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Henigman U, Mozetič P, Francé J, Knific T, Vadnjal S, Dolenc J, Kirbiš A, Biasizzo M. Okadaic acid as a major problem for the seafood safety (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and the dynamics of toxic phytoplankton in the Slovenian coastal sea (Gulf of Trieste, Adriatic Sea). HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 135:102632. [PMID: 38830710 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
This article presents the first results on shellfish toxicity in the Slovenian sea (Gulf of Trieste, Adriatic Sea) since the analytical methods for the detection of biotoxins (PSP, ASP, DSP and other lipophilic toxins) in bivalve molluscs were included in the national monitoring program in 2013. In addition to toxins, the composition and abundance of toxic phytoplankton and general environmental characteristics of the seawater (surface temperature and salinity) were also monitored. During the 2014-2019 study period, only lipophilic toxins were detected (78 positive tests out of 446 runs), of which okadaic acid (OA) predominated in 97 % of cases, while dinophysistoxin-2 and yessotoxins only gave a positive result in one sampling event each. The number of samples that did not comply with the EC Regulation for the OA group was 17 or 3.8 % of all tests performed, all of which took place from September to November, while a few positive OA tests were also recorded in December, April, and May. This toxicity pattern was consistent with the occurrence pattern of the five most common DSP-producing dinoflagellates, which was supported by the development of warm and thermohaline stratified waters: Dinophysis caudata, D. fortii, D. sacculus, D. tripos and Phalacroma rotundatum. The strong correlation (r = 0.611, p < 0.001) between D. fortii, reaching abundances of up to 950 cells L-1, and OA suggests that D. fortii is the main cause of OA production in Slovenian waters. Strong interannual variations in OA and phytoplankton dynamics, exacerbated by the effects of anthropogenic impacts in this coastal ecosystem, reduce the predictability of toxicity events and require continuous and efficient monitoring. Our results also show that the introduction of the LC-MS/MS method for lipophilic toxins has improved the management of aquaculture activities, which was not as accurate based on mouse bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urška Henigman
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, National Veterinary Institute, Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Gerbičeva 60, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Patricija Mozetič
- National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station Piran, Fornače 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia.
| | - Janja Francé
- National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station Piran, Fornače 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Knific
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, National Veterinary Institute, Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Gerbičeva 60, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stanka Vadnjal
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, National Veterinary Institute, Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Gerbičeva 60, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jožica Dolenc
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, National Veterinary Institute, Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Gerbičeva 60, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Kirbiš
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, National Veterinary Institute, Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Gerbičeva 60, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Majda Biasizzo
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, National Veterinary Institute, Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Gerbičeva 60, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Wang Y, Javeed A, Jian C, Zeng Q, Han B. Precautions for seafood consumers: An updated review of toxicity, bioaccumulation, and rapid detection methods of marine biotoxins. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 274:116201. [PMID: 38489901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Seafood products are globally consumed, and there is an increasing demand for the quality and safety of these products among consumers. Some seafoods are easily contaminated by marine biotoxins in natural environments or cultured farming processes. When humans ingest different toxins accumulated in seafood, they may exhibit different poisoning symptoms. According to the investigations, marine toxins produced by harmful algal blooms and various other marine organisms mainly accumulate in the body organs such as liver and digestive tract of seafood animals. Several regions around the world have reported incidents of seafood poisoning by biotoxins, posing a threat to human health. Thus, most countries have legislated to specify the permissible levels of these biotoxins in seafood. Therefore, it is necessary for seafood producers and suppliers to conduct necessary testing of toxins in seafood before and after harvesting to prohibit excessive toxins containing seafood from entering the market, which therefore can reduce the occurrence of seafood poisoning incidents. In recent years, some technologies which can quickly, conveniently, and sensitively detect biological toxins in seafood, have been developed and validated, these technologies have the potential to help seafood producers, suppliers and regulatory authorities. This article reviews the seafood toxins sources and types, mechanism of action and bioaccumulation of marine toxins, as well as legislation and rapid detection technologies for biotoxins in seafood for official and fishermen supervision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Antiallergic Functional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Ansar Javeed
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Antiallergic Functional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Cuiqin Jian
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Antiallergic Functional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Qiuyu Zeng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Antiallergic Functional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Bingnan Han
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Antiallergic Functional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China.
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Nieves MG, Díaz PA, Araya M, Salgado P, Rojas R, Quiroga E, Pizarro G, Álvarez G. Effects of the toxic dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum and its yessotoxins on the survival and feed ingestion of Argopecten purpuratus veliger larvae. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 199:116022. [PMID: 38211543 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.116022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The effects of yessotoxins (YTXs) produced by the dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum in the early stages of bivalves have not been studied in detail. The present study evaluates the effects of P. reticulatum and YTXs on the survival and feed ingestion of veliger larvae of Argopecten purpuratus. Larvae were 96 h-exposed to 500, 1000 and 2000 P. reticulatum cells mL-1, and their equivalent YTX extract was prepared in methanol. Results show a survival mean of 82 % at the highest density of dinoflagellate, and 38 % for larvae with the highest amount of YTX extract. Feed ingestion is reduced in the dinoflagellate exposure treatments as a function of cell density. Therefore, the effect of YTXs on A. purpuratus represents a new and important area of study for investigations into the deleterious effects of these toxins in the early stages of the life cycle of this and, potentially, other bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gabriela Nieves
- Programa de Doctorado en Acuicultura, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Patricio A Díaz
- Centro i∼mar & CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Michael Araya
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Pablo Salgado
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Enrique Abello 0552, Casilla 101, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Rojas
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1281, Chile
| | - Eduardo Quiroga
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Avenida Universidad 330, Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Gemita Pizarro
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Enrique Abello 0552, Casilla 101, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1281, Chile; Center for Ecology and Sustainable Management of Oceanic Islands (ESMOI), Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.
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Shartau RB, Turcotte LDM, Bradshaw JC, Ross ARS, Surridge BD, Nemcek N, Johnson SC. Dissolved Algal Toxins along the Southern Coast of British Columbia Canada. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:395. [PMID: 37368696 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15060395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) in coastal British Columbia (BC), Canada, negatively impact the salmon aquaculture industry. One disease of interest to salmon aquaculture is Net Pen Liver Disease (NPLD), which induces severe liver damage and is believed to be caused by the exposure to microcystins (MCs). To address the lack of information about algal toxins in BC marine environments and the risk they pose, this study investigated the presence of MCs and other toxins at aquaculture sites. Sampling was carried out using discrete water samples and Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) samplers from 2017-2019. All 283 SPATT samples and all 81 water samples tested positive for MCs. Testing for okadaic acid (OA) and domoic acid (DA) occurred in 66 and 43 samples, respectively, and all samples were positive for the toxin tested. Testing for dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1) (20 samples), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) (20 samples), and yessotoxin (YTX) (17 samples) revealed that all samples were positive for the tested toxins. This study revealed the presence of multiple co-occurring toxins in BC's coastal waters and the levels detected in this study were below the regulatory limits for health and recreational use. This study expands our limited knowledge of algal toxins in coastal BC and shows that further studies are needed to understand the risks they pose to marine fisheries and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan B Shartau
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799, USA
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Lenora D M Turcotte
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Julia C Bradshaw
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Andrew R S Ross
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada
| | | | - Nina Nemcek
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Stewart C Johnson
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
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Roselli L, Caroppo C, Bevilacqua S, Ciciriello PC, Ungaro N, Vadrucci MR. Harmful algae and pressure-impact relationship: Noxious blooms and toxic microalgae occurrence from coastal waters of the Apulia region (Adriatic and Ionian Seas, Mediterranean). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 183:105791. [PMID: 36399937 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The spatial distribution of harmful microalgal taxa along the coasts of the Apulia region (Mediterranean Sea) based on results of eight years (2012-2019) of routine monitoring program and a series of sporadic observations is presented. A total number of 69 potentially harmful taxa were found during the study period. Occurrence, abundance and richness of harmful taxa (toxic, potentially toxic and high biomass producers) varied along the Apulian coasts. The occurrence of harmful species was significantly higher where most of anthropogenic pressures overlap than only a few or no pressures existed. The physical alteration of coast is the most important pressure determining this pattern. Despite the variety and the abundances of the harmful microalgae, to our knowledge, no human health problems or risks have been ever recorded, nor were full-blown consequences on marine organisms such as fish kills during algal blooms. However, blooms coupled with water discoloration phenomena could become a big issue to tourism and recreational activities that have locally important socio-economic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonilde Roselli
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Research Infrastructure for Marine Biological Resources, Villa Comunale, 1, 80121, Naples, Italy.
| | - Carmela Caroppo
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council, Unit of Taranto, Via Roma, 3, 74121, Taranto, Italy.
| | - Stanislao Bevilacqua
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri, 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy; CoNiSMa, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196, Roma, Italy.
| | | | - Nicola Ungaro
- Agency for the Environmental Prevention and Protection (ARPA Puglia), Corso Trieste 27, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Maria Rosaria Vadrucci
- Agency for the Environmental Prevention and Protection (ARPA Puglia), Corso Trieste 27, 70126, Bari, Italy.
