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Horn G, Frielingsdorf F, Demel T, Rothmiller S, Worek F, Amend N. Concentration-dependent effects of the nerve agents cyclosarin and VX on cytochrome P450 in a HepaRG cell-based liver model. J Appl Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 39228234 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
The exposure to highly toxic organophosphorus (OP) compounds, including pesticides and nerve agents, is an ongoing medical challenge. OP can induce the uncontrolled overstimulation of the cholinergic system through inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in the liver play a predominant role in the metabolism of xenobiotics and are involved in the oxidative biotransformation of most clinical drugs. Previous research concerning the interactions between OP and CYP has usually focused on organothiophosphate pesticides that require CYP-mediated bioactivation to their active oxon metabolites to act as inhibitors of AChE. Since there has been little data available concerning the effect of nerve agents on CYP, we performed a study with cyclosarin (GF) and O-ethyl-S-[2-(diisopropylamino)-ethyl]-methylphosphonothioate (VX) by using a well-established, metabolically competent in vitro liver model (HepaRG cells). The inhibitory effect of the nerve agents GF and VX on the CYP3A4 enzyme was investigated showing a low CYP3A4 inhibitory potency. Changes on the transcription level of CYP and associated oxygenases were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) using the two nerve agent concentrations 250 nM and 250 μM. In conclusion, the results demonstrated various effects on oxygenase-associated genes in dependence of the concentration and the structure of the nerve agent. Such information might be of relevance for potential interactions between nerve agents, antidotes or other clinically administered drugs, which are metabolized by the affected CYP, for example, for the therapy with benzodiazepines, that are used for the symptomatic treatment of OP poisoning and that require CYP-mediated biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Horn
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Demel
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Rothmiller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Niko Amend
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
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Horn G, Worek F. Suitability of human HepaRG cells and liver spheroids as in vitro model to investigate the bioactivation of the organothiophosphate pesticide parathion. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 97:105811. [PMID: 38521251 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OP) constitute a large group of chemicals including pesticides and nerve agents. Organothiophosphate pesticides require cytochrome P450-mediated oxidative desulphuration in the liver to form corresponding oxons, which are potent inhibitors of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Human HepaRG cells are a promising tool to study liver-specific functions and have been shown to maintain drug metabolizing enzymes. This research describes for the first time the in vitro metabolic activation of an organothiophosphate to its active oxon by two different HepaRG cell-based models. Monolayer cultures and liver spheroids were exposed to the model OP parathion and the quantification of the corresponding oxon was performed with an AChE inhibition assay. Our results showed a time- and dose-dependent cytochrome P450 catalyzed bioactivation and a superior metabolism capacity of the monolayer HepaRG model in comparison with the liver spheroids. Finally, HepaRG cells can be assessed as a metabolically competent cell model intermediate between cell-free preparations and intact animals and as suitable to study OP metabolism in the human liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Horn
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany.
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
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Horn G, Demel T, Rothmiller S, Amend N, Worek F. The influence of the model pesticides parathion and paraoxon on human cytochrome P450 and associated oxygenases in HepaRG cells. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2024; 62:288-295. [PMID: 38874383 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2024.2361879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intentional and unintentional organophosphorus pesticide exposure is a public health concern. Organothiophosphate compounds require metabolic bioactivation by the cytochrome P450 system to their corresponding oxon analogues to act as potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. It is known that interactions between cytochrome P450 and pesticides include the inhibition of major xenobiotic metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes and changes on the genetic level. METHODS In this in vitro study, the influence of the pesticides parathion and paraoxon on human cytochrome P450 and associated oxygenases was investigated with a metabolically competent cell line (HepaRG cells). First, the viability of the cells after exposure to parathion and paraoxon was evaluated. The inhibitory effect of both pesticides on cytochrome P450 3A4, which is a pivotal enzyme in the metabolism of xenobiotics, was examined by determining the dose-response curve. Changes on the transcription level of 92 oxygenase associated genes, including those for important cytochrome P450 enzymes, were evaluated. RESULTS The exposure of HepaRG cells to parathion and paraoxon at concentrations up to 100 µM resulted in a viability of 100 per cent. After exposure for 24 hours, pronounced inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme activity was shown, indicating 50 per cent effective concentrations of 1.2 µM (parathion) and 2.1 µM (paraoxon). The results revealed that cytochrome P450 involved in parathion metabolism were significantly upregulated. DISCUSSION Relevant changes of the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme activity and significant alteration of genes associated with cytochrome P450 suggest an interference of pesticide exposure with numerous metabolic processes. The major limitations of the work involve the use of a single pesticide and the in vitro model as surrogate to human hepatocytes. CONCLUSION The data of this study might be of relevance after survival of acute, life-threatening intoxications with organophosphorus compounds, particularly for the co-administration of drugs, which are metabolized by the affected cytochrome P450.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Horn
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Demel
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Rothmiller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Niko Amend
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
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Qin L, Jian PA, Yi BJ, Ma XY, Lu WH, Li XN, Li JL. Effect of atrazine on testicular toxicity involves accommodative disorder of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes system and testosterone synthesis in European quail (Coturnix coturnix). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 268:115716. [PMID: 37992640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Due to the wide use of atrazine (ATR), the concern has increased regarding the negative impact of ATR on reproduction. Nevertheless, the reproductive effects caused by different exposure concentrations and the severity of toxic damage are poorly understood. In organisms, ATR is metabolized and degraded through phase II enzyme systems, and changes in cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes may have a regulatory role in the harm of ATR. However, less information is available on the induction of CYPs by ATR in avian organisms, and even less on its effects on the testis. Birds are exposed to ATR mainly through food residues and contaminated water, the purpose of this study was to examine reproductive toxicity by different exposure concentrations and elaborate metabolic disorders caused by ATR in European quail (Coturnix coturnix). In this study, the quail were given ATR at 50 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg by oral gavage for 45 days, and the testicular weight coefficients, histopathology and ultrastructure of testes, primary biochemical functions, sex steroid hormones, critical protein levels in the testosterone synthesis pathway, the expression of genes involved CYPs, gonad axis and nuclear receptors expression were investigated. Altogether, testicular coefficient decreased significantly in the high-dose group (1.22%) compared with the control group (3.03%) after 45 days of ATR exposure, and ATR is a potent CYP disruptor that acts through the NXRs and steroid receptor subfamily (APND, CAR, ERND and ERα) without a dose-dependent manner. Notably, ATR interfered with the homeostasis of hormones by triggering the expression of hormones on the gonad axis (LH and E2). These results suggest that exposure to ATR can cause testicular toxicity involving accommodative disorder of phase II enzyme and testosterone synthesis in European quail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Office of Academic Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, PR China
| | - Ping-An Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Bao-Jin Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Xiang-Yu Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Wei-Hong Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Xue-Nan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
| | - Jin-Long Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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Vignaux PA, Shriwas P, Revnew A, Agarwal G, Lane TR, McElroy CA, Ekins S. Human CYP2C19 Substrate and Inhibitor Characterization of Organophosphate Pesticides. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1451-1455. [PMID: 37650603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
CYP2C19 is an important enzyme for organophosphate pesticide (OPP) metabolism. Because the OPPs can be both substrates and inhibitors of CYP2C19, we screened 45 OPPs for their ability to inhibit the activity of this enzyme and investigated the role of CYP2C19 in the metabolism of 22 of these molecules. We identified several nanomolar inhibitors of CYP2C19 as well as determined that thions, in general, are more potent inhibitors than oxons. We also determined that thions are readily metabolized by CYP2C19, although we saw no relationship between IC50 values and intrinsic clearance rates. This study may have implications for mitigating the risk of OPP poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Vignaux
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Pratik Shriwas
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Andre Revnew
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Garima Agarwal
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Thomas R Lane
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Craig A McElroy
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
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Ruiz-Arias MA, Medina-Díaz IM, Bernal-Hernández YY, Barrón-Vivanco BS, González-Arias CA, Romero-Bañuelos CA, Verdín-Betancourt FA, Herrera-Moreno JF, Ponce-Vélez G, Gaspar-Ramírez O, Bastidas-Bastidas PDJ, González FB, Rojas-García AE. The situation of chlorpyrifos in Mexico: a case study in environmental samples and aquatic organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:6323-6351. [PMID: 37301778 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01618-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is one of the most commonly used organophosphate pesticides. Because CPF was described as a toxic compound without safe levels of exposure for children, certain countries in Latin America and the European Union have banned or restricted its use; however, in Mexico it is used very frequently. The aim of this study was to describe the current situation of CPF in Mexico, as well as its use, commercialization, and presence in soil, water, and aquatic organisms in an agricultural region of Mexico. Structured questionnaires were applied to pesticide retailers to determine the sales pattern of CPF (ethyl and methyl); in addition, monthly censuses were conducted with empty pesticide containers to assess the CPF pattern of use. Furthermore, samples of soil (48 samples), water (51 samples), and fish (31 samples) were collected, which were analyzed chromatographically. Descriptive statistics were performed. The results indicate that CPF was one of the most sold (3.82%) and employed OP (14.74%) during 2021. Only one soil sample was found above the CPF limit of quantification (LOQ); in contrast, all water samples had CPF levels above the LOQ (x̄ = 4614.2 ng/L of CPF). In the case of fish samples, 6.45% demonstrated the presence of methyl-CPF. In conclusion, the information obtained in this study indicates the need for constant monitoring in the area, since the presence of CPF in soil, water, and fish constitutes a threat to the health of wildlife and humans. Therefore, CPF should be banned in Mexico to avoid a serious neurocognitive health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Alfonso Ruiz-Arias
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura S/N. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, México
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias. Área de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Unidad Académica de Agricultura. Km. 9 Carretera Tepic-Compostela, C.P. 63780, Xalisco, Nayarit, México
| | - Irma Martha Medina-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura S/N. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Yael Yvette Bernal-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura S/N. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Briscia Socorro Barrón-Vivanco
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura S/N. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Cyndia Azucena González-Arias
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura S/N. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Carlos Alberto Romero-Bañuelos
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura S/N. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Francisco Alberto Verdín-Betancourt
- Unidad Especializada de Ciencias Ambientales, CENITT, Av. Emilio M. González S/N, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Tepic, Nayarit, C.P. 63173, México
| | - José Francisco Herrera-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura S/N. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Guadalupe Ponce-Vélez
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510, Cd. de México, México
| | - Octavio Gaspar-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Unidad Noreste (CIATEJ), Apodaca, N.L, C.P. 66629, Mexico
| | - Pedro de Jesús Bastidas-Bastidas
- Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria (Residuos de Plaguicidas), Centro de Investigación en Alimentación Y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Carretera a Eldorado Km. 5.5, Unidad Culiacán, C.P. 80110, Mexico
| | - Fernando Bejarano González
- Red de Acción Sobre Plaguicidas y Alternativas en México, A. C. (RAPAM), Amado Nervo 23, Int. 3, Col. San Juanito, C.P. 56121, Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Aurora Elizabeth Rojas-García
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura S/N. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, México.
