1
|
García-Corona JL, Hegaret H, Lassudrie M, Derrien A, Terre-Terrillon A, Delaire T, Fabioux C. Comparative study of domoic acid accumulation, isomer content and associated digestive subcellular processes in five marine invertebrate species. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 266:106793. [PMID: 38071899 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024]
Abstract
Despite the deleterious effects of the phycotoxin domoic acid (DA) on human health, and the permanent threat of blooms of the toxic Pseudo-nitzschia sp. over commercially important fishery-resources, knowledge regarding the physiological mechanisms behind the profound differences in accumulation and depuration of this toxin in contaminated invertebrates remain very scarce. In this work, a comparative analysis of accumulation, isomer content, and subcellular localization of DA in different invertebrate species was performed. Samples of scallops Pecten maximus and Aequipecten opercularis, clams Donax trunculus, slippersnails Crepidula fornicata, and seasquirts Asterocarpa sp. were collected after blooms of the same concentration of toxic Pseudo-nitzschia australis. Differences (P < 0.05) in DA accumulation were found, wherein P. maximus showed up to 20-fold more DA in the digestive gland than the other species. Similar profiles of DA isomers were found between P. maximus and A. opercularis, whereas C. fornicata was the species with the highest biotransformation rate (∼10 %) and D. trunculus the lowest (∼4 %). DA localization by immunohistochemical analysis revealed differences (P < 0.05) between species: in P. maximus, DA was detected mainly within autophagosome-like vesicles in the cytoplasm of digestive cells, while in A. opercularis and C. fornicata significant DA immunoreactivity was found in post-autophagy residual bodies. A slight DA staining was found free within the cytoplasm of the digestive cells of D. trunculus and Asterocarpa sp. The Principal Component Analysis revealed similarities between pectinids, and a clear distinction of the rest of the species based on their capabilities to accumulate, biotransform, and distribute the toxin within their tissues. These findings contribute to improve the understanding of the inter-specific differences concerning the contamination-decontamination kinetics and the fate of DA in invertebrate species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Luis García-Corona
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 LEMAR (UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer). Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, rue Dumont d'Urville, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané 29280, France
| | - Hélène Hegaret
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 LEMAR (UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer). Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, rue Dumont d'Urville, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané 29280, France
| | - Malwenn Lassudrie
- Ifremer, LITTORAL LER BO, Station de Biologie Marine, Place de la Croix, BP 40537, Cedex, Concarneau 29900, France
| | - Amélie Derrien
- Ifremer, LITTORAL LER BO, Station de Biologie Marine, Place de la Croix, BP 40537, Cedex, Concarneau 29900, France
| | - Aouregan Terre-Terrillon
- Ifremer, LITTORAL LER BO, Station de Biologie Marine, Place de la Croix, BP 40537, Cedex, Concarneau 29900, France
| | - Tomé Delaire
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 LEMAR (UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer). Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, rue Dumont d'Urville, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané 29280, France
| | - Caroline Fabioux
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 LEMAR (UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer). Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, rue Dumont d'Urville, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané 29280, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Residue Analysis and Assessment of the Risk of Dietary Exposure to Domoic Acid in Shellfish from the Coastal Areas of China. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120862. [PMID: 36548759 PMCID: PMC9783215 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms in Chinese waters have caused serious domoic acid (DA) contamination in shellfish. Although shellfish are at particular risk of dietary exposure to DA, there have been no systematic DA risk assessments in Chinese coastal waters. A total of 451 shellfish samples were collected from March to November 2020. The presence of DA and four of its isomers were detected using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The spatial-temporal distribution of DA occurrence and its potential health risks were examined. DA was detected in 198 shellfish samples (43.90%), with a maximum level of 942.86 μg/kg. DA was recorded in all 14 shellfish species tested and Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) showed the highest average DA concentration (82.36 μg/kg). The DA concentrations in shellfish showed distinct spatial-temporal variations, with significantly higher levels of occurrence in autumn than in summer and spring (p < 0.01), and particularly high occurrence in Guangdong and Fujian Provinces. The detection rates and maximum concentrations of the four DA isomers were low. While C. gigas from Guangdong Province in September showed the highest levels of DA contamination, the risk to human consumers was low. This study improves our understanding of the potential risk of shellfish exposure to DA-residues.