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6
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Rodríguez-Villegas C, Díaz PA, Salgado P, Tomasetti SJ, Díaz M, Marín SL, Baldrich ÁM, Niklitschek E, Pino L, Matamala T, Espinoza K, Figueroa RI. The role of physico-chemical interactions in the seasonality of toxic dinoflagellate cyst assemblages: The case of the NW Patagonian fjords system. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:119901. [PMID: 35963388 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are recurrent in the NW Patagonia fjords system and their frequency has increased over the last few decades. Outbreaks of HAB species such as Alexandrium catenella, a causal agent of paralytic shellfish poisoning, and Protoceratium reticulatum, a yessotoxins producer, have raised considerable concern due to their adverse socioeconomic consequences. Monitoring programs have mainly focused on their planktonic stages, but since these species produce benthic resting cysts, the factors influencing cyst distributions are increasingly gaining recognition as potentially important to HAB recurrence in some regions. Still, a holistic understanding of the physico-chemical conditions influencing cyst distribution in this region is lacking, especially as it relates to seasonal changes in drivers of cyst distributions, as the characteristics that favor cyst preservation in the sediment may change through the seasons. In this study, we analyzed the physico-chemical properties of the sediment (temperature, pH, redox potential) and measured the bottom dissolved oxygen levels in a "hotspot" area of southern Chile, sampling during the spring and summer as well as the fall and winter, to determine the role these factors may play as modulators of dinoflagellate cyst distribution, and specifically for the cysts of A. catenella and P. reticulatum. A permutational analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) showed the significant effect of sediment redox conditions in explaining the differences in the cyst assemblages between spring-summer and fall-winter periods (seasonality). In a generalized linear model (GLM), sediment redox potential and pH were associated with the highest abundances of A. catenella resting cysts in the spring-summer, however it was sediment temperature that most explained the distribution of A. catenella in the fall-winter. For P. reticulatum, only spring-summer sediment redox potential and temperature explained the variation in cyst abundances. The implications of environmental (physico-chemical) seasonality for the resting cysts dynamics of both species are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Rodríguez-Villegas
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias, Mención Conservación y Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino Chinquihue Km 6, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro i∼mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Patricio A Díaz
- Centro i∼mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Pablo Salgado
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Enrique Abello 0552, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | | | - Manuel Díaz
- Programa de Investigación Pesquera, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile; Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Sandra L Marín
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Ángela M Baldrich
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias, Mención Conservación y Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino Chinquihue Km 6, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro i∼mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Edwin Niklitschek
- Centro i∼mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Loreto Pino
- Programa de Investigación Pesquera, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Thamara Matamala
- Programa de Investigación Pesquera, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Katherine Espinoza
- Programa de Investigación Pesquera, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Rosa I Figueroa
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390, Vigo, Spain
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Aboualaalaa H, El Kbiach ML, Rijal Leblad B, Hervé F, Hormat-Allah A, Baudy L, Ennaskhi I, Hammi I, Ibghi M, Elmortaji H, Abadie E, Rolland JL, Amzil Z, Laabir M. Development of harmful algal blooms species responsible for lipophilic and amnesic shellfish poisoning intoxications in southwestern Mediterranean coastal waters. Toxicon 2022; 219:106916. [PMID: 36115413 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mediterranean waters have undergone environmental changes during the last decades leading to various modifications of the structure of phytoplankton populations, especially Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) species. Monitoring of the potentially toxic phytoplankton species was carried out biweekly in the western Mediterranean coast of Morocco from March 2018 to March 2019. Lipophilic Shellfish Toxins (LSTs) using LC-MS/MS and Domoic Acid (DA) using HPLC-UV were measured in the exploited mollusks, the cockle Acanthocardia tuberculata and the smooth clam Callista chione. We also determined the prevailing environmental factors in four surveyed sites (M'diq bay, Martil, Kaa Asras, and Djawn) selected to cover a variety of coastal ecosystems. Results showed that Pseudo-nitzschia spp. a DA producer species, was abundant with a pick of 50 × 103 cells l-1 on October 2018 in Djawn. Dinophysis caudata was the dominate Dinophysis species and showed a maximum density of 2200 cells l-1 on July in Djawn. Prorocentrum lima, an epibenthic dinoflagellate, appeared rarely in the water column with densities <80 cells l-1. Gonyaulax spinifera and Protoceratium reticulatum were found occasionally with a maximum density of 160 cells l-1. Karenia selliformis was detected only five times (<80 cells l-1) throughout the survey period. LC-MS/MS analyses revealed the presence of OA/DTX3, PTX-2, PTX-2 sa, and PTX-2 sa epi in the cockle at concentrations of up to 44.81 (OA/DTX-3+PTXs) ng g-1 meat. GYM-A was detected in the clam at concentrations of up to 4.22 ng g-1 meat. For the first time, AZAs and YTXs were detected in the southwestern Mediterranean with maximum values of 2.49 and 10.93 ng g-1 meat of cockle, respectively. DA was detected in moderate concentrations not exceeding 5.65 μg g-1 in both mollusks. Results showed that the observed toxic algae in the water column were responsible from the analysed toxins in the mollusks. It is likely that the southwestern Mediterranean waters could see the development of emergent species producing potent toxins (YTXs, AZAs, GYM-A). These dinoflagellates have to be isolated, ribotyped, and their toxin profiles determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Aboualaalaa
- Equipe de Biotechnologie Végétale, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University Tetouan, Morocco; INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco; Université Montpellier, MARBEC CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Benlahcen Rijal Leblad
- INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco.
| | - Fabienne Hervé
- Ifremer (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), PHYTOX, METALG Laboratory, Nantes, France
| | - Amal Hormat-Allah
- INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco
| | - Lauriane Baudy
- Ifremer (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), PHYTOX, METALG Laboratory, Nantes, France
| | - Ismail Ennaskhi
- INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco
| | - Ikram Hammi
- INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco
| | - Mustapha Ibghi
- Equipe de Biotechnologie Végétale, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University Tetouan, Morocco; INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco; Université Montpellier, MARBEC CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Montpellier, France
| | - Hind Elmortaji
- INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Biotoxins Laboratory, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Eric Abadie
- MARBEC, Université Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Sète, France
| | - Jean Luc Rolland
- MARBEC, Université Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Sète, France
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Ifremer (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), PHYTOX, METALG Laboratory, Nantes, France
| | - Mohamed Laabir
- Université Montpellier, MARBEC CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Montpellier, France
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8
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Changes in physiological activities are responsible for homoyessotoxin-induced toxicity in abalone Haliotis discus hannai. Toxicology 2022; 477:153270. [PMID: 35870676 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Homoyessotoxin (homo-YTX) is a lipid-soluble toxin produced by toxic dinoflagellates. It is widely distributed in marine ecosystems worldwide, and it poses a threat to the survival of aquatic animals. The tissues of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai are easily damaged by homo-YTX during harmful algal blooms. In this study, H. discus hannai was exposed to homo-YTX (0, 2, 5, and 10 µg L-1) to evaluate the rates of survival (S) and death (D) and the antioxidative, metabolic, and digestive physiological responses in the gills and digestive gland of abalone. Homo-YTX decreased S and the activities of Na+/K+-adenosine triphosphatase, Ca2+/Mg2+-adenosine triphosphatase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, alkaline phosphatase, xanthine oxidase, lactate dehydrogenase, amylase, protease, and lipase. Meanwhile, D, the reactive oxygen species level, and the malondialdehyde content increased with increasing concentrations of homo-YTX. In addition, homo-YTX induced oxidative stress, enhanced the lipid peroxidation reaction, reduced the energy supply, and inhibited the metabolic and digestive physiological activities in the gills and digestive gland of abalone. Oxidative stress-mediated insufficient energy supply and physiological activity reduction caused the death of abalone.
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Vieira AM, Silvestre OF, Silva BF, Ferreira CJ, Lopes I, Gomes AC, Espiña B, Sárria MP. pH-sensitive nanoliposomes for passive and CXCR-4-mediated marine yessotoxin delivery for cancer therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:717-739. [PMID: 35481356 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2022-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Yessotoxin (YTX), a marine-derived drug, was encapsulated in PEGylated pH-sensitive nanoliposomes, covalently functionalized (strategy I) with SDF-1α and by nonspecific adsorption (strategy II), to actively target chemokine receptor CXCR-4. Methods: Cytotoxicity to normal human epithelial cells (HK-2) and prostate (PC-3) and breast (MCF-7) adenocarcinoma models, with different expression levels of CXCR-4, were tested. Results: Strategy II exerted the highest cytotoxicity toward cancer cells while protecting normal epithelia. Acid pH-induced fusion of nanoliposomes seemed to serve as a primary route of entry into MCF-7 cells but PC-3 data support an endocytic pathway for their internalization. Conclusion: This work describes an innovative hallmark in the current marine drug clinical pipeline, as the developed nanoliposomes are promising candidates in the design of groundbreaking marine flora-derived anticancer nanoagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mg Vieira
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avenida Mestre José Veiga, Braga, 4715-330, Portugal.,Centre of Molecular & Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Oscar F Silvestre
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avenida Mestre José Veiga, Braga, 4715-330, Portugal
| | - Bruno Fb Silva
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avenida Mestre José Veiga, Braga, 4715-330, Portugal
| | - Celso Jo Ferreira
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avenida Mestre José Veiga, Braga, 4715-330, Portugal.,Centro de Física das Universidades do Minho e do Porto (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Ivo Lopes
- Centre of Molecular & Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Andreia C Gomes
- Centre of Molecular & Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal.,Institute of Science & Innovation for Biosustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Begoña Espiña
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avenida Mestre José Veiga, Braga, 4715-330, Portugal
| | - Marisa P Sárria
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avenida Mestre José Veiga, Braga, 4715-330, Portugal
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10
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Dembitsky VM. Natural Polyether Ionophores and Their Pharmacological Profile. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:292. [PMID: 35621943 PMCID: PMC9144361 DOI: 10.3390/md20050292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is devoted to the study of the biological activity of polyether ionophores produced by bacteria, unicellular marine algae, red seaweeds, marine sponges, and coelenterates. Biological activities have been studied experimentally in various laboratories, as well as data obtained using QSAR (Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships) algorithms. According to the data obtained, it was shown that polyether toxins exhibit strong antibacterial, antimicrobial, antifungal, antitumor, and other activities. Along with this, it was found that natural polyether ionophores exhibit such properties as antiparasitic, antiprotozoal, cytostatic, anti-mycoplasmal, and antieczema activities. In addition, polyethers have been found to be potential regulators of lipid metabolism or inhibitors of DNA synthesis. Further study of the mechanisms of action and the search for new polyether ionophores and their derivatives may provide more effective therapeutic natural polyether ionophores for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. For some polyether ionophores, 3D graphs are presented, which demonstrate the predicted and calculated activities. The data presented in this review will be of interest to pharmacologists, chemists, practical medicine, and the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery M Dembitsky
- Centre for Applied Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Lethbridge College, 3000 College Drive South, Lethbridge, AB T1K 1L6, Canada
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11
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Louzao MC, Vilariño N, Vale C, Costas C, Cao A, Raposo-Garcia S, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Current Trends and New Challenges in Marine Phycotoxins. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20030198. [PMID: 35323497 PMCID: PMC8950113 DOI: 10.3390/md20030198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine phycotoxins are a multiplicity of bioactive compounds which are produced by microalgae and bioaccumulate in the marine food web. Phycotoxins affect the ecosystem, pose a threat to human health, and have important economic effects on aquaculture and tourism worldwide. However, human health and food safety have been the primary concerns when considering the impacts of phycotoxins. Phycotoxins toxicity information, often used to set regulatory limits for these toxins in shellfish, lacks traceability of toxicity values highlighting the need for predefined toxicological criteria. Toxicity data together with adequate detection methods for monitoring procedures are crucial to protect human health. However, despite technological advances, there are still methodological uncertainties and high demand for universal phycotoxin detectors. This review focuses on these topics, including uncertainties of climate change, providing an overview of the current information as well as future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmen Louzao
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.L.); (L.M.B.)
| | - Natalia Vilariño
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
| | - Carmen Vale
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
| | - Celia Costas
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
| | - Alejandro Cao
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
| | - Sandra Raposo-Garcia
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
| | - Mercedes R. Vieytes
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain;
| | - Luis M. Botana
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.L.); (L.M.B.)
