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Rice H, Mann TM, Armstrong SJ, Price ME, Green AC, Tattersall JE. The potential role of bioscavenger in the medical management of nerve-agent poisoned casualties. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:175-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Perkins MW, Wong B, Rodriguez A, Devorak JL, Dao TT, Leuschner JA, Kan RK, Sciuto AM. Vapor inhalation exposure to soman in conscious untreated rats: preliminary assessment of neurotoxicity. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 28:14-21. [PMID: 26711353 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1125973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurological toxicity and brain injury following vapor inhalation exposure to the chemical warfare nerve agent (CWNA) soman (GD) were examined in untreated non-anesthetized rats. In this study, male Sprague-Dawley rats (300-350 g) were exposed to 600 mg × min/m(3) of soman or vehicle in a customized head-out inhalation system for 7 min. Convulsant animals were observed for clinical signs and various regions of the brain (dorsolateral thalamus, basolateral amygdala, piriform cortex, and lateral cortex) were collected for pathological observations 24 h post-exposure. Signs of CWNA-induced cholinergic crises including salivation, lacrimation, increased urination and defecation, and tremors were observed in all soman-exposed animals. Soman-exposed animals at 24 h post-exposure lost 11% of their body weight in comparison to 2% in vehicle-exposed animals. Whole blood acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was significantly inhibited in all soman-exposed groups in comparison to controls. Brain injury was confirmed by the neurological assessment of hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining and microscopy in the piriform cortex, dorsolateral thalamus, basolateral amygdala, and lateral cortex. Severe damage including prominent lesions, edematous, congested, and/or hemorrhagic tissues was observed in the piriform cortex, dorsolateral thalamus, and lateral cortex in soman-exposed animals 24 h post-exposure, while only minimal damage was observed in the basolateral amygdala. These results indicate that inhalation exposure to soman vapor causes neurological toxicity and brain injury in untreated unanesthetized rats. This study demonstrates the ability of the described soman vapor inhalation exposure model to cause neurological damage 24 h post-exposure in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Perkins
- a Analytical Toxicology Branch, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense , Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD , USA
| | - Benjamin Wong
- a Analytical Toxicology Branch, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense , Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD , USA
| | - Ashley Rodriguez
- a Analytical Toxicology Branch, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense , Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD , USA
| | - Jennifer L Devorak
- a Analytical Toxicology Branch, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense , Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD , USA
| | - Thuy T Dao
- a Analytical Toxicology Branch, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense , Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD , USA
| | - Jessica A Leuschner
- a Analytical Toxicology Branch, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense , Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD , USA
| | - Robert K Kan
- a Analytical Toxicology Branch, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense , Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD , USA
| | - Alfred M Sciuto
- a Analytical Toxicology Branch, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense , Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD , USA