Collapse
|
3
|
Du M, Wang J, Jin Y, Fan J, Zan S, Li Z. Response mechanism of microbial community during anaerobic biotransformation of marine toxin domoic acid. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114410. [PMID: 36154856 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) is a potent neurotoxin produced by toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia blooms and quickly transfers to the benthic anaerobic environment by marine snow particles. DA anaerobic biotransformation is driven by microbial interactions, in which trace amounts of DA can cause physiological stress in marine microorganisms. However, the underlying response mechanisms of microbial community to DA stress remain unclear. In this study, we utilized an anaerobic marine DA-degrading consortium GLY (using glycine as co-substrate) to systematically investigate the global response mechanisms of microbial community during DA anaerobic biotransformation.16S rRNA gene sequencing and metatranscriptomic analyses were applied to measure microbial community structure, function and metabolic responses. Results showed that DA stress markedly changed the composition of main species, with increased levels of Firmicutes and decreased levels of Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. Several genera of tolerated bacteria (Bacillus and Solibacillus) were increased, while, Stenotrophomonas, Sphingomonas and Acinetobacter were decreased. Metatranscriptomic analyses indicated that DA stimulated the expression of quorum sensing, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production, sporulation, membrane transporters, bacterial chemotaxis, flagellar assembly and ribosome protection in community, promoting bacterial adaptation ability under DA stress. Moreover, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and lipid metabolism were modulated during DA anaerobic biotransformation to reduce metabolic burden, increase metabolic demands for EPS production and DA degradation. This study provides the new insights into response of microbial community to DA stress and its potential impact on benthic microorganisms in marine environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Du
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, PR China.
| | - Yuan Jin
- Marine Ecology Department, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, PR China
| | - Jingfeng Fan
- Marine Ecology Department, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, PR China
| | - Shuaijun Zan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, PR China
| | - Zelong Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dong C, Wu H, Zheng G, Peng J, Guo M, Tan Z. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals MAPK/AMPK as a Key Regulator of the Inflammatory Response in PST Detoxification in Mytilus galloprovincialis and Argopecten irradians. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080516. [PMID: 36006178 PMCID: PMC9416634 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are an increasingly important source of pollution. Bivalves, as the main transmission medium, accumulate and metabolize PSTs while protecting themselves from damage. At present, the resistance mechanism of bivalves to PSTs is unclear. In this study, Mytilus galloprovincialis and Argopecten irradians were used as experimental shellfish species for in situ monitoring. We compared the inflammatory-related gene responses of the two shellfish during PSTs exposure by using transcriptomes. The results showed that the accumulation and metabolism rate of PSTs in M. galloprovincialis was five-fold higher than that in A. irradians. The inflammatory balance mechanism of M. galloprovincialis involved the co-regulation of the MAPK-based and AMPK-based anti-inflammatory pathways. A. irradians bore a higher risk of death because it did not have the balance system, and the regulation of apoptosis-related pathways such as the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway were upregulated. Taken together, the regulation of the inflammatory balance coincides with the ability of bivalves to cope with PSTs. Inflammation is an important factor that affects the metabolic pattern of PSTs in bivalves. This study provides new evidence to support the studies on the resistance mechanism of bivalves to PSTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenfan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.D.); (H.W.); (G.Z.); (J.P.); (M.G.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.D.); (H.W.); (G.Z.); (J.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Guanchao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.D.); (H.W.); (G.Z.); (J.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Jixing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.D.); (H.W.); (G.Z.); (J.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Mengmeng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.D.); (H.W.); (G.Z.); (J.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.D.); (H.W.); (G.Z.); (J.P.); (M.G.)
- Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-532-8583-6348; Fax: +86-532-8582-5917
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Marine Neurotoxins' Effects on Environmental and Human Health: An OMICS Overview. Mar Drugs 2021; 20:md20010018. [PMID: 35049872 PMCID: PMC8778346 DOI: 10.3390/md20010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HAB), and the consequent release of toxic metabolites, can be responsible for seafood poisoning outbreaks. Marine wildlife can accumulate these toxins throughout the food chain, which presents a threat to consumers’ health. Some of these toxins, such as saxitoxin (STX), domoic acid (DA), ciguatoxin (CTX), brevetoxin (BTX), tetrodotoxin (TTX), and β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), cause severe neurological symptoms in humans. Considerable information is missing, however, notably the consequences of toxin exposures on changes in gene expression, protein profile, and metabolic pathways. This information could lead to understanding the consequence of marine neurotoxin exposure in aquatic organisms and humans. Nevertheless, recent contributions to the knowledge of neurotoxins arise from OMICS-based research, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the most recent research and of the available solutions to explore OMICS datasets in order to identify new features in terms of ecotoxicology, food safety, and human health. In addition, future perspectives in OMICS studies are discussed.
Collapse
|
6
|
Proteome Response of Meretrix Bivalves Hepatopancreas Exposed to Paralytic Shellfish Toxins Producing Dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse9091039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) contamination of seafood has become a growing global problem. However, the molecular response of bivalves, some of the most popular seafoods, to PSP toxins has seldom been reported and the underlying molecular mechanisms of the interactions between Meretrix meretrix bivalves and PSTs-producing dinoflagellates are scarcely known. This study compared the protein expression profiles between PSP toxin-contaminated and non-PSP toxin contaminated M. meretrix, determined proteome responses and identified potential biomarkers based on feeding experiments. Results showed that the content of total PSP toxins in contaminated bivalves was 40.63 ± 4.08 μg saxitoxin (STX) equivalents per gram, with 95.3% in hepatopancreas, followed by gill (1.82%) and foot (1.79%). According to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), 15 differentially expressed proteins (at least 2-fold difference) between the hepatopancreas of bivalves with and without PSP toxins were detected. Eight of them were successfully identified by MALDI-TOF MS. These were catalase, protein ultraspiracle homolog, G2 and S phase-expression protein, paramyosin, Mn-superoxide dismutase, response regulator receiver domain-containing protein, sarcoplasmic calcium-binding protein and major facilitator superfamily transporters. The differences in the expression levels of the last three proteins involving in cell signaling, structure and membrane transport were 4.2, 5.3 and 4.9-fold, respectively. These proteins could be further developed as potential biomarkers. The other two up-regulated proteins, Mn-superoxide dismutase and catalase, were involved in cell defence mechanisms against oxidative stress, suggesting PSP toxin acts as xenobiotics and poses oxidative stress in bivalves. This study gives insights into the response of bivalves to PSP toxin-producing dinoflagellate at the proteomic level and the potential of using 2-DE to develop specific protein markers in bivalves.
Collapse
|
7
|
Blanco J, Mariño C, Martín H, Álvarez G, Rossignoli AE. Characterization of the Domoic Acid Uptake Mechanism of the Mussel ( Mytilus galloprovincialis) Digestive Gland. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:458. [PMID: 34208992 PMCID: PMC8310042 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultures of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis are frequently affected by accumulation of the amnesic shellfish poisoning toxin domoic acid (DA). This species is characterized by a fast uptake and release of the toxin. In this work, the main characteristics of the uptake mechanism have been studied by incubation of digestive gland thin slices in media with different composition and DA concentration. DA uptake seems to follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with a very high estimated KM (1722 µg DA mL-1) and a Vmax of 71.9 µg DA g-1 h-1, which is similar to those found for other amino acids in invertebrates. Replacement of NaCl from the incubation media by Cl-choline (Na+-free medium) did not significantly reduce the uptake, but replacement by sorbitol (Na+-free and Cl--depleted medium) did. A new experiment replacing all chlorides with their equivalent gluconates (Na+- and Cl--free medium) showed an important reduction in the uptake that should be attributed to the absence of chloride, pointing to a Na+-independent, Cl- (or anion-) dependent transporter. In media with Na+ and Cl-, neither decreasing the pH nor adding cyanide (a metabolic inhibitor) had significant effect on DA uptake, suggesting that the transport mechanism is not H+- or ATP-dependent. In a chloride depleted medium, lowering pH or adding CN increased the uptake, suggesting that other anions could, at least partially, substitute chloride.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Blanco
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Xunta de Galicia, Pedras de Coron s/n, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain; (C.M.); (H.M.); (A.E.R.)
| | - Carmen Mariño
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Xunta de Galicia, Pedras de Coron s/n, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain; (C.M.); (H.M.); (A.E.R.)
| | - Helena Martín
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Xunta de Galicia, Pedras de Coron s/n, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain; (C.M.); (H.M.); (A.E.R.)
