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Sani A, Lawal Abdullahi I, Darma AI. Hepatotoxicity and ALAD Activity Profile for Prediction of NOAEL of Metal Welding Fumes in Albino Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:1781-1791. [PMID: 35525901 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03273-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Metal fume pollutants of urban Kano, a city of over 10 million people, and widespread metal works have increased exposure with related health effects. Few data on metal fume toxicity and atmospheric levels have been documented in Nigeria and Kano in particular. Hence, the work was aimed at evaluating the metal fume toxicity to laboratory rat species for setting the permissible limit of exposure in urban Kano. The investigation involved the collection of metal welding fumes and subsequent laboratory analysis. Experimental animals were then exposed intratracheally to varying doses of the fumes which were equivalent to normal metal workers' daily routine of 2, 4, and 8 h for 3, 5, 10, and 20 years. Following euthanization, whole blood samples were collected and functions of liver and delta-aminolevunilic acid dehydratase were evaluated in the serum. Exposure to the fumes has caused significant mortality that was observed to be dose-dependent and statistically different (p < 0.05); moreover, the fumes had synergistically affected the functions of liver. In addition, the fumes had increased (statistically) the activity delta-aminolevinilic acid dehydratase. This has indicated that exposure to metal welding fumes being multi-elemental is toxic and had produced mortality at exposure to higher doses of metal welding fumes. It was therefore established from the study that no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for metal welding fumes is 25.73 mg with LD50 of 270 mg which corresponds to the metal worker's 4-h shifts daily for 5 years under existing working conditions. It was recommended that regular monitoring should be put in place to limit exposure and extent of engagement in metal works beyond NOAEL levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sani
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronics, Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bayero University Kano, P.M.B. 3011, Kano, Nigeria.
| | | | - Aminu Inuwa Darma
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Tokaç D, Anlar HG, Bacanlı M, Dilsiz SA, İritaş S, Başaran N. Oxidative stress status of Turkish welders. Toxicol Ind Health 2020; 36:263-271. [PMID: 32419654 DOI: 10.1177/0748233720922722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Welding, a fabrication process that joins metals or thermoplastics by causing coalescence, is indispensable in modern society and ubiquitous in industry. Welding generates fumes that contain several metals and gases that comprise fine and ultrafine particles with the potential for adverse effects. Although health risks of welders have been evaluated in different populations, occupational exposure to welding fumes is still considered to be an important health problem, especially in developing countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of welding fume exposure on important oxidative stress parameters such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), total glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), malondialdehyde (MDA), and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in Turkish welders (n = 48). The influence of confounding factors such as age, smoking habits, alcohol consumption, and duration of exposure on the studied parameters was also analyzed. In our study, significant decreases in the levels of GSH and activities of CAT, SOD, and GPx and significant increases of MDA, 8-OHdG levels and GR activity were found in the workers compared to the controls. There was a negative correlation between GSH levels and alcohol usage. Also, older workers (≥35 years) had significantly higher GR levels than younger workers. But smoking and alcohol usage, duration of exposure, and utilization of protective measures had no significant effect on the studied parameters in the workers. These results indicate that occupational exposure to welding fumes appears to induce oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Tokaç
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hatice Gül Anlar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Merve Bacanlı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Gülhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevtap Aydın Dilsiz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Servet İritaş
- The Council of Forensic Medicine, Branch Office of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nurşen Başaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Xie B, Li Y, Li S, Hu S, Jin H, Zhou F. Performance of composite polyester filter with magnetic NdFeB particles on filtering welding fume particles. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Welding Fumes, a Risk Factor for Lung Diseases. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072552. [PMID: 32276440 PMCID: PMC7177922 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Welding fumes (WFs) are composed of fine and ultrafine particles, which may reach the distal airways and represent a risk factor for respiratory diseases. (2) Methods: In vitro and in vivo studies to understand WFs pathogenesis were selected. Epidemiological studies, original articles, review, and meta-analysis to examine solely respiratory disease in welders were included. A systematic literature search, using PubMed, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Technical Information Center (NIOSHTIC), and Web of Science databases, was performed. (3) Results: Dose, time of exposure, and composition of WFs affect lung injury. Inflammation, lung defense suppression, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and genotoxic effects were observed after exposure both to mild and stainless steel WFs. (4) Conclusions: The detection of lung diseases associated with specific occupational exposure is crucial as complete avoidance or reduction of the exposure is difficult to achieve. Further studies in the area of particle research may aid the understanding of mechanisms involved in welding-related lung disease and to expand knowledge in welding-related cardiovascular diseases.
