San Tiao, Dong Cheng District, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xin Shi
- Beijing Red Cross Blood Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yaoda Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 5, Dong Dan San Tiao, Dong Cheng District, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 5, Dong Dan San Tiao, Dong Cheng District, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 5, Dong Dan San Tiao, Dong Cheng District, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 5, Dong Dan San Tiao, Dong Cheng District, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Cuihong Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 5, Dong Dan San Tiao, Dong Cheng District, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Jingmei Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 5, Dong Dan San Tiao, Dong Cheng District, Beijing 100005, China
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Hu W, Meng H, Hu Q, Feng L, Qu X. Blood donation from 2006 to 2015 in Zhejiang Province, China: annual consecutive cross-sectional studies. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e023514. [PMID: 31110081 PMCID: PMC6530455 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the basic demographical characteristics of whole blood donors in Zhejiang Province, China, from 2006 to 2015 and to examine the trends in individual characteristics associated with blood donation and the relationship between weight and donation. DESIGN Cross-sectional study comparing characteristics of blood donors and annual donations for the period 2006 to 2015. SETTING Urban and rural communities in Zhejiang, China (11 cities, 89 districts or counties and 1379 townships). PARTICIPANTS 3 226 571 volunteer blood donors. OUTCOME MEASURES Volume of each whole blood donation and donation frequency. All data were collected by trained staff and entered into a standardised electronic information system. RESULTS The number of blood donations generally trended up in Zhejiang Province from 2006 to 2015. Donors were predominately males aged 18 to 25 years, but this major donor age group shifted to the 26 to 45 year range by 2015. The rate of repeated blood donation was 30.8 per cent. The blood volume per donation concentrated in 200 mL and 400 mL categories has been gradually shifted to 300 mL and 400 mL. Approximately one-third of donors had a college education. The average weight of donors increased over time for both men and women. Both the blood volume of each donation and donation frequency were proportional to weight. CONCLUSIONS The trend of voluntary non-remunerated blood donation in Zhejiang province is positive. However, given the expected growth in demand for whole blood, more research is needed to increase both the donor pool and the rate of repeated donation. The relationship between body weight and blood donation warrants further study because while improving nutritional status is associated with higher average donation volume and more frequent donations, overnutrition may lead to poorer quality of donated blood. Blood donation may present a unique opportunity for health education and body weight management to monitor and improve population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Blood Safety Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongdao Meng
- School of Ageing Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Qiuyue Hu
- Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Feng
- School of Ageing Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Xianguo Qu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
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