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez
- Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile;
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas y Otros Recursos Biológicos (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Araceli E. Rossignoli
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Xunta de Galicia, Pedras de Coron s/n, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain; (C.M.); (H.M.); (A.E.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ventoso P, Pazos AJ, Blanco J, Pérez-Parallé ML, Triviño JC, Sánchez JL. Transcriptional Response in the Digestive Gland of the King Scallop ( Pecten maximus) After the Injection of Domoic Acid. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13050339. [PMID: 34067146 PMCID: PMC8150855 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Some diatom species of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia produce the toxin domoic acid. The depuration rate of domoic acid in Pecten maximus is very low; for this reason, king scallops generally contain high levels of domoic acid in their tissues. A transcriptomic approach was used to identify the genes differentially expressed in the P. maximus digestive gland after the injection of domoic acid. The differential expression analysis found 535 differentially expressed genes (226 up-regulated and 309 down-regulated). Protein–protein interaction networks obtained with the up-regulated genes were enriched in gene ontology terms, such as vesicle-mediated transport, response to stress, signal transduction, immune system process, RNA metabolic process, and autophagy, while networks obtained with the down-regulated genes were enriched in gene ontology terms, such as response to stress, immune system process, ribosome biogenesis, signal transduction, and mRNA processing. Genes that code for cytochrome P450 enzymes, glutathione S-transferase theta-1, glutamine synthase, pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 2, and sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1 were among the up-regulated genes. Therefore, a stress response at the level of gene expression, that could be caused by the domoic acid injection, was evidenced by the alteration of several biological, cellular, and molecular processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ventoso
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Acuicultura, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (P.V.); (M.L.P.-P.); (J.L.S.)
| | - Antonio J. Pazos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Acuicultura, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (P.V.); (M.L.P.-P.); (J.L.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Juan Blanco
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Xunta de Galicia, Pedras de Corón s/n Apdo. 13, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain;
| | - M. Luz Pérez-Parallé
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Acuicultura, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (P.V.); (M.L.P.-P.); (J.L.S.)
| | - Juan C. Triviño
- Sistemas Genómicos, Ronda G. Marconi 6, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain;
| | - José L. Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Acuicultura, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (P.V.); (M.L.P.-P.); (J.L.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang Y, Wang X, Huang X, Zhang J, Hu J, Qi Y, Xiang B, Wang Q. Integrated Genomic and Transcriptomic Analysis reveals key genes for predicting dual-phenotype Hepatocellular Carcinoma Prognosis. J Cancer 2021; 12:2993-3010. [PMID: 33854600 PMCID: PMC8040886 DOI: 10.7150/jca.56005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual-phenotype hepatocellular carcinoma (DPHCC) expresses both hepatocyte and cholangiocyte markers, and is characterized by high recurrence and low survival rates. The underlying molecular mechanisms of DPHCC pathogenesis are unclear. We performed whole exome sequencing and RNA sequencing of three subtypes of HCC (10 DPHCC, 10 CK19-positive HCC, and 14 CK19-negative HCC), followed by integrated bioinformatics analysis, including somatic mutation analysis, mutation signal analysis, differential gene expression analysis, and pathway enrichment analysis. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were applied for exploring survival related characteristics. We found that mutated genes in DPHCC patients were associated with carcinogenesis and immunity, and the up-regulated genes were mainly enriched in transcription-related and cancer-related pathways, and the down-regulated genes were mainly enriched in immune-related pathways. CXCL9 was selected as the hub gene, which is associated with immune cells and survival prognosis. Our results showed that low CXCL9 expression was significantly associated with poor prognosis, and its expression was significantly reduced in DPHCC samples. In conclusion, we explored the molecular mechanisms governing DPHCC development and progression and identified CXCL9, which influences the immune microenvironment and prognosis of DPHCC and might be new clinically significant biomarkers for predicting prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaobang Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory. First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiaoliang Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Junwen Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yapeng Qi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Bangde Xiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Qiuyan Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang H, Liu S, Xun X, Li M, Lou J, Zhang Y, Shi J, Hu J, Bao Z, Hu X. Toxin- and species-dependent regulation of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in scallops after exposure to paralytic shellfish toxin-producing dinoflagellates. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 230:105697. [PMID: 33254068 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are membrane-bound proteins involved in exporting various xenobiotic compounds from living cells. Bivalve mollusks can accumulate large amounts of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) from marine dinoflagellates. For aquatic invertebrates, the importance of ABC proteins in multi-xenobiotic resistance has been demonstrated, however, the systematic identification of ABC transporters is very limited. In this study, 64 and 67 ABC genes containing all eight described subfamilies (A to H) were identified in Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) and Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri), respectively, with massive gene expansion being observed in the ABCC and ABCG subfamilies. The kidney harbored more specifically expressed ABC genes than other organs/tissues, most of which belonged to ABCB, ABCC, and ABCG subfamilies. After feeding the scallops with PST-producing dinoflagellates, the expression of scallop ABC genes in the kidney was regulated in toxin- and species-dependent manners. In total, 20 and 24 ABC genes in Zhikong scallop (CfABCs) were induced after exposure to Alexandrium minutum and A. catenella, with the up-regulated members from both ABCC and ABCG subfamilies mainly showing acute and chronic induction by A. minutum and A. catenella, respectively, while the up-regulated CfABCBs mainly showing chronic induction by both dinoflagellates. In Yesso scallop, only eight ABC genes (PyABCs) were regulated after A. catenella exposure, and all the five up-regulated PyABCs were acutely induced. Our findings imply the functional diversity of scallop ABC genes in coping with PST accumulation, which may contribute to the lineage-specific adaptation of scallops for dealing with algal toxins challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaogang Xun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Moli Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jiarun Lou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yihan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jiaoxia Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jingjie Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Effects of Marine Toxin Domoic Acid on Innate Immune Responses in Bay Scallop Argopecten irradians. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse7110407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) is an amnesic shellfish poisoning toxin produced by some species of the genera Pseudo-nitzschia and Nitzschia. This toxin has harmful effects on various species, especially scallops. This study aimed to investigate the effects of DA exposure on the immune and physical responses of bay scallop, Argopecten irradians. Various immunological and physical parameters were assessed (acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), lipid peroxide (LPO), nitric oxide (NO), and the total protein content) in the haemolymph of scallops at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h post-exposure to DA at different concentrations (10, 50, and 100 ng/mL). Moreover, the expression of immune-related genes (CLT-6, FREP, HSP90, MT, PGRP, and PrxV) was assessed. The activities of ACP, ALP, and LDH and the total protein content and LPO increased upon exposure to DA at different concentrations, while NO levels were decreased. Furthermore, immune-related genes were assessed upon DA exposure. Our results showed that exposure to DA negatively impacts immune function and disrupts physiological activities in bay scallops.
Collapse
|
12
|
Figueras A, Moreira R, Sendra M, Novoa B. Genomics and immunity of the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis in a changing environment. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 90:440-445. [PMID: 31048040 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) is a marine invasive species cultured all over the world. Mussels are an appreciated resource in local aquaculture enterprises because of their robust production and resilience that translates into a reliable economic value. So far, no massive mortalities have been reported in natural or cultured populations of this species. In the last years, the knowledge about its immune system has greatly improved but there are still many questions to be answered. One of them is why mussels, with their high filtering activity, are able to be exposed to a high number of potential pathogens without getting infected and without developing an elevated inflammatory response. The sequencing of the mussel genome has revealed a very complex organization with high heterozygosity, abundance of repetitive sequences and extreme intraspecific sequence diversity among individuals, mainly in immune related genes. Among those genes, antimicrobial peptides are the most expressed gene families in mussels, highly polymorphic and with antimicrobial effect against molluscs pathogens, but also against pathogens of lower vertebrates and humans. The combination of a complex genome with the adaptation of mussel immune system to a changing environment could explain this high variability, not only in immune-related genes, but also in the functional response among individuals sampled in the same location and date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Figueras
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), National Research Council (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain.
