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Kenny L, Brown L, Ortea P, Tuytten R, Kell D. Relationship between the concentration of ergothioneine in plasma and the likelihood of developing pre-eclampsia. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:BSR20230160. [PMID: 37278746 PMCID: PMC10326187 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20230160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ergothioneine, an antioxidant nutraceutical mainly at present derived from the dietary intake of mushrooms, has been suggested as a preventive for pre-eclampsia (PE). We analysed early pregnancy samples from a cohort of 432 first time mothers as part of the Screening for Endpoints in Pregnancy (SCOPE, European branch) project to determine the concentration of ergothioneine in their plasma. There was a weak association between the ergothioneine levels and maternal age but none for BMI. Of these 432 women, 97 went on to develop pre-term (23) or term (74) PE. If a threshold was set at the 90th percentile of the reference range in the control population (≥462 ng/ml), only one of these 97 women (1%) developed PE, versus 96/397 (24.2%) whose ergothioneine level was below this threshold. One possible interpretation of these findings, consistent with previous experiments in a reduced uterine perfusion model in rats, is that ergothioneine may indeed prove protective against PE in humans. An intervention study of some kind now seems warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C. Kenny
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, U.K
| | | | | | | | | | - Douglas B. Kell
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool L69 7BX, U.K
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 200, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
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2
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Wang Z, Ma J, Miao Z, Sun Y, Dong M, Lin Y, Wu Y, Sun Z. Ergothioneine inhibits the progression of osteoarthritis via the Sirt6/NF-κB axis both in vitro and in vivo. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110211. [PMID: 37156032 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), which is a major cause of serious arthralgia and disability among the elderly, has long plagued numerous populations. However, the specific molecular mechanisms involved in the etiology of OA are unclear. SIRT6 plays a critical function in the development of several inflammatory and aging-associated diseases. A study by D'Onofrio demonstrates that ergothioneine (EGT) is an effective activator of SIRT6. As revealed by previous reports, EGT exerts beneficial effects on the mouse body, including resistance to oxidation, tumor, and inflammation. Therefore, this work attempted to identify the inflammatory resistance of EGT and explore its effects on the incidence and development of OA. Mouse chondrocyte stimulation using varying levels of EGT and 10 ng/mL IL-1β. According to in vitro experiments, EGT significantly reduced the decomposition of collagen II and aggrecan in OA chondrocytes, as well as inhibited the overexpression of PGE2, NO, IL-6, TNF-α, iNOs, COX-2, MMP-13, and ADAMTS5. In the present work, EGT hindered the NF-κB activity by activating the SIRT6 pathway in OA chondrocytes, which in turn, significantly attenuated the inflammatory response resulting from IL to 1β. The inhibitory effect of EGT on the progression of OA was demonstrated by the mouse DMM model experiment. Thus, this study revealed that EGT was effective in anti-OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiawei Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhimin Miao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mingwei Dong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yaosen Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zeming Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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3
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Kitsanayanyong L, Ohshima T. Ergothioneine: a potential antioxidative and anti-melanosis agent for food quality preservation. FEBS Lett 2021; 596:1330-1347. [PMID: 34951485 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The global population increase has increased the demand for food products. However, post-harvest deterioration due to oxidation and discoloration results in a drastic loss of food quality and supply. Thus, research has focused on developing strategies to minimize such losses. One of those strategies includes the application of ergothioneine (ET), a potent hydrophilic antioxidant, to several food products so as to overcome their short shelf-life. ET can be synthetic or derived from several species of edible mushrooms and their extracts, which are known sources of natural ET. Given the reported potential of ET in food quality preservation, this review compiles the recent applications of ET as a preservative for maintaining the quality of food commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalitphan Kitsanayanyong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
| | - Toshiaki Ohshima
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
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4
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Han Y, Tang X, Zhang Y, Hu X, Ren LJ. The current status of biotechnological production and the application of a novel antioxidant ergothioneine. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:580-593. [PMID: 33550854 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1869692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ergothioneine is a sulfur-containing histidine derivative, that possessesexcellent antioxidant activity and has been used in the food and cosmetics industries. It plays a significant role in anti-aging and the prevention of various diseases. This review will briefly introduce the functions and applications of ergothioneine, elaborate the biosynthetic pathways of ergothioneine and describe several strategies to increase the production of ergothioneine. Then the efficient extraction and detection methods of ergothioneine will be presented. Finally, several proposals are put forward to increase the yield of ergothioneine, and the development prospects of ergothioneine will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Han