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Aksu İ, Anlar HG, Taner G, Bacanlı M, İritaş S, Tutkun E, Basaran N. Assessment of DNA damage in welders using comet and micronucleus assays. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 843:40-45. [PMID: 31421737 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Welding technology is widely used in pressurized containers, thermal power plants, refineries, chemical facilities and steel structures. Welders are exposed to a number of hazardous compounds such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation, electromagnetic fields, toxic metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In the present study, 48 welders and an equal number of control subjects were evaluated for DNA damage in the whole blood and isolated lymphocytes using the comet assay. The genotoxic damage in buccal epithelial cells of subjects was determined by micronucleus (MN) assay. Metal(loids) such as Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, As, Cd and Pb levels in blood samples were evaluated by using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). Results of this study showed that DNA damage in blood, isolated lymphocytes, and buccal epithelial cells were significantly higher in workers compared to the controls. Also, these workers had remarkably higher blood Cr, Cu, Cd, Ni and Pb levels. These results showed that occupational exposure to welding fumes may cause genotoxic damage that can lead to important health problems in the workers. More extensive epidemiological studies should be performed that enable the assessment of health risk in welding industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- İldeniz Aksu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Hatice Gül Anlar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bülent Ecevit University, 67600, Zonguldak, Turkey.
| | - Gökçe Taner
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Architecture and Engineering, Bursa Technical University, 16190, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Merve Bacanlı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Servet İritaş
- The Council of Forensic Medicine, Branch Office of Ankara, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Engin Tutkun
- Bozok Univesity, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, 66200, Yozgat, Turkey.
| | - Nursen Basaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
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Shen S, Zhang R, Zhang J, Wei Y, Guo Y, Su L, Chen F, Christiani DC. Welding fume exposure is associated with inflammation: a global metabolomics profiling study. Environ Health 2018; 17:68. [PMID: 30134906 PMCID: PMC6106842 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-018-0412-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that welding fume exposure is associated with systemic inflammation. Although celluar metabolites may be associated with inflammation, there is limited information on metabolomic changes during welding fume exposure. Such changes may play an important role in the occurrence, development, and prevention of metal-associated diseases. We aim to investigate human metabolomics changes pre- and post-welding fume exposure. METHODS This study included 52 boilermakers totally. We collected plasma samples pre- and post-shift welding fume exposure and prepared samples using the automated MicroLab STAR® system. Metabolite concentrations were measured using ultra performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS) methods. Two-way analysis of variance was used to test the significance of metabolite changes with false discovery rate correction. RESULTS Analysis detected several metabolic changes after welding fume exposure, mainly involved in the lipid pathway [glucocorticoid class (cortisol, corticosterone, and cortisone), acylcarnitine class, and DiHOME species (9,10-DiHOME and 12,13-DiHOME)], amino acid utilization (isoleucine, proline and phenylalanine), and S-(3-hydroxypropyl) mercapturic acid (3-HPMA). These compounds are all associated with inflammation according to previous studies. Further, additive interaction effects linked smoking and 3-HPMA levels. In the metabolite set enrichment analysis for diseases, the top two disease-associated metabolite pathways were systemic inflammation-related diseases including rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. CONCLUSIONS This global metabolomics study shows evidence that metabolite changes during welding fume exposure are closely associated with systemic inflammation. The altered metabolites detected may be potential health monitoring biomarkers for boilermakers, especially for inflammation-related disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sipeng Shen
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruyang Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinming Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yongyue Wei
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
- China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yichen Guo
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Li Su
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