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Agarwal G, Tichenor H, Roo S, Lane TR, Ekins S, McElroy CA. Targeted Metabolomics of Organophosphate Pesticides and Chemical Warfare Nerve Agent Simulants Using High- and Low-Dose Exposure in Human Liver Microsomes. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040495. [PMID: 37110155 PMCID: PMC10144572 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Our current understanding of organophosphorus agent (pesticides and chemical warfare nerve agents) metabolism in humans is limited to the general transformation by cytochrome P450 enzymes and, to some extent, by esterases and paraoxonases. The role of compound concentrations on the rate of clearance is not well established and is further explored in the current study. We discuss the metabolism of 56 diverse organophosphorus compounds (both pesticides and chemical warfare nerve agent simulants), many of which were explored at two variable dose regimens (high and low), determining their clearance rates (Clint) in human liver microsomes. For compounds that were soluble at high concentrations, 1D-NMR, 31P, and MRM LC-MS/MS were used to calculate the Clint and the identity of certain metabolites. The determined Clint rates ranged from 0.001 to 2245.52 µL/min/mg of protein in the lower dose regimen and from 0.002 to 98.57 µL/min/mg of protein in the high dose regimen. Though direct equivalency between the two regimens was absent, we observed (1) both mono- and bi-phasic metabolism of the OPs and simulants in the microsomes. Compounds such as aspon and formothion exhibited biphasic decay at both high and low doses, suggesting either the involvement of multiple enzymes with different KM or substrate/metabolite effects on the metabolism. (2) A second observation was that while some compounds, such as dibrom and merphos, demonstrated a biphasic decay curve at the lower concentrations, they exhibited only monophasic metabolism at the higher concentration, likely indicative of saturation of some metabolic enzymes. (3) Isomeric differences in metabolism (between Z- and E- isomers) were also observed. (4) Lastly, structural comparisons using examples of the oxon group over the original phosphorothioate OP are also discussed, along with the identification of some metabolites. This study provides initial data for the development of in silico metabolism models for OPs with broad applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Agarwal
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Hunter Tichenor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sarah Roo
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Thomas R. Lane
- Collaborations Pharmaceutical Inc., Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceutical Inc., Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Craig A. McElroy
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Correspondence:
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Hawkey AB, Evans J, Holloway ZR, Pippen E, Jarrett O, Kenou B, Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ, Levin ED. Developmental exposure to the flame retardant, triphenyl phosphate, causes long-lasting neurobehavioral and neurochemical dysfunction. Birth Defects Res 2023; 115:357-370. [PMID: 36369782 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human exposures to organophosphate flame retardants result from their use as additives in numerous consumer products. These agents are replacements for brominated flame retardants but have not yet faced similar scrutiny for developmental neurotoxicity. We examined a representative organophosphate flame retardant, triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and its potential effects on behavioral development and dopaminergic function. METHODS Female Sprague-Dawley rats were given low doses of TPP (16 or 32 mg kg-1 day-1 ) via subcutaneous osmotic minipumps, begun preconception and continued into the early postnatal period. Offspring were administered a battery of behavioral tests from adolescence into adulthood, and littermates were used to evaluate dopaminergic synaptic function. RESULTS Offspring with TPP exposures showed increased latency to begin eating in the novelty-suppressed feeding test, impaired object recognition memory, impaired choice accuracy in the visual signal detection test, and sex-selective effects on locomotor activity in adolescence (males) but not adulthood. Male, but not female, offspring showed marked increases in dopamine utilization in the striatum, evidenced by an increase in the ratio of the primary dopamine metabolite (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) relative to dopamine levels. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that TPP has adverse effects that are similar in some respects to those of organophosphate pesticides, which were restricted because of their developmental neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Hawkey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Janequia Evans
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zade R Holloway
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erica Pippen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Olivia Jarrett
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bruny Kenou
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Theodore A Slotkin
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Frederic J Seidler
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Edward D Levin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Melo de Almeida E, Tisserand F, Faria M, Chèvre N. Efficiency of Several Cytochrome P450 Biomarkers in Highlighting the Exposure of Daphnia magna to an Organophosphate Pesticide. TOXICS 2022; 10:482. [PMID: 36006161 PMCID: PMC9416226 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10080482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The cytochromes P450 (CYP450) represent a major enzyme family operating mostly in the first step of xenobiotic detoxification in aquatic organisms. The ability to measure these CYP450 enzymes' activities provides a crucial tool to understand organisms' response to chemical stressors. However, research on CYP450 activity measurement is still limited and has had variable success. In the present study, we optimize, compile, and compare existing scientific information and techniques for a series of CYP450 biomarkers (EROD, MROD, ECOD, APND, and ERND) used on Daphnia magna. Additionally, we explored these CYP450 biomarkers' activities through the first 5 days of life of daphnids, providing a link between their age and sensitivity to chemicals. In the experiment, daphnids were exposed to an organophosphate pesticide (diazinon) from birth to measure the molecular response of the detoxification process. Our results suggest EROD as the most applicable biomarker for organisms such as D. magna, with a higher organophosphate detoxification rate in daphnids that are 2 and 5 days old. Additionally, a larger body size allowed a more accurate EROD measurement; hence, we emphasize the use of 5-day-old daphnids when analyzing their detoxification response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Melo de Almeida
- IDYST, Faculty of Geosciences and Environments, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Floriane Tisserand
- IDYST, Faculty of Geosciences and Environments, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Micaela Faria
- IDYST, Faculty of Geosciences and Environments, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Chèvre
- IDYST, Faculty of Geosciences and Environments, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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Jiang F, Wu W, Zhu Z, Zhu S, Wang H, Zhang L, Fan Z, Chen Y. Structure identification and toxicity evaluation of one newly-discovered dechlorinated photoproducts of chlorpyrifos. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 301:134822. [PMID: 35523292 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an extensively used organophosphorus pesticide. Recently, it has attracted increasing attention due to environmental health problems caused by it. Although numerous studies have discovered the dechlorinated photoproduct of CPF, its structure and toxicity remain largely unknown. In this study, we systematically investigated the structure and toxicity of dechlorinated photoproduct of CPF. The CPF degradation experiment was performed, and its products were identified by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-orbitrap fusion tribid mass spectrometer (UHPLC-Orbitrap Fusion TMS). Additionally, bond dissociation energy (BDE) calculations and photoproduct chemical synthesis were employed to determine the structure of dechlorinated photoproduct of CPF. The toxicity of CPF photoproduct was evaluated through the Ecological Structure Activity Relationships (ECOSAR) Class Program, the Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (T.E.S.T.) software, and acute toxicity testing. The results indicated that the dechlorinated photoproduct of CPF was identified as O,O-Diethyl-O-(3,5-dichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate (Dechloro-CPF), which was produced in large quantity within the first 30 min of photodegradation experiment. The acute and chronic toxicity values of Dechloro-CPF were obviously higher than those for the other two photoproducts. The median lethal dose (LD50) of Dechloro-CPF was 31.6 mg/kg for female mice and 58.4 mg/kg for male mice. This study reveals the photodegradation mechanism of CPF and confirms that Dechloro-CPF was dechlorinated photoproduct of CPF with potential acute toxicity to aquatic species and mammalian (including human). Our findings will contribute to a more comprehensive risk evaluation of CPF in food and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiang
- Hubei Provincial Institute for Food Supervision and Test, Wuhan, 430075, China; Key Laboratory of Detection Technology of Focus Chemical Hazards in Animal-derived Food for State Market Regulation, Wuhan, 430075, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Food Quality and Safety Test, Wuhan, 430075, China.