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuyang Tang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuechao Hu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu TianKai Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Jing Ren
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Borodina I, Kenny LC, McCarthy CM, Paramasivan K, Pretorius E, Roberts TJ, van der Hoek SA, Kell DB. The biology of ergothioneine, an antioxidant nutraceutical. Nutr Res Rev 2020; 33:190-217. [PMID: 32051057 PMCID: PMC7653990 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422419000301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ergothioneine (ERG) is an unusual thio-histidine betaine amino acid that has potent antioxidant activities. It is synthesised by a variety of microbes, especially fungi (including in mushroom fruiting bodies) and actinobacteria, but is not synthesised by plants and animals who acquire it via the soil and their diet, respectively. Animals have evolved a highly selective transporter for it, known as solute carrier family 22, member 4 (SLC22A4) in humans, signifying its importance, and ERG may even have the status of a vitamin. ERG accumulates differentially in various tissues, according to their expression of SLC22A4, favouring those such as erythrocytes that may be subject to oxidative stress. Mushroom or ERG consumption seems to provide significant prevention against oxidative stress in a large variety of systems. ERG seems to have strong cytoprotective status, and its concentration is lowered in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases. It has been passed as safe by regulatory agencies, and may have value as a nutraceutical and antioxidant more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Borodina
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Louise C. Kenny
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, LiverpoolL8 7SS, UK
| | - Cathal M. McCarthy
- Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT), Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Republic of Ireland
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - Kalaivani Paramasivan
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Timothy J. Roberts
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, LiverpoolL69 7ZB, UK
| | - Steven A. van der Hoek
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, LiverpoolL69 7ZB, UK
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6
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Cheah IK, Halliwell B. Could Ergothioneine Aid in the Treatment of Coronavirus Patients? Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E595. [PMID: 32646061 PMCID: PMC7402156 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with SARS-CoV-2 causes the coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19), a pandemic that has, at present, infected more than 11 million people globally. Some COVID-19 patients develop a severe and critical illness, spurred on by excessive inflammation that can lead to respiratory or multiorgan failure. Numerous studies have established the unique array of cytoprotective properties of the dietary amino acid ergothioneine. Based on studies in a range of in vitro and in vivo models, ergothioneine has exhibited the ability to modulate inflammation, scavenge free radicals, protect against acute respiratory distress syndrome, prevent endothelial dysfunction, protect against ischemia and reperfusion injury, protect against neuronal damage, counteract iron dysregulation, hinder lung and liver fibrosis, and mitigate damage to the lungs, kidneys, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and testis, amongst many others. When compiled, this evidence suggests that ergothioneine has a potential application in the treatment of the underlying pathology of COVID-19. We propose that ergothioneine could be used as a therapeutic to reduce the severity and mortality of COVID-19, especially in the elderly and those with underlying health conditions. This review presents evidence to support that proposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irwin K. Cheah
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore;
- Life Science Institute, Neurobiology Programme, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore;
- Life Science Institute, Neurobiology Programme, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
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Zalachoras I, Hollis F, Ramos-Fernández E, Trovo L, Sonnay S, Geiser E, Preitner N, Steiner P, Sandi C, Morató L. Therapeutic potential of glutathione-enhancers in stress-related psychopathologies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 114:134-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Yoshida S, Shime H, Matsumoto M, Kasahara M, Seya T. Anti-oxidative Amino Acid L-ergothioneine Modulates the Tumor Microenvironment to Facilitate Adjuvant Vaccine Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:671. [PMID: 31019508 PMCID: PMC6458301 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines consist of a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) and adjuvant. These vaccines induce and activate proliferation of TAA-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), suppressing tumor growth. The therapeutic efficacy of TAA-specific CTLs depends on the properties of tumor microenvironment. The environments make immunosuppressive by function of regulatory T cells and tumor-associated myeloid cells; thus, regulation of these cells is important for successful cancer immunotherapy. We report here that L-ergothioneine (EGT) with the adjuvant Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) ligand modulated suppressive microenvironments to be immune-enhancing. EGT did not augment DC-mediated CTL priming or affect CTL activation in draining lymph node and spleen. However, EGT decreased the immuno-suppressive function of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). TLR2 stimulation accompanied with EGT administration downregulated expression of PD-L1, CSF-1R, arginase-1, FAS ligand, and TRAIL in TAMs, reflecting reduction of CTL suppression. An anti-oxidative thiol-thione residue of EGT was essential to dampening CTL suppression. The effect was specific to the thiol-thione residue of EGT because no effect was observed with another anti-oxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). A CTL-suppressive environment made by TLR2 is relieved to be improved by the addition of EGT, which may ameliorate the efficacy of vaccine immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumito Yoshida