- China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - David C Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 665 Huntington Avenue, Building I Room 1401, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Krishnaraj J, Kowshik J, Sebastian R, Raghavan SC, Nagini S. Exposure to welding fumes activates DNA damage response and redox-sensitive transcription factor signalling in Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Lett 2017; 274:8-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Rim KT, Park KK, Sung JH, Chung YH, Han JH, Cho KS, Kim KJ, Yu IJ. Gene-expression profiling using suppression-subtractive hybridization and cDNA microarray in rat mononuclear cells in response to welding-fume exposure. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 20:77-88. [PMID: 15807411 DOI: 10.1191/0748233704th200oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Welders with radiographic pneumoconiosis abnormalities have shown a gradual clearing of the X-ray identified effects following removal from exposure. In some cases, the pulmonary fibrosis associated with welding fumes appears in a more severe form in welders. Accordingly, for the early detection of welding-fume-exposure-induced pulmonary fibrosis, the gene expression profiles of peripheral mononuclear cells from rats exposed to welding fumes were studied using suppression-subtractive hybridization (SSH) and a cDNA microarray. As such, Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to a stainless steel arc welding fume for 2 h/day in an inhalation chamber with a 107.59 / 2.6 mg/m3 concentration of total suspended particulate (TSP) for 30 days. Thereafter, the total RNA was extracted from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells, the cDNA synthesized from the total RNA using the SMARTTM PCR cDNA method, and SSH performed to select the welding-fume-exposure-regulated genes. The cDNAs identified by the SSH were then cloned into a plasmid miniprep, sequenced and the sequences analysed using the NCBI BLAST programme. In the SSH cloned cDNA microarray analysis, five genes were found to increase their expression by 1.9-fold or more, including Rgs 14, which plays an important function in cellular signal transduction pathways; meanwhile 36 genes remained the same and 30 genes decreased their expression by more than 59%, including genes associated with the immune response, transcription factors and tyrosine kinases. Among the 5200 genes analysed, 256 genes (5.1%) were found to increase their gene expression, while 742 genes (15%) decreased their gene expression in response to the welding-fume exposure when tested using a commercial 5.0k DNA microarray. Therefore, unlike exposure to other toxic substances, prolonged welding-fume exposure was found to substantially downregulate many genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Taek Rim
- Center for Occupational Toxicology, Occupational Safety & Health Research Institute, KOSHA, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Jara-Ettinger AC, López-Tavera JC, Zavala-Cerna MG, Torres-Bugarín O. Genotoxic Evaluation of Mexican Welders Occupationally Exposed to Welding-Fumes Using the Micronucleus Test on Exfoliated Oral Mucosa Cells: A Cross-Sectional, Case-Control Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131548. [PMID: 26244938 PMCID: PMC4526553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An estimated 800,000 people worldwide are occupationally exposed to welding-fumes. Previous studies show that the exposure to such fumes is associated with damage to genetic material and increased cancer risk. In this study, we evaluate the genotoxic effect of welding-fumes using the Micronucleus Test on oral mucosa cells of Mexican welders. MATERIAL AND METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional, matched case-control study of n = 66 (33 exposed welders, and 33 healthy controls). Buccal mucosa smears were collected and stained with acridine orange, observed under 100x optical amplification with a fluorescence lamp, and a single-blinded observer counted the number of micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities per 2,000 observed cells. We compared the frequencies of micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities, and fitted generalised linear models to investigate the interactions between nuclear abnormalities and the exposure to welding-fumes, while controlling for smoking and age. RESULTS Binucleated cells and condensed-chromatin cells showed statistically significant differences between cases and controls. The frequency of micronuclei and the rest of nuclear abnormalities (lobed-nuclei, pyknosis, karyolysis, and karyorrhexis) did not differ significantly between the groups. After adjusting for smoking, the regression results showed that the occurrence of binucleated cells could be predicted by the exposure to welding-fumes plus the presence of tobacco consumption; for the condensed-chromatin cells, our model showed that the exposure to welding-fumes is the only reliable predictor. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that Mexican welders who are occupationally exposed to welding-fumes have increased counts of binucleated and condensed-chromatin cells. Nevertheless, the frequencies of micronuclei and the rest of nuclear abnormalities did not differ between cases and controls. Further studies should shed more light on this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Olivia Torres-Bugarín
- Faculty of medicine, International Program, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