| | - Wanqin Wu
- Hubei Provincial Institute for Food Supervision and Test, Wuhan, 430075, China; Key Laboratory of Detection Technology of Focus Chemical Hazards in Animal-derived Food for State Market Regulation, Wuhan, 430075, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Food Quality and Safety Test, Wuhan, 430075, China
| | - Zhengwei Zhu
- Hubei Provincial Institute for Food Supervision and Test, Wuhan, 430075, China; Key Laboratory of Detection Technology of Focus Chemical Hazards in Animal-derived Food for State Market Regulation, Wuhan, 430075, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Food Quality and Safety Test, Wuhan, 430075, China
| | - Songsong Zhu
- Hubei Provincial Institute for Food Supervision and Test, Wuhan, 430075, China; Key Laboratory of Detection Technology of Focus Chemical Hazards in Animal-derived Food for State Market Regulation, Wuhan, 430075, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Food Quality and Safety Test, Wuhan, 430075, China
| | - Huixia Wang
- Hubei Provincial Institute for Food Supervision and Test, Wuhan, 430075, China; Key Laboratory of Detection Technology of Focus Chemical Hazards in Animal-derived Food for State Market Regulation, Wuhan, 430075, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Food Quality and Safety Test, Wuhan, 430075, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Hubei Provincial Institute for Food Supervision and Test, Wuhan, 430075, China; Key Laboratory of Detection Technology of Focus Chemical Hazards in Animal-derived Food for State Market Regulation, Wuhan, 430075, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Food Quality and Safety Test, Wuhan, 430075, China
| | - Zhiyong Fan
- Hubei Provincial Institute for Food Supervision and Test, Wuhan, 430075, China; Key Laboratory of Detection Technology of Focus Chemical Hazards in Animal-derived Food for State Market Regulation, Wuhan, 430075, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Food Quality and Safety Test, Wuhan, 430075, China
| | - Yiping Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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11
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Concentration-dependent effects of chlorpyrifos oxon on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling in MCF-7 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 78:105268. [PMID: 34756920 PMCID: PMC8710288 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO) is the active metabolite of the organophosphorus pesticide, chlorpyrifos. CPO is a potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and other serine hydrolases including fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). AChE is critical in regulating cholinergic signaling while FAAH catalyzes the inactivation of fatty acid signaling lipids including the endocannabinoid (eCB) N-arachidonylethanolamine (anandamide, AEA) and eCB-like metabolites (e.g., oleoylethanolamide, OEA). AEA and OEA are both peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists that regulate numerous genes involved in lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis. We used the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line, which expresses AChE, FAAH and PPAR alpha and gamma subtypes, to evaluate the potential effects of CPO on PPAR-related gene expression in an in vitro human cell system. CPO elicited relatively similar concentration-dependent inhibition of both AChE and FAAH. Marked concentration- and time-dependent changes in the expression of four selected PPAR-related genes, LXRα, ACOX1, ABCG2 and AGPAT2, were noted. These findings suggest chlorpyrifos may influence lipid metabolism through blocking the degradation of eCBs or eCB-like metabolites and in turn affecting PPAR receptor activation. The results highlight the potential for non-cholinesterase actions of this common insecticide metabolite through disruption of PPAR signaling including effects on lipid metabolism, immune function and inflammation.
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12
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Silva M, Kwok RKH. Use of Computational Toxicology Tools to Predict In Vivo Endpoints Associated with Mode of Action and the Endocannabinoid System: A Case Study with Chlorpyrifos, Chlorpyrifos-oxon and Δ9Tetrahydrocannabinol. Curr Res Toxicol 2022; 3:100064. [PMID: 35243363 PMCID: PMC8860916 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2022.100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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13
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Abd-Elhakim YM, Moustafa GG, El-Sharkawy NI, Hussein MMA, Ghoneim MH, El Deib MM. The ameliorative effect of curcumin on hepatic CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 genes dysregulation and hepatorenal damage induced by fenitrothion oral intoxication in male rats. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 179:104959. [PMID: 34802538 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This research aimed to assess curcumin (CUR) effects on fenitrothion (FNT), a broad-spectrum organophosphate insecticide, -induced hepatorenal damage. Thirty adult male Wistar rats were allocated at random to five equal groups orally administered distilled water containing 1% carboxyl methylcellulose, corn oil (1 mL/rat), CUR (100 mg/kg b.wt.), FNT (5 mg/kg b.wt.), or CUR + FNT. CUR and FNT were dosed three times a week for two months. At the end of this trial, blood and tissue samples (liver and kidney) were subjected to molecular, biochemical, and histopathological assessments. The results revealed that CUR significantly diminished the FNT-induced up-regulation of hepatic CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 transcriptional levels. Moreover, CUR significantly suppressed the increment of the serum levels of hepatic alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and kidney damage indicators (urea and creatinine) in FNT-intoxicated rats. Furthermore, in the hepatic and renal tissues, CUR remarkably restored the FNT-associated depletion of the antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S transferase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase). In addition, CUR notably reduced the FNT-induced increment in malondialdehyde content in the hepatic and renal tissues. Besides, the pathological aberrations in liver and kidney tissues resulting from FNT exposure were significantly abolished in FNT + CUR treated rats. Overall, CUR could be an effective ameliorative agent against negative pesticide impacts like FNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina M Abd-Elhakim
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.
| | - Gihan G Moustafa
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Nabela I El-Sharkawy
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M A Hussein
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mervat H Ghoneim
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Maha M El Deib
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Cobilinschi C, Ţincu RC, Cobilinschi CO, Neagu TP, Becheanu G, Sinescu RD, Checheriţă IA, Grinţescu IM, Lascăr I. Histopathological features of low-dose organophosphate exposure. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY 2021; 61:423-432. [PMID: 33544793 PMCID: PMC7864311 DOI: 10.47162/rjme.61.2.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) use remains largely available worldwide despite more strict regulatory measures, in agriculture, parks or households, leading to a daily low-dose exposure. The systemic dysfunction appears partly due to acetylcholinesterase inhibition, exhibiting a primary toxic effect on the endocrine system but also on the liver and kidneys, which are responsible for products metabolization and elimination. Prolonged OP exposure can be responsible for histopathological (HP) changes that can either evolve or worsen pre-existing conditions. We conducted an experimental study including six male Wistar rats divided into two groups (four rats in the study group and two in the control group). The subjects in the first group were administered 100 mg/kg Chlorpyrifos half median lethal dose (LD50) at baseline and at 48 hours, under general anesthesia. Organ harvesting was achieved after one week. HP modifications were discovered in all kidney samples, with dystrophic changes and vacuolization of mesangial cells, dilation of renal tubules and epithelial atrophy. Congestion of vascular structures also occurred. The liver samples showed severe alteration in both vessels and hepatocytes. Adrenal gland impairment was confirmed through an increase in vacuole number in all areas, while a decrease in colloid content was noted in the thyroid gland simultaneously with a modified foamy aspect. This study is the first to certify the extent of organ injury induced by OP exposure, describing both glomerular and tubular involvement in the kidneys, liver necrosis and endocrine disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Cobilinschi
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Reconstructive Microsurgery, Emergency Clinical Hospital of Bucharest, Romania; ; Clinical Department No. 3, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania;
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15
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Molecular neural crest cell markers enable discrimination of organophosphates in the murine cardiac embryonic stem cell test. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1513-1520. [PMID: 34401361 PMCID: PMC8355823 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphates induced distinctive effects on neural crest cells within the ESTc. Neural crest gene transcripts were of added value to the original ESTc read-out. Mechanistic information adds value to the applicability of the ESTc.
The cardiac embryonic stem cell test (ESTc) originally used the differentiation of beating cardiomyocytes for embryotoxicity screenings of compounds. However, the ESTc consists of a heterogeneous cell population, including neural crest (NC) cells, which are important contributors to heart development in vivo. Molecular markers for NC cells were investigated to explore if this approach improved discrimination between structurally related chemicals, using the three organophosphates (OP): chlorpyrifos (CPF), malathion (MLT), and triphenyl phosphate (TPP). To decrease the test duration and to improve the objective quantification of the assay read-out, gene transcript biomarkers were measured on study day 4 instead of the traditional cardiomyocyte beating assessment at day 10. Gene expression profiling and immunocytochemistry were performed using markers for pluripotency, proliferation and cardiomyocyte and NC differentiation. Cell proliferation was also assessed by measurements of embryoid body (EB) size and total protein quantification (day 7). Exposure to the OPs resulted in similar patterns of inhibition of beating cardiomyocyte differentiation and of myosin protein expression on day 10. However, these three chemically related compounds induced distinctive effects on NC cell differentiation, indicated by changes in expression levels of the NC precursor (Msx2), NC marker (Ap2α), and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT; Snai2) gene transcripts. This study shows that investigating NC markers can provide added value for ESTc outcome profiling and may enhance the applicability of this assay for the screening of structurally related test chemicals.
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16
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Zhao S, Wesseling S, Spenkelink B, Rietjens IMCM. Physiologically based kinetic modelling based prediction of in vivo rat and human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition upon exposure to diazinon. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1573-1593. [PMID: 33715020 PMCID: PMC8113213 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The present study predicts in vivo human and rat red blood cell (RBC) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition upon diazinon (DZN) exposure using physiological based kinetic (PBK) modelling-facilitated reverse dosimetry. Due to the fact that both DZN and its oxon metabolite diazoxon (DZO) can inhibit AChE, a toxic equivalency factor (TEF) was included in the PBK model to combine the effect of DZN and DZO when predicting in vivo AChE inhibition. The PBK models were defined based on kinetic constants derived from in vitro incubations with liver fractions or plasma of rat and human, and were used to translate in vitro concentration-response curves for AChE inhibition obtained in the current study to predicted in vivo dose-response curves. The predicted dose-response curves for rat matched available in vivo data on AChE inhibition, and the benchmark dose lower confidence limits for 10% inhibition (BMDL10 values) were in line with the reported BMDL10 values. Humans were predicted to be 6-fold more sensitive than rats in terms of AChE inhibition, mainly because of inter-species differences in toxicokinetics. It is concluded that the TEF-coded DZN PBK model combined with quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE) provides an adequate approach to predict RBC AChE inhibition upon acute oral DZN exposure, and can provide an alternative testing strategy for derivation of a point of departure (POD) in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shensheng Zhao
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Sebastiaan Wesseling
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Spenkelink
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Human Family 1-4 cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the metabolic activation of xenobiotic and physiological chemicals: an update. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:395-472. [PMID: 33459808 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02971-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This is an overview of the metabolic activation of drugs, natural products, physiological compounds, and general chemicals by the catalytic activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes belonging to Families 1-4. The data were collected from > 5152 references. The total number of data entries of reactions catalyzed by P450s Families 1-4 was 7696 of which 1121 (~ 15%) were defined as bioactivation reactions of different degrees. The data were divided into groups of General Chemicals, Drugs, Natural Products, and Physiological Compounds, presented in tabular form. The metabolism and bioactivation of selected examples of each group are discussed. In most of the cases, the metabolites are directly toxic chemicals reacting with cell macromolecules, but in some cases the metabolites formed are not direct toxicants but participate as substrates in succeeding metabolic reactions (e.g., conjugation reactions), the products of which are final toxicants. We identified a high level of activation for three groups of compounds (General Chemicals, Drugs, and Natural Products) yielding activated metabolites and the generally low participation of Physiological Compounds in bioactivation reactions. In the group of General Chemicals, P450 enzymes 1A1, 1A2, and 1B1 dominate in the formation of activated metabolites. Drugs are mostly activated by the enzyme P450 3A4, and Natural Products by P450s 1A2, 2E1, and 3A4. Physiological Compounds showed no clearly dominant enzyme, but the highest numbers of activations are attributed to P450 1A, 1B1, and 3A enzymes. The results thus show, perhaps not surprisingly, that Physiological Compounds are infrequent substrates in bioactivation reactions catalyzed by P450 enzyme Families 1-4, with the exception of estrogens and arachidonic acid. The results thus provide information on the enzymes that activate specific groups of chemicals to toxic metabolites.