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12
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Gu H, Wu Y, Lü S, Lu D, Tang YZ, Qi Y. Emerging harmful algal bloom species over the last four decades in China. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 111:102059. [PMID: 35016757 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The first recorded micro-algae bloom in Chinese coastal waters dates back to 1933 and was caused by a mixture of Noctiluca scintillans and Skeletonema costatum sensu lato along the Zhejiang coast (the East China Sea). While well-documented harmful algal blooms (HABs) appeared to be extremely scarce from the 1950s to 1990, both the frequency and intensity have been reportedly increasing since 1990. Among them, the fish-killing HABs, mainly caused by Karenia mikimotoi, Karlodinium digitatum, Karlodinium veneficum, Margalefidinium polykrikoides, and Heterocapsa spp., have intensified. Karenia mikimotoi was responsible for at least two extremely serious events in the Pearl River Estuary in 1998 and the Taiwan Strait (in the East China Sea) in 2012, which appeared to be associated with abnormal climate conditions and excessive nutrients loading. Other major toxic algal blooms have been caused by the species responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning (including Alexandrium catenella, Alexandrium pacificum, Gymnodinium catenatum) and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (including Dinophysis spp., and a couple of benthic dinoflagellates). Consequent closures of shellfish farms have resulted in enormous economic losses, while consumption of contaminated shellfish has led to occasional human mortality in the Bohai Sea and the East China Sea. Expansions of these HABs species along the coastline of China have occurred over the last four decades and, due to the projected global changes in the climate and marine environments and other anthropological activities, there is potential for the emergence of new types of HABs in China in the future. This literature review aimed to present an updated overview of HABs species over the last four decades in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Gu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; Observation and Research Station of Island and Coastal Ecosystem in the Western Taiwan Straits, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yiran Wu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Songhui Lü
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Douding Lu
- Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Ying Zhong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yuzao Qi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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13
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A Generic LC-HRMS Screening Method for Marine and Freshwater Phycotoxins in Fish, Shellfish, Water, and Supplements. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110823. [PMID: 34822607 PMCID: PMC8619867 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phycotoxins occur in various marine and freshwater environments, and can accumulate in edible species such as fish, crabs, and shellfish. Human exposure to these toxins can take place, for instance, through consumption of contaminated species or supplements and through the ingestion of contaminated water. Symptoms of phycotoxin intoxication include paralysis, diarrhea, and amnesia. When the cause of an intoxication cannot directly be found, a screening method is required to identify the causative toxin. In this work, such a screening method was developed and validated for marine and freshwater phycotoxins in different matrices: fish, shellfish, water, and food supplements. Two LC methods were developed: one for hydrophilic and one for lipophilic phycotoxins. Sample extracts were measured in full scan mode with an Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometer. Additionally, a database was created to process the data. The method was successfully validated for most matrices, and in addition, regulated lipophilic phycotoxins, domoic acid, and some paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins could be quantified in shellfish. The method showed limitations for hydrophilic phycotoxins in sea water and for lipophilic phycotoxins in food supplements. The developed method is a screening method; in order to confirm suspected compounds, comparison with a standard or an additional analysis such as NMR is required.
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14
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Chen X, Huang B, Zhao Q, Wang Z, Liu W, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Sun Q, Huang H, Huang X, Jiang T, Liu J. Shellfish contamination with lipophilic toxins and dietary exposure assessments from consumption of shellfish products in Shenzhen, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 221:112446. [PMID: 34175823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilic shellfish toxins (LSTs) can cause human illness and therefore represent a serious threat to public health. Shellfish are the main dietary source of LSTs, but very few studies have appraised dietary exposure to LSTs through shellfish consumption in China. We measured levels of multiple LSTs in shellfish samples sold in the principal wholesale seafood market in the southern coastal city of Shenzhen, and we estimated the potential for acute and chronic LST exposure of the Shenzhen population via ingestion of shellfish. LST contamination data were obtained from a total of 14 species of 188 commercial samples. Eleven individual LSTs, namely okadaic acid (OA), dinophysis toxin-1 and -2 (DTX1 and DTX2), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), yessotoxin and homo yessotoxin (YTX and hYTX), azaspiracid-1, -2 and -3 (AZA1, AZA2, AZA3), spirolides (SPXs), and gymnodimine (GYM), were determined using liquid chromatography electrospray-ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). More than two thirds of samples showed undetectable LSTs, while the detection rates (the proportion of samples with detectable LSTs) of individual LSTs ranged from 0% to 45.7%. Most shellfish samples had lower levels of LST contamination than the corresponding limits of detection (LODs), while some samples had levels of hYTX and GYM that exceeded the limits of quantification (LOQs). Overall, levels of LSTs in the 188 samples were below the regulatory limits set by most countries. Acute and chronic exposures of LST were estimated by a point-estimate modeling method that combined sample contamination data with consumption data from dietary survey of Shenzhen residents and consumption figures proposed by EFSA, the European Food Safety Authority. Seasonal variations in LST concentrations were noted in some instances. Overall, the estimated acute exposure to LSTs based on consumption of large-size shellfish portions and the maximum LSTs contamination level were below the provisional acute reference doses (ARfDs) proposed by the EFSA. Chronic exposure estimates based on mean and 99th percentile consumption of shellfish by Shenzhen residents and mean LSTs contamination levels in the collected samples were from 2452 to 74 times lower than those associated with estimated acute exposure levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Baiqiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; Research Center of Harmful Algae & Marine Biology, Jinan University, No. 601 Shipai Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qionghui Zhao
- Food Inspection & Quarantine Center, Shenzhen Custom, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518045, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Food Inspection & Quarantine Center, Shenzhen Custom, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518045, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xinfeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Tianjiu Jiang
- Research Center of Harmful Algae & Marine Biology, Jinan University, No. 601 Shipai Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
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15
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Rubini S, Albonetti S, Menotta S, Cervo A, Callegari E, Cangini M, Dall’Ara S, Baldini E, Vertuani S, Manfredini S. New Trends in the Occurrence of Yessotoxins in the Northwestern Adriatic Sea. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090634. [PMID: 34564638 PMCID: PMC8471916 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Yessotoxins (YTXs) are polycyclic toxic ether compounds produced by phytoplanktonic dinoflagellates which accumulate in filter-feeding organisms. We know that the water temperature in our areas Northwestern Adriatic Sea is optimal for the growth of potentially toxic algae (around 20 °C). In recent years, these temperatures have remained at these levels for longer and longer periods, probably due to global warming, which has led to an excessive increase in toxin levels. The interruption of mussel harvesting caused by algae negatively affects farmers’ revenues and the availability of local fish, causing a major economic loss in Italy’s main shellfish sector. Methods: In the nine years considered, 3359 samples were examined: 1715 marine waters, 73 common clams; 732 mussels; 66 oysters; and 773 veracious clams. Bivalve molluscs were examined for the presence of marine biotoxins, including YTXs, while potentially toxic algae, including those producing YTXs, were searched for and counted in marine waters. The method adopted for the quantification of lipophilic toxins involves the use of an LC-MS/MS system. The enumeration of phytoplankton cells was performed according to the Utermhöl method. Results: Between 2012 and 2020, 706 molluscs were tested for YTXs. In total, 246 samples tested positive, i.e., 34.84%. Of the positive samples, 30 exceeded the legal limit. Conclusion: In this regard, it is essential to develop and activate, as soon as possible, an “early warning” system that allows a better control of the production areas of live bivalve molluscs, thus allowing an optimal management of the plants in these critical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silva Rubini
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, 44124 Ferrara, Italy; (S.R.); (E.C.)
| | - Sabrina Albonetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (S.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Simonetta Menotta
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna, Food Chemical Department of Bologna, Via P. Fiorini 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Antonio Cervo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (S.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Emanuele Callegari
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, 44124 Ferrara, Italy; (S.R.); (E.C.)
| | - Monica Cangini
- National Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins-Viale A. Vespucci, 2-47042 Cesenatico, Italy; (M.C.); (S.D.)
| | - Sonia Dall’Ara
- National Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins-Viale A. Vespucci, 2-47042 Cesenatico, Italy; (M.C.); (S.D.)
| | - Erika Baldini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, Master Course in Cosmetic Science, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (E.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Silvia Vertuani
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, Master Course in Cosmetic Science, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (E.B.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-053-245-5294
| | - Stefano Manfredini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, Master Course in Cosmetic Science, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (E.B.); (S.M.)
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16
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King TL, Nguyen N, Doucette GJ, Wang Z, Bill BD, Peacock MB, Madera SL, Elston RA, Trainer VL. Hiding in plain sight: Shellfish-killing phytoplankton in Washington State. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 105:102032. [PMID: 34303512 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Summer bivalve shellfish mortalities have been observed in Puget Sound for nearly a century and attempts to understand and mitigate these losses have been only partially successful. Likewise, the understanding of the environmental conditions triggering shellfish mortalities and successful strategies for their mitigation are incomplete. In the literature, phytoplankton have played only a cursory role in summer shellfish mortalities in Washington State because spawning stress and bacteria were thought to be the primary causes. In recent years, the occurrence of Protoceratium reticulatum (Claparede & Lachmann) Buetschli and Akashiwo sanguinea (Hirasaka) Hansen & Moestrup, have been documented by the SoundToxins research and monitoring partnership in increasing numbers and duration and have been associated with declining shellfish health or mortality at various sites in Puget Sound. Blooms of these species occur primarily in summer months and have been shown to cause mass mortalities of shellfish in the U.S. and other parts of the world. In 2016-2017, yessotoxins (YTX) were measured in several species of Puget Sound bivalve shellfish, with a maximum concentration of 2.20 mg/kg in blue mussels, a value below the regulatory limit of 3.75 mg/kg established by the European Union for human health protection but documented to cause shellfish mortalities in other locations around the world. In July 2019, a bloom of P. reticulatum coincided with a summer shellfish mortality event, involving a dramatic surfacing of stressed, gaping Manila clams, suggesting that YTX could be the cause. YTX concentrations in their tissues were measured at a maximum of 0.28 mg/kg and histology of these clams demonstrated damage to digestive glands. A culture of P. reticulatum, isolated from North Bay during this massive bloom and shellfish mortality event, showed YTX reaching 26.6 pg/cell, the highest recorded toxin quota measured in the U.S. to date. Concentrations of YTX in phytoplankton samples reached a maximum of 920 ng/L during a P. reticulatum bloom in Mystery Bay on 13 August 2019 when cell abundance reached 1.82 million cells/L. The highest cellular YTX quota during that bloom that lasted into September was 10.8 pg/cell on 3 Sept 2019. Shellfish producers in Washington State have also noted shellfish larvae mortalities due to A. sanguinea passing through filtration intake systems into hatchery facilities. Early warning of shellfish-killing harmful algal bloom (HAB) presence in Puget Sound, through partnerships such as SoundToxins, provides options for shellfish growers to mitigate their effects through early harvest, movement of shellstock to upland facilities, or enhanced filtration at aquaculture facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teri L King
- Washington Sea Grant, University of Washington, P.O. Box 488, Shelton, WA 98584, United States.