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Andujar P, Simon-Deckers A, Galateau-Sallé F, Fayard B, Beaune G, Clin B, Billon-Galland MA, Durupthy O, Pairon JC, Doucet J, Boczkowski J, Lanone S. Role of metal oxide nanoparticles in histopathological changes observed in the lung of welders. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:23. [PMID: 24885771 PMCID: PMC4037282 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-11-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although major concerns exist regarding the potential consequences of human exposure to nanoparticles (NP), no human toxicological data is currently available. To address this issue, we took welders, who present various adverse respiratory outcomes, as a model population of occupational exposure to NP. The aim of this study was to evaluate if welding fume-issued NP could be responsible, at least partially, in the lung alterations observed in welders. Methods A combination of imaging and material science techniques including ((scanning) transmission electron microscopy ((S)TEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and X-ray microfluorescence (μXRF)), was used to characterize NP content in lung tissue from 21 welders and 21 matched control patients. Representative NP were synthesized, and their effects on macrophage inflammatory secretome and migration were evaluated, together with the effect of this macrophage inflammatory secretome on human lung primary fibroblasts differentiation. Results Welding-related NP (Fe, Mn, Cr oxides essentially) were identified in lung tissue sections from welders, in macrophages present in the alveolar lumen and in fibrous regions. In vitro macrophage exposure to representative NP (Fe2O3, Fe3O4, MnFe2O4 and CrOOH) induced the production of a pro-inflammatory secretome (increased production of CXCL-8, IL-1ß, TNF-α, CCL-2, −3, −4, and to a lesser extent IL-6, CCL-7 and −22), and all but Fe3O4 NP induce an increased migration of macrophages (Boyden chamber). There was no effect of NP-exposed macrophage secretome on human primary lung fibroblasts differentiation. Conclusions Altogether, the data reported here strongly suggest that welding-related NP could be responsible, at least in part, for the pulmonary inflammation observed in welders. These results provide therefore the first evidence of a link between human exposure to NP and long-term pulmonary effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sophie Lanone
- Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Service de Pneumologie et de Pathologie Professionnelle, 94000 Créteil, France.
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Pershina AG, Sazonov AE, Filimonov VD. Magnetic nanoparticles–DNA interactions: design and applications of nanobiohybrid systems. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2014. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2014v083n04abeh004412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Halatek T, Sinczuk-Walczak H, Janasik B, Trzcinka-Ochocka M, Winnicka R, Wasowicz W. Health effects and arsenic species in urine of copper smelter workers. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2014; 49:787-797. [PMID: 24679086 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2014.882207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare indices of exposure in workers employed at different work posts in a copper smelter plant using neurophysiological tests and to evaluate the relationship between urinary arsenic species with the aid of sensitive respiratory and renal biomarkers. We have attempted to elucidate the impact of different arsenic speciation forms on the observed health effects. We focused on the workers (n = 45) exposed to atmospheres containing specific diverse mixtures of metals (such as those occurring in Departments of Furnaces, Lead and Electrolysis) compared to controls (n = 16). Subjective symptoms from the central (CNS) and the peripheral (PNS) nervous system were recorded and visual evoked potential (VEP), electroneurography (ENeG) and electroencephalography (EEG) curves were analysed. Levels of airborne lead (PbA), zinc (ZnA) and copper (CuA) and Pb levels in blood (PbB) and the relationships between airborne As concentrations (AsA) and the urinary levels of the inorganic (iAs); As(+3), As(+5) and the organic; methylarsonate (MMA(V)), dimethylarsinate (DMA(V)) and arsenobetaine (AsB) arsenic species were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Effects of exposure were expressed in terms of biomarker levels: Clara cell protein (CC16) in serum as early pulmonary biomarker and β2-microglobulin (β2M) in urine and serum, retinol binding protein (RBP) as renal markers, measured by sensitive latex-immunoassay (LIA). Abnormal results of neurophysiological tests, VEP, EEG and ENeG showed dominant subclinical effects in CNS and PNS of workers from Departments of Lead and Furnace. In group of smelters from Departments of Furnace exposed to arsenic above current TLV, excreted arsenic species As(+3) and As(+5) seemed to reduce the level of Clara cell protein (CC16), thereby reducing anti-inflammatory potential of the lungs and increasing the levels of renal biomarker (β2M) and copper in urine (CuU). The study confirmed deleterious arsenic effects to the kidney by increased levels of low-molecular weight protein in urine and the extent of the renal copper accumulation/excretion. The results of our work also support the usefulness of application of the sensitive neurophysiologic tests, such as VEP, EEG and ENeG, for the detection of early subclinical effects of the exposure of the nervous system in copper smelters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Halatek
- a Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis , Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine , Lodz , Poland