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Perkins MW, Wong B, Rodriguez A, Devorak J, Sciuto AM. Measurement of various respiratory dynamics parameters following acute inhalational exposure to soman vapor in conscious rats. Inhal Toxicol 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1068890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Inhalation toxicity of soman vapor in non-anesthetized rats: A preliminary assessment of inhaled bronchodilator or steroid therapy. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 206:452-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Perkins MW, Pierre Z, Sabnekar P, Sciuto AM, Song J, Soojhawon I, Oguntayo S, Doctor BP, Nambiar MP. Aerosolized delivery of oxime MMB-4 in combination with atropine sulfate protects against soman exposure in guinea pigs. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 24:539-49. [PMID: 22860999 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.691912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the efficacy of aerosolized acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivator oxime MMB-4 in combination with the anticholinergic atropine sulfate for protection against respiratory toxicity and lung injury following microinstillation inhalation exposure to nerve agent soman (GD) in guinea pigs. Anesthetized animals were exposed to GD (841 mg/m(3), 1.2 LCt(50)) and treated with endotracheally aerosolized MMB-4 (50 µmol/kg) plus atropine sulfate (0.25 mg/kg) at 30 sec post-exposure. Treatment with MMB-4 plus atropine increased survival to 100% compared to 38% in animals exposed to GD. Decreases in the pulse rate and blood O(2) saturation following exposure to GD returned to normal levels in the treatment group. The body-weight loss and lung edema was significantly reduced in the treatment group. Similarly, bronchoalveolar cell death was significantly reduced in the treatment group while GD-induced increase in total cell count was decreased consistently but was not significant. GD-induced increase in bronchoalveolar protein was diminished after treatment with MMB-4 plus atropine. Bronchoalveolar lavage AChE and BChE activity were significantly increased in animals treated with MMB-4 plus atropine at 24 h. Lung and diaphragm tissue also showed a significant increase in AChE activity in the treatment group. Treatment with MMB-4 plus atropine sulfate normalized various respiratory dynamics parameters including respiratory frequency, tidal volume, peak inspiratory and expiratory flow, time of inspiration and expiration, enhanced pause and pause post-exposure to GD. Collectively, these results suggest that aerosolization of MMB-4 plus atropine increased survival, decreased respiratory toxicity and lung injury following GD inhalation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Perkins
- Medical/Analytical Toxicology, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Mumford H, Troyer JK. Post-exposure therapy with recombinant human BuChE following percutaneous VX challenge in guinea-pigs. Toxicol Lett 2011; 206:29-34. [PMID: 21620937 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.05.1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Poisoning by nerve agents via the percutaneous (p.c.) route is an issue because the slow absorption of agent could result in poisoning which outlasts the protection provided by conventional pharmacological therapy. The bioscavenger approach is based on the concept of binding nerve agent in the bloodstream, thus preventing nerve agent from reaching the target tissues and inhibiting acetylcholinesterase activity. One bioscavenger that has been extensively studied is human butyrylcholinesterase (huBuChE). Protexia® is a pegylated form of recombinant huBuChE. We used a guinea-pig model of p.c. nerve agent poisoning, using an implanted telemetry system to collect physiological data. Guinea-pigs were poisoned with the nerve agent VX (0.74 mg/kg) (∼2.5 × LD₅₀). Two hours following VX exposure, Protexia (72 mg/kg) or saline control was administered intramuscularly. All guinea-pigs treated with Protexia (n=8) survived, compared to no survivors in a saline-treated control group (n=8). Survival following VX and Protexia treatment was associated with minimal incapacitation and observable signs of poisoning, and the mitigation or prevention of the detrimental physiological changes (e.g. seizure, bradycardia and hypothermia) observed in control animals. The opportunity for post-exposure treatment may have utility in both civilian and military scenarios, and this is a promising indication for the use of a bioscavenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Mumford
- Physiology, Pharmacology and Behaviour Team, Biomedical Sciences Department, Building 4, Dstl Porton Down, Salisbury SP40JQ, UK.