| | - Nancy Nguyen
- Washington Sea Grant, University of Washington, P.O. Box 488, Shelton, WA 98584, United States
| | - Gregory J Doucette
- National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 219 Fort Johnson Rd., Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Zhihong Wang
- National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 219 Fort Johnson Rd., Charleston, SC 29412, United States; CSS, Inc. under contract to NOAA, United States
| | - Brian D Bill
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle WA 98112, United States
| | - Melissa B Peacock
- Northwest Indian College, Salish Sea Research Center, 2522 Kwina Rd, Bellingham, WA 98226, United States
| | - Shelbi L Madera
- Northwest Indian College, Salish Sea Research Center, 2522 Kwina Rd, Bellingham, WA 98226, United States
| | - Ralph A Elston
- AquaTechnics Inc., P.O. Box 687, Carlsborg, WA 98324, United States
| | - Vera L Trainer
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle WA 98112, United States
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17
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Tillmann U, Bantle A, Krock B, Elbrächter M, Gottschling M. Recommendations for epitypification of dinophytes exemplified by Lingulodinium polyedra and molecular phylogenetics of the Gonyaulacales based on curated rRNA sequence data. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 104:101956. [PMID: 34023073 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gonyaulacales include a considerable number of harmful algae and to understand their origin and rise, knowledge of the evolutionary relationships is necessary. Many scientific names of protists introduced prior to the availability of DNA analytics are ambiguous and impede communication about biological species and their traits in the microbial world. Strains of Lingulodinium polyedra were established from its type locality in the Kiel Fjord (Germany) to clarify its taxonomy. Moreover, the phylogeny of Gonyaulacales was inferred based on 329 rRNA sequence accessions compiled in a curated sequence data base, with as much as possible type material equivalents included. Gonyaulacales were monophyletic and segregated into seven lineages at high systematic level, of which †Lingulodiniaceae constituted the first branch of the Gonyaulacales. Their type species had a plate formula APC (Po, X, cp), 3', 3a, 6'' 6c, 6s, 6''', 2'''' and is taxonomically clarified by epitypification. Recommendations for this important taxonomic tool are provided, with a focus on microorganisms. Most gonyaulacalean taxa established at generic rank are monophyletic, with Alexandrium, Coolia and Gonyaulax as notable exceptions. From an evolutionary perspective, gonyaulacalean dinophytes with quinqueform hypotheca are monophyletic and derive from a paraphyletic group showing the sexiform configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Tillmann
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D - 27 570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Alexis Bantle
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D - 27 570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D - 27 570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Malte Elbrächter
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Sylt, Hafenstr. 43, D - 25 992 List/Sylt, Germany
| | - Marc Gottschling
- Department Biologie, Systematische Botanik und Mykologie, GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Menzinger Str. 67, D - 80 638 München, Germany.
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18
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Karlson B, Andersen P, Arneborg L, Cembella A, Eikrem W, John U, West JJ, Klemm K, Kobos J, Lehtinen S, Lundholm N, Mazur-Marzec H, Naustvoll L, Poelman M, Provoost P, De Rijcke M, Suikkanen S. Harmful algal blooms and their effects in coastal seas of Northern Europe. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 102:101989. [PMID: 33875185 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HAB) are recurrent phenomena in northern Europe along the coasts of the Baltic Sea, Kattegat-Skagerrak, eastern North Sea, Norwegian Sea and the Barents Sea. These HABs have caused occasional massive losses for the aquaculture industry and have chronically affected socioeconomic interests in several ways. This status review gives an overview of historical HAB events and summarises reports to the Harmful Algae Event Database from 1986 to the end of year 2019 and observations made in long term monitoring programmes of potentially harmful phytoplankton and of phycotoxins in bivalve shellfish. Major HAB taxa causing fish mortalities in the region include blooms of the prymnesiophyte Chrysochromulina leadbeateri in northern Norway in 1991 and 2019, resulting in huge economic losses for fish farmers. A bloom of the prymesiophyte Prymnesium polylepis (syn. Chrysochromulina polylepis) in the Kattegat-Skagerrak in 1988 was ecosystem disruptive. Blooms of the prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis spp. have caused accumulations of foam on beaches in the southwestern North Sea and Wadden Sea coasts and shellfish mortality has been linked to their occurrence. Mortality of shellfish linked to HAB events has been observed in estuarine waters associated with influx of water from the southern North Sea. The first bloom of the dictyochophyte genus Pseudochattonella was observed in 1998, and since then such blooms have been observed in high cell densities in spring causing fish mortalities some years. Dinoflagellates, primarily Dinophysis spp., intermittently yield concentrations of Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins (DST) in blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, above regulatory limits along the coasts of Norway, Denmark and the Swedish west coast. On average, DST levels in shellfish have decreased along the Swedish and Norwegian Skagerrak coasts since approximately 2006, coinciding with a decrease in the cell abundance of D. acuta. Among dinoflagellates, Alexandrium species are the major source of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PST) in the region. PST concentrations above regulatory levels were rare in the Skagerrak-Kattegat during the three decadal review period, but frequent and often abundant findings of Alexandrium resting cysts in surface sediments indicate a high potential risk for blooms. PST levels often above regulatory limits along the west coast of Norway are associated with A. catenella (ribotype Group 1) as the main toxin producer. Other Alexandrium species, such as A. ostenfeldii and A. minutum, are capable of producing PST among some populations but are usually not associated with PSP events in the region. The cell abundance of A. pseudogonyaulax, a producer of the ichthyotoxin goniodomin (GD), has increased in the Skagerrak-Kattegat since 2010, and may constitute an emerging threat. The dinoflagellate Azadinium spp. have been unequivocally linked to the presence of azaspiracid toxins (AZT) responsible for Azaspiracid Shellfish Poisoning (AZP) in northern Europe. These toxins were detected in bivalve shellfish at concentrations above regulatory limits for the first time in Norway in blue mussels in 2005 and in Sweden in blue mussels and oysters (Ostrea edulis and Crassostrea gigas) in 2018. Certain members of the diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia produce the neurotoxin domoic acid and analogs known as Amnesic Shellfish Toxins (AST). Blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia were common in the North Sea and the Skagerrak-Kattegat, but levels of AST in bivalve shellfish were rarely above regulatory limits during the review period. Summer cyanobacteria blooms in the Baltic Sea are a concern mainly for tourism by causing massive fouling of bathing water and beaches. Some of the cyanobacteria produce toxins, e.g. Nodularia spumigena, producer of nodularin, which may be a human health problem and cause occasional dog mortalities. Coastal and shelf sea regions in northern Europe provide a key supply of seafood, socioeconomic well-being and ecosystem services. Increasing anthropogenic influence and climate change create environmental stressors causing shifts in the biogeography and intensity of HABs. Continued monitoring of HAB and phycotoxins and the operation of historical databases such as HAEDAT provide not only an ongoing status report but also provide a way to interpret causes and mechanisms of HABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Karlson
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Research and Development, Oceanography, Sven Källfelts gata 15, SE-426 71 Västra Frölunda, Sweden.
| | - Per Andersen
- Aarhus University, Marine Ecology, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Lars Arneborg
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Research and Development, Oceanography, Sven Källfelts gata 15, SE-426 71 Västra Frölunda, Sweden
| | - Allan Cembella
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Wenche Eikrem
- University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, P. O. Box 1066 Blindern, Oslo 0316, Norway; Norwegian Institute for Water Research. Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Uwe John
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity, Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Joy West
- CICERO Center for International Climate Research, P.O. Box 1129, 0318 Blindern, Oslo Norway
| | - Kerstin Klemm
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Justyna Kobos
- University of Gdansk, Institute of Oceanography, Division of Marine Biotechnology, Marszalka Pilsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia; POLAND
| | - Sirpa Lehtinen
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Marine Research Centre, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- University of Gdansk, Institute of Oceanography, Division of Marine Biotechnology, Marszalka Pilsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia; POLAND
| | - Lars Naustvoll
- Institute of Marine Research, Flødevigen Marine Research Station, N-4817 His, Norway
| | - Marnix Poelman
- Wageningen UR, Wageningen Marine Research, P.O. box 77, 4400 AB, Yerseke, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Provoost
- Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Project Office for IODE, Wandelaarkaai 7/61 - 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Maarten De Rijcke
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Wandelaarkaai 7, B-8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Sanna Suikkanen
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Marine Research Centre, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
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Zingone A, Escalera L, Aligizaki K, Fernández-Tejedor M, Ismael A, Montresor M, Mozetič P, Taş S, Totti C. Toxic marine microalgae and noxious blooms in the Mediterranean Sea: A contribution to the Global HAB Status Report. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 102:101843. [PMID: 33875177 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We review the spatial distribution of toxic marine microalgal species and the impacts of all types of harmful algal events (Harmful Algal Blooms, HABs) in the Mediterranean Sea (MS), including the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmara, coastal lagoons and transitional waters, based on two databases compiled in the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS). Eighty-four potentially toxic species have been detected in the MS (2,350 records), of which 16 described from these waters between 1860 and 2014 and a few suspected to have been introduced. More than half of these species (46) produce toxins that may affect human health, the remainders ichthyotoxic substances (29) or other types of toxins (9). Nevertheless, toxicity-related events are not frequent in the MS (308 records in 31 years), and mainly consist of impacts on aquaculture, caused by the dinoflagellates Dinophysis and Alexandrium, along with a few actual shellfish poisoning cases. Pseudo-nitzschia blooms are widespread, but domoic acid in shellfish rarely exceeds regulatory levels. Fish kills are probably less sporadic than reported, representing a problem at a few places along the southern MS coasts and in the Ebro River Delta. Since the last decade of the 20th century, blooms of the benthic dinoflagellates Ostreopsis cf. ovata have regularly occurred all along rocky shores of the MS, at times with human health problems caused by toxic aerosol. New records of Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa, until now reported for the westernmost and easternmost MS coasts, raise concerns about the risk of ciguatera, a syndrome so far known only for subtropical and tropical areas. Recent discoveries are the dinoflagellates Vulcanodinium rugosum, responsible for the presence of pinnatoxins in French lagoons' shellfish, and the azaspiracid-producers Azadinium spp. Mucilages and discolorations have a major impact on tourism in summer. Reports of toxic species and HABs have apparently increased in the MS over the last half century, which is likely related to the increased awareness and monitoring operations rather than to an actual increase of these phenomena. Indeed, while the case of Ostreopsis appears as a sudden upsurge rather than a trend, no actual increase of toxic or noxious events has so far emerged in intensively studied areas, such as the French and Spanish coasts or the Adriatic Sea. Moreover, some cases of decrease are reported, e.g., for Alexandrium minutum blooms disappearing from the Harbour of Alexandria. Overall, main HAB risks derive from cases of massive development of microalgal biomass and consequent impacts of reduced coastal water quality on tourism, which represents the largest part of the marine economy along the MS coasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Zingone
- Integrative Marine Ecology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy.
| | - Laura Escalera
- Research Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy.
| | - Katerina Aligizaki
- Laboratory Unit for Harmful Marine Microalgae, Biology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | | | - Amany Ismael
- Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, 2151 Moharram Bey, Egypt.
| | - Marina Montresor
- Integrative Marine Ecology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy.
| | - Patricija Mozetič
- National Institute of Biology, Marine Biological Station Piran, 6330 Piran, Slovenia.
| | - Seyfettin Taş
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, University of Istanbul, 34134 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Cecilia Totti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
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20
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Cusick KD, Widder EA. Bioluminescence and toxicity as driving factors in harmful algal blooms: Ecological functions and genetic variability. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 98:101850. [PMID: 33129462 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dinoflagellates are an ecologically important group of marine microbial eukaryotes with a remarkable array of adaptive strategies. It is ironic that two of the traits for which dinoflagellates are best known, toxin production and bioluminescence, are rarely linked when considering the ecological significance of either. Although dinoflagellate species that form some of the most widespread and frequent harmful algal blooms (HABs) are bioluminescent, the molecular and eco-evolutionary associations between these two traits has received little attention. Here, the major themes of biochemistry and genetics, ecological functions, signaling mechanisms, and evolution are addressed, with parallels and connections drawn between the two. Of the 17 major classes of dinoflagellate toxins, only two are produced by bioluminescent species: saxitoxin (STX) and yessotoxin. Of these, STX has been extensively studied, including the identification of the STX biosynthetic genes. While numerous theories have been put forward as to the eco-evolutionary roles of both bioluminescence and toxicity, a general consensus is that both function as grazing deterrents. Thus, both bioluminescence and toxicity may aid in HAB initiation as they alleviate grazing pressure on the HAB species. A large gap in our understanding is the genetic variability among natural bloom populations, as both toxic and non-toxic strains have been isolated from the same geographic location. The same applies to bioluminescence, as there exist both bioluminescent and non-bioluminescent strains of the same species. Recent evidence demonstrating that blooms are not monoclonal events necessitates a greater level of understanding as to the genetic variability of these traits among sub-populations as well as the mechanisms by which cells acquire or lose the trait, as sequence analysis of STX+ and STX- species indicate the key gene required for toxicity is lost rather than gained. While the extent of genetic variability for both bioluminescence and toxicity among natural HAB sub-populations remains unknown, it is an area that needs to be explored in order to gain greater insights into the molecular mechanisms and environmental parameters driving HAB evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen D Cusick
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Biological Sciences, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States.
| | - Edith A Widder
- Ocean Research and Conservation Association, 1420 Seaway Dr, Fort Pierce, FL 34949, United States.