| | - Rebeca Moreira
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), National Research Council (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Marta Sendra
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), National Research Council (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), National Research Council (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
RNA-Seq Transcriptome Profiling of the Queen Scallop (Aequipecten opercularis) Digestive Gland after Exposure to Domoic Acid-Producing Pseudo-nitzschia. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11020097. [PMID: 30736356 PMCID: PMC6410316 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Some species of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia produce the toxin domoic acid, which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP). Given that bivalve mollusks are filter feeders, they can accumulate these toxins in their tissues. To elucidate the transcriptional response of the queen scallop Aequipecten opercularis after exposure to domoic acid-producing Pseudo-nitzschia, the digestive gland transcriptome was de novo assembled using an Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. Then, a differential gene expression analysis was performed. After the assembly, 142,137 unigenes were obtained, and a total of 10,144 genes were differentially expressed in the groups exposed to the toxin. Functional enrichment analysis found that 374 Pfam (protein families database) domains were significantly enriched. The C1q domain, the C-type lectin, the major facilitator superfamily, the immunoglobulin domain, and the cytochrome P450 were among the most enriched Pfam domains. Protein network analysis showed a small number of highly connected nodes involved in specific functions: proteasome components, mitochondrial ribosomal proteins, protein translocases of mitochondrial membranes, cytochromes P450, and glutathione S-transferases. The results suggest that exposure to domoic acid-producing organisms causes oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. The transcriptional response counteracts these effects with the up-regulation of genes coding for some mitochondrial proteins, proteasome components, and antioxidant enzymes (glutathione S-transferases, thioredoxins, glutaredoxins, and copper/zinc superoxide dismutases).
Collapse
|
14
|
Bates SS, Hubbard KA, Lundholm N, Montresor M, Leaw CP. Pseudo-nitzschia, Nitzschia, and domoic acid: New research since 2011. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 79:3-43. [PMID: 30420013 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Some diatoms of the genera Pseudo-nitzschia and Nitzschia produce the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA), a compound that caused amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) in humans just over 30 years ago (December 1987) in eastern Canada. This review covers new information since two previous reviews in 2012. Nitzschia bizertensis was subsequently discovered to be toxigenic in Tunisian waters. The known distribution of N. navis-varingica has expanded from Vietnam to Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines and Australia. Furthermore, 15 new species (and one new variety) of Pseudo-nitzschia have been discovered, bringing the total to 52. Seven new species were found to produce DA, bringing the total of toxigenic species to 26. We list all Pseudo-nitzschia species, their ability to produce DA, and show their global distribution. A consequence of the extended distribution and increased number of toxigenic species worldwide is that DA is now found more pervasively in the food web, contaminating new marine organisms (especially marine mammals), affecting their physiology and disrupting ecosystems. Recent findings highlight how zooplankton grazers can induce DA production in Pseudo-nitzschia and how bacteria interact with Pseudo-nitzschia. Since 2012, new discoveries have been reported on physiological controls of Pseudo-nitzschia growth and DA production, its sexual reproduction, and infection by an oomycete parasitoid. Many advances are the result of applying molecular approaches to discovering new species, and to understanding the population genetic structure of Pseudo-nitzschia and mechanisms used to cope with iron limitation. The availability of genomes from three Pseudo-nitzschia species, coupled with a comparative transcriptomic approach, has allowed advances in our understanding of the sexual reproduction of Pseudo-nitzschia, its signaling pathways, its interactions with bacteria, and genes involved in iron and vitamin B12 and B7 metabolism. Although there have been no new confirmed cases of ASP since 1987 because of monitoring efforts, new blooms have occurred. A massive toxic Pseudo-nitzschia bloom affected the entire west coast of North America during 2015-2016, and was linked to a 'warm blob' of ocean water. Other smaller toxic blooms occurred in the Gulf of Mexico and east coast of North America. Knowledge gaps remain, including how and why DA and its isomers are produced, the world distribution of potentially toxigenic Nitzschia species, the prevalence of DA isomers, and molecular markers to discriminate between toxigenic and non-toxigenic species and to discover sexually reproducing populations in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Bates
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Gulf Fisheries Centre, P.O. Box 5030, Moncton, New Brunswick, E1C 9B6, Canada.
