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Entiauspe-Neto OM, Nachtigall PG, Borges-Martins M, Junqueira-de-Azevedo ILM, Grazziotin FG. Highly conserved and extremely variable: The paradoxical pattern of toxin expression revealed by comparative venom-gland transcriptomics of Phalotris (Serpentes: Dipsadidae). Toxicon 2024; 244:107740. [PMID: 38705487 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Although non-front fanged snakes account for almost two-thirds of snake diversity, most studies on venom composition and evolution focus exclusively on front-fanged species, which comprise most of the clinically relevant accidents. Comprehensive reports on venom composition of non-front fanged snakes are still scarce for several groups. In this study, we address such shortage of knowledge by providing new insights about the venom composition among species of Phalotris, a poorly studied Neotropical dipsadid genus. Phalotris are known for their specialized venom delivery system and toxic venoms, which can cause life-threatening accidents in humans. We evaluate the venom-gland transcriptome of Phalotris, comparing the following three South American species: P. reticulatus for the Araucaria Pine forests, P. lemniscatus for the Pampa grasslands, and P. mertensi for the Brazilian Cerrado. Our results indicate similar venom profiles, in which they share a high expression level of Kunitz-type inhibitors (KUNZ). On the other hand, comparative analyses revealed substantial differences in the expression levels of C-type lectins (CTL) and snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMP). The diverse set of SVMP and CTL isoforms shows signals of positive selection, and we also identified truncated forms of type III SVMPs, which resemble type II and type I SVMPs of viperids. Additionally, we identified a CNP precursor hosting a proline-rich region containing a BPP motif resembling those commonly detected in viperid venoms with hypotensive activity. Altogether, our results suggest an evolutionary history favoring high expression levels of few KUNZ isoforms in Phalotris venoms, contrasting with a highly diverse set of SVMP and CTL isoforms. Such diversity can be comparable with the venom variability observed in some viperids. Our findings highlight the extreme phenotypic diversity of non-front fanged snakes and the importance to allocate greater effort to study neglected groups of Colubroidea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar M Entiauspe-Neto
- Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Pedro G Nachtigall
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcio Borges-Martins
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Felipe G Grazziotin
- Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Nayak AG, Kumar N, Shenoy S, Roche M. Evaluation of the merit of the methanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata to supplement anti-snake venom in reversing secondary hemostatic abnormalities induced by Naja naja venom. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:228. [PMID: 33959471 PMCID: PMC8060375 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02766-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests a sizable involvement of hemotoxins in the morbidity associated with envenomation by the Indian spectacled cobra, Naja naja (N.N). This study investigates the ability of Indian polyvalent anti-snake venom (ASV), methanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata (MAP) and their combination in reversing the hemostatic abnormalities, viz. activated partial thromboplastin time(aPTT), prothrombin time(PT) and thrombin time(TT) in citrated plasma. These parameters were assessed in 2 groups of experiments. Group 1: Without the prior incubation of plasma with venom and Group 2: With prior incubation of plasma with venom for 90 min at 37°C. Venom caused significant (p < 0.001) prolongation in aPTT (175%), PT (49%) and TT (34%) in Group 1 and ASV could completely bring them back to normal. MAP showed a concentration-dependent reversal in aPTT, normalization of PT and prolongation of TT. When low concentration of ASV was supplemented with MAP, their combined effect in normalizing aPTT and PT improved by 37% and 26% respectively when compared to ASV alone. In Group 2, venom caused significant (p < 0.001) prolongation in aPTT (231%), PT (312%) and TT (245%). ASV had limited effect in reversing aPTT (52%), TT (31%) but completely normalized PT. MAP was marginally effective in reversing the prolonged aPTT and PT but caused further prolongation of TT. Combination of ASV and MAP was more effective than ASV alone in reversing venom-induced increase in aPTT (52%) and PT (29%). The study proved that, a drastic reduction of ASV by 70%, could be effectively supplemented by MAP in combating hemostatic abnormalities induced by NN venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshatha Ganesh Nayak
- Department of Biochemistry, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur, Bihar India
| | - Smita Shenoy
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka India
| | - Maya Roche
- Department of Biochemistry, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka India