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Jacobs-Palmer E, Gallego R, Ramón-Laca A, Kunselman E, Cribari K, Horwith M, Kelly RP. A halo of reduced dinoflagellate abundances in and around eelgrass beds. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8869. [PMID: 32292651 PMCID: PMC7147434 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Seagrass beds provide a variety of ecosystem services, both within and outside the bounds of the habitat itself. Here we use environmental DNA (eDNA) amplicons to analyze a broad cross-section of taxa from ecological communities in and immediately surrounding eelgrass (Zostera marina). Sampling seawater along transects extending alongshore outward from eelgrass beds, we demonstrate that eDNA provides meter-scale resolution of communities in the field. We evaluate eDNA abundance indices for 13 major phylogenetic groups of marine and estuarine taxa along these transects, finding highly local changes linked with proximity to Z. marina for a diverse group of dinoflagellates, and for no other group of taxa. Eelgrass habitat is consistently associated with dramatic reductions in dinoflagellate abundance both within the contiguous beds and for at least 15 m outside, relative to nearby sites without eelgrass. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that eelgrass-associated communities have allelopathic effects on dinoflagellates, and that these effects can extend in a halo beyond the bounds of the contiguous beds. Because many dinoflagellates are capable of forming harmful algal blooms (HABs) toxic to humans and other animal species, the apparent salutary effect of eelgrass habitat on neighboring waters has important implications for public health as well as shellfish aquaculture and harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Jacobs-Palmer
- School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ramón Gallego
- School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA.,NRC Research Associateship Program, The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ana Ramón-Laca
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA.,Ocean Associates, Inc., Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Emily Kunselman
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA, USA
| | - Kelly Cribari
- School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Micah Horwith
- Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA, USA
| | - Ryan P Kelly
- School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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22
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Shultz D, Campbell L, Kudela RM. Trends in Dinophysis abundance and diarrhetic shellfish toxin levels in California mussels (Mytilus californianus) from Monterey Bay, California. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 88:101641. [PMID: 31582160 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) are produced by the marine dinoflagellate, Dinophysis, as well as select species of benthic Prorocentrum. The DSTs can bioaccumulate in shellfish and cause gastrointestinal illness when humans consume high levels of this toxin. Although not routinely monitored throughout the U.S., recent studies in Washington, Texas, and New York suggest DSTs may be widespread throughout U.S. coastal waters. This study describes a four-year time series (2013-2016) of Dinophysis concentration and DST level in California mussels (Mytilus californianus) from Santa Cruz Municipal Wharf (SCMW) in Monterey Bay, California. Results show a maximum Dinophysis concentration of 9404 cells/L during this study and suggest Dinophysis persists as a member of the background phytoplankton community throughout the year. In California mussels, DSTs were found at persistent low levels throughout the course of this study, and exceeded the FDA guidance level of 160 ng/g 19 out of 192 weeks sampled. Concentrations of Dinophysis alone are a positive but weak predictor of DST level in California mussels, and basic environmental variables (temperature, salinity, and nutrients) do not sufficiently explain variation in Dinophysis concentration at SCMW. This study demonstrates that Dinophysis in Monterey Bay are producing DSTs that accumulate in local shellfish throughout the year, occasionally reaching levels of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Shultz
- Ocean Sciences Department, 1156 High Street, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, United States.
| | - Lisa Campbell
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - Raphael M Kudela
- Ocean Sciences Department, 1156 High Street, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, United States
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23
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Alarcan J, Barbé S, Kopp B, Hessel-Pras S, Braeuning A, Lampen A, Le Hégarat L, Fessard V. Combined effects of okadaic acid and pectenotoxin-2, 13-desmethylspirolide C or yessotoxin in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 228:139-148. [PMID: 31029959 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilic phycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by phytoplanktonic species. They accumulate in filtering shellfish and can cause human intoxications. Humans can be exposed to combinations of several phycotoxins. The toxicological effects of phycotoxin mixtures on human health are largely unknown. Published data on phycotoxin co-exposure show that okadaic acid (OA) is simultaneously found with pectenetoxin-2 (PTX-2), 13-desmethylspirolide C (also known as SPX-1), or yessotoxin (YTX). Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of three binary mixtures, OA/PTX-2, OA/SPX-1 and OA/YTX on human intestinal Caco-2 cells. A multi-parametric approach for cytotoxicity determination was applied using a high-content analysis platform, including markers for cell viability, oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA damage. Mixtures effects were analyzed using two additivity mathematical models. Our assays revealed that OA induced cytotoxicity, DNA strand breaks and interleukin 8 release. PTX-2 slightly induced DNA strand breaks, whereas SPX-1 and YTX did not affect the investigated endpoints. The combination of OA with another toxin resulted in reduced toxicity at low concentrations, suggesting antagonistic effects, but in increased effects at higher concentrations, suggesting additive or synergistic effects. Taken together, our results demonstrated that the cytotoxic effects of binary mixtures of lipophilic phycotoxins could not be predicted by additivity mathematical models. In conclusion, the present data suggest that combined effects of phycotoxins may occur which might have the potential to impact on risk assessment of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Alarcan
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougeres-Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, 10B Rue Claude Bourgelat, 35306, Fougères, France; German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Barbé
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougeres-Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, 10B Rue Claude Bourgelat, 35306, Fougères, France.
| | - Benjamin Kopp
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougeres-Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, 10B Rue Claude Bourgelat, 35306, Fougères, France.
| | - Stefanie Hessel-Pras
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Albert Braeuning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ludovic Le Hégarat
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougeres-Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, 10B Rue Claude Bourgelat, 35306, Fougères, France.
| | - Valérie Fessard
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougeres-Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, 10B Rue Claude Bourgelat, 35306, Fougères, France.
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24
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Molognoni L, Dos Santos JN, Kleemann CR, Costa ACO, Hoff RB, Daguer H. Cost-Effective and High-Reliability Analytical Approach for Multitoxin Screening in Bivalve Mollusks by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:2691-2699. [PMID: 30753780 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A fast, less expensive, analytical approach with high metrologic reliability was developed to assist an official program for 21 marine biotoxins, monitoring in bivalve mollusks. The simultaneous analysis of lipophilic and hydrophilic marine biotoxins was achieved using a sample preparation protocol based on solid-liquid extraction and low-temperature cleanup, followed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Samples were extracted with acidified methanol/water (90:10), followed by low-temperature cleanup. Chromatographic separation was obtained using a cyano-bonded silica phase. The mobile phase was composed of water and acetonitrile, with both 0.1% formic acid and 2.5 mmol L-1 ammonium formate. Electrospray ionization was used in both negative and positive modes. The single-laboratory validation approach enabled method performance assessment, and the necessary data to design a model for result expression were yielded. With this purpose, a systematic study of errors and uncertainties was performed. This new analytical approach aimed to minimize the use of highly expensive analytical standards, promoting economic viability to be applied by high-throughput routine laboratories. After its implementation on the Brazilian official monitoring program, positive results near the regulatory limits were obtained, demonstrating the fit for purpose of the method as a surveillance tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Molognoni
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário , Seção Laboratorial Avançada de São José (SLAV/SC/LANAGRO/RS) , Rua João Grumiché, 117 , São José , Santa Catarina 88102-600 , Brazil
- Instituto Catarinense de Sanidade Agropecuária (ICASA) , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina 88034-100 , Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência dos Alimentos (PPGCAL) , Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina 88034-100 , Brazil
| | - Jacson Nascimento Dos Santos
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário , Seção Laboratorial Avançada de São José (SLAV/SC/LANAGRO/RS) , Rua João Grumiché, 117 , São José , Santa Catarina 88102-600 , Brazil
- Instituto Catarinense de Sanidade Agropecuária (ICASA) , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina 88034-100 , Brazil
| | - Cristian Rafael Kleemann
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário , Seção Laboratorial Avançada de São José (SLAV/SC/LANAGRO/RS) , Rua João Grumiché, 117 , São José , Santa Catarina 88102-600 , Brazil
- Instituto Catarinense de Sanidade Agropecuária (ICASA) , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina 88034-100 , Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Oliveira Costa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência dos Alimentos (PPGCAL) , Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina 88034-100 , Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Barcellos Hoff
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário , Seção Laboratorial Avançada de São José (SLAV/SC/LANAGRO/RS) , Rua João Grumiché, 117 , São José , Santa Catarina 88102-600 , Brazil
| | - Heitor Daguer
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário , Seção Laboratorial Avançada de São José (SLAV/SC/LANAGRO/RS) , Rua João Grumiché, 117 , São José , Santa Catarina 88102-600 , Brazil
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25
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Alves-de-Souza C, Iriarte JL, Mardones JI. Interannual Variability of Dinophysis acuminata and Protoceratium reticulatum in a Chilean Fjord: Insights from the Realized Niche Analysis. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11010019. [PMID: 30621266 PMCID: PMC6356771 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we present the interannual distribution of Dinophysis acuminata and Protoceratium reticulatum over a 10-year period in the Reloncaví Fjord, a highly stratified fjord in southern Chile. A realized subniche approach based on the Within Outlying Mean Index (WitOMI) was used to decompose the species’ realized niche into realized subniches (found within subsets of environmental conditions). The interannual distribution of both D. acuminata and P. reticulatum summer blooms was strongly influenced by climatological regional events, i.e., El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Southern Annual Mode (SAM). The two species showed distinct niche preferences, with blooms of D. acuminata occurring under La Niña conditions (cold years) and low river streamflow whereas P. reticulatum blooms were observed in years of El Niño conditions and positive SAM phase. The biological constraint exerted on the species was further estimated based on the difference between the existing fundamental subniche and the realized subniche. The observed patterns suggested that D. acuminata was subject to strong biological constraint during the studied period, probably as a result of low cell densities of its putative prey (the mixotrophic ciliate Mesodinium cf. rubrum) usually observed in the studied area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Alves-de-Souza
- Algal Resources Collection, MARBIONC, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 5600 Marvin Moss K. Lane, Wilmington, NC 29409, USA.
| | - José Luis Iriarte
- Instituto de Acuicultura and Centro de Investigación Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes-IDEAL, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile.