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Zeidler-Erdely PC, Erdely A, Antonini JM. Immunotoxicology of arc welding fume: worker and experimental animal studies. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 9:411-25. [PMID: 22734811 PMCID: PMC4696487 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2011.652783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Arc welding processes generate complex aerosols composed of potentially hazardous metal fumes and gases. Millions of workers worldwide are exposed to welding aerosols daily. A health effect of welding that is of concern to the occupational health community is the development of immune system dysfunction. Increased severity, frequency, and duration of upper and lower respiratory tract infections have been reported among welders. Specifically, multiple studies have observed an excess mortality from pneumonia in welders and workers exposed to metal fumes. Although several welder cohort and experimental animal studies investigating the adverse effects of welding fume exposure on immune function have been performed, the potential mechanisms responsible for these effects are limited. The objective of this report was to review both human and animal studies that have examined the effect of welding fume pulmonary exposure on local and systemic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patti C Zeidler-Erdely
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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Oh JH, Yang MJ, Heo JD, Yang YS, Park HJ, Park SM, Kwon MS, Song CW, Yoon S, Yu IJ. Inflammatory response in rat lungs with recurrent exposure to welding fumes. Toxicol Ind Health 2011; 28:203-15. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233711410906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
As chronic exposure to welding fumes causes pulmonary diseases, such as pneumoconiosis, public concern has increased regarding continued exposure to these hazardous gases in the workplace. In a previous study, the inflammatory response to welding fume exposure was analysed in rat lungs in the case of recurrent exposure and recovery periods. Thus using lung samples, well-annotated by histological observation and biochemical analysis, this study examines the gene expression profiles to identify phenotype-anchored genes corresponding to lung inflammation and the repair phenomenon after recurrent welding fume exposure. Seven genes ( Mmp12, Cd5l, LOC50101, LOC69183, Spp1, and Slc26a4) were found to be significantly up-regulated according to the severity of the lung injury. In addition, the transcription and translation of Trem2, which was up-regulated in response to the repair process, were validated using a real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. The differentially expressed genes in the exposure and recovery groups were also classified using k-means and hierarchical clustering, plus their toxicological function and canonical pathways were further analysed using Ingenuity Pathways Analysis Software. As a result, this comprehensive and integrative analysis of the transcriptional changes that occur during repeated exposure provides important information on the inflammation and repair processes after welding-fume-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hwa Oh
- Division of Research and Development, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jin Yang
- Division of Inhalation Toxicology, KIT Jeongeup Campus, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Doo Heo
- Division of Inhalation Toxicology, KIT Jeongeup Campus, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Su Yang
- Division of Inhalation Toxicology, KIT Jeongeup Campus, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Jin Park
- Division of Research and Development, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Myo Park
- Division of Research and Development, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Sang Kwon
- Division of Research and Development, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Woo Song
- Division of Inhalation Toxicology, KIT Jeongeup Campus, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokjoo Yoon
- Division of Research and Development, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Je Yu
- Toxicological Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan, Korea
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15
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Gene expression profiling in the lung tissue of cynomolgus monkeys in response to repeated exposure to welding fumes. Arch Toxicol 2011; 84:191-203. [PMID: 19936710 PMCID: PMC2820669 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-009-0486-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Many in the welding industry suffer from bronchitis, lung function changes, metal fume fever, and diseases related to respiratory damage. These phenomena are associated with welding fumes; however, the mechanism behind these findings remains to be elucidated. In this study, the lungs of cynomolgus monkeys were exposed to MMA-SS welding fumes for 229 days and allowed to recover for 153 days. After the exposure and recovery period, gene expression profiles were investigated using the Affymetrix GeneChip Human U133 plus 2.0. In total, it was confirmed that 1,116 genes were up-or downregulated (over 2-fold changes, P\0.01) for the T1 (31.4 ± 2.8 mg/m3) and T2 (62.5 ± 2.7 mg/m3) dose groups. Differentially expressed genes in the exposure and recovery groups were analyzed, based on hierarchical clustering, and were imported into Ingenuity Pathways Analysis to analyze the biological and toxicological functions. Functional analysis identified genes involved in immunological disease in both groups. Additionally, differentially expressed genes in common between monkeys and rats following welding fume exposure were compared using microarray data, and the gene expression of selected genes was verified by real-time PCR. Genes such as CHI3L1, RARRES1, and CTSB were up-regulated and genes such as CYP26B1, ID4, and NRGN were down-regulated in both monkeys and rats following welding fume exposure. This is the first comprehensive gene expression profiling conducted for welding fume exposure in monkeys, and these expressed genes are expected to be useful in helping to understand transcriptional changes in monkey lungs after welding fume exposure.