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Hernández-Toledano DS, Estrada-Muñiz E, Vega L. Genotoxicity of the organophosphate pesticide malathion and its metabolite dimethylthiophosphate in human cells in vitro. Mutat Res 2020; 856-857:503233. [PMID: 32928373 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are biotransformed into metabolites such as dialkylphosphates (DAPs). We have evaluated the genotoxicity of malathion and its metabolite dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP) in the human hepatic cell lines HepG2 and WRL-68 and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). In the Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus assay (CBMN), malathion and DMTP increased the frequencies of micronuclei (MN) and nucleoplasmic bridges (NPB). Malathion was primarily clastogenic whereas DMTP was aneuploidogenic. When HepG2 or WRL-68 cells were treated with DMTP in the presence of sulconazole, a non-specific cytochrome P450 inhibitor, MN frequency was reduced, indicating that DMTP genotoxicity requires P450-cataliyzed metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sebastián Hernández-Toledano
- Department of Toxicology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, C.P. 07360, Gustavo A. Madero Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elizabet Estrada-Muñiz
- Department of Toxicology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, C.P. 07360, Gustavo A. Madero Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Libia Vega
- Department of Toxicology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, C.P. 07360, Gustavo A. Madero Mexico City, Mexico.
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Khan A, Shah SSA, Gulfam N, Khisroon M, Zahoor M. Toxicity evaluation of pesticide chlorpyrifos in male Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:25353-25362. [PMID: 32347497 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08953-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, chlorpyrifos was used as a test chemical to evaluate its possible toxicological effect on birds. A total of 45 adult male Japanese quails were divided into five groups (A to E). Each group, containing 9 birds was further divided into 3 sub-groups (containing 3 birds each). Group A served as control, while all other groups and sub-groups were exposed to selected pesticide for different trial periods. Chlorpyrifos sub-lethal doses were orally administered daily at the rate of 3, 6, 9, and 12 mg/kg body weight per day to group B, C, D, and E, respectively. Birds were kept under observation for behavioral changes throughout the trial periods. Clinical signs, histological alterations, genotoxicity, and blood biochemical alterations were recorded after each 15-day trial. Mild to moderate clinical signs like staggering gait, tremors, diarrhea, dullness, less frequency of crowing, and decrease foam production were observed in group D and E throughout the study. The changes in the body weight gain and blood biochemical parameters among different groups at a given trial period were insignificant. The appearance of micronuclei in group E birds was more significant, indicating that nucleus damage was dose-dependent while to lesser extent duration-dependent. The comet assay showed significant dose- and duration-dependent DNA damage among various groups. In comparison with control group, extensive histological degenerative alterations in the liver, testes, and kidneys were observed in birds of group D and E, where mild to severe alteration like congestion, vacuolation, necrosis, apoptosis, karyopyknosis, extensive degeneration, and alteration in many cellular structures were noticeable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajmal Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | | | - Naila Gulfam
- Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khisroon
- Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zahoor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir Lower, KPK, 18800, Pakistan.
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Jeon J, Hollender J. In vitro biotransformation of pharmaceuticals and pesticides by trout liver S9 in the presence and absence of carbamazepine. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 183:109513. [PMID: 31421535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to develop (i) a technique for identifying metabolites of organic contaminants by using an in vitro system of trout S9 and liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry-based identification method and (ii) to apply this technique to identify the interactive potential of carbamazepine on the formation rate of other metabolites. The pharmaceuticals carbamazepine and propranolol and the pesticides azoxystrobin, diazinon, and fipronil were selected as test contaminants. As a result, a total of ten metabolites were identified for the five parent substances, six of which were confirmed using reference standards. Metabolic reactions included hydroxylation, epoxidation, S-oxidation, and dealkylation. The metabolic transformation rate ranged from 0.2 to 3.5 pmol/mg protein/min/μmol substrate. In the binary exposure experiment with increasing carbamazepine concentration, the formation rates of diazinon and fipronil metabolites (MDI2 and MFP2, respectively) increased, while formation of metabolites of propranolol and azoxystrobin (MPR1, MPR2, MPR3, and MAZ1) slowed down. Meanwhile, S9 pre-exposed to carbamazepine produced diazoxon, a toxic metabolite of diazinon, and pyrimidinol, a less toxic metabolite, more rapidly. These results suggest that carbamazepine, a perennial environmental pollutant, might modulate the toxicity of other substances such as diazinon but further in vivo studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junho Jeon
- Graduate School of FEED of Eco-Friendly Offshore Structure, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo, 51140, South Korea; School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo, 51140, South Korea; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland
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da Luz Abreu E, Savall ASP, Boneberg AA, Martins BB, Gervini VC, Sampaio TB, Fajardo AR, Paroul N, Roos DH, Pinton S. (3Z)-5-Chloro-3-(Hydroxyimino)indolin-2-one attenuates hyperglycemia, increased hepatic glycogen content and hepatic damage induced by malathion acute exposure in rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2019; 16:61. [PMID: 31516541 PMCID: PMC6727524 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-019-0374-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphorus pesticides (OP's) are heavily constituted in agriculture, gardens, home and veterinary and although it is useful, there are concerns about the environment, safety and health of human and animals. In this study, we investigated the effects of a new oxime, (3Z)-5-Chloro-3-(Hydroxyimino)indolin-2-one (OXIME) against the alterations induced by malathion, an OP insecticide, acute exposure on markers of hepatic damage, glucose homeostasis, oxidative stress in rats cholinesterase (ChE) activity in rats. METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Control; Malathion; OXIME; and Malathion+OXIME. Twelve hours after co-treatment with malathion (250 mg/kg, i.p.) and/or OXIME (50 mg/kg, i.g.), the plasma and liver samples were collected for biochemical analyses. RESULTS The OXIME blocked the increase of plasma markers of hepatic function (AST and ALP) and the enzymatic inhibition of catalase and glutathione reductase in the liver of malathion-treated rats. Moreover, the hepatic cholinesterases inhibition induced by malathion acute exposure was suppressed by OXIME treatment. As assessed, a single dose of OXIME lowered the glycemia levels and hepatic glycogen content enhanced by malathion. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests promise effects of (3Z)-5-Chloro-3-(Hydroxyimino) indolin-2-one against the hyperglycemia and the hepatic damage induced by malathion acute exposure, as well as its use as a ChE activity reactivator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina da Luz Abreu
- Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA) Campus Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana, RS CEP 97500-970 Brazil
| | - Anne Suély Pinto Savall
- Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA) Campus Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana, RS CEP 97500-970 Brazil
| | - Allyson Ardais Boneberg
- Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA) Campus Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana, RS CEP 97500-970 Brazil
| | - Bianca Barreto Martins
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS CEP 96201-900 Brazil
| | | | - Tuane Bazanella Sampaio
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Farroupilha – Campus Santo Ângelo, Santo Ângelo, RS CEP 98806-700 Brazil
| | - André Ricardo Fajardo
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel) - Campus Capão do Leão s/n, Pelotas, RS CEP 96010-900 Brazil
| | - Natália Paroul
- Universidade Regional Integrada (URI), Campus Erechim, Erechim, RS CEP 99709-910 Brazil
| | - Daniel Henrique Roos
- Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA) Campus Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana, RS CEP 97500-970 Brazil
| | - Simone Pinton
- Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA) Campus Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana, RS CEP 97500-970 Brazil
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22
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Organophosphorus pesticide determination in biological specimens: bioanalytical and toxicological aspects. Int J Legal Med 2019; 133:1763-1784. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-019-02119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Li S, Zhao J, Huang R, Santillo MF, Houck KA, Xia M. Use of high-throughput enzyme-based assay with xenobiotic metabolic capability to evaluate the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity by organophosphorous pesticides. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 56:93-100. [PMID: 30625376 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has pharmaceutical applications as well as potential neurotoxic effects. The in vivo metabolites of some chemicals including organophosphorus pesticides can become more potent AChE inhibitors compared to their parental compounds. To account for the effects of biotransformation, we have developed and characterized a high-throughput screening method for identifying AChE inhibitors that become active or more potent following xenobiotic metabolism. In this study, an enzyme-based assay was developed in 1536-well plates using recombinant human AChE combined with human or rat liver microsomes. The AChE activity was measured by two methods with different readouts: colorimetric and fluorescent. The assay exhibited exceptional performance characteristics including large assay signal window, low well-to-well variability and high reproducibility. The performance of the assays with microsomes was characterized by testing a group of known AChE inhibitors including parent compounds and their metabolites. Large potency differences between the parent compounds and the metabolites were observed in the assay with microsome addition. Both assay readouts were required for maximal sensitivity. These results demonstrate that this platform is a promising method to profile large numbers of chemicals that require metabolic activation for inhibiting AChE activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaizhang Li
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jinghua Zhao
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ruili Huang
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael F Santillo
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Keith A Houck
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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24
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Salek-Maghsoudi A, Hassani S, Momtaz S, Shadboorestan A, Ganjali MR, Ghahremani MH, Hosseini R, Norouzi P, Abdollahi M. Biochemical and molecular evidence on the role of vaspin in early detection of the insulin resistance in a rat model of high-fat diet and use of diazinon. Toxicology 2019; 411:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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25