- COPAS-Sur Austral, Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica en el Pacífico Sur-Oriental (COPAS), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile.
| | - Jorge I Mardones
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Padre Harter 574, Puerto Montt 5501679, Chile.
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Pitcher GC, Foord CJ, Macey BM, Mansfield L, Mouton A, Smith ME, Osmond SJ, van der Molen L. Devastating farmed abalone mortalities attributed to yessotoxin-producing dinoflagellates. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 81:30-41. [PMID: 30638496 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A large dinoflagellate bloom in Walker Bay (South Africa) in January 2017 impacted 3 land-based abalone farms resulting in the death of several million animals. Satellite-derived images of Chl-a from the Ocean and Land Colour Imager (OLCI) on board the European Space Agency Sentinel-3 A showed bloom initiation in late December 2016 and dispersal in mid-February 2017. The bloom was dominated by two dinoflagellate species identified by light microscopy as Gonyaulax spinifera (Claparède & Lachmann) Diesing, 1866 and Lingulodinium polyedrum (Stein) Dodge, 1989. These morphologically based identifications were confirmed by phylogenetic analysis using partial sequences of the large subunit rDNA of both dinoflagellates. The appearance of yessotoxins (YTX) in abalone clearly coincided with increases in dinoflagellate concentrations. Yessotoxins in both the plankton and abalone were dominated by the two analogues homo-YTX and 45-hydroxy-YTX. The absence of toxins in a clonal culture of L. polyedrum implicated G. spinifera as the likely source of YTX. Toxin concentrations were found to be highest in the gills which showed the most significant pathology, including severe, generalized disruption of the gill epithelium characterized by degeneration and necrosis of epithelial cells accompanied by a modest inflammatory response. Some farms undertook pre-emptive or emergency harvesting to reduce financial losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant C Pitcher
- Fisheries Management Branch, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Charles J Foord
- Fisheries Management Branch, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brett M Macey
- Fisheries Management Branch, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lisa Mansfield
- Fisheries Management Branch, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anna Mouton
- Independent Researcher, Stanford, South Africa
| | - Marie E Smith
- NRE Earth Observation, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Cape Town, South Africa
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Daguer H, Hoff RB, Molognoni L, Kleemann CR, Felizardo LV. Outbreaks, toxicology, and analytical methods of marine toxins in seafood. Curr Opin Food Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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28
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Tillmann U, Edvardsen B, Krock B, Smith KF, Paterson RF, Voß D. Diversity, distribution, and azaspiracids of Amphidomataceae (Dinophyceae) along the Norwegian coast. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 80:15-34. [PMID: 30502808 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Azaspiracids (AZA) are a group of lipophilic polyether compounds which have been implicated in shellfish poisoning incidents around Europe. They are produced by a few species of the dinophycean genera Azadinium and Amphidoma (Amphidomataceae). The presence of AZA toxins in Norway is well documented, but knowledge of the distribution and diversity of Azadinium and other Amphidomataceae along the Norwegian coast is rather limited and poorly documented. On a research survey along the Norwegian coast in 2015 from the Skagerrak in the South to Trondheimsfjorden in the North, plankton samples from 67 stations were analysed for the presence of Azadinium and Amphidoma and their respective AZA by on-board live microscopy, real-time PCR assays specific for Amphidomataceae, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Microscopy using live samples and positive real-time PCR assays using a general family probe and two species specific probes revealed the presence of Amphidomataceae distributed throughout the sampling area. Overall abundance was low, however, and was in agreement with a lack of detectable AZA in plankton samples. Single cell isolation and morphological and molecular characterisation of established strains revealed the presence of 7 amphidomatacean species (Azadiniun spinosum, Az. poporum, Az. obesum, Az. dalianense, Az. trinitatum, Az. polongum, Amphidoma languida) in the area. Azaspiracids were produced by the known AZA producing species Az. spinosum, Az. poporum and Am. languida only. LC-MS/MS analysis further revealed that Norwegian strains produce previously unreported AZA for Norway (AZA-11 by Az. spinosum, AZA-37 by Az. poporum, AZA-38 and AZA-39 by Am. languida), and also four novel compounds (AZA-50, -51 by Az. spinosum, AZA-52, -53 by Am. languida), whose structural properties are described and which now can be included in existing analytical protocols. A maximum likelihood analysis of concatenated rDNA regions (SSU, ITS1-ITS2, partial LSU) showed that the strains of Az. spinosum fell in two well supported clades, where most but not all new Norwegian strains formed the new Ribotype B. Ribotype differentiation was supported by a minor morphological difference with respect to the presence/absence of a rim around the pore plate, and was consistently reflected by different AZA profiles. Strains of Az. spinosum from ribotype A produce AZA-1, -2 and -33, whereas the new strains of ribotype B produce mainly AZA-11 and AZA-51. Significant sequence differences between both Az. spinosum ribotypes underline the need to redesign the currently used qPCR probes in order to detect all AZA producing Az. spinosum. The results generally underline the conclusion that for the Norwegian coast area it is important that amphidomatacean species are taken into account in future studies and monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Tillmann
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Bente Edvardsen
- University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Kirsty F Smith
- Cawthron Institute, Privat Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
| | - Ruth F Paterson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scotland, PA37 1QA, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Voß
- Institut für Chemie und Biologie des Meeres (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Schleusenstraße 1, D-26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
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29
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Peter C, Krock B, Cembella A. Effects of salinity variation on growth and yessotoxin composition in the marine dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedra from a Skagerrak fjord system (western Sweden). HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 78:9-17. [PMID: 30196929 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The marine dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedra is a toxigenic species capable of forming high magnitude and occasionally harmful algal blooms (HABs), particularly in temperate coastal waters throughout the world. Three cultured isolates of L. polyedra from a fjord system on the Skagerrak coast of Sweden were analyzed for their growth characteristics and to determine the effects of a strong salinity gradient on toxin cell quotas and composition. The cell quota of yessotoxin (YTX) analogs, as determined by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), ranged widely among strains. For two strains, the total toxin content remained constant over time in culture, but for the third strain, the YTX cell quota significantly decreased (by 32%) during stationary growth phase. The toxin profiles of the three strains differed markedly and none produced YTX. The analog 41a-homo-YTX (m/z 1155), its putative methylated derivative 9-Me-41a-homo-YTX (m/z 1169) and an unspecified keto-YTX (m/z 1047) were detected in strain LP29-10H, whereas strain LP30-7B contained nor-YTX (m/z 1101), and two unspecified YTX analogs at m/z 1159 and m/z 1061. The toxin profile of strain LP30-8D comprised two unspecified YTX analogs at m/z 1061 and m/z 991 and carboxy-YTX (m/z 1173). Strain LP30-7B cultured at multiple salinities (10, 16, 22, 28 and 34) did not tolerate the lowest salinity (10), but there was a statistically significant decrease (by 21%) in toxin cell quota between growth at the highest versus lower permissible salinities. The toxin profile for strain LP30-7B remained constant over time for a given salinity. At lower salinities, however, the proportion of the unspecified YTX analog (m/z 1061) was significantly higher, especially with respect to nor-YTX (m/z 1101). This study shows high intra-specific variability in yessotoxin composition among strains from the same geographical region and inconsistency in toxin cell quota under different environmental regimes and growth stages in culture. This variation has important implications for the kinetics of YTX production and food web transfer in natural bloom populations from diverse geographical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Peter
- Universität Bremen, Bibliothekstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Allan Cembella
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
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30
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Farabegoli F, Blanco L, Rodríguez LP, Vieites JM, Cabado AG. Phycotoxins in Marine Shellfish: Origin, Occurrence and Effects on Humans. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E188. [PMID: 29844286 PMCID: PMC6025170 DOI: 10.3390/md16060188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Massive phytoplankton proliferation, and the consequent release of toxic metabolites, can be responsible for seafood poisoning outbreaks: filter-feeding mollusks, such as shellfish, mussels, oysters or clams, can accumulate these toxins throughout the food chain and present a threat for consumers' health. Particular environmental and climatic conditions favor this natural phenomenon, called harmful algal blooms (HABs); the phytoplankton species mostly involved in these toxic events are dinoflagellates or diatoms belonging to the genera Alexandrium, Gymnodinium, Dinophysis, and Pseudo-nitzschia. Substantial economic losses ensue after HABs occurrence: the sectors mainly affected include commercial fisheries, tourism, recreational activities, and public health monitoring and management. A wide range of symptoms, from digestive to nervous, are associated to human intoxication by biotoxins, characterizing different and specific syndromes, called paralytic shellfish poisoning, amnesic shellfish poisoning, diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, and neurotoxic shellfish poisoning. This review provides a complete and updated survey of phycotoxins usually found in marine invertebrate organisms and their relevant properties, gathering information about the origin, the species where they were found, as well as their mechanism of action and main effects on humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Farabegoli
- Food Safety and Industrial Hygiene Division, ANFACO-CECOPESCA. 16, Crta. Colexio Universitario, 36310 Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain.
| | - Lucía Blanco
- Food Safety and Industrial Hygiene Division, ANFACO-CECOPESCA. 16, Crta. Colexio Universitario, 36310 Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain.
| | - Laura P Rodríguez
- Food Safety and Industrial Hygiene Division, ANFACO-CECOPESCA. 16, Crta. Colexio Universitario, 36310 Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain.
| | - Juan Manuel Vieites
- Food Safety and Industrial Hygiene Division, ANFACO-CECOPESCA. 16, Crta. Colexio Universitario, 36310 Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain.
| | - Ana García Cabado
- Food Safety and Industrial Hygiene Division, ANFACO-CECOPESCA. 16, Crta. Colexio Universitario, 36310 Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain.