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16
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Chuang CH, Huang CE, Chen HL. DNA strand breakage and lipid peroxidation after exposure to welding fumes in vivo. Mutagenesis 2009; 25:71-6. [PMID: 19884118 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gep047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A remarkable number of complex aerosols are generated from welding processes. The objective of this study was to compare DNA damage and lipid peroxidation in plasma and in lung and in liver tissue of rats exposed to welding fumes in an exposure chamber with those of control animals. Three air samples from the chamber were also collected to assess the exposure dose for each exposure (total samplings = 18). Eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to welding fumes at a concentration of 1540.76 mg/m(3) for 10 min/day six times on day 1, day 3, day 7, day 15, day 30 and day 40. Lung, liver and kidney injury was measured following exposure, as well as in unexposed control rats (n = 4 at the beginning of the study). DNA strand breakage [tail moment (TMOM)] in exposed animals showed significant differences at day 1, day 4, day 7 and day 15 relative to the levels in control animals. Malondialdehyde (MDA, a lipid peroxidation product) levels increased gradually post-welding to 0.4 microM at 7 days. MDA and TMOM both reached maximum levels 7 days after the first exposure. At the start, an increasing trend in DNA strand breakage was more obvious than increases in MDA levels; MDA seemed to reflect long-term effects of exposure to welding fumes since it increased after 7 days and was sustained to 40 days in vivo. Significant differences in both MDA levels and DNA strand breakage were seen in lung, liver and kidney 40 days after the first fume inhalation. We conclude that acute exposure of rats to welding fumes causes noticeable oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation effects and that DNA damage may recover after long and repeat exposure. More chronic inhalation and low-dose studies are needed in order to further assess the effects of inhalation of welding fumes on DNA and to elucidate the possible causal mechanisms associated with the biologically damaging effects of welding fumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hung Chuang
- Department of Food Science and Applied Biotechnology, Hung Kuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
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17
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Kisin ER, Murray AR, Keane MJ, Shi XC, Schwegler-Berry D, Gorelik O, Arepalli S, Castranova V, Wallace WE, Kagan VE, Shvedova AA. Single-walled carbon nanotubes: geno- and cytotoxic effects in lung fibroblast V79 cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2007; 70:2071-9. [PMID: 18049996 DOI: 10.1080/15287390701601251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
With the development of nanotechnology, there is a tremendous growth of the application of nanomaterials, which increases the risk of human exposure to these nanomaterials through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal penetration. Among different types of nanoparticles, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) with extremely small size (1 nm in diameter) exhibit extraordinary properties and offer possibilities to create materials with astounding features. Since the release of nanoparticles in an enclosed environment is of great concern, a study of possible genotoxic effects is important. Our previous data showed that pharyngeal aspiration of SWCNT elicited pulmonary effects in C57BL/6 mice that was promoted by a robust, acute inflammatory reaction with early onset resulting in progressive interstitial fibrogenic response and the formation of granulomas. In the present study, the genotoxic potential of SWCNT was evaluated in vitro. The genotoxic effects of nanoparticles were examined using three different test systems: the comet assay and micronucleus (MN) test in a lung fibroblast (V79) cell line, and the Salmonella gene mutation assay in strains YG1024/YG1029. Cytotoxicity tests showed loss of viability in a concentration- and time-dependent manner after exposure of cells to SWCNT. Results from the comet assay demonstrated the induction of DNA damage after only 3 h of incubation with 96 microg/cm2 of SWCNT. The MN test indicated some but not significant micronucleus induction by SWCNT in the V79 cell line at the highest concentrations tested. With two different strains of Salmonella typhimurium, no mutations were found following SWCNT exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena R Kisin
- Pathology/Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA
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18