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Perkins MW, Pierre Z, Rezk P, Song J, Oguntayo S, Sciuto AM, Doctor BP, Nambiar MP. Acute Changes in Pulmonary Function Following Microinstillation Inhalation Exposure to Soman in Nonatropenized Guinea Pigs. Int J Toxicol 2011; 30:348-57. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581810397960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Barometric whole-body plethysmography (WBP) was used to examine pulmonary functions at 4 and 24 hours postexposure to soman (GD) in guinea pigs without therapeutics to improve survival. Endotracheal aerosolization by microinstillation was used to administer GD (280, 561, and 841 mg/m3) or saline to anesthetized guinea pigs. Significant increases in respiratory frequency (RF), tidal volume (TV), and minute volume (MV) were observed with 841 mg/m3 GD at 4 hours and that were reduced at 24 hours postexposure. A dose-dependent increase in peak inspiration flow and peak expiration flow was present at 4-hour post-GD exposure that was reduced at 24 hours. Time of inspiration and expiration were decreased in all doses of GD exposure at 4 and 24 hours, with significant inhibition at 841 mg/m3. End-expiratory pause (EEP) increased at 280 and 561 mg/m3, but decreased in animals exposed 841 mg/m3 at 24 hours postexposure. Pseudo-lung resistance (Penh) and pause followed similar patterns and increased at 4 hours, but decreased at 24 hours postexposure to 841 mg/m3 of GD compared to control. These studies indicate GD exposure induces dose-dependent changes in pulmonary function that are significant at 841 mg/m3 at 4 hours and remains 24 hours postexposure. Furthermore, at 4 hours, GD induces bronchoconstriction possibly due to copious airway secretion and ongoing lung injury in addition to cholinergic effects, while at 24 hours GD induces bronchodilation a possible consequence of initial compensatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Perkins
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Zdenka Pierre
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Peter Rezk
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Jian Song
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Samuel Oguntayo
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Alfred M. Sciuto
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | | | - Madhusoodana P. Nambiar
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Perkins MW, Pierre Z, Rezk P, Song J, Marshall S, Oguntayo S, Morthole V, Sciuto AM, Doctor BP, Nambiar MP. Endotracheal aerosolization of atropine sulfate protects against soman-induced acute respiratory toxicity in guinea pigs. Inhal Toxicol 2011; 23:182-95. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2011.554458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abbara C, Rousseau JM, Lelièvre B, Turcant A, Lallement G, Ferec S, Bardot I, Diquet B. Pharmacokinetic analysis of pralidoxime after its intramuscular injection alone or in combination with atropine-avizafone in healthy volunteers. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 161:1857-67. [PMID: 20804498 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Treatment of organophosphate poisoning with pralidoxime needs to be improved. Here we have studied the pharmacokinetics of pralidoxime after its intramuscular injection alone or in combination with avizafone and atropine using an auto-injector device. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The study was conducted in an open, randomized, single-dose, two-way, cross-over design. At each period, each subject received either intramuscular injections of pralidoxime (700 mg), or two injections of the combination: pralidoxime (350 mg), atropine (2 mg), avizafone (20 mg). Pralidoxime concentrations were quantified using a validated LC/MS-MS method. Two approaches were used to analyse these data: (i) a non-compartmental approach; and (ii) a compartmental modelling approach. KEY RESULTS The injection of pralidoxime combination with atropine and avizafone provided a higher pralidoxime maximal concentration than that obtained after the injection of pralidoxime alone (out of bioequivalence range), while pralidoxime AUC values were equivalent. Pralidoxime concentrations reached their maximal value earlier after the injection of the combination. According to Akaike and to goodness of fit criteria, the best model describing the pharmacokinetics of pralidoxime was a two-compartment with a zero-order absorption model. When avizafone and atropine were injected with pralidoxime, the best model describing pralidoxime pharmacokinetics becomes a two-compartment with a first-order absorption model. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The two approaches, non-compartmental and compartmental, showed that the administration of avizafone and atropine with pralidoxime results in a faster absorption into the general circulation and higher maximal concentrations, compared with the administration of pralidoxime alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Abbara
- Université d'Angers, UFR médecine, Angers cedex, F-49045, France.