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Rudresha GV, Urs AP, Manjuprasanna VN, Milan Gowda MD, Jayachandra K, Rajaiah R, Vishwanath BS. Echis carinatus snake venom metalloprotease-induced toxicities in mice: Therapeutic intervention by a repurposed drug, Tetraethyl thiuram disulfide (Disulfiram). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008596. [PMID: 33529194 PMCID: PMC7880489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Echis carinatus (EC) is known as saw-scaled viper and it is endemic to the Indian subcontinent. Envenoming by EC represents a major cause of snakebite mortality and morbidity in the Indian subcontinent. Zinc (Zn++) dependent snake venom metalloproteases (SVMPs) present in Echis carinatus venom (ECV) is well known to cause systemic hemorrhage and coagulopathy in experimental animals. An earlier report has shown that ECV activates neutrophils and releases neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that blocks blood vessels leading to severe tissue necrosis. However, the direct involvement of SVMPs in the release of NETs is not clear. Here, we investigated the direct involvement of EC SVMPs in observed pathological symptoms in a preclinical setup using specific Zn++ metal chelator, Tetraethyl thiuram disulfide (TTD)/disulfiram. TTD potently antagonizes the activity of SVMPs-mediated ECM protein degradation in vitro and skin hemorrhage in mice. In addition, TTD protected mice from ECV-induced footpad tissue necrosis by reduced expression of citrullinated H3 (citH3) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in footpad tissue. TTD also neutralized ECV-induced systemic hemorrhage and conferred protection against lethality in mice. Moreover, TTD inhibited ECV-induced NETosis in human neutrophils and decreased the expression of peptidyl arginine deiminase (PAD) 4, citH3, MPO, and p-ERK. Further, we demonstrated that ECV-induced NETosis and tissue necrosis are mediated via PAR-1-ERK axis. Overall, our results provide an insight into SVMPs-induced toxicities and the promising protective efficacy of TTD can be extrapolated to treat severe tissue necrosis complementing anti-snake venom (ASV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gotravalli V. Rudresha
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Amog P. Urs
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | | | - Krishnegowda Jayachandra
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajesh Rajaiah
- Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Bannikuppe S. Vishwanath
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, India
- Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, India
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Urs AP, Manjuprasanna VN, Rudresha GV, Hiremath V, Sharanappa P, Rajaiah R, Vishwanath BS. Thrombin-like serine protease, antiquorin from Euphorbia antiquorum latex induces platelet aggregation via PAR1-Akt/p38 signaling axis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1868:118925. [PMID: 33333088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Plant latex proteases (PLPs) are pharmacologically essential and are integral components of traditional medicine in the management of bleeding wounds. PLPs are known to promote blood coagulation and stop bleeding by interfering at various stages of hemostasis. There are a handful of scientific reports on thrombin-like enzymes characterized from plant latices. However, the role of plant latex thrombin-like enzymes in platelet aggregation is not well known. In the present study, we attempted to purify and characterize thrombin-like protease responsible for platelet aggregation. Among tested plant latices, Euphorbia genus latex protease fractions (LPFs) induced platelet aggregation. In Euphorbia genus, E. antiquorum LPF (EaLPF) strongly induced platelet aggregation and attenuated bleeding in mice. The purified thrombin-like serine protease, antiquorin (Aqn) is a glycoprotein with platelet aggregating activities that interfere in intrinsic and common pathways of blood coagulation cascade and alleviates bleeding and enhanced excision wound healing in mice. In continuation, the pharmacological inhibitor of PAR1 inhibited Aqn-induced phosphorylation of cPLA2, Akt, and P38 in human platelets. Moreover, Aqn-induced platelet aggregation was inhibited by pharmacological inhibitors of PAR1, PI3K, and P38. These data indicate that PAR1-Akt/P38 signaling pathways are involved in Aqn-induced platelet aggregation. The findings of the present study may open up a new avenue for exploiting Aqn in the treatment of bleeding wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amog P Urs
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Gotravalli V Rudresha
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vilas Hiremath
- Vijayashree Diagnostics, Specialized Coagulation Lab, Bengaluru, India
| | - P Sharanappa
- Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Hassan, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajesh Rajaiah
- Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
| | - Bannikuppe S Vishwanath
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India; Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
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5
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Drofenik S, Leonardi A, Žužek MC, Frangež R, Križaj I. The first Kunitz-type proteins from a viperid venom that potentiate neuromuscular transmission. Toxicon 2020; 187:262-270. [PMID: 33010297 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Kunitz-type proteins that interfere with neuronal transmission have been thus far exclusively detected in venoms of elapid snakes. Here, we report for the first time that such proteins are also present in the venom of a viperid snake. From the venom of the nose-horned viper (Vipera ammodytes ammodytes; Vaa), we isolated Kunitz-type chymotrypsin inhibitors (VaaChi) and demonstrated that these molecules also significantly increase the amplitudes of an indirectly evoked simple muscle contraction of the mouse hemidiaphragm, the end-plate potential and the miniature end-plate potential. By facilitating neuromuscular transmission, these proteins resemble structurally homologous dendrotoxins from mamba (Dendroaspis spp.) venoms, which are blockers of voltage-dependent K+ channels at the presynaptic site of the neuromuscular junction. What is the mechanism behind facilitation of neuromuscular transmission by VaaChi has not been established yet, however, blocking of K+ channels does not seem to be the most probable option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Drofenik
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, Gerbičeva 60, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Adrijana Leonardi
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Monika C Žužek