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Hou R, Huang C, Rao K, Xu Y, Wang Z. Characterized in Vitro Metabolism Kinetics of Alkyl Organophosphate Esters in Fish Liver and Intestinal Microsomes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3202-3210. [PMID: 29439571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) and tris( n-butyl) phosphate (TNBP) are the most commonly used alkyl organophosphate esters (alkyl-OPEs), and they increasingly accumulate in organisms and create potential health hazards. This study examined the metabolism of TNBP and TBOEP in Carassius carassius liver and intestinal microsomes and the production of their corresponding monohydroxylated and dealkylated metabolites. After 140 min of incubation with fish liver microsomes, the rapid depletion of TNBP and TBOEP were both best fitted to the Michaelis-Menten model (at administrated concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 200 μM), with a CLint (intrinsic clearance) of 3.1 and 3.9 μL·min-1·mg-1 protein, respectively. But no significant ( P > 0.05) biotransformation was observed for these compounds in intestinal microsomes at any administrated concentrations. In fish liver microsomes assay, bis(2-butoxyethyl) hydroxyethyl phosphate (BBOEHEP) and bis(2-butoxyethyl) 3-hydroxyl-2-butoxyethyl phosphate (3-OH-TBOEP) were the most abundant metabolites of TBOEP, and dibutyl-3-hydroxybutyl phosphate (3-OH-TNBP) was the predominant metabolite of TNBP. Similarly, the apparent Vmax values (maximum metabolic rate) of BBOEHEP and 3-OH-TNBP were also respectively highest among those of other metabolites. Further inhibition studies were conducted to identify the specific cytochrome P450 (CYP450) isozymes involved in the metabolism of TNBP and TBOEP in liver microsomes. It was confirmed that CYP3A4 and CYP1A were the significant CYP450 isoforms catalyzing the metabolism of TNBP and TBOEP in fish liver microsomes. Overall, this study emphasized the importance of hydroxylated metabolites as biomarkers for alkyl-OPEs exposure, and further research is needed to validate the in vivo formation and toxicological implications of these metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hou
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Chao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Kaifeng Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Yiping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Zijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
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26
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Alejo-González K, Hanson-Viana E, Vazquez-Duhalt R. Enzymatic detoxification of organophosphorus pesticides and related toxicants. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2018; 43:1-9. [PMID: 30363124 PMCID: PMC6140661 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d17-078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Millions of cases of pesticide intoxication occur yearly and represent a public health problem. In addition, pesticide poisoning is the preferred suicidal method in rural areas. The use of enzymes for the treatment of intoxication due to organophosphorus pesticides was proposed decades ago. Several enzymes are able to transform organophosphorus compounds such as pesticides and nerve agents. Some specific enzymatic treatments have been proposed, including direct enzyme injection, liposome and erythrocytes carriers, PEGylated preparations and extracorporeal enzymatic treatments. Nevertheless, no enzymatic treatments are currently available. In this work, the use of enzymes for treating of organophosphorus pesticide intoxication is critically reviewed and the remaining challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Alejo-González
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California 22760 México
| | - Erik Hanson-Viana
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico
| | - Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California 22760 México
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27
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Qiu X, Tanoue W, Kawaguchi A, Yanagawa T, Seki M, Shimasaki Y, Honjo T, Oshima Y. Interaction patterns and toxicities of binary and ternary pesticide mixtures to Daphnia magna estimated by an accelerated failure time model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 607-608:367-374. [PMID: 28697389 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organisms in natural environments are often exposed to a broad variety of chemicals, and the multi-chemical mixtures exposure may produce significant toxic effects, even though the individual chemicals are present at concentrations below their no-observed-effect concentrations. This study represents the first attempt that uses the accelerated failure time (AFT) model to quantify the interaction and toxicity of multi-chemical mixtures in environmental toxicology. We firstly conducted the acute immobilization tests with Daphnia magna exposed to mixtures of diazinon (DZN), fenitrothion (MEP); and thiobencarb (TB) in single, binary, and ternary formulations, and then fitted the results to the AFT model. The 48-h EC50 (concentration required to immobilize 50% of the daphnids at 48h) values for each pesticide obtained from the AFT model are within a factor of 2 of the corresponding values calculated from the single pesticide exposure tests, indicating the methodology is able to provide credible toxicity values. The AFT model revealed either significant synergistic (DZN and MEP; DZN and TB) or antagonistic (MEP and TB) interactions in binary mixtures, while the interaction pattern of ternary mixture depended on both the concentration levels and concentration ratios of pesticides. With a factor of 2, the AFT model accurately estimated the toxicities for 78% of binary mixture formulations that exhibited significant synergistic effects, and the toxicities for all the ternary formulations. Our results showed that the AFT model can provide a simple and efficient way to quantify the interactions between pesticides and to assess the toxicity of their mixtures. This ability may greatly facilitate the ecotoxicological risk assessment of exposure to multi-chemical mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuchun Qiu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
| | - Wataru Tanoue
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Kawaguchi
- Clinical Research Center, School of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
| | - Takashi Yanagawa
- Biostatistics Center, Kurume University, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Masanori Seki
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, 3-2-7, Miyanojin, Kurume-shi, Fukuoka 830-0023, Japan.
| | - Yohei Shimasaki
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
| | - Tsuneo Honjo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yuji Oshima
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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28
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Schmidt AM, Sengupta N, Saski CA, Noorai RE, Baldwin WS. RNA sequencing indicates that atrazine induces multiple detoxification genes in Daphnia magna and this is a potential source of its mixture interactions with other chemicals. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 189:699-708. [PMID: 28968576 PMCID: PMC5651997 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine is an herbicide with several known toxicologically relevant effects, including interactions with other chemicals. Atrazine increases the toxicity of several organophosphates and has been shown to reduce the toxicity of triclosan to D. magna in a concentration dependent manner. Atrazine is a potent activator in vitro of the xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptor, HR96, related to vertebrate constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and pregnane X-receptor (PXR). RNA sequencing (RNAseq) was performed to determine if atrazine is inducing phase I-III detoxification enzymes in vivo, and estimate its potential for mixture interactions. RNAseq analysis demonstrates induction of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), cytochrome P450s (CYPs), glucosyltransferases (UDPGTs), and xenobiotic transporters, of which several are verified by qPCR. Pathway analysis demonstrates changes in drug, glutathione, and sphingolipid metabolism, indicative of HR96 activation. Based on our RNAseq data, we hypothesized as to which environmentally relevant chemicals may show altered toxicity with co-exposure to atrazine. Acute toxicity tests were performed to determine individual LC50 and Hillslope values as were toxicity tests with binary mixtures containing atrazine. The observed mixture toxicity was compared with modeled mixture toxicity using the Computational Approach to the Toxicity Assessment of Mixtures (CATAM) to assess whether atrazine is exerting antagonism, additivity, or synergistic toxicity in accordance with our hypothesis. Atrazine-triclosan mixtures showed decreased toxicity as expected; atrazine-parathion, atrazine-endosulfan, and to a lesser extent atrazine-p-nonylphenol mixtures showed increased toxicity. In summary, exposure to atrazine activates HR96, and induces phase I-III detoxification genes that are likely responsible for mixture interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Schmidt
- Environmental Toxicology Program, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Namrata Sengupta
- Environmental Toxicology Program, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | | | - Rooksana E Noorai
- Clemson University Genomics Institute, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - William S Baldwin
- Environmental Toxicology Program, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA; Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
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29
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Hagstrom D, Zhang S, Ho A, Tsai ES, Radić Z, Jahromi A, Kaj KJ, He Y, Taylor P, Collins EMS. Planarian cholinesterase: molecular and functional characterization of an evolutionarily ancient enzyme to study organophosphorus pesticide toxicity. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:1161-1176. [PMID: 29167930 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The asexual freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica has emerged as a medium-throughput alternative animal model for neurotoxicology. We have previously shown that D. japonica are sensitive to organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) and characterized the in vitro inhibition profile of planarian cholinesterase (DjChE) activity using irreversible and reversible inhibitors. We found that DjChE has intermediate features of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Here, we identify two candidate genes (Djche1 and Djche2) responsible for DjChE activity. Sequence alignment and structural homology modeling with representative vertebrate AChE and BChE sequences confirmed our structural predictions, and show that both DjChE enzymes have intermediate sized catalytic gorges and disrupted peripheral binding sites. Djche1 and Djche2 were both expressed in the planarian nervous system, as anticipated from previous activity staining, but with distinct expression profiles. To dissect how DjChE inhibition affects planarian behavior, we acutely inhibited DjChE activity by exposing animals to either an OP (diazinon) or carbamate (physostigmine) at 1 µM for 4 days. Both inhibitors delayed the reaction of planarians to heat stress. Simultaneous knockdown of both Djche genes by RNAi similarly resulted in a delayed heat stress response. Furthermore, chemical inhibition of DjChE activity increased the worms' ability to adhere to a substrate. However, increased substrate adhesion was not observed in Djche1/Djche2 (RNAi) animals or in inhibitor-treated day 11 regenerates, suggesting this phenotype may be modulated by other mechanisms besides ChE inhibition. Together, our study characterizes DjChE expression and function, providing the basis for future studies in this system to dissect alternative mechanisms of OP toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Hagstrom
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Siqi Zhang
- Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Alicia Ho
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Eileen S Tsai
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Zoran Radić
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Aryo Jahromi
- Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kelson J Kaj
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yingtian He
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Palmer Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Eva-Maria S Collins
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. .,Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. .,Biology Department, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, 19081, USA.