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Prediction of soman-induced cerebral damage by distortion product otoacoustic emissions. Toxicology 2010; 277:38-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Acute respiratory toxicity following inhalation exposure to soman in guinea pigs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 245:171-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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McDonough JH, McMonagle JD, Shih TM. Time-dependent reduction in the anticonvulsant effectiveness of diazepam against soman-induced seizures in guinea pigs. Drug Chem Toxicol 2010; 33:279-83. [DOI: 10.3109/01480540903483417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Conti ML, Che MM, Boylan M, Sciuto AM, Gordon RK, Nambiar MP. Acute microinstillation inhalation exposure to sarin induces changes in respiratory dynamics and functions in guinea pigs. Int J Toxicol 2010; 28:436-47. [PMID: 19815847 DOI: 10.1177/1091581809344879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the toxic effects of sarin on respiratory dynamics following microinstillation inhalation exposure in guinea pigs. Animals are exposed to sarin for 4 minutes, and respiratory functions are monitored at 4 hours and 24 hours by whole-body barometric plethysmography. Data show significant changes in respiratory dynamics and function following sarin exposure. An increase in respiratory frequency is observed at 4 hours post exposure compared with saline controls. Tidal volume and minute volume are also increased in sarin-exposed animals 4 hours after exposure. Peak inspiratory flow increases, whereas peak expiratory flow increases at 4 hours and is erratic following sarin exposure. Animals exposed to sarin show a significant decrease in expiratory time and inspiratory time. End-inspiratory pause is unchanged whereas end-expiratory pause is slightly decreased 24 hours after sarin exposure. These results indicate that inhalation exposure to sarin alters respiratory dynamics and function at 4 hours, with return to normal levels at 24 hours post exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele L Conti
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Edgewood, MD, USA
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Kuca K, RC G, Musilek K, Jun D, Pohanka M. In vitro identification of novel acetylcholinesterase reactivators. TOXIN REV 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/15569540903246144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abbara C, Rousseau JM, Turcant A, Lallement G, Comets E, Bardot I, Clair P, Diquet B. Bioavailability of diazepam after intramuscular injection of its water-soluble prodrug alone or with atropine-pralidoxime in healthy volunteers. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:1390-7. [PMID: 19681868 PMCID: PMC2765321 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00330.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The aim of this study was to assess the relative bioavailability of diazepam after administration of diazepam itself or as a water-soluble prodrug, avizafone, in humans. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The study was conducted in an open, randomized, single-dose, three-way, cross-over design. Each subject received intramuscular injections of avizafone (20 mg), diazepam (11.3 mg) or avizafone (20 mg) combined with atropine (2 mg) and pralidoxime (350 mg) using a bi-compartmental auto-injector (AIBC). Plasma concentrations of diazepam were quantified using a validated LC/MS-MS assay, and were analysed by both a non-compartmental approach and by compartmental modelling. KEY RESULTS The maximum concentration (C(max)) of diazepam after avizafone injection was higher than that obtained after injection of diazepam itself (231 vs. 148 ng.mL(-1)), while area under the curve (AUC) values were equal. Diazepam concentrations reached their maximal value faster after injection of avizafone. Injection of avizafone with atropine-pralidoxime (AIBC) had no effect on diazepam C(max) and AUC, but the time to C(max) was increased, relative to avizafone injected alone. According to the Akaike criterion, the pharmacokinetics of diazepam after injection as a prodrug was best described as a two-compartment with zero-order absorption model. When atropine and pralidoxime were injected with avizafone, the best pharmacokinetic model was a two-compartment with a first-order absorption model. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Diazepam had a faster entry to the general circulation and achieved higher C(max) after injection of prodrug than after the parent drug. Administration of avizafone in combination with atropine and pralidoxime by AIBC had no significant effect on diazepam AUC and C(max).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Abbara
- Université d'Angers, UFR Médecine, Angers Cedex, France.
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Raszewski G, Filip R. Correlation of Therapeutic Effect of Obidoxime and Dosing Time in the Acute Intoxication by Chlorfenvinphos in Rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2009; 105:37-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00398.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Katos AM, Conti M, Moran TS, Chon TW, Gordon RK, Sciuto AM, Doctor BP, Nambiar MP. Acute microinstillation inhalation exposure to soman induces changes in respiratory dynamics and functions in guinea pigs. Inhal Toxicol 2009; 21:1-10. [DOI: 10.1080/08958370802331217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Nambiar MP, Gordon RK, Rezk PE, Katos AM, Wajda NA, Moran TS, Steele KE, Doctor BP, Sciuto AM. Medical countermeasure against respiratory toxicity and acute lung injury following inhalation exposure to chemical warfare nerve agent VX. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 219:142-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Revised: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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