- Department of Vaccine Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Pathology I, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shime
- Department of Vaccine Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Misako Matsumoto
- Department of Vaccine Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masanori Kasahara
- Department of Pathology I, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Seya
- Department of Vaccine Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aomori University, Aomori, Japan
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9
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Development of an LC⁻Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Quantitative Analysis of Hercynine in Human Whole Blood. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123326. [PMID: 30558219 PMCID: PMC6321398 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that the peculiar redox behavior of ergothioneine involves a rapid regeneration process, the measurement of its precursor and redox metabolite hercynine could be particularly useful in assessing its role in oxidative stress or other biological processes. Thus, a LC-MS/MS method for the determination of hercynine concentrations in whole blood was developed. After lysis of red blood cells by cold water, samples were filtered on micro concentrators at a controlled temperature of 4 °C. The clear filtered fluid was then treated with diethylpyrocarbonate to derivatize hercynine for the analysis by LC-MS/MS. The derivatized analyte was isocratically separated as a carbethoxy derivative on a C18 column with a mobile phase of an aqueous 0.1% v/v formic acid and acetonitrile (95:5). Effluents were monitored by MRM transitions at m/z 270.28→95 and 273.21→95 for hercynine and its deuterated counterpart, respectively. No cross-talk between MRM transitions was observed and a good linearity was found within a range of 35–1120 nmol/L. The LOD and LOQ were, respectively, 10.30 and 31.21 nmol/L with an intraday and intermediate precision below 7%. The average hercynine concentration in whole blood from 30 healthy male volunteers (aged 77 ± 12 years) was 178.5 ± 118.1 nmol/L. Overall, the method is easy to perform, allowing a rapid and accurate assessment of whole blood concentrations of hercynine.
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Cheah IK, Tang RMY, Yew TSZ, Lim KHC, Halliwell B. Administration of Pure Ergothioneine to Healthy Human Subjects: Uptake, Metabolism, and Effects on Biomarkers of Oxidative Damage and Inflammation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:193-206. [PMID: 27488221 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM We investigated the uptake and pharmacokinetics of l-ergothioneine (ET), a dietary thione with free radical scavenging and cytoprotective capabilities, after oral administration to humans, and its effect on biomarkers of oxidative damage and inflammation. RESULTS After oral administration, ET is avidly absorbed and retained by the body with significant elevations in plasma and whole blood concentrations, and relatively low urinary excretion (<4% of administered ET). ET levels in whole blood were highly correlated to levels of hercynine and S-methyl-ergothioneine, suggesting that they may be metabolites. After ET administration, some decreasing trends were seen in biomarkers of oxidative damage and inflammation, including allantoin (urate oxidation), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (DNA damage), 8-iso-PGF2α (lipid peroxidation), protein carbonylation, and C-reactive protein. However, most of the changes were non-significant. INNOVATION This is the first study investigating the administration of pure ET to healthy human volunteers and monitoring its uptake and pharmacokinetics. This compound is rapidly gaining attention due to its unique properties, and this study lays the foundation for future human studies. CONCLUSION The uptake and retention of ET by the body suggests an important physiological function. The decreasing trend of oxidative damage biomarkers is consistent with animal studies suggesting that ET may function as a major antioxidant but perhaps only under conditions of oxidative stress. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 193-206.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irwin K Cheah
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore .,3 Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Richard M Y Tang
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore .,3 Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Terry S Z Yew
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore .,3 Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Keith H C Lim
- 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, National University Cancer Institute Singapore, National University Hospital , Singapore
| | - Barry Halliwell
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore .,3 Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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11
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Turck D, Bresson J, Burlingame B, Dean T, Fairweather‐Tait S, Heinonen M, Hirsch‐Ernst KI, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Neuhäuser‐Berthold M, Nowicka G, Pentieva K, Sanz Y, Siani A, Sjödin A, Stern M, Tomé D, Vinceti M, Willatts P, Engel K, Marchelli R, Pöting A, Poulsen M, Schlatter J, Ackerl R, van Loveren H. Safety of synthetic l‐ergothioneine (Ergoneine®) as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 258/97. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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12
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Marone PA, Trampota J, Weisman S. A Safety Evaluation of a Nature-Identical l-Ergothioneine in Sprague Dawley Rats. Int J Toxicol 2016; 35:568-83. [PMID: 27306320 DOI: 10.1177/1091581816653375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