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30
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Traylor MJ, Baek JM, Richards KE, Fusetto R, Huang W, Josh P, Chen Z, Bollapragada P, O'Hair RAJ, Batterham P, Gillam EMJ. Recombinant expression and characterization of Lucilia cuprina CYP6G3: Activity and binding properties toward multiple pesticides. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:14-22. [PMID: 28918158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, is a primary cause of sheep flystrike and a major agricultural pest. Cytochrome P450 enzymes have been implicated in the resistance of L. cuprina to several classes of insecticides. In particular, CYP6G3 is a L. cuprina homologue of Drosophila melanogaster CYP6G1, a P450 known to confer multi-pesticide resistance. To investigate the basis of resistance, a bicistronic Escherichia coli expression system was developed to co-express active L. cuprina CYP6G3 and house fly (Musca domestica) P450 reductase. Recombinant CYP6G3 showed activity towards the high-throughput screening substrates, 7-ethoxycoumarin and p-nitroanisole, but not towards p-nitrophenol, coumarin, 7-benzyloxyresorufin, or seven different luciferin derivatives (P450-Glo™ substrates). The addition of house fly cytochrome b5 enhanced the kcat for p-nitroanisole dealkylation approximately two fold (17.8 ± 0.5 vs 9.6 ± 0.2 min-1) with little effect on KM (13 ± 1 vs 10 ± 1 μM). Inhibition studies and difference spectroscopy revealed that the organochlorine compounds, DDT and endosulfan, and the organophosphate pesticides, malathion and chlorfenvinphos, bind to the active site of CYP6G3. All four pesticides showed type I binding spectra with spectral dissociation constants in the micromolar range suggesting that they may be substrates of CYP6G3. While no significant inhibition was seen with the organophosphate, diazinon, or the neonicotinoid, imidacloprid, diazinon showed weak binding in spectral assays, with a Kd value of 23 ± 3 μM CYP6G3 metabolised diazinon to the diazoxon and hydroxydiazinon metabolites and imidacloprid to the 5-hydroxy and olefin metabolites, consistent with a proposed role of CYP6G enzymes in metabolism of phosphorothioate and neonicotinoid insecticides in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Traylor
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Jong-Min Baek
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Katelyn E Richards
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Roberto Fusetto
- The Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - W Huang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Peter Josh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Zhenzhong Chen
- The Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Padma Bollapragada
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Richard A J O'Hair
- The Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Philip Batterham
- The Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M J Gillam
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia.
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31
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Anwarullah, Aslam M, Badshah M, Abbasi R, Sultan A, Khan K, Ahmad N, von Engelhardt J. Further evidence for the association of CYP2D6*4 gene polymorphism with Parkinson's disease: a case control study. Genes Environ 2017; 39:18. [PMID: 28680508 PMCID: PMC5493842 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-017-0078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic and environmental risk factors play an important role for the susceptibility to sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). It was hypothesized that a splice variant of the CYP2D6 gene (CYP2D6*4 allele) is associated with PD because it alters the ability to metabolize toxins and in particular neurotoxins. CYP2D6 codes for the drug metabolizing enzyme debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase. The CYP2D6*4 variant results in an undetectable enzyme activity and consequently in a reduction in metabolism of some toxins. METHODS Some of agricultural chemicals have neurotoxic potential and CYP2D6 is involved in their detoxification. Thus, we conducted a case control study to investigate the association of the CYP2D6*4 with PD in a Pakistani subpopulation that is known to be exposed to high levels of some agricultural pesticides, insecticides and herbicides. RESULTS We found a significantly higher allele and genotype frequency of the CYP2D6*4 variant in 174 sporadic PD patients when compared to 200 controls. In addition, there was a trend to an earlier age of PD onset and a tremor dominant phenotype in CYP2D6*4 variant carriers. CONCLUSION Our data provide further evidence that a poor metabolizer status may increase the risk to develop PD especially in populations that are exposed to environmental toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwarullah
- Synaptic Signalling and Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Synaptic Signalling and Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mazhar Badshah
- Department of Neurology, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rashda Abbasi
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aneesa Sultan
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Kafaitullah Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Nafees Ahmad
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jakob von Engelhardt
- Synaptic Signalling and Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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32
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Abass KM. An investigation into the formation of tebufenozide's toxic aromatic amine metabolites in human in vitro hepatic microsomes. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 133:73-78. [PMID: 27742364 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tebufenozide is a nonsteroid ecdysone agonist that causes premature and incomplete molting in Lepidoptera. Studies conducted so far have shown the low toxicity of tebufenozide in mammals, birds and invertebrates. Tebufenozide potential metabolites such as aromatic amines are known to induce methemoglobinemia disorder in humans, most likely by the formation of N-hydroxy metabolites; therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the formation of the potential toxic N-hydroxy derivatives in pooled human hepatic microsomal fractions. Analyses of metabolites by high performance liquid chromatography equipped by a time-of-flight detector (HPLC/TOF) indicated the formation of a hydroxylated metabolite (exact mass=369; retention time: 6.65min) and two de-dimethylethyl metabolites (exact masses=313; retention times: 5.76 and 6.22min). Hydroxylated tebufenozide metabolite resulted from hydroxylation at either the 3 or 5 position of the dimethylbenzoic acid moiety to form either 3-hydroxymethyl-5-methylbenzoic acid 1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2-(4-ethylbenzoyl) or 3-methyl-5-hydroxymethylbenzoic acid 1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2-(4-ethylbenzoyl), respectively. The two de-dimethylethyl-tebufenozide derivatives were 3,5-dimethylbenzoic acid-2-(4-hydroxyethylbenzoyl) and 3-hydroxymethyl-5-methylbenzoic acid-2-(4-ethylbenzoyl) or 3-methyl-5-hydroxymethylbenzoic acid-2-(4-ethylbenzoyl). Generally the metabolite formation rates increased with incubation time. The rate of hydroxylation of the dimethylbenzoic acid moiety was approximately 12 times higher than the hydroxylation of the ethylbenzoyl moiety. Tebufenozide does not appear to produce the toxic aromatic amine metabolites in human in vitro hepatic microsomes. This suggests that the fate of tebufenozide in humans is a process of detoxification rather than activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled M Abass
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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Adamkovicova M, Toman R, Martiniakova M, Omelka R, Babosova R, Krajcovicova V, Grosskopf B, Massanyi P. Sperm motility and morphology changes in rats exposed to cadmium and diazinon. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2016; 14:42. [PMID: 27503218 PMCID: PMC4977869 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-016-0177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humans are ubiquitously exposed to multiple environmental contaminants. Consequences of combined action on the reproductive system remain unknown. This study aimed to assess single and joint effects of cadmium and diazinon exposure on sperm quality parameters. METHODS Male adult Wistar rats were randomized into 4 groups of ten animals each. Group A was used as a control, animals from group B were exposed to cadmium (30 mg/L), rats from group C were administered with diazinon (40 mg/L), and rats from group D were exposed simultaneously to cadmium (30 mg/L) and diazinon (40 mg/L) via drinking water for 90 days. Sperm morphology and motility were evaluated using a bright field microscope and a computer-assisted semen analysis. RESULTS The percentage of motile spermatozoa and morphologically normal sperm was markedly reduced in rats from the group B. Rats from the C group showed an increase in velocity parameters, amplitude of lateral head displacement, decrease in beat-cross frequency, and an increase in abnormal sperm morphology. Simultaneous coexposure to cadmium and diazinon increased distance and velocity parameters, and amplitude of lateral head displacement. Reductions were observed in straightness, linearity, wobble, and beat-cross frequency. The decreased normal sperm morphology rates were related to defects of the sperm tail. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to cadmium and diazinon at relatively low doses impairs sperm quality and can reduce male fertility. Cadmium and diazinon caused significant changes on sperm morphology with varying effects on motility patterns. These parameters were significantly higher in the group D as compared to the group C. The findings have important implications for reproductive risk assessment of combined exposures to multiple chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Adamkovicova
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Constantine the Philosopher University, 949 74 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Robert Toman
- Department of Veterinary Disciplines, Slovak University of Agriculture, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Monika Martiniakova
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Constantine the Philosopher University, 949 74 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Radoslav Omelka
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Constantine the Philosopher University, 949 74 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Ramona Babosova
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Constantine the Philosopher University, 949 74 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Vladimira Krajcovicova
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Constantine the Philosopher University, 949 74 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Birgit Grosskopf
- Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University, 37 073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Massanyi
- Department of Animal Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia
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Spaggiari D, Daali Y, Rudaz S. An extensive cocktail approach for rapid risk assessment of in vitro CYP450 direct reversible inhibition by xenobiotic exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 302:41-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Toxicology of organophosphorus compounds in view of an increasing terrorist threat. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2131-2145. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1772-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Downregulation of nicotinic and muscarinic receptor function in rats after subchronic exposure to diazinon. Toxicol Rep 2016; 3:523-530. [PMID: 28959576 PMCID: PMC5615940 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the development of tolerance to subchronic p.o. administration of DZN in rats, under both in vivo and in vitro conditions As a consequence of AChE inhibition, ACh neurotransmitters are being accumulated in over stimulated nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. With isolated diaphragm and ileum, we examined the down regulation of nicotinic and muscarinic receptor function through EFS technique. The results of our research could be useful in forensic diagnostics of organophosphate poisoning.
Diazinon (DZN) is an organophosphate insecticide which exerts its effect through the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE). In this work, we studied the development of tolerance to subchronic p.o. administration of DZN in rats, under both in vivo and in vitro conditions. A group of 20 rats (2 groups, n = 10) was administered p.o. the 1/10 of established LD50 DZN (namely 55.87 mg/kg bw) for 28 days. On the 14th and 28th day of study with isolated diaphragm and ileum, we examined the downregulation of nicotinic and muscarinic receptor function through Electrical Field Stimulation (EFS). Maximum contractility of the diaphragm was recorded on the 14th day of the study (25% higher compared to the non-treated rats), while on the 28th day the contractions almost did not differ from the values found in non-treated rats. EFS of isolated ileum on the 14th day of study caused significantly higher contractions compared to the non-treated rats, but after 28 days, ileum contractions decreased approximately to the level of contractions in non-treated rats. On the 14th study day, we also recorded increased amplitude of spontaneous ileum contractions, compared to non-treated rats. The application of increasing ACh concentrations caused dose-dependent ileum contractions, without statistically significant differences of median effective concentration (EC50) values in non-treated and treated rats. Tolerance to subchronic DZN administration develops due to various adaptation mechanisms, including the most important one—downregulation of nicotinic and muscarinic receptor function.