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Roué M, Darius HT, Chinain M. Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) Technology for the Monitoring of Aquatic Toxins: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10040167. [PMID: 29677131 PMCID: PMC5923333 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10040167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) technology, first introduced in 2004, uses porous synthetic resins capable of passively adsorbing toxins produced by harmful microalgae or cyanobacteria and dissolved in the water. This method allows for the detection of toxic compounds directly in the water column and offers numerous advantages over current monitoring techniques (e.g., shellfish or fish testing and microalgae/cyanobacteria cell detection), despite some limitations. Numerous laboratory and field studies, testing different adsorbent substrates of which Diaion® HP20 resin appears to be the most versatile substrate, have been carried out worldwide to assess the applicability of these passive monitoring devices to the detection of toxins produced by a variety of marine and freshwater microorganisms. SPATT technology has been shown to provide reliable, sensitive and time-integrated sampling of various aquatic toxins, and also has the potential to provide an early warning system for both the occurrence of toxic microalgae or cyanobacteria and bioaccumulation of toxins in foodstuffs. This review describes the wide range of lipophilic and hydrophilic toxins associated with toxin-producing harmful algal blooms (HABs) that are successfully detected by SPATT devices. Implications in terms of monitoring of emerging toxic risks and reinforcement of current risk assessment programs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Roué
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 241 EIO, P.O. box 53267, 98716 Pirae, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae, Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), UMR 241 EIO, P.O. box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae, Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), UMR 241 EIO, P.O. box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
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32
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Mudadu AG, Lorenzoni G, Bazzoni AM, Bazzardi R, Tedde G, Arras I, Sanna G, Santucciu C, Marongiu E, Virgilio S. Yessotoxin detection in bivalve molluscs: A case study from coastal mussel farms (Sardinia, Italy). Ital J Food Saf 2018; 6:7015. [PMID: 29564241 PMCID: PMC5850047 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2017.7015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reports the first communication relating to the presence of yessotoxins in Mytilus galloprovincialis from coastal mussel farms (Sardinia, western Mediterranean) detected during 2008 and 2013 through a monitoring programme. The paper emphasizes how the changes both in yessotoxin permitted limits and used methods, established by legislation, have influenced the interpretation of the obtained results. Consequently, the samples that resulted negative during 2008 would have been positive until August 2013 and negative from September 2013 up to now, and the samples that were positive in 2013 would have been positive in 2008 and negative nowadays, according to Regulation currently in force. Regular monitoring of biotoxins demonstrated that, although yessotoxins have been rarely present in the past in Sardinia, they may cause toxicity in shellfish. So, it’s important to keep up on legislation’s changing and laboratory methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Giuseppe Tedde
- Veterinary Public Health Institute of Sardinia, Sassari, Italy
| | - Igor Arras
- Veterinary Public Health Institute of Sardinia, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Sanna
- Veterinary Public Health Institute of Sardinia, Sassari, Italy
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Alarcan J, Biré R, Le Hégarat L, Fessard V. Mixtures of Lipophilic Phycotoxins: Exposure Data and Toxicological Assessment. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E46. [PMID: 29385038 PMCID: PMC5852474 DOI: 10.3390/md16020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipophilic phycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by phytoplanktonic species. They accumulate in filter-feeding shellfish and can cause human intoxication. Regulatory limits have been set for individual toxins, and the toxicological features are well characterized for some of them. However, phycotoxin contamination is often a co-exposure phenomenon, and toxicological data regarding mixtures effects are very scarce. Moreover, the type and occurrence of phycotoxins can greatly vary from one region to another. This review aims at summarizing the knowledge on (i) multi-toxin occurrence by a comprehensive literature review and (ii) the toxicological assessment of mixture effects. A total of 79 publications was selected for co-exposure evaluation, and 44 of them were suitable for toxin ratio calculations. The main toxin mixtures featured okadaic acid in combination with pectenotoxin-2 or yessotoxin. Only a few toxicity studies dealing with co-exposure were published. In vivo studies did not report particular mixture effects, whereas in vitro studies showed synergistic or antagonistic effects. Based on the combinations that are the most reported, further investigations on mixture effects must be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Alarcan
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, ANSES, 35300 Fougères, France.
| | - Ronel Biré
- Marine Biotoxins Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, ANSES, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Ludovic Le Hégarat
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, ANSES, 35300 Fougères, France.
| | - Valérie Fessard
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, ANSES, 35300 Fougères, France.
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34
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Assunção J, Guedes AC, Malcata FX. Biotechnological and Pharmacological Applications of Biotoxins and Other Bioactive Molecules from Dinoflagellates. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E393. [PMID: 29261163 PMCID: PMC5742853 DOI: 10.3390/md15120393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-lasting interest in bioactive molecules (namely toxins) produced by (microalga) dinoflagellates has risen in recent years. Exhibiting wide diversity and complexity, said compounds are well-recognized for their biological features, with great potential for use as pharmaceutical therapies and biological research probes. Unfortunately, provision of those compounds is still far from sufficient, especially in view of an increasing demand for preclinical testing. Despite the difficulties to establish dinoflagellate cultures and obtain reasonable productivities of such compounds, intensive research has permitted a number of advances in the field. This paper accordingly reviews the characteristics of some of the most important biotoxins (and other bioactive substances) produced by dinoflagellates. It also presents and discusses (to some length) the main advances pertaining to dinoflagellate production, from bench to large scale-with an emphasis on material published since the latest review available on the subject. Such advances encompass improvements in nutrient formulation and light supply as major operational conditions; they have permitted adaptation of classical designs, and aided the development of novel configurations for dinoflagellate growth-even though shearing-related issues remain a major challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Assunção
- LEPABE-Laboratory of Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, P-4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - A Catarina Guedes
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, P-4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - F Xavier Malcata
- LEPABE-Laboratory of Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, P-4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, P-4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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35
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Nicolas J, Hoogenboom RL, Hendriksen PJ, Bodero M, Bovee TF, Rietjens IM, Gerssen A. Marine biotoxins and associated outbreaks following seafood consumption: Prevention and surveillance in the 21st century. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY-AGRICULTURE POLICY ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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36
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Korsnes MS, Korsnes R. Mitotic Catastrophe in BC3H1 Cells following Yessotoxin Exposure. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:30. [PMID: 28409150 PMCID: PMC5374163 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine toxin yessotoxin (YTX) can cause various cytotoxic effects depending on cell type and cell line. It is well known to trigger distinct mechanisms for programmed cell death which may overlap or cross-talk. The present contribution provides the first evidence that YTX can cause genotoxicity and induce mitotic catastrophe which can lead to different types of cell death. This work also demonstrates potential information gain from non-intrusive computer-based tracking of many individual cells during long time. Treatment of BC3H1 cells at their exponential growth phase causes atypical nuclear alterations and formation of giant cells with multiple nuclei. These are the most prominent morphological features of mitotic catastrophe. Giant cells undergo slow cell death in a necrosis-like manner. However, apoptotic-like cell death is also observed in these cells. Electron microscopy of treated BC3H1 cells reveal uncondensed chromatin and cells with double nuclei. Activation of p-p53, p-H2AX, p-Chk1, p-ATM, and p-ATR and down-regulation of p-Chk2 indicate DNA damage response and cell cycle deregulation. Micronuclei formation further support this evidence. Data from tracking single cells reveal that YTX treatment suppresses a second round of cell division in BC3H1 cells. These findings suggest that YTX can induce genomic alterations or imperfections in chromosomal segregation leading to permanent mitotic failure. This understanding extends the list of effects from YTX and which are of interest to control cancer and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Suárez Korsnes
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅs, Norway.,Nofima ASÅs, Norway
| | - Reinert Korsnes
- Nofima ASÅs, Norway.,Norwegian Defence Research EstablishmentKjeller, Norway.,Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchÅs, Norway
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37
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Marine Toxins Analysis for Consumer Protection. RECENT ADVANCES IN THE ANALYSIS OF MARINE TOXINS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Yessotoxin, a Marine Toxin, Exhibits Anti-Allergic and Anti-Tumoural Activities Inhibiting Melanoma Tumour Growth in a Preclinical Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167572. [PMID: 27973568 PMCID: PMC5156389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Yessotoxins (YTXs) are a group of marine toxins produced by the dinoflagellates Protoceratium reticulatum, Lingulodinium polyedrum and Gonyaulax spinifera. They may have medical interest due to their potential role as anti-allergic but also anti-cancer compounds. However, their biological activities remain poorly characterized. Here, we show that the small molecular compound YTX causes a slight but significant reduction of the ability of mast cells to degranulate. Strikingly, further examination revealed that YTX had a marked and selective cytotoxicity for the RBL-2H3 mast cell line inducing apoptosis, while primary bone marrow derived mast cells were highly resistant. In addition, YTX exhibited strong cytotoxicity against the human B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cell line MEC1 and the murine melanoma cell line B16F10. To analyse the potential role of YTX as an anti-cancer drug in vivo we used the well-established B16F10 melanoma preclinical mouse model. Our results demonstrate that a few local application of YTX around established tumours dramatically diminished tumour growth in the absence of any significant toxicity as determined by the absence of weight loss and haematological alterations. Our data support that YTX may have a minor role as an anti-allergic drug, but reveals an important potential for its use as an anti-cancer drug.
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39
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García C, Oyaneder-Terrazas J, Contreras C, Del Campo M, Torres R, Contreras HR. Determination of the toxic variability of lipophilic biotoxins in marine bivalve and gastropod tissues treated with an industrial canning process. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1711-1727. [PMID: 27646025 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1239032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of shellfish with lipophilic marine biotoxins (LMB), pectenotoxins (PTXs), yessotoxins (YTXs) and okadaic acid (OA) toxin groups in southern Chile is a constant challenge for the development of miticulture considering the high incidence of toxic episodes that tend to occur. This research is focused on using methodologies for assessing the decrease in toxins of natural resources in Chile with high value, without altering the organoleptic properties of the shellfish. The species were processed through steaming (1 min at 121°C) and subsequent canning (5 min at 121°C). Changes in the profiles of toxins and total toxicity levels of LMB in endemic bivalves and gastropods were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The total reduction of toxicity (≈ 15%) was not related to the destruction of the toxin, but rather to the loss of LMB on removing the shells and packing media of canned products (***p < 0.001). Industrial processing of shellfish reduces LMB contents by up to 15% of the total initial contents, concomitant only with the interconversion of PTX-group toxins into PTX-2sa. In soft bottom-dwelling species with toxicities beyond the standard for safe human consumption (≥ 160 μg OA-eq kg-1), toxicity can be reduced to safe levels through industrial preparation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos García
- a Laboratory of Marine Toxins, Physiology and Biophysics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Javiera Oyaneder-Terrazas
- a Laboratory of Marine Toxins, Physiology and Biophysics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Cristóbal Contreras
- a Laboratory of Marine Toxins, Physiology and Biophysics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Miguel Del Campo
- b Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo , Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo , Santiago , Chile
| | - Rafael Torres
- c Departamento de Investigación , Departamento de Estudios de la Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional , Santiago , Chile
| | - Héctor R Contreras
- d Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Andrology, Physiology and Biophysics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
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40
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In vivo cardiomyocyte response to YTX- and AZA-1-induced damage: autophagy versus apoptosis. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1859-1870. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Rasmussen SA, Andersen AJC, Andersen NG, Nielsen KF, Hansen PJ, Larsen TO. Chemical Diversity, Origin, and Analysis of Phycotoxins. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:662-673. [PMID: 26901085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae, particularly those from the lineage Dinoflagellata, are very well-known for their ability to produce phycotoxins that may accumulate in the marine food chain and eventually cause poisoning in humans. This includes toxins accumulating in shellfish, such as saxitoxin, okadaic acid, yessotoxins, azaspiracids, brevetoxins, and pinnatoxins. Other toxins, such as ciguatoxins and maitotoxins, accumulate in fish, where, as is the case for the latter compounds, they can be metabolized to even more toxic metabolites. On the other hand, much less is known about the chemical nature of compounds that are toxic to fish, the so-called ichthyotoxins. Despite numerous reports of algal blooms causing massive fish kills worldwide, only a few types of compounds, such as the karlotoxins, have been proven to be true ichthyotoxins. This review will highlight marine microalgae as the source of some of the most complex natural compounds known to mankind, with chemical structures that show no resemblance to what has been characterized from plants, fungi, or bacteria. In addition, it will summarize algal species known to be related to fish-killing blooms, but from which ichthyotoxins are yet to be characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas Anselm Rasmussen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark , Søltofts Plads 221, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Nikolaj Gedsted Andersen
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, Copenhagen University , Strandpromenaden 5, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Kristian Fog Nielsen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark , Søltofts Plads 221, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Per Juel Hansen
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, Copenhagen University , Strandpromenaden 5, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark , Søltofts Plads 221, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Synthesis of the ABCDEF and FGHI ring system of yessotoxin and adriatoxin. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2016; 69:259-72. [PMID: 26956788 PMCID: PMC4898783 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Yessotoxin and adriatoxin are members of the polycyclic ether family of marine natural products. Outlined in this article is our synthetic approach to two subunits of these targets. Central to our strategy is a coupling sequence that employs an olefinic-ester cyclization reaction. As outlined, this sequence was used in two coupling sequences. First it was used to merge the A,B- and E,F-bicyclic precursors and in the process generate the C, D-rings. Second it was used to couple the F- and I-rings while building the eight-membered G-ring and subsequently the H-ring pyran.