l-(+) Ergothioneine is a naturally occurring thiol amino acid with antioxidant properties and potential benefits as a dietary supplement. Despite its century-old identification and wide distribution in human food, little is known of its mechanism of action and safety. The nature-identical biomimetic of l-(+) ergothioneine, produced by Mironova Labs and supplied as Mironova (EGT+), has been investigated in the present studies for its mutagenic and toxicologic potential. In a plate incorporation and preincubation assay with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, 100, 1,535, and 1,537 and Escherichia coli WP2uvrA strain, at dose concentrations of 1.58, 5, 15.8, 50, 158, 500, 1,580, and 5,000 μg/plate with and without metabolic activation, no cytotoxicity or mutagenicity was observed. Following a preliminary 28-day study, a repeated dose 90-day gavage study at dose levels of 0, 400, 800, and 1,600 mg/kg body weight (bw)/d in Sprague Dawley rats, in which dose-proportional systemic absorption was confirmed by plasma analysis, no adverse clinical, body weight/gain, food consumption and efficiency, clinical pathology, or histopathological changes associated with the administration of the nature-identical ergothioneine were observed. In conclusion, EGT+ administered over 90 days was well tolerated with a no adverse effect level at 1,600 mg/kg bw/d, the highest dose tested for male and female rats. In addition, the nature-identical test substance, EGT+ was not mutagenic in a bacterial reverse mutation assay at plate concentrations of up to 5,000 μg/mL in the presence or absence of metabolic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palma Ann Marone
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Richmond, VA, USA
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13
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Simultaneous determination of the main amino thiol and thione in human whole blood by CE and LC. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:945-51. [PMID: 27067265 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2015-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two precolumn fluorescence derivatization procedures by two different sulfhydryl-reactive iodoacetyl reagents were established to measure simultaneously glutathione and l-ergothioneine in human whole blood by means of CE and LC. MATERIALS & METHODS Separations were achieved in <5 min on a reverse-phase column (100 mm × 4.6 mm Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 3.5 µm) for LC analysis, and on an uncoated fused-silica capillary (60 cm × 50 µm) for CE analysis, monitoring the fluorescence of derivatives. RESULTS Performance of the assays was good in terms of linearity, recovery, intra- and inter-day precision and LOD and LOQ. CONCLUSION This novel approach allows rapid assessment of circulating glutathione and l-ergothioneine concentrations for clinical and research purposes.
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14
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Halliwell B, Cheah IK, Drum CL. Ergothioneine, an adaptive antioxidant for the protection of injured tissues? A hypothesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 470:245-250. [PMID: 26772879 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.12.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ergothioneine (ET) is a diet-derived, thiolated derivative of histidine with antioxidant properties. Although ET is produced only by certain fungi and bacteria, it can be found at high concentrations in certain human and animal tissues and is absorbed through a specific, high affinity transporter (OCTN1). In liver, heart, joint and intestinal injury, elevated ET concentrations have been observed in injured tissues. The physiological role of ET remains unclear. We thus review current literature to generate a specific hypothesis: that the accumulation of ET in vivo is an adaptive mechanism, involving the regulated uptake and concentration of an exogenous natural compound to minimize oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Irwin K Cheah
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chester L Drum
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Level 5, 138648, Singapore
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15
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Amniotic fluid l-ergothioneine concentrations in pregnant sheep after natural mating and transfer of vitrified/thawed in-vitro produced embryos. Res Vet Sci 2015; 102:238-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Reproductive safety evaluation of L-Ergothioneine. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 80:85-91. [PMID: 25736892 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
L-Ergothioneine is a naturally occurring histidine-derived betaine (CAS No: 497-30-3) synthesized by bacteria and fungi, and found ubiquitously in plants and animals. It is present in many human foodstuffs. We evaluated the potential reproductive toxicity of L-Ergothioneine in Sprague-Dawley rats. L-Ergothioneine was administered at concentrations of 0.1, 0.3 or 0.9% in diet to F0 males (for 10 weeks before pairing and 3 weeks during pairing) and F0 females (for 13 weeks before pairing, during pairing and gestation, and until day 5 of lactation). Systemic exposure increased with dose-level, but not dose proportionally, suggesting saturation of uptake mechanisms. No clinical signs of toxicity were observed and there were no effects of L-Ergothioneine treatment on mating and reproductive performance or parameters of fertility. All animals mated within a similar number of days and pregnancy rates were uniformly high in control and treated groups. There were no effects of treatment with L-Ergothioneine on the duration of gestation, pre- and post-implantation losses, number of pups delivered and viability index, or on litter parameters (litter size, clinical signs, body weight or sex ratio) and the repartition of found dead/cannibalized pups. In conclusion, L-Ergothioneine was well tolerated and without adverse effects on the reproductive parameters evaluated.