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Liu HH, Wu YC, Chen HL. Production of ozone and reactive oxygen species after welding. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2007; 53:513-8. [PMID: 17612781 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-007-0030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Many toxic substances including heavy metals, ozone, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxides are generated during welding. Ozone (O(3)) is a strong oxidant that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tissue, and ambient ROS exposure associated with particles has been determined to cause DNA damage. Ozone is produced within 30 seconds during welding. However, the length of time that O(3) remains in the air after welding is completed (post-welding) is unknown. The current study aimed to assess the distributions of ambient ROS and O(3) before the start of welding (pre-welding), during welding, and after welding. The highest O(3) levels, equal to 195 parts per billion (ppb), appeared during welding. Ozone levels gradually decreased to 60 ppb 10 minutes after the welding was completed. The highest ROS level was found in samples taken during welding, followed by samples taken after the welding was completed. The lowest ROS level was found in samples taken before the welding had started. Ozone and ROS levels were poorly correlated, but a similar trend was found for O(3) and ROS levels in particles (microM/mg). Although particles were not generated after welding, ROS and O(3) still persisted for more than 10 minutes. Meanwhile, because O(3) continues after welding, how long the occupational protective system should be used depends on the welding materials and the methods used. In addition, the relationship between metal fumes and ROS generation during the welding process should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Liu
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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19
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Rim KT, Park KK, Kim YH, Lee YH, Han JH, Chung YH, Yu IJ. Gene-expression profiling of human mononuclear cells from welders using cDNA microarray. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2007; 70:1264-77. [PMID: 17654244 DOI: 10.1080/15287390701428986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A toxicogenomic chip developed to detect welding-related diseases was tested and validated for field trials. To verify the suitability of the microarray, white blood cells (WBC) or whole blood was purified and characterized from 20 subjects in the control group (average work experience of 7 yr) and 20 welders in the welding-fume exposed group (welders with an average work experience of 23 yr). Two hundred and fifty-three rat genes homologous to human genes were obtained and spotted on the chip slide. Meanwhile, a human cDNA chip spotted with 8600 human genes was also used to detect any increased or decreased levels of gene expression among the welders. After comparing the levels of gene expression between the control and welder groups using the toxicogenomic chips, 103 genes were identified as likely to be specifically changed by welding-fume exposure. Eighteen of the 253 rat genes were specifically changed in the welders, while 103 genes from the human cDNA chip were specifically changed. The genes specifically expressed by the welders were associated with inflammatory responses, toxic chemical metabolism, stress proteins, transcription factors, and signal transduction. In contrast, there was no significant change in the genes related to short-term welding-fume exposure, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin. In conclusion, if further validation studies are conducted, the present toxicogenomic gene chips could be used for the effective monitoring of welding-fume-exposure-related diseases among welders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Taek Rim
- Laboratory of Occupational Toxicology, Chemical Safety & Health Research Center, Occupational Safety & Health Research Institute, KOSHA, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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20
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Caractérisation de l’exposition aux fumées de soudage en atelier dans le secteur du BTP. ARCH MAL PROF ENVIRO 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1775-8785(07)88935-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Iarmarcovai G, Bonassi S, Sari-Minodier I, Baciuchka-Palmaro M, Botta A, Orsière T. Exposure to genotoxic agents, host factors, and lifestyle influence the number of centromeric signals in micronuclei: a pooled re-analysis. Mutat Res 2007; 615:18-27. [PMID: 17198715 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2006.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We pooled data from three biomonitoring studies using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay in peripheral blood lymphocytes in combination with fluorescence in situ hybridization. Centromere-positive micronuclei (C+MN) were classified in two groups: those containing one centromere (C1+MN) and those with two or more (Cx+MN). The three studies evaluated untreated cancer patients, welders, and pathologists/anatomists exposed to formaldehyde. The total number of subjects included in the pooled re-analysis was 113. A higher frequency of C+MN was observed in cancer patients and exposed workers, who showed significant differences from controls in all studies. C1+MN were particularly increased in the group of pathologists/anatomists, who showed a 3.29 times higher frequency than controls (95% CI: 2.04-5.30). A borderline increase in Cx+MN was observed in welders when compared to the corