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Nguyen R, Barry M, Azevedo Loiola R, Ferret PJ, Andres E. PhotoSENSIL-18 assay development: Enhancing the safety testing of cosmetic raw materials and finished products to support the in vitro photosensitization assessment? Toxicology 2023; 495:153613. [PMID: 37558156 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Although photosensitization remains a major toxicological endpoint for the safety assessment of cosmetic products and their raw materials, there is no validated in vitro method available for the evaluation of this adverse effect so far. Given that previous studies have proposed that the Interleukine-18 (IL-18) plays a key role in keratinocyte-driven pro-inflammatory responses specific of the skin sensitization process, we hypothesize that IL-18 might be used as a specific biomarker for in vitro photosensitization assessment. The aim of the present study was the set-up of a new in vitro assay using IL-18 as a biomarker for the identification of photosensitizers in a reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) model. EpiCS™ RHE were incubated with a set of 16 known sensitising / phototoxic / photosensitizing substances and exposed to ultra-violet (UV) irradiation. Then, the cell viability was analysed by MTT assay, while the IL-18 secretion was quantified by ELISA. Preliminary assays have shown that 1 h of incubation followed by a recovery period of 23 h induced the highest IL-18 production in response to UV exposure. This protocol was used to test 16 substances and a ratio of IL-18 production (UV+/UV- ratio) was then generated. Our data shows that the cut-off of 1.5 (UV+/UV- ratio) is the most predictive model among the tested conditions, being capable of identifying true positive photosensitizers (8 of 9) with a good prediction in comparison with in vivo data. In a nutshell, our data suggests that the PhotoSENSIL-18 is a promising in vitro method for identification of photosensitizing substances. Although further studies are necessary to optimize the model, we foresee that the PhotoSENSIL-18 assay can be used in the context of an Integrative Approach to Testing and Assessment (IATA) of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nguyen
- Laboratoires Pierre Fabre, 3 avenue Hubert Curien, BP 13562, 31035 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - M Barry
- Oroxcell SAS, 102 avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - R Azevedo Loiola
- Oroxcell SAS, 102 avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - P-J Ferret
- Laboratoires Pierre Fabre, 3 avenue Hubert Curien, BP 13562, 31035 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - E Andres
- Oroxcell SAS, 102 avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France.
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2
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de Souza IR, Iulini M, Galbiati V, Silva EZM, Sivek TW, Rodrigues AC, Gradia DF, Pestana CB, Leme DM, Corsini E. An integrated in silico-in vitro investigation to assess the skin sensitization potential of 4-Octylphenol. Toxicology 2023; 493:153548. [PMID: 37207816 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
One of the major challenges in chemical toxicity testing is the possibility to protect human health against adverse effects with non-animal methods. In this paper, 4-Octylphenol (OP) was tested for skin sensitization and immunomodulatory effects using an integrated in silico-in vitro test approach. In silico tools (QSAR TOOLBOX 4.5, ToxTree and VEGA) were used together with several in vitro tests including HaCaT cells (quantification of IL-6; IL-8; IL-1α and IL-18 by ELISA and expression of genes TNF, IL1A, IL6 and IL8 by RT- qPCR), RHE model (quantification of IL-6; IL-8; IL-1α and IL-18 by ELISA) and THP-1 activation assay (CD86/CD54 expression and IL-8 release). Additionally, the immunomodulatory effect of OP was investigated using lncRNAs MALAT1 and NEAT1 expression and LPS-induced THP-1 activation (CD86/CD54 expression and IL-8 release). The in silico tools predicted OP as a sensitizer. In vitro tests are also concordant with the in silico prediction. OP increased IL-6 expression (HaCaT cells); IL-18 and IL-8 expressions (RHE model). An irritant potential was also shown by a great expression of IL-1α (RHE model); and increased expression of CD54 marker and IL-8 in THP-1 cells. Immunomodulatory effects of OP were demonstrated by the downregulation of NEAT1, MALAT1 (epigenetic markers), IL6 and IL8; and an increase in LPS-induced CD54 and IL-8 expressions. Overall, results indicate that OP is a skin sensitizer, being positive in three key events of the AOP for skin sensitization, also showing immunomodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isisdoris Rodrigues de Souza
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Martina Iulini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences 'Rodolfo Paoletti', Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Galbiati
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences 'Rodolfo Paoletti', Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Enzo Zini Moreira Silva
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Tainá Wilke Sivek
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniela Fiori Gradia
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Bomfim Pestana
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniela Morais Leme
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil; National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences 'Rodolfo Paoletti', Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Gądarowska D, Kalka J, Daniel-Wójcik A, Mrzyk I. Alternative Methods for Skin-Sensitization Assessment. TOXICS 2022; 10:740. [PMID: 36548573 PMCID: PMC9783525 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Skin sensitization is a term used to refer to the regulatory hazard known as allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in humans or contact hypersensitivity in rodents, an important health endpoint considered in chemical hazard and risk assessments. Information on skin sensitization potential is required in various regulatory frameworks, such as the Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals (REACH). The identification of skin-sensitizing chemicals previously required the use of animal testing, which is now being replaced by alternative methods. Alternative methods in the field of skin sensitization are based on the measurement or prediction of key events (KE), i.e., (i) the molecular triggering event, i.e., the covalent binding of electrophilic substances to nucleophilic centers in skin proteins; (ii) the activation of keratinocytes; (iii) the activation of dendritic cells; (iv) the proliferation of T cells. This review article focuses on the current state of knowledge regarding the methods corresponding to each of the key events in skin sensitization and considers the latest trends in the development and modification of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Gądarowska
- The Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry Branch Pszczyna, Doświadczalna 27, 43-200 Pszczyna, Poland