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Alfonso A, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Yessotoxin, a Promising Therapeutic Tool. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14020030. [PMID: 26828502 PMCID: PMC4771983 DOI: 10.3390/md14020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Yessotoxin (YTX) is a polyether compound produced by dinoflagellates and accumulated in filter feeding shellfish. No records about human intoxications induced by this compound have been published, however it is considered a toxin. Modifications in second messenger levels, protein levels, immune cells, cytoskeleton or activation of different cellular death types have been published as consequence of YTX exposure. This review summarizes the main intracellular pathways modulated by YTX and their pharmacological and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Alfonso
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago of Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Mercedes R Vieytes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago of Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Luis M Botana
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago of Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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Cassell RT, Chen W, Thomas S, Liu L, Rein KS. Brevetoxin, the Dinoflagellate Neurotoxin, Localizes to Thylakoid Membranes and Interacts with the Light-Harvesting Complex II (LHCII) of Photosystem II. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1060-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Acute cardiotoxicity evaluation of the marine biotoxins OA, DTX-1 and YTX. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1030-47. [PMID: 25826053 PMCID: PMC4417953 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7041030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phycotoxins are marine toxins produced by phytoplankton that can get accumulated in filter feeding shellfish. Human intoxication episodes occur due to contaminated seafood consumption. Okadaic acid (OA) and dynophysistoxins (DTXs) are phycotoxins responsible for a severe gastrointestinal syndrome called diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP). Yessotoxins (YTXs) are marine toxins initially included in the DSP class but currently classified as a separated group. Food safety authorities from several countries have regulated the content of DSPs and YTXs in shellfish to protect human health. In mice, OA and YTX have been associated with ultrastructural heart damage in vivo. Therefore, this study explored the potential of OA, DTX-1 and YTX to cause acute heart toxicity. Cardiotoxicity was evaluated in vitro by measuring hERG (human èter-a-go-go gene) channel activity and in vivo using electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings and cardiac damage biomarkers. The results demonstrated that these toxins do not exert acute effects on hERG channel activity. Additionally, in vivo experiments showed that these compounds do not alter cardiac biomarkers and ECG in rats acutely. Despite the ultrastructural damage to the heart reported for these toxins, no acute alterations of heart function have been detected in vivo, suggesting a functional compensation in the short term.
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Fernández-Araujo A, Tobío A, Alfonso A, Botana LM. Role of AKAP 149-PKA-PDE4A complex in cell survival and cell differentiation processes. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 53:89-101. [PMID: 24813785 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The cellular localization of A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs), protein kinase A (PKAs) and phosphodiesterases (PDEs) is a key step to the spatiotemporal regulation of the second messenger adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP). In this paper the cellular distribution of the mitochondrial AKAP 149-PKA-PDE4A complex and its implications in the cell death induced by YTX treatment, a known PDE modulator, was studied. K-562 cell line was incubated with YTX for 24 or 48 h. Under these conditions AKAP 149, PKA and type-4A PDE (PDE4A) levels were measured in the cytosol, in the plasma membrane and in the nucleus. Apoptotic hallmarks were also measured after the same conditions. In addition, YTX effect on cell viability was checked after AKAP 149 and PDE4A silencing. The results obtained show a decrease in AKAP 149-PKA-PDE4A levels in cytosol after YTX exposure. 24h after the toxin addition, the complex expression increased in the plasma membrane and after 48 h in the nucleus domain. Furthermore Bcl-2 levels were decreased and the expression of caspase 3 together with caspase 8 activity were increased after 24h of toxin incubation but not after 48 h. These results suggest apoptotic cell death at 24h and a non-apoptotic cell death after 48 h. When AKAP 149 and PDE4A were silenced YTX did not induce cellular death. In summary, AKAP 149-PKA-PDE4A complex localization is related with YTX effect in K-562 cell line. When this complex is mainly located in the plasma membrane apoptosis is activated while when the complex is in the nuclear domain non-apoptotic cellular death or cellular differentiation is activated. Therefore AKAP 149-PKA-PDE4A distribution and integrity have a key role in cellular survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fernández-Araujo
- Univ Santiago de Compostela, Dept. Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - A Tobío
- Univ Santiago de Compostela, Dept. Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - A Alfonso
- Univ Santiago de Compostela, Dept. Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - L M Botana
- Univ Santiago de Compostela, Dept. Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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Forensic genomics as a novel tool for identifying the causes of mass mortality events. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3652. [PMID: 24736548 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxic spills, hypoxia, disease outbreaks and toxin-producing algal blooms are all possible causes of mass mortality events, but in many cases it can be difficult to pinpoint the cause of death. Here we present a new approach that we name 'forensic genomics', combining field surveys, toxin testing and genomic scans. Forensic genomics queries allele frequencies of surviving animals for signatures of agents causing mass mortality and, where genetic diversity is high, is uniquely suited to identify natural selection in action. As a proof of concept, we use this approach to investigate the causes of an invertebrate mass mortality event, and its genetic effects on an abalone population. Our results support that a harmful algal bloom producing a yessotoxin was a major causative agent to the event.
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Munday R, Reeve J. Risk assessment of shellfish toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:2109-37. [PMID: 24226039 PMCID: PMC3847717 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5112109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex secondary metabolites, some of which are highly toxic to mammals, are produced by many marine organisms. Some of these organisms are important food sources for marine animals and, when ingested, the toxins that they produce may be absorbed and stored in the tissues of the predators, which then become toxic to animals higher up the food chain. This is a particular problem with shellfish, and many cases of poisoning are reported in shellfish consumers each year. At present, there is no practicable means of preventing uptake of the toxins by shellfish or of removing them after harvesting. Assessment of the risk posed by such toxins is therefore required in order to determine levels that are unlikely to cause adverse effects in humans and to permit the establishment of regulatory limits in shellfish for human consumption. In the present review, the basic principles of risk assessment are described, and the progress made toward robust risk assessment of seafood toxins is discussed. While good progress has been made, it is clear that further toxicological studies are required before this goal is fully achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex Munday
- AgResearch Ltd, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +64-7-838-5138; Fax: +64-7-838-5012
| | - John Reeve
- Ministry of Primary Industries, PO Box 2526, Wellington, New Zealand; E-Mail:
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Repeated oral co-exposure to yessotoxin and okadaic acid: a short term toxicity study in mice. Toxicon 2013; 76:94-102. [PMID: 24060376 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The polyethers yessotoxin (YTX) and okadaic acid (OA) are two marine algal toxins frequently associated as edible shellfish contaminants. Seafood contamination by these compounds, also at low concentrations and for a long period of time, can increase the possibility of their simultaneous and repeated ingestion, with possible synergistic toxic effects. Thus, in vivo toxicity by repeated oral exposure to a combination of fixed doses of YTX and OA (1 mg YTX/kg and 0.185 mg OA/kg, daily for 7 days) was investigated in mice, in comparison to that of each toxin alone. No mortality, signs of toxicity, diarrhea or hematological changes was induced by the toxins co-administration or by the single toxins. Light microscopy revealed changes at gastric level (multifocal subacute inflammation, erosions and epithelial hyperplasia) in 2/5 mice co-administered with the toxins. In animals dosed only with OA, epithelial hyperplasia of forestomach and slight focal subacute inflammation of its submucosa were noted. No changes were induced by the treatment with YTX. Ultrastructural analysis of the heart revealed some cardiomyocytes with "loose packing" of myofibrils and aggregated rounded mitochondria in mice co-administered with the toxins or with YTX; OA-treated mice showed only occasional mitochondrial assemblage and dilated sarcomeres. Thus, the combined oral doses of YTX (1 mg/kg/day) and OA (0.185 mg/kg/day) did not exert cumulative or additive toxic effects in mice, in comparison to the single toxins.
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Buratti S, Franzellitti S, Poletti R, Ceredi A, Montanari G, Capuzzo A, Fabbri E. Bioaccumulation of algal toxins and changes in physiological parameters in Mediterranean mussels from the North Adriatic Sea (Italy). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2013; 28:451-470. [PMID: 21695759 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The Northwestern Adriatic Sea is a commercially important area in aquaculture, accounting for about 90% of the Italian mussel production, and it was subjected to recurring cases of mussel farm closures due to toxic algae poisoning. A spatial and temporal survey of four sites along the North Adriatic Sea coasts of Emilia Romagna (Italy) was undertaken to study the possible impairments of physiological parameters in Mytilus galloprovincialis naturally exposed to algal toxins. The sites were selected as part of the monitoring network for the assessment of algal toxins bioaccumulation by the competent Authority. Samples positive to paralytic shellfish toxins and to lipophilic toxins were detected through the mouse bioassay. Lipophilic toxins were assessed by HPLC. Decreasing yessotoxins (YTX) levels were observed in mussels from June to December, while homo-YTX contents increased concomitantly. Lysosome membrane stability (LMS), glutathione S-transferase and catalase activities, and multixenobiotic resistance (MXR)-related gene expressions were assessed as parameters related to the mussel health status and widely utilized in environmental biomonitoring. Levels of cAMP were also measured, as possibly involved in the algal toxin mechanisms of action. Low LMS values were observed in hemocytes from mussels positive to the mouse bioassay. MXR-related gene expressions were greatly inhibited in mussels positive to the mouse bioassay. Clear correlations were established between increasing homo-YTX contents (and decreasing YTX) and increasing cAMP levels in the tissues. Similarly, significant correlations were established between the increase of homo-YTX and cAMP levels, and the expressions of three MXR-related genes at submaximal toxin concentrations. In conclusion, YTXs may affect mussel physiological parameters, including hemocyte functionality, gene expression and cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Buratti
- Interdepartment Centre for Environmental Science Research (CIRSA), University of Bologna, Via Sant'Alberto 163, 48100 Ravenna, Italy
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