| | - Katherine A Hubbard
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute (FWRI), Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC), 100 Eighth Avenue SE, St. Petersburg, FL 33701 USA; Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA, 02543 USA
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Sølvgade 83S, DK-1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Marina Montresor
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Chui Pin Leaw
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Prego-Faraldo MV, Martínez L, Méndez J. RNA-Seq Analysis for Assessing the Early Response to DSP Toxins in Mytilus galloprovincialis Digestive Gland and Gill. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10100417. [PMID: 30332849 PMCID: PMC6215123 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10100417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The harmful effects of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins on mammalian cell lines have been widely assessed. Studies in bivalves suggest that mussels display a resistance to the cytogenotoxic effects of DSP toxins. Further, it seems that the bigger the exposure, the more resistant mussels become. To elucidate the early genetic response of mussels against these toxins, the digestive gland and the gill transcriptomes of Mytilus galloprovincialis after Prorocentrum lima exposure (100,000 cells/L, 48 h) were de novo assembled based on the sequencing of 8 cDNA libraries obtained using an Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. The assembly provided 95,702 contigs. A total of 2286 and 4523 differentially expressed transcripts were obtained in the digestive gland and the gill, respectively, indicating tissue-specific transcriptome responses. These transcripts were annotated and functionally enriched, showing 44 and 60 significant Pfam families in the digestive gland and the gill, respectively. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed to validate the differential expression patterns of several genes related to lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, energy production, genome integrity and defense, suggesting their participation in the protective mechanism. This work provides knowledge of the early response against DSP toxins in the mussel M. galloprovincialis and useful information for further research on the molecular mechanisms of the bivalve resistance to these toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Verónica Prego-Faraldo
- Grupo Xenomar, Departamento de Bioloxía, Facultade de Ciencias and CICA (Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas), Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira, 15071 A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Luisa Martínez
- Grupo Xenomar, Departamento de Bioloxía, Facultade de Ciencias and CICA (Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas), Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira, 15071 A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Josefina Méndez
- Grupo Xenomar, Departamento de Bioloxía, Facultade de Ciencias and CICA (Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas), Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira, 15071 A Coruña, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zeng W, Liu X, Liu Z, Zheng Y, Yu T, Fu S, Li X, Zhang J, Zhang S, Ma X, Liu XR, Qin X, Khanniche A, Zhang Y, Tian F, Lin Y. Deep Surveying of the Transcriptional and Alternative Splicing Signatures for Decidual CD8 + T Cells at the First Trimester of Human Healthy Pregnancy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:937. [PMID: 29780389 PMCID: PMC5946033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Decidual CD8+ (dCD8) T cells have been proposed to play important roles in immune protection against the invading pathogens and in tolerance toward the growing semi-allogeneic fetus during early pregnancy. However, their phenotypic and functional characteristics remain poorly defined. Here, we performed the first analysis of the transcriptional and alternative splicing (AS) signatures for human first-trimester dCD8 T cells using high-throughput mRNA sequencing. Our data revealed that dCD8 T cells have distinct transcriptional and AS landscapes when compared with their autologous peripheral blood CD8+ (pCD8) T counterparts. Furthermore, human dCD8 T cells were observed to contain CD8-Treg and effector-memory T-cell subsets, and display enhanced functionality in terms of degranulation and cytokine production on a per-cell basis. Additionally, we have identified the novel splice junctions that use a high ratio of the non-canonical splicing motif GC-AG and found that AS is not a major contributor to the gene expression-level changes between paired pCD8 and dCD8 T cells. Together, our findings not only provide a comprehensive framework of the transcriptional and AS landscapes but also reveal the functional feature of human dCD8 T cells, which are of great importance in understanding the biology of these cells and the physiology of human healthy pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Zeng
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinmei Liu
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhicui Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Out-Patient Operatingroom, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiantian Yu
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaliu Fu
- School of Life Science, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Siming Zhang
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoling Ma
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Rui Liu
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoli Qin
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Asma Khanniche
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fuju Tian
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|