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, Gerbičeva 60, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Robert Frangež
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, Gerbičeva 60, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Igor Križaj
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Rudresha GV, Manjuprasanna VN, Urs AP, Choudhury M, Rajaiah R, Vishwanath BS. Serine protease from Tricosanthus tricuspidata accelerates healing of Echis carinatus venom-induced necrotic wound. Toxicon 2020; 183:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Urs AP, Rudresha GV, Manjuprasanna VN, Suvilesh KN, Gowda MDM, Yariswamy M, Hiremath V, Ramakrishnan C, Savitha MN, Jayachandra K, Sharanappa P, Vishwanath BS. Plant latex thrombin‐like cysteine proteases alleviates bleeding by bypassing factor VIII in murine model. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:12843-12858. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amog P. Urs
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry University of Mysore, Manasagangothri Mysuru Karnataka India
| | - G. V. Rudresha
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry University of Mysore, Manasagangothri Mysuru Karnataka India
| | - V. N. Manjuprasanna
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry University of Mysore, Manasagangothri Mysuru Karnataka India
| | - K. N. Suvilesh
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry University of Mysore, Manasagangothri Mysuru Karnataka India
| | - M. D. Milan Gowda
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry University of Mysore, Manasagangothri Mysuru Karnataka India
| | - M. Yariswamy
- Department of Surgery University of Missouri Columbia Missouri
| | - Vilas Hiremath
- Vijayashree Diagnostics, Specialized Coagulation Lab Bengaluru India
| | - Chandrasekaran Ramakrishnan
- Department of Biotechnology Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai India
| | - M. N. Savitha
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry University of Mysore, Manasagangothri Mysuru Karnataka India
| | - K. Jayachandra
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry University of Mysore, Manasagangothri Mysuru Karnataka India
| | - P. Sharanappa
- Department of Studies in Botany University of Mysore Hassan Karnataka India
| | - B. S. Vishwanath
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry University of Mysore, Manasagangothri Mysuru Karnataka India
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Rudresha GV, Urs AP, Manjuprasanna VN, Suvilesh KN, Sharanappa P, Vishwanath BS. Plant DNases are potent therapeutic agents against
Echis carinatus
venom‐induced tissue necrosis in mice. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:8319-8332. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gotravalli V. Rudresha
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry University of Mysore, Manasagangothri Mysuru India
| | - Amog P. Urs
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry University of Mysore, Manasagangothri Mysuru India
| | | | - Kanve N. Suvilesh
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry University of Mysore, Manasagangothri Mysuru India
| | - Puttappa Sharanappa
- Department of Studies in Bioscience University of Mysore, Hemagangothri Hassan India
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Xu X, Liu J, Wang Y, Si Y, Wang X, Wang Z, Zhang Q, Yu H, Wang X. Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor is a novel participator in anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory responses in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:22-30. [PMID: 29859305 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor (KSPI) interacts with serine protease (SP) to regulate cascade reactions in vivo and plays essential roles in innate immunity. Theoretical considerations support various functions of kspi, but further studies are required for full characterization of these functions. In this study, a KSPI molecule was identified from Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), and was named Pokspi. The full-length cDNA sequence of Pokspi was 2810 nt, containing an open reading frame of 1527 nt, which encoded a polypeptide of 509 amino acid residues. PoKspi protein contained five conversed domains, namely, MANEC, PKD, LDLa and two Kunitz domains. Homology analysis revealed that Pokspi shared the highest similarity (83%) with its homolog in Cynoglossus semilaevis. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Pokspi clustered with the homologs in other fishes. The mRNA transcripts of Pokspi were detected in all tested tissues, with the highest expression level in gill, followed by kidney and intestine. Its elevated expression in response to the application of Edwardsiella tarda (in vivo) and pathogen-associated molecular pattern (in vitro) suggested the involvement of Pokspi in the essential immune defense against various pathogens. Recombinant PoKspi (rPoKspi) purified from Escherichia coli exhibited not only serine protease inhibitor activities but also a broad spectrum of anti-microbial effect in a manner that was independent of any host factors. In addition, the recombinant PoKspi protein could cause the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β. In conclusion, Pokspi is a biologically active serine protease inhibitor endowed with anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory property. This study provides strong evidences for understanding the innate immune defense in Japanese flounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jinxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yujue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Si
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xuangang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Quanqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xubo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
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