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Sotgia S, Zinellu A, Mangoni AA, Pintus G, Attia J, Carru C, McEvoy M. Clinical and biochemical correlates of serum L-ergothioneine concentrations in community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84918. [PMID: 24392160 PMCID: PMC3879362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the increasing interest towards the biological role of L-ergothioneine, little is known about the serum concentrations of this unusual aminothiol in older adults. We addressed this issue in a representative sample of community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults. Methods Body mass index, estimated glomerular filtration rate, serum concentrations of L-ergothioneine, taurine, homocysteine, cysteine, glutathione, cysteinylglycine, and glutamylcysteine were evaluated in 439 subjects (age 55–85 years) randomly selected from the Hunter Community Study. Results Median L-ergothioneine concentration in the entire cohort was 1.01 IQR 0.78–1.33 µmol/L. Concentrations were not affected by gender (P = 0.41) or by presence of chronic medical conditions (P = 0.15). By considering only healthy subjects, we defined a reference interval for L-ergothioneine serum concentrations from 0.36 (90% CI 0.31–0.44) to 3.08 (90% CI 2.45–3.76) µmol/L. Using stepwise multiple linear regression analysis L-ergothioneine was negatively correlated with age (rpartial = −0.15; P = 0.0018) and with glutamylcysteine concentrations (rpartial = −0.13; P = 0.0063). Conclusions A thorough analysis of serum L-ergothioneine concentrations was performed in a large group of community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults. Reference intervals were established. Age and glutamylcysteine were independently negatively associated with L-ergothioneine serum concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Sotgia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Angelo Zinellu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Arduino A. Mangoni
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - John Attia
- Level 3 Hunter Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Ciriaco Carru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Mark McEvoy
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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Repine JE, Elkins ND. Effect of ergothioneine on acute lung injury and inflammation in cytokine insufflated rats. Prev Med 2012; 54 Suppl:S79-82. [PMID: 22197759 PMCID: PMC3355229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), the most severe form of Acute Lung Injury (ALI), is a highly-fatal, diffuse non-cardiogenic edematous lung disorder. The pathogenesis of ARDS is unknown but lung inflammation and lung oxidative stress are likely contributing factors. Since no specific pharmacologic intervention exists for ARDS, our objective was to determine the effect of treatment with ergothioneine-a safe agent with multiple anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties on the development of lung injury and inflammation in rats insufflated with cytokines found in lung lavages of ARDS patients. METHOD Sprague-Dawley rats (3-10/group) were given 15 mg/kg or 150 mg/kg l-ergothioneine intravenously 1h before or 18 h after cytokine (IL-1 and IFNγ) insufflation. Lung injury (lavage LDH levels) and lung inflammation (lavage neutrophil numbers) were measured 24h after cytokine insufflation. RESULTS Ergothioneine pre- and post-treatment generally decreased lung injury and lung inflammation in cytokine insufflated rats. CONCLUSION Ergothioneine should be considered for additional testing as a potential therapy for treating and preventing ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. Repine
- Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado Denver V20, Mail Stop C322 12850 East Montview Blvd. Aurora, CO 80045 USA ,
| | - Nancy D. Elkins
- Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado Denver V20, Mail Stop C322 12850 East Montview Blvd. Aurora, CO 80045 USA ,
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Schauss AG, Béres E, Vértesi A, Frank Z, Pasics I, Endres J, Aruoma OI, Hirka G. The Effect of Ergothioneine on Clastogenic Potential and Mutagenic Activity. Int J Toxicol 2011; 30:405-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581811405856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
L-(+)-ergothioneine has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and in vivo and has uses as a dietary supplement and as an ingredient in foods, cosmetics, and as a pharmaceutical additive. The clastogenic potential and mutagenic of ergothioneine were assessed in vitro and in vivo. Ergothioneine concentrations up to 5000 μg/mL, with and without metabolic activation, was tested in the chromosome aberration assay with CHL cells and found not to induce structural chromosome aberrations. In the in vivo mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test, ergothioneine was administered orally to male mice at doses up to 1500 mg/kg for potential genotoxic activity. No increase in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes was observed. Overall, ergothioneine was not genotoxic in these studies and provides additional experimental evidence supporting the safety of its use as a potential dietary supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - John Endres
- Natural and Medicine Products Research, AIBMR Life Sciences, Puyallup, WA, USA
| | - Okezie I. Aruoma
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Touro College of Pharmacy, New York, NY, USA
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