| | - Joanna Kalka
- The Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Anna Daniel-Wójcik
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry Branch Pszczyna, Doświadczalna 27, 43-200 Pszczyna, Poland
| | - Inga Mrzyk
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry Branch Pszczyna, Doświadczalna 27, 43-200 Pszczyna, Poland
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Marigliani B, Sehn FP, Silva JVMA, Balottin LBL, Augusto EDFP, Buehler AM. The Overt and Hidden Use of Animal-Derived Products in Alternative Methods for Skin Sensitisation: A Systematic Review. Altern Lab Anim 2020; 47:174-195. [PMID: 31902222 DOI: 10.1177/0261192919896361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In vitro methods that can replace animal testing in the identification of skin sensitisers are now a reality. However, as cell culture and related techniques usually rely on animal-derived products, these methods may be failing to address the complete replacement of animals in safety assessment. The objective of this study was to identify the animal-derived products that are used as part of in vitro methods for skin sensitisation testing. Thus, a systematic review of 156 articles featuring 83 different in vitro methods was carried out and, from this review, the use of several animal-derived products from different species was identified, with the use of fetal bovine serum being cited in most of the methods (78%). The use of sera from other animals, monoclonal antibodies and animal proteins were also variously mentioned. While non-animal alternatives are available and methods free of animal-derived products are emerging, most of the current methods reported used at least one animal-derived product, which raises ethical and technical concerns. Therefore, to deliver technically and ethically better in vitro methods for the safety assessment of chemicals, more effort should be made to replace products of animal origin in existing methods and to avoid their use in the development of new method protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Marigliani
- Department of Research and Toxicology, Humane Society International (HSI), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Felipe Perraro Sehn
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luciene Bottentuit López Balottin
- Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth de Fatima Pires Augusto
- Department of Science and Technology, Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna Maria Buehler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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de Ávila RI, Lindstedt M, Valadares MC. The 21st Century movement within the area of skin sensitization assessment: From the animal context towards current human-relevant in vitro solutions. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 108:104445. [PMID: 31430506 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In a regulatory context, skin sensitization hazard and risk evaluations of manufactured products and their ingredients (e.g. cosmetics) are mandatory in several regions. Great efforts have been made within the field of 21st Century Toxicology to provide non-animal testing approaches to assess the skin allergy potential of materials (e.g. chemicals, mixtures, nanomaterials, particles). Mechanistic understanding of skin sensitization process through the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) has promoted the development of in vitro methods, demonstrating accuracies superior to the traditional animal testing. These in vitro testing approaches are based on one of the four AOP key events (KE) of skin sensitization: formation of immunogenic hapten-protein complexes (KE-1 or the molecular initiating event, MIE), inflammatory keratinocyte responses (KE-2), dendritic cell activation (KE-3), and T-lymphocyte activation and proliferation (KE-4). This update provides an overview of the historically used in vivo methods as well as the current in chemico and in cell methods with and without OECD guideline designations to analyze the progress towards human-relevant in vitro test methods for safety assessment of the skin allergenicity potential of materials. Here our focus is to review 96 in vitro testing approaches directed to the KEs of the skin sensitization AOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Ivan de Ávila
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology (Tox In), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás State, Brazil
| | - Malin Lindstedt
- Department of Immunotechnology, Medicon Village, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marize Campos Valadares
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology (Tox In), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás State, Brazil.
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Kimber I, Agius R, Basketter DA, Corsini E, Cullinan P, Dearman RJ, Gimenez-Arnau E, Greenwell L, Hartung T, Kuper F, Maestrelli P, Roggen E, Rovida C. Chemical Respiratory Allergy: Opportunities for Hazard Identification and Characterisation. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 35:243-65. [PMID: 17559314 DOI: 10.1177/026119290703500212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Kimber
- Syngenta Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, UK.
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Effect of Mechanical Stretch on the DNCB-induced Proinflammatory Cytokine Secretion in Human Keratinocytes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5156. [PMID: 30914685 PMCID: PMC6435715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41480-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin is exposed to various physico-chemical cues. Keratinocytes, a major component of the skin epidermis, directly interact with the surrounding extracellular matrix, and thus, biochemical and biophysical stimulations from the matrix regulate the function of keratinocytes. Although it was reported that inflammatory responses of skin were altered by an applied mechanical force, understanding how the keratinocytes sense the mechanical stimuli and regulate a cytokine secretion remains unclear. Here, we designed a device that is able to apply chemo-mechanical cues to keratinocytes and assess their proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 production. We showed that when chemical stimuli were applied with mechanical stimuli simultaneously, the IL-6 production markedly increased compared to that observed with a single stimulus. Quantitative structural analysis of cellular components revealed that the applied mechanical stretch transformed the cell morphology into an elongated shape, increased the cell size, and dictated the distribution of focal adhesion complex. Our results suggest that the mechanical cue-mediated modulation of focal adhesion proteins and actin cytoskeleton translates into intracellular signaling associated with the IL-6 production particularly in skin sensitization. Our study can be applied to understand proinflammatory responses of skin under altered biophysical environments of the skin.
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Galbiati V, Gibbs S, Roggen E, Corsini E. Development of an In Vitro Method to Estimate the Sensitization Induction Level of Contact Allergens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 75:20.15.1-20.15.20. [DOI: 10.1002/cptx.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Galbiati
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy
| | - Sue Gibbs
- Department of Dermatology, VU University Medical Centre Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, ACTA Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Emanuela Corsini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy
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Höper T, Mussotter F, Haase A, Luch A, Tralau T. Application of proteomics in the elucidation of chemical-mediated allergic contact dermatitis. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:595-610. [PMID: 30090528 PMCID: PMC6062186 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00058h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a widespread hypersensitivity reaction of the skin. The cellular mechanisms underlying its development are complex and involve close interaction of different cell types of the immune system. It is this very complexity which has long prevented straightforward replacement of the corresponding regulatory in vivo tests. Recent efforts have already resulted in the development of several in vitro testing alternatives that address key steps of ACD. Yet identification of suitable biomarkers is still a subject of intense research. Search strategies for the latter encompass transcriptomics, proteomics as well as metabolomics approaches. The scope of this review shall be the application and use of proteomics in the context of ACD. This includes highlighting relevant aspects of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying ACD, the exploitation of these mechanisms for testing and biomarkers (e.g., in the context of the OECD's adverse outcome pathway initiative) as well as an outlook on emerging proteome targets, for example during the allergen-induced activation of dendritic cells (DCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Höper
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Franz Mussotter
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Andrea Haase
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Tewes Tralau
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany .
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10
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Establishment and evaluation of immortalized human epidermal keratinocytes for an alternative skin irritation test. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2017; 88:130-139. [PMID: 28827132 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human skin is located at the outermost part of the body, and various cosmetics and chemicals that may come in contact with human skin need to be evaluated for their potential to cause irritation. Until recently, the Draize test was considered the standard method for skin irritation; however, this technique has disadvantages such as the need to sacrifice many rabbits and subjective scoring. Thus, to contribute to the development of an animal-free alternative skin irritation test, we investigated the cytotoxicity and inflammatory response to standard skin irritants in SV40 large T antigen-transformed human epidermal keratinocyte 2 cells (SV-HEK2 cells). In this study, we established an SV-HEK2 cell line immortalized by SV40 large T antigen (SV40 T) and characterized the inherent morphological and cytological properties. We next used 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) or neutral red uptake (NRU) assays of cell viability to investigate the optimal experimental conditions for determining SV-HEK2 cell viability after exposure to sodium dodecyl sulfate at 6.25×10-3% to 1×10-1% as a standard skin irritant. We then examined the viability of SV-HEK2 cells in response to five skin irritants (benzalkonium chloride, isopropanol, sodium dodecyl sulfate, Triton X-100 and Tween20) at 5×10-3% to 1×10-1% by MTT or NRU assay. Finally, we estimated the level of cytokines secretion in response to stimulation by skin irritants in SV-HEK2 cells. The results revealed that SV-HEK2 cells responded well to skin irritants in a concentration-dependent manner and that there was good correlation between irritant concentration and cytotoxicity (or cytokine secretion) when cells were exposed to skin irritants for 10min at room temperature (RT) using an MTT assay. Overall, these findings suggest that SV-HEK2 cells could be a good alternative in vitro model for skin irritation tests.
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11
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Ezendam J, Braakhuis HM, Vandebriel RJ. State of the art in non-animal approaches for skin sensitization testing: from individual test methods towards testing strategies. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2861-2883. [PMID: 27629427 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1842-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The hazard assessment of skin sensitizers relies mainly on animal testing, but much progress is made in the development, validation and regulatory acceptance and implementation of non-animal predictive approaches. In this review, we provide an update on the available computational tools and animal-free test methods for the prediction of skin sensitization hazard. These individual test methods address mostly one mechanistic step of the process of skin sensitization induction. The adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for skin sensitization describes the key events (KEs) that lead to skin sensitization. In our review, we have clustered the available test methods according to the KE they inform: the molecular initiating event (MIE/KE1)-protein binding, KE2-keratinocyte activation, KE3-dendritic cell activation and KE4-T cell activation and proliferation. In recent years, most progress has been made in the development and validation of in vitro assays that address KE2 and KE3. No standardized in vitro assays for T cell activation are available; thus, KE4 cannot be measured in vitro. Three non-animal test methods, addressing either the MIE, KE2 or KE3, are accepted as OECD test guidelines, and this has accelerated the development of integrated or defined approaches for testing and assessment (e.g. testing strategies). The majority of these approaches are mechanism-based, since they combine results from multiple test methods and/or computational tools that address different KEs of the AOP to estimate skin sensitization potential and sometimes potency. Other approaches are based on statistical tools. Until now, eleven different testing strategies have been published, the majority using the same individual information sources. Our review shows that some of the defined approaches to testing and assessment are able to accurately predict skin sensitization hazard, sometimes even more accurate than the currently used animal test. A few defined approaches are developed to provide an estimate of the potency sub-category of a skin sensitizer as well, but these approaches need further independent evaluation with a new dataset of chemicals. To conclude, this update shows that the field of non-animal approaches for skin sensitization has evolved greatly in recent years and that it is possible to predict skin sensitization hazard without animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Ezendam
- Department of Innovative Testing Strategies, Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Hedwig M Braakhuis
- Department of Innovative Testing Strategies, Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J Vandebriel
- Department of Innovative Testing Strategies, Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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12
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Andres E, Barry M, Hundt A, Dini C, Corsini E, Gibbs S, Roggen EL, Ferret PJ. Preliminary performance data of the RHE/IL-18 assay performed on SkinEthic ™ RHE for the identification of contact sensitizers. Int J Cosmet Sci 2016; 39:121-132. [PMID: 27455141 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performances of the RHE/IL-18 assay using the SkinEthic™ RHE model for the identification of contact sensitizers. METHODS A set of 18 substances and mixtures was tested on this epidermal model, following the RHE/IL-18 protocol. The final results of the assay were obtained following 5 interpretation schemes, to determine the optimal prediction model for this assay with this specific test system. The data were analysed with a special focus on the basal level of IL-18 release and on the performance obtained with respect to three different gold standards: LLNA, HRIPT and an integrated reference, constructed from all available results. RESULTS No important differences were found in the performance levels depending on the three gold standards. The performances obtained with the SkinEthic™ RHE model support that this model may be considered as an alternative to different reconstructed epidermis models (EpiDERM™ , EpiCS™ and VUMC-EE) for the performance of RHE/IL-18 assays. CONCLUSION The prediction model to be used was refined, and more substances have to be tested in order to gather enough data for this evaluation and to determine the right criteria applicable for this assay using the SkinEthic™ RHE test system.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Andres
- Oroxcell, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, Romainville, 93230, France
| | - M Barry
- Oroxcell, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, Romainville, 93230, France
| | - A Hundt
- Oroxcell, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, Romainville, 93230, France
| | - C Dini
- Oroxcell, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, Romainville, 93230, France
| | - E Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Balzaretti, 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - S Gibbs
- Department of Dermatology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, t.a.v. dienst Afspraken & Informatie, University of Amsterdam and VU University, Postbus 7822, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E L Roggen
- 3Rs Management & Consulting ApS, Asavaenget 14, 2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - P-J Ferret
- Institut De Recherche Pierre Fabre, Recherche et Développement Pierre Fabre Dermo Cosmetique, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien, BP 13562, 31035, Toulouse, France
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Jung D, Che JH, Lim KM, Chun YJ, Heo Y, Seok SH. Discrimination of skin sensitizers from non-sensitizers by interleukin-1α and interleukin-6 production on cultured human keratinocytes. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:1129-36. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daun Jung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Institute of Endemic Disease; College of Medicine, Seoul National University; Seoul 110-799 South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Che
- Biomedical Research Institute; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul 110-744 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacology; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-808 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Chun
- Chung-Ang University; College of Pharmacy; Seoul 156-756 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Heo
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Natural Sciences; Catholic University of Daegu; Daegu 712-702 South Korea
| | - Seung Hyeok Seok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Institute of Endemic Disease; College of Medicine, Seoul National University; Seoul 110-799 South Korea
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14
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Hayden PJ, Bachelor M, Ayehunie S, Letasiova S, Kaluzhny Y, Klausner M, Kandárová H. Application of MatTekIn VitroReconstructed Human Skin Models for Safety, Efficacy Screening, and Basic Preclinical Research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2015.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Silvia Letasiova
- MatTek In Vitro Life Sciences Laboratories, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | | | | | - Helena Kandárová
- MatTek Corporation, Ashland, Massachusetts
- MatTek In Vitro Life Sciences Laboratories, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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15
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Reporter cell lines for skin sensitization testing. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1645-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1555-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Stiefel C, Schwack W. Photoprotection in changing times - UV filter efficacy and safety, sensitization processes and regulatory aspects. Int J Cosmet Sci 2014; 37:2-30. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Stiefel
- Institute of Food Chemistry; University of Hohenheim; Garbenstrasse 28 70599 Stuttgart Germany
| | - W. Schwack
- Institute of Food Chemistry; University of Hohenheim; Garbenstrasse 28 70599 Stuttgart Germany
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17
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van der Veen JW, Rorije E, Emter R, Natsch A, van Loveren H, Ezendam J. Evaluating the performance of integrated approaches for hazard identification of skin sensitizing chemicals. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 69:371-9. [PMID: 24813372 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The currently available animal-free methods for the detection of skin sensitizing potential of chemicals seem promising. However, no single method is able to comprehensively represent the complexity of the processes involved in skin sensitization. To ensure a mechanistic basis and cover the complexity, multiple methods should be integrated into a testing strategy, in accordance with the adverse outcome pathway that describes all key events in skin sensitization. Although current majority voting testing strategies have proven effective, the performance of individual methods is not taken into account. To that end, we designed a tiered strategy based on complementary characteristics of the included methods, and compared it to a majority voting approach. This tiered testing strategy was able to correctly identify all 41 chemicals tested. In terms of total number of experiments required, the tiered testing strategy requires less experiments compared to the majority voting approach. On the other hand, this tiered strategy is more complex due the number of different alternative methods required, and predicted costs are similar for both strategies. Both the tiered and majority voting strategies provide a mechanistic basis for skin sensitization testing, but the strategy most suitable for regulatory decision-making remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochem W van der Veen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, NL-3720BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, NL-6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel Rorije
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, NL-3720BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Roger Emter
- Givaudan Schweiz AG, Ueberlandstrasse 138, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Natsch
- Givaudan Schweiz AG, Ueberlandstrasse 138, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Henk van Loveren
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, NL-3720BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, NL-6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Janine Ezendam
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, NL-3720BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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18
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Safety Evaluation of Cosmetic Ingredients: In Vitro Opportunities for the Identification of Contact Allergens. COSMETICS 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics1010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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19
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Vocanson M, Nicolas JF, Basketter D. In vitroapproaches to the identification and characterization of skin sensitizers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/17469872.2013.814882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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An epidermal equivalent assay for identification and ranking potency of contact sensitizers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:529-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Corsini E, Galbiati V, Mitjans M, Galli CL, Marinovich M. NCTC 2544 and IL-18 production: A tool for the identification of contact allergens. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1127-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Corsini E, Galbiati V, Nikitovic D, Tsatsakis AM. Role of oxidative stress in chemical allergens induced skin cells activation. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 61:74-81. [PMID: 23454144 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is an important occupational and environmental disease caused by topical exposure to chemical allergens. It describes the adverse effects that may results when exposure to a chemical elicits a T cell-mediated inflammatory skin disease. The ability of contact sensitizers to induce the oxidative stress pathway in keratinocytes and dendritic cells has been confirmed by several authors. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can serve as essential second messengers mediating cellular responses resulting in immune cells activation. Oxidative stress may be the starter point, as it leads to the activation of transcription factors and signaling pathways, including NF-kB and p38 MAPK, which leads to the release of cytokines and chemokines. ROS are also involved in the activation of the NLRP3/NALP3 inflammasome, which is required to direct the proteolytic maturation of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18, which are all integral to the process of dendritic cells mobilization, migration and functional maturation. Moreover, emerging evidence correlates ROS to changes in the constitution of the extracellular microenvironment found to facilitate ACD. The purpose of this review is to provide both conceptual and technical frameworks on the role of oxidative stress in chemical allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, DiSFeB, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.
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23
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Differentiation of skin sensitizers from irritant chemicals by interleukin-1α and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 in murine keratinocytes. Toxicol Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Gennari A, Ban M, Braun A, Casati S, Corsini E, Dastych J, Descotes J, Hartung T, Hooghe-Peters R, House R, Pallardy M, Pieters R, Reid L, Tryphonas H, Tschirhart E, Tuschl H, Vandebriel R, Gribaldo L. The Use of In Vitro Systems for Evaluating Immunotoxicity: The Report and Recommendations of an ECVAM Workshop. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 2:61-83. [PMID: 18958661 DOI: 10.1080/15476910590965832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This is the report of a workshop organised by the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM). ECVAM's main goal, as defined in 1993 by its Scientific Advisory Committee, is to promote the scientific and regulatory acceptance of alternative methods that are of importance to the biosciences and which replace, reduce or refine the use of laboratory animals. One of the first priorities set by ECVAM was the implementation of procedures that would enable it to become well informed about the state-of-the-art of non-animal test development and validation, and the potential for the possible incorporation of alternative tests into regulatory procedures. It was decided that this would be best achieved by the organization of ECVAM workshops on specific topics, at which small groups of invited experts would review the current status of various types of in vitro tests and their potential uses, and make recommendations about the best ways forward (Anonymous, 1994). The workshop on "The use of in vitro systems for evaluating Immunotoxicity" was held at ECVAM (Ispra), Italy, on 24th-26th November 2003. The participants represented academia, national organizations, international regulatory bodies and industry. The aim of the workshop was to review the state-of-the-art in the field of in vitro immunotoxicology, and to develop strategies towards the replacement of in vivo testing. At the end of this report are listed the recommendations that should be considered for prevalidation and validation of relevant and reliable procedures, that could replace the use of animals in chemical and cosmetics toxicity testing.
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25
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Interleukin-1α Induction in Human Keratinocytes (HaCaT): An In Vitro Model for Chemoprevention in Skin. J Skin Cancer 2012; 2012:393681. [PMID: 22792469 PMCID: PMC3389702 DOI: 10.1155/2012/393681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term exposure to UV irradiation and toxic chemicals is associated with chronic inflammation that contributes to skin cancer development with interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), constitutively produced by keratinocytes, playing a pivotal role in skin inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the modulation of IL-1α production in the HaCaT keratinocyte cell line. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate failed to induce IL-1α in HaCaT cells, and this might be associated with the specific deficiency known to affect downstream signalling of the MEK/ERK pathway in these cells. The calcium ionophore, ionomycin, slightly enhanced the production of intracellular (icIL-1α), but this resulted in a necrotic release at higher concentrations. UV-B exposure significantly increased the production of icIL-1α in a dose-dependent manner with a maximal induction exhibited at 24 h with minimal necrotic and apoptotic effects. Validation of the HaCaT cell model indicated that the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), ibuprofen, and the glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, inhibited icIL-1α production, and this was associated with a slight inhibition of cell viability. The UV-B-induced keratinocyte cell model provides an in vitro system that could, apart from phorbol ester-like compounds, be utilised as a screening assay in identifying skin irritants and/or therapeutic topical agents via the modulation of IL-1α production.
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26
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Mehling A, Eriksson T, Eltze T, Kolle S, Ramirez T, Teubner W, van Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R. Non-animal test methods for predicting skin sensitization potentials. Arch Toxicol 2012; 86:1273-95. [PMID: 22707154 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0867-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Contact allergies are complex diseases, and it is estimated that 15-20 % of the general population suffers from contact allergy, with increasing prevalence. Evaluation of the sensitization potential of a substance is usually carried out in animal models. Nowadays, there is much interest in reducing and ultimately replacing current animal tests. Furthermore, as of 2013, the EU has posed a ban on animal testing of cosmetic ingredients that includes skin sensitization. Therefore, predictive and robust in vitro tests are urgently needed. In order to establish alternatives to animal testing, the in vitro tests must mimic the very complex interactions between the sensitizing chemical and the different parts of the immune system. This review article summarizes recent efforts to develop in vitro tests for predicting skin sensitizers. Cell-based assays, in chemico methods and, to a lesser extent, in silico methods are presented together with a discussion of their current status. With considerable progress having been achieved during the last years, the rationale today is that data from different non-animal test methods will have to be combined in order to obtain reliable hazard and potency information on potential skin sensitizers.
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27
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Van Den Heuvel RL, Lambrechts N, Verstraelen S, Nelissen IC, Schoeters GER. Chemical sensitization and allergotoxicology. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2012; 101:289-314. [PMID: 22945573 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Chemical sensitization remains an important environmental and occupational health issue. A wide range of substances have been shown to possess the ability to induce skin sensitization or respiratory sensitization. As a consequence, there is a need to have appropriate methods to identify sensitizing agents. Although a considerable investment has been made in exploring opportunities to develop methods for hazard identification and characterization, there are, as yet, no validated nonanimal methods available. A state of the art of the different in vitro approaches to identify contact and respiratory capacity of chemicals is covered in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosette L Van Den Heuvel
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit-Toxicology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO N.V.), Centre for Advanced R&D on Alternative Methods (CARDAM), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium,
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28
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Kalmes M, Blömeke B. Impact of eugenol and isoeugenol on AhR translocation, target gene expression, and proliferation in human HaCaT keratinocytes. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2012; 75:478-491. [PMID: 22686307 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2012.674916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The phenolic derivatives eugenol and isoeugenol, which are naturally found in essential oils of different spices, are commonly used as fragrances. Recently data demonstrated that growth suppression produced by these substances occurs in keratinocytes and that the effects may be mediated via aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) interactions. In this study the effects of eugenol and isoeugenol were determined on intracellular localization of AhR, AhR target gene expression, AhR-dependent cell cycle regulation, and proliferation in HaCaT cells. Both compounds produced a rapid and marked translocation of AhR into the nucleus, induced the expression of the AhR target genes cytochrome P-450 1A1 (CYP1A1) and AhR repressor (AhRR), and inhibited proliferation of HaCaT cells. Among the G(1) phase cell cycle-related proteins, levels of the retinoblastoma protein (RB), which is known to interact with AhR, and levels of the cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) 6 were reduced by eugenol and isoeugenol, whereas steady-state levels of CDK2 and CDK4 remained unaffected. Protein levels of CDK inhibitor (CKI) p27(KIP1), known to be modulated in an AhR-dependent manner, were increased after treatment with both substances. In conclusion, data show that the antiproliferative properties of eugenol and isoeugenol in HaCaT cells are mediated through AhR, and thereby the molecular mechanisms of action in these cells were identified for the first time in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Kalmes
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
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29
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Yang H, Dai Y, Dong H, Zang D, Liu Q, Duan H, Niu Y, Bin P, Zheng Y. Trichloroethanol up-regulates matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in HaCaT cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:1638-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Luebke R. Immunotoxicant Screening and Prioritization in the Twenty-first Century. Toxicol Pathol 2011; 40:294-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623311427572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Luebke
- Cardiopulmonary and Immunotoxicology Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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31
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Cao YP, Ma PC, Liu WD, Zhou WQ, Tao Y, Zhang ML, Li LJ, Chen ZY. Evaluation of the skin sensitization potential of chemicals in THP-1/keratinocyte co-cultures. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2011; 34:196-204. [PMID: 21721923 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2011.591800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Many attempts have been made to develop in vitro sensitization tests that employ dendritic cells (DCs), DC-like cell lines or keratinocytes. The aim of the present investigation was to establish a co-culture of THP-1 cells and keratinocytes for evaluation of skin sensitization potential of chemicals. Co-cultures were constructed by THP-1 cells cultured in lower compartments and keratinocytes cultured in upper compartments of cell culture inserts. After 24 h exposure to sensitizers (2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene, p-phenylenediamine, formaldehyde, nickel sulfate, isoeugenol and eugenol) and non-sensitizers (sodium lauryl sulfate, benzalkonium chloride and lactic acid), the expression of CD86 and CD54 on THP-1 cells were evaluated by flow cytometry, and cell viabilities were determined. The sensitizers induced the augmentation of CD86 and CD54 expression, but the non-sensitizers had no significant effect. Compared with mono-cultures of THP-1 cells, the augmentation of CD86 and CD54 could be detected even at a non-toxic concentration of sensitizers in THP-1 cell/keratinocyte co-cultures. Moreover, isoeugenol was distinguished as a sensitizer in co-cultures, but failed to be identified in mono-cultures. These results revealed that the co-cultures of THP-1 cells and keratinocytes were successfully established and suitable for identifying sensitizers using CD86 and CD54 expression as identification markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Cao
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
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Adler S, Basketter D, Creton S, Pelkonen O, van Benthem J, Zuang V, Andersen KE, Angers-Loustau A, Aptula A, Bal-Price A, Benfenati E, Bernauer U, Bessems J, Bois FY, Boobis A, Brandon E, Bremer S, Broschard T, Casati S, Coecke S, Corvi R, Cronin M, Daston G, Dekant W, Felter S, Grignard E, Gundert-Remy U, Heinonen T, Kimber I, Kleinjans J, Komulainen H, Kreiling R, Kreysa J, Leite SB, Loizou G, Maxwell G, Mazzatorta P, Munn S, Pfuhler S, Phrakonkham P, Piersma A, Poth A, Prieto P, Repetto G, Rogiers V, Schoeters G, Schwarz M, Serafimova R, Tähti H, Testai E, van Delft J, van Loveren H, Vinken M, Worth A, Zaldivar JM. Alternative (non-animal) methods for cosmetics testing: current status and future prospects-2010. Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:367-485. [PMID: 21533817 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0693-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The 7th amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive prohibits to put animal-tested cosmetics on the market in Europe after 2013. In that context, the European Commission invited stakeholder bodies (industry, non-governmental organisations, EU Member States, and the Commission's Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety) to identify scientific experts in five toxicological areas, i.e. toxicokinetics, repeated dose toxicity, carcinogenicity, skin sensitisation, and reproductive toxicity for which the Directive foresees that the 2013 deadline could be further extended in case alternative and validated methods would not be available in time. The selected experts were asked to analyse the status and prospects of alternative methods and to provide a scientifically sound estimate of the time necessary to achieve full replacement of animal testing. In summary, the experts confirmed that it will take at least another 7-9 years for the replacement of the current in vivo animal tests used for the safety assessment of cosmetic ingredients for skin sensitisation. However, the experts were also of the opinion that alternative methods may be able to give hazard information, i.e. to differentiate between sensitisers and non-sensitisers, ahead of 2017. This would, however, not provide the complete picture of what is a safe exposure because the relative potency of a sensitiser would not be known. For toxicokinetics, the timeframe was 5-7 years to develop the models still lacking to predict lung absorption and renal/biliary excretion, and even longer to integrate the methods to fully replace the animal toxicokinetic models. For the systemic toxicological endpoints of repeated dose toxicity, carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity, the time horizon for full replacement could not be estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Adler
- Centre for Documentation and Evaluation of Alternatives to Animal Experiments (ZEBET), Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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Borak J, Fields C, Andrews LS, Pemberton MA. Methyl methacrylate and respiratory sensitization: a critical review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2011; 41:230-68. [PMID: 21401327 PMCID: PMC3072694 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2010.532768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is a respiratory irritant and dermal sensitizer that has been associated with occupational asthma in a small number of case reports. Those reports have raised concern that it might be a respiratory sensitizer. To better understand that possibility, we reviewed the in silico, in chemico, in vitro, and in vivo toxicology literature, and also epidemiologic and occupational medicine reports related to the respiratory effects of MMA. Numerous in silico and in chemico studies indicate that MMA is unlikely to be a respiratory sensitizer. The few in vitro studies suggest that MMA has generally weak effects. In vivo studies have documented contact skin sensitization, nonspecific cytotoxicity, and weakly positive responses on local lymph node assay; guinea pig and mouse inhalation sensitization tests have not been performed. Cohort and cross-sectional worker studies reported irritation of eyes, nose, and upper respiratory tract associated with short-term peaks exposures, but little evidence for respiratory sensitization or asthma. Nineteen case reports described asthma, laryngitis, or hypersensitivity pneumonitis in MMA-exposed workers; however, exposures were either not well described or involved mixtures containing more reactive respiratory sensitizers and irritants. The weight of evidence, both experimental and observational, argues that MMA is not a respiratory sensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Borak
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.
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Galbiati V, Mitjans M, Lucchi L, Viviani B, Galli CL, Marinovich M, Corsini E. Further development of the NCTC 2544 IL-18 assay to identify in vitro contact allergens. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 25:724-32. [PMID: 21182927 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Several European Union legislations request the use of in vitro methods for toxicological evaluations, including sensitization, in order to increase consumer safety but also to reduce the use of animals. The EU project SENS-IT-IV addresses the need of developing predictive in vitro tests to assess contact and respiratory hypersensitivity reactions. In this context, we have recently reported the possibility to use IL-18 production in the human keratinocyte cell line NCTC 2544 to discriminate contact sensitizer from irritants and low molecular weight respiratory allergens. The aims of the present study were to further develop this assay in order to optimize experimental conditions; to develop a 96-well plate format to establish a high throughput assay; to test the performance of other available keratinocyte cell lines, and to understand the signal transduction pathway involved in p-phenylenediamine (PPD)-induced IL-18 production. If cells reach confluence at the moment of treatment, the ability to identify contact allergens is lost; therefore a careful check for the optimal cell density using PPD as reference contact allergen is critical. In our hands, a cell density of 1-2.5 × 10(5)cells/ml gave optimal stimulation. In order to develop a high throughput test, cells seeded in 96-well plate were exposed to contact allergens (2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, p-phenylenediamine, isoeugenol, cinnamaldehyde, tetramethylthiuram disulfite, resorcinol, cinnamic alcohol and eugenol), irritants (phenol, sodium laurel sulphate, lactic acid and salicylic acid) and respiratory allergens (hexachloroplatinate, diphenylmethane diisocyanate, trimellitic anhydride). A selective increase in total (intracellular plus released) IL-18 was observed 24h later in cells treated with contact allergens, whereas no changes were observed following treatment with respiratory allergens and irritants, confirming previous results obtained in a 24-well format assay. A selective induction of IL-18 was also obtained testing with PPD other keratinocyte cell lines, namely HPKII and HaCaT, with the HPKII showing the highest stimulation index. Regarding the signal transduction pathway, we could demonstrate using selective inhibitors a role for oxidative stress, NF-κB and p38 MAPK activation in PPD-induced IL-18 production. In conclusion, results obtained suggest that the production of IL-18 represents a promising endpoint for the screening of potential contact allergens. The assay can be performed in a 96-well plate format, different keratinocyte cell lines can be used, and a role for oxidative stress in contact allergen-induced IL-18 was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Galbiati
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological Science, Università degli Studi di, Milano, Italy
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Galbiati V, Mitjans M, Corsini E. Present and future ofin vitroimmunotoxicology in drug development. J Immunotoxicol 2010; 7:255-67. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2010.509848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Vandebriel RJ, Pennings JLA, Baken KA, Pronk TE, Boorsma A, Gottschalk R, Van Loveren H. Keratinocyte Gene Expression Profiles Discriminate Sensitizing and Irritating Compounds. Toxicol Sci 2010; 117:81-9. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Classification of sensitizing and irritative potential in a combined in-vitro assay. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 245:211-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Yun W, Li C. JNK pathway is required for TNCB-induced IL-18 expression in murine keratinocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:1064-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 03/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Bonifas J, Hennen J, Dierolf D, Kalmes M, Blömeke B. Evaluation of cytochrome P450 1 (CYP1) and N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) activities in HaCaT cells: Implications for the development of in vitro techniques for predictive testing of contact sensitizers. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:973-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Vandebriel RJ, Loveren HV. Non-animal sensitization testing: State-of-the-art. Crit Rev Toxicol 2010; 40:389-404. [DOI: 10.3109/10408440903524262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Corsini E, Roggen EL. Immunotoxicology: Opportunities for Non-animal Test Development. Altern Lab Anim 2009; 37:387-97. [DOI: 10.1177/026119290903700409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
At present, several animal-based assays are used to assess immunotoxic effects such as immunosuppression and sensitisation. The use of whole animals, however, presents several secondary issues, including expense, ethical concerns and relevance to human risk assessment. There is a growing belief that non-animal approaches can eliminate these issues without impairing human safety, provided that biological markers are available to identify the immunotoxic potentials of new chemicals to which humans may be exposed. Driven by the 7th Amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive, the new EU policy on chemicals (the REACH system), proposals to update the European legislation on the protection of animals used in research, and emerging visions and strategies for predicting toxicity, such in vitro methods are likely to play a major role in the near future. The realisation that the immune system can be the target of many chemicals, resulting in a range of adverse effects on the host's health, has raised serious concerns from the public and within the regulatory agencies. Hypersensitivity and immunosuppression are considered the primary focus for developing in vitro methods in immunotoxicology. However, in vitro assays to detect immunostimulation and autoimmunity are also needed. This review of the state-of-the-art in the field of in vitro immunotoxicity, reveals a lack of cell-based immunotoxicity assays for predicting the toxicity of xenobiotics toward the immune system in a simple, fast, economical and reliable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Erwin L. Roggen
- Department of Pharma Protein Development, Novozymes A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark
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Corsini E, Mitjans M, Galbiati V, Lucchi L, Galli CL, Marinovich M. Use of IL-18 production in a human keratinocyte cell line to discriminate contact sensitizers from irritants and low molecular weight respiratory allergens. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:789-96. [PMID: 19397996 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of allergenic potential of chemicals is performed using animal models, such as the murine local lymph node assay, which does not distinguish between respiratory and contact allergens. Progress in understanding the mechanisms of skin sensitization, provides us with the opportunity to develop in vitro tests as an alternative to in vivo sensitization testing. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possibility to use intracellular interleukin-18 (IL-18) production to assess in vitro the contact sensitization potential of low molecular weight chemicals. The human keratinocyte cell line NCTC2455 was used. Cells were exposed to contact allergens (cinnamaldehyde, dinitrochlorobenzene, glyoxal, isoeugenol, p-phenylediamine, resorcinol, tetramethylthiuram disulfide, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, 4-nitrobenzylbromide), to proaptens (cinnamyl alcohol, eugenol), to respiratory allergens (diphenylmethane diisocyanate, trimellitic anhydride, ammonium hexachloroplatinate) and to irritants (sodium lauryl sulphate, salicylic acid, phenol). Cell associated IL-18 were evaluated 24 later. At not cytotoxic concentrations (cell viability higher of 75%, as assessed by MTT reduction assay), all contact sensitizers, including proaptens, induced a dose-related increase in IL-18, whereas both irritants and respiratory failed. Similar results were also obtained using primary human keratinocytes. Results were reproducible, and the method could be transferred to another laboratory, suggesting the potential use of the test in immunotoxicity testing strategies. Overall, results obtained indicated that cell-associated IL-18 may provide an in vitro tool for identification and discrimination of contact versus respiratory allergens and/or irritants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Corsini
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Toxicology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Investigation of surface plasmon resonance biosensor for skin sensitizers studies. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:308-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lim YM, Moon SJ, An SS, Lee SJ, Kim SY, Chang IS, Park KL, Kim HA, Heo Y. Suitability of macrophage inflammatory protein-1β production by THP-1 cells in differentiating skin sensitizers from irritant chemicals. Contact Dermatitis 2008; 58:193-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.01311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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