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Kim RO, Kim BM, Jeong CB, Lee JS, Rhee JS. Effects of chlorpyrifos on life cycle parameters, cytochrome P450S expression, and antioxidant systems in the monogonont rotifer Brachionus koreanus. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:1449-1457. [PMID: 26496856 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos is a widely used organophosphorus insecticide for controlling diverse insect pests of crops. In the monogonont rotifer Brachionus koreanus, population growth retardation with the inhibition of lifespan, fecundity, and individual body size of ovigerous females was shown over 10 d in response to chlorpyrifos exposure. At the molecular and biochemical levels, the rotifer B. koreanus defensome, composed of cytochrome P450 complements, heat shock protein 70, and antioxidant enzymatic systems (i.e., glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione S-transferase), was significantly induced in response to different concentrations of chlorpyrifos. Thus, chlorpyrifos strongly induced a defensome system to mitigate the deleterious effects of chlorpyrifos at in vivo and in vitro levels as a trade-off in fitness costs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1449-1457. © 2015 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryeo-Ok Kim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Bo-Mi Kim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Chang-Bum Jeong
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Rhee
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
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Dawkar VV, Chikate YR, More TH, Gupta VS, Giri AP. The expression of proteins involved in digestion and detoxification are regulated in Helicoverpa armigera to cope up with chlorpyrifos insecticide. INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 23:68-77. [PMID: 25284010 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Helicoverpa armigera is a key pest in many vital crops, which is mainly controlled by chemical strategies. To manage this pest is becoming challenging due to its ability and evolution of resistance against insecticides. Further, its subsequent spread on nonhost plant is remarkable in recent times. Hence, decoding resistance mechanism against phytochemicals and synthetic insecticides is a major challenge. The present work describes that the digestion, defense and immunity related enzymes are associated with chlorpyrifos resistance in H. armigera. Proteomic analysis of H. armigera gut tissue upon feeding on chlorpyrifos containing diet (CH) and artificial diet (AD) using nano-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry identified upregulated 23-proteins in CH fed larvae. Database searches combined with gene ontology analysis revealed that the identified gut proteins engrossed in digestion, proteins crucial for immunity, adaptive responses to stress, and detoxification. Biochemical and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of candidate proteins indicated that insects were struggling to get nutrients and energy in presence of CH, while at the same time endeavoring to metabolize chlorpyrifos. Moreover, we proposed a potential processing pathway of chlorpyrifos in H. armigera gut by examining the metabolites using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. H. armigera exhibit a range of intriguing behavioral, morphological adaptations and resistance to insecticides by regulating expression of proteins involved in digestion and detoxification mechanisms to cope up with chlorpyrifos. In these contexts, as gut is a rich repository of biological information; profound analysis of gut tissues can give clues of detoxification and resistance mechanism in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal V Dawkar
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008 (MS), India
| | - Yojana R Chikate
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008 (MS), India
| | - Tushar H More
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008 (MS), India
| | - Vidya S Gupta
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008 (MS), India
| | - Ashok P Giri
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008 (MS), India
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Selmi S, Rtibi K, Grami D, Hajri A, Hosni K, Marzouki L, Sebai H. Antioxidant properties of Artemisia herba-alba and Eucalyptus camaldulensis essentials oils on malathion-induced reproductive damage in rat. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18268b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Malathion (M) is an organophosphorus pesticide of utmost concern because of its adverse effects on non-targeted organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slimen Selmi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Animale
- Département de Biotechnologie
- Institut de Biotechnologie de Béja
- Tunisia
| | - Kais Rtibi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Animale
- Département de Biotechnologie
- Institut de Biotechnologie de Béja
- Tunisia
| | - Dhekra Grami
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Animale
- Département de Biotechnologie
- Institut de Biotechnologie de Béja
- Tunisia
| | - Azhar Hajri
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Animale
- Département de Biotechnologie
- Institut de Biotechnologie de Béja
- Tunisia
| | - Karim Hosni
- Laboratoire des Substances Naturelles
- Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-chimique (INRAP)
- Biotechpôle de Sidi Thabet
- Tunisia
| | - Lamjed Marzouki
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Animale
- Département de Biotechnologie
- Institut de Biotechnologie de Béja
- Tunisia
| | - Hichem Sebai
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Animale
- Département de Biotechnologie
- Institut de Biotechnologie de Béja
- Tunisia
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Suriyo T, Tachachartvanich P, Visitnonthachai D, Watcharasit P, Satayavivad J. Chlorpyrifos promotes colorectal adenocarcinoma H508 cell growth through the activation of EGFR/ERK1/2 signaling pathway but not cholinergic pathway. Toxicology 2015; 338:117-29. [PMID: 26514924 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aside from the effects on neuronal cholinergic system, epidemiological studies suggest an association between chlorpyrifos (CPF) exposure and cancer risk. This in vitro study examined the effects of CPF and its toxic metabolite, chlorpyrifos oxon (CPF-O), on the growth of human colorectal adenocarcinoma H508, colorectal adenocarcinoma HT-29, normal colon epithelial CCD841, liver hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2, and normal liver hepatocyte THLE-3 cells. The results showed that CPF (5-100 μM) concentration-dependently increased viability of H508 and CCD841 cells in serum-free conditions. This increasing trend was not found in HT-29, HepG2 and THLE-3 cells. In contrast, CPF-O (50-100 μM) reduced the viability of all cell lines. Cell cycle analysis showed the induction of cells in the S phase, and EdU incorporation assay revealed the induction of DNA synthesis in CPF-treated H508 cells indicating that CPF promotes cell cycle progression. Despite the observation of acetylcholinesterase activity inhibition and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, atropine (a non-selective muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist) and N-acetylcysteine (a potent antioxidant) failed to inhibit the growth-promoting effect of CPF. CPF increased the phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its downstream effector, extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2), in H508 cells. AG-1478 (a specific EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor) and U0126 (a specific MEK inhibitor) completely mitigated the growth promoting effect of CPF. Altogether, these results suggest that EGFR/ERK1/2 signaling pathway but not cholinergic pathway involves in CPF-induced colorectal adenocarcinoma H508 cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawit Suriyo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Phum Tachachartvanich
- Environmental Toxicology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | | | - Piyajit Watcharasit
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Environmental Toxicology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Jutamaad Satayavivad
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Environmental Toxicology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Office of Higher Education Commission, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Spodniewska A, Barski D, Giżejewska A. Effect of enrofloxacin and chlorpyrifos on the levels of vitamins A and E in Wistar rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 40:587-591. [PMID: 26356388 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of enrofloxacin and chlorpyrifos, and their combination on vitamin A and E concentrations in the liver of rats. Results of this study indicated a reduction in the contents of vitamins A and E in the liver, which persisted for the entire period of the experiment. Vitamins A and E concentrations were slightly decreased (2-7%) in enrofloxacin-treated rats. In the group of rats intoxicated with chlorpyrifos, a significant decrease in the level of vitamin A was observed up to the 24th hour, and for vitamin E up to the 3rd day from the discontinuation of intoxication with the compounds under study. In the enrofloxacin-chlorpyrifos co-exposure group reduced vitamins A and E level was also noted. The greatest fall in vitamin A level was observed after 3h, while the contents of vitamin E decreased progressively up to the 3rd day. Changes in this group were less pronounced in comparison to the animals intoxicated with chlorpyrifos only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Spodniewska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, M. Oczapowskiego 14 Street, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Barski
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, M. Oczapowskiego 14 Street, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Giżejewska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, M. Oczapowskiego 14 Street, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Ford KA, Ryslik G, Sodhi J, Halladay J, Diaz D, Dambach D, Masuda M. Computational predictions of the site of metabolism of cytochrome P450 2D6 substrates: comparative analysis, molecular docking, bioactivation and toxicological implications. Drug Metab Rev 2015; 47:291-319. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2015.1047026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Selmi S, Jallouli M, Gharbi N, Marzouki L. Hepatoprotective and Renoprotective Effects of Lavender (Lavandula stoechas L.) Essential Oils Against Malathion-Induced Oxidative Stress in Young Male Mice. J Med Food 2015; 18:1103-11. [PMID: 25835641 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed in the present study to investigate the hepato- and nephroprotective effects of Lavandula stoechas essential oils (LSEO) against malathion-induced oxidative stress in young male mice as well as the possible mechanism implicated in such protection. Animals were divided into eight groups of 12 each: Control, malathion (200 mg/kg b.w.); Various doses of LSEO (10, 30, and 50 mg/kg b.w.), malathion+various doses of LSEO. Malathion and LSEO were daily per orally (p.o.) administered by intragastric gavage during 30 days. We initially found that malathion treatment induced body weight gain decrease as well as a clear nephro- and hepatotoxicity as assessed by significant relative liver and kidney weight increase and related hemodynamic parameters deregulation. Malathion exposure of mice also induced a considerable perturbation of metabolic parameters. On the other hand, we showed that malathion administration was accompanied by an oxidative stress status assessed by an increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels as well as a depletion of sulfhydril group content (-SH) and antioxidant enzyme activities such as catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total superoxide dismutase (SOD), Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, and Fe-SOD in the kidney and liver. More importantly, LSEO treatment abolished all malathion-induced body gain loss, liver and kidney relative weight increase, hemodynamic and metabolic disorders, as well as hepatic and renal oxidative stress. In conclusion, our data suggest that LSEO exerted potential hepato- and nephroprotective effects against malathion-induced oxidative stress in mice. The beneficial effect of LSEO might be related, in part, to its antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slimen Selmi
- 1 Laboratory of Metabolic and Endocrine Aggressions Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia .,2 Laboratory of Nutrition and Animal Physiology, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja, Beja, Tunisia
| | - Manel Jallouli
- 1 Laboratory of Metabolic and Endocrine Aggressions Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Najoua Gharbi
- 1 Laboratory of Metabolic and Endocrine Aggressions Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Lamjed Marzouki
- 2 Laboratory of Nutrition and Animal Physiology, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja, Beja, Tunisia
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de Ree H, van den Berg M, Brand T, Mulder GJ, Simons R, Veldhuijzen van Zanten B, Westerink RHS. Health risk assessment of exposure to TriCresyl Phosphates (TCPs) in aircraft: a commentary. Neurotoxicology 2014; 45:209-15. [PMID: 25193069 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Possible exposure to TriCresyl Phosphates (TCPs) has led to concerns among airline crew members. One isomer, Tri-ortho-Cresyl Phosphate (ToCP) is known to be neurotoxic and exposure to ToCP via contaminated cabin air has been suggested to be associated with the alleged Aerotoxic syndrome. The symptoms associated with Aerotoxic syndrome are diverse, including headaches, loss of balance, numbness and neurobehavioral abnormalities such as emotional instability, depression and cognitive dysfunction. Other ortho-isomers are toxic as well, but the non-ortho isomers are regarded as less toxic. In a collaborative effort to increase insight into the possible association between exposure to TCPs via contaminated cabin air and Aerotoxic syndrome, we performed an exposure- and toxicological risk assessment. Measurements in KLM 737 aircraft have demonstrated the presence of non-ortho isomers in low concentrations, though ToCP and other ortho-isomers could not be detected. Based on this exposure assessment, we established a toxicological risk model that also takes into account human differences in bioactivation and detoxification to derive a hazard quotient. From this model it appears unlikely that the health effects and alleged Aerotoxic syndrome are due to exposure to ToCP. Alternative explanations for the reported symptoms are discussed, but evaluation of the current findings in light of the criteria for occupational disease leads to the conclusion that the Aerotoxic Syndrome cannot be regarded as such. Additional research is thus required to unravel the underlying causes for the reported health complaints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans de Ree
- KLM Health Services, Schiphol, The Netherlands
| | - Martin van den Berg
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Teus Brand
- Netherlands Center for Occupational Diseases (NCvB), Coronel Institute for Occupational Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J Mulder
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ries Simons
- European Society of Aerospace Medicine (ESAM), The Netherlands
| | | | - Remco H S Westerink
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Elsharkawy EE, Yahia D, El-Nisr NA. Chlorpyrifos induced testicular damage in rats: ameliorative effect of glutathione antioxidant. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:1011-1019. [PMID: 23172834 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the induction of oxidative stress in the testes of adult rats exposed to chlorpyrifos (CPF). CPF was administered orally, in a dose of 30 mg/kg body weight to male rats for 90 days, twice weekly. Coadministration of water-soluble nonenzymatic antioxidant glutathione (GSH) was performed in a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight, orally, for the same period. Another two groups of male rats were administered GSH and corn oil, respectively. The activities of superoxide dismutase and GSH reductase were decreased while the levels of lipid peroxidation were increased in the testicular tissues of the exposed animals. Testosterone level in the serum was significantly decreased. A decrease in the histochemical determination of testicular alkaline phosphatase was observed in CPF-treated rats. A significant decrease in all stages of spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules was recorded in the exposed animals. Coadministration of GSH restored these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman E Elsharkawy
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt
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Dzul-Caamal R, Domínguez-Lòpez ML, Olivares-Rubio HF, García-Latorre E, Vega-López A. The relationship between the bioactivation and detoxification of diazinon and chlorpyrifos, and the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in Chirostoma jordani from three lakes with low to high organophosphate pesticides contamination. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 23:779-790. [PMID: 24573775 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-014-1216-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In fish, a number of studies have linked acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition with exposure to organophosphate pesticides (OPs); however, evidence suggests the need to study aspects related to the bioactivation and detoxification of OPs, since their neurotoxicity is dependent on these processes. Thus, the study aim was to examine the relations between chlorpyrifos (CPF) and diazinon (DZN) bioactivation by hepatic CYP450 izoenzymes (CYP 2B6, CYP 2C19, CYP 3A4) and detoxification by aryl esterases and oxonases with brain and muscle AChE activity in Chirostoma jordani from three lakes with low to high OPs contamination in water and sediments. We found two patterns of bioactivation in vitro: (i) in fish from a lake with high CPF pollution, the main isoenzymes involved in this process were CYP 2C19>CYP 2B6>CYP 3A4, and (ii) in fish captured in a lake with a high concentration of DZN, the isoenzymes were CYP 3A4>CYP 2C19>CYP 2B6. Bioactivation is shown in this study to be fundamental in brain and muscle AChE inhibition in vivo. The rate of bioactivation of CPF was lower than for DZN. CPF bioactivation was accompanied by reduced detoxification and higher neurotoxicity, which was inversely dependent on the environmental contamination of CPF. Detoxification was also inversely correlated with environmental contamination by CPF, and was higher with diazoxon than chlorpyrifos-oxon. Oxonases were the most relevant enzymes involved in detoxification. The current findings suggest a series of strategies between the bioactivation and detoxification of OPs that allowed the survival of C. jordani despite of OPs pollution levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Dzul-Caamal
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN., Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, 07738, Mexico , D.F., Mexico
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Lee YS, Liu KH, Moon JK, Ko BJ, Choi H, Hwang KS, Kim E, Kim JH. In Vitro Metabolism of Flucetosulfuron by Human Liver Microsomes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:3057-3063. [PMID: 24628475 DOI: 10.1021/jf4048836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To investigate herbicide metabolism, human liver microsomes were incubated with threo- and erythro-isomers of flucetosulfuron. Each isomer produced one metabolite; the metabolites were unambiguously identified as enzymatic hydrolysis products by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). These metabolites were synthesized, producing white solids characterized using LC-MS/MS and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H and 13C). Using specific esterase inhibitors and activators, carboxylesterases and cholinesterases were demonstrated to be involved in flucetosulfuron metabolism. Under optimized metabolic conditions, the kinetic parameters for metabolite formation from threo-flucetosulfuron and erythro-flucetosulfuron were: Vmax, 151.41 and 134.38 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively; Km, 2957.37 and 2798.53 μM, respectively; and CLint, 51.20 and 48.02 μL/min/mg microsomes respectively. No significant kinetic differences were observed between the two isomers. These results indicated that the primary metabolic pathway for both flucetosulfuron isomers in human liver microsomes involves hydrolysis, catalyzed by carboxylesterase and cholinesterase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Sang Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyeon Liu
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University , Daegu 702-701, South Korea
| | - Joon-Kwan Moon
- Department of Plant Life and Environmental Sciences, Hankyong National University , Ansung 456-749, South Korea
| | - Beom Jun Ko
- Busan Branch of Forensic Chemistry Laboratory, Supreme Prosecutors' Office , Busan 611-743, South Korea
| | - Hoon Choi
- Ministry of Food and Drug Safety , Cheongwon 363-951, South Korea
| | - Kook-Sang Hwang
- Specialty Chemicals Division, LG Life Sciences Ltd. , Ulsan 689-896, South Korea
| | - Eunhye Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Han Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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Oropesa AL, Pérez-López M, Soler F. Characterization of plasma cholinesterase in rabbit and evaluation of the inhibitory potential of diazinon. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 100:39-43. [PMID: 24433789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Several studies indicate that more than one cholinesterase form may be present in the blood of mammals. In this study the predominant plasma cholinesterase activity, the physiological cholinesterase activity as well as cholinesterase sex-dependent changes in non-exposed individuals of rabbit have been established. Plasma cholinesterase was characterized using three substrates (acetylthiocholine iodide, propionylthiocholine iodide, and S-butyrylthiocholine iodide) and three cholinesterase inhibitors (eserine sulfate, BW284C51 and iso-OMPA). The results indicated that propionylthiocholine was the preferred substrate by plasma cholinesterase followed by acetylthiocholine and butyrylthiocholine, and the predominant enzymatic activity was acetylcholinesterase. Physiological plasma cholinesterase activity was 198.9 ± 5.8 nmol/min/ml for male and 205.2 ± 5.0 nmol/min/ml for female using acetylthiocholine as substrate. Thus, sex had no significant effect on the physiological cholinesterase activity (p>0.05). In addition, the in vivo and in vitro sensitivity of plasma cholinesterase to diazinon was also investigated. In rabbits exposed to single doses of diazinon (25 or 125 mg/kg) the higher inhibitions of plasma cholinesterase were reached 9h after oral administration (53% and 87% inhibition, respectively). Cholinesterase activity significantly recovered up to values similar to pre-administration between 3 and 7d depending on the administered dose and sex of the animals. Plasma cholinesterase activity decreased to 24%, 53% and 74% of the initial activity at 9h of in vitro exposure to 1.25, 3.13 and 6.25mg/l of diazinon, respectively, and it remained steadily depressed throughout the experimental period (10d). This study has demonstrated the sensitivity of cholinesterase activity in plasma of rabbits following both in vivo and in vitro exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of diazinon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lourdes Oropesa
- Toxicology Area, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avda. de la Universidad, s/n, P.O. Box 643, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Marcos Pérez-López
- Toxicology Area, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avda. de la Universidad, s/n, P.O. Box 643, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Francisco Soler
- Toxicology Area, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avda. de la Universidad, s/n, P.O. Box 643, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
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Abass K, Reponen P, Mattila S, Rautio A, Pelkonen O. Comparative metabolism of benfuracarb in in vitro mammalian hepatic microsomes model and its implications for chemical risk assessment. Toxicol Lett 2014; 224:290-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Neale PA, Escher BI. Coextracted dissolved organic carbon has a suppressive effect on the acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2013; 32:1526-1534. [PMID: 23424099 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition assay is frequently applied to detect organophosphates and carbamate pesticides in different water types, including dissolved organic carbon (DOC)-rich wastewater and surface water. The aim of the present study was to quantify the effect of coextracted DOC from different water samples on the commonly used enzyme-based AChE inhibition assay. Approximately 40% to 70% of DOC is typically recovered by solid-phase extraction, and this comprises not only organic micropollutants but also natural organic matter. The inhibition of the water extracts in the assay differed greatly from the expected mixture effects based on chemical analysis of organophosphates and carbamates. Binary mixture experiments with the known AChE inhibitor parathion and the water extracts showed reduced toxicity in comparison with predictions using the mixture models of concentration addition and independent action. In addition, the extracts and reference organic matter had a suppressive effect on a constant concentration of parathion. The present study thus indicated that concentrations of DOC as low as 2 mg carbon/L can impair the AChE inhibition assay and, consequently, that only samples with a final DOC concentration of less than 2 mgC /L are suitable for this assay. To check for potential suppression in environmental samples, standard addition experiments using an AChE-inhibiting reference compound are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peta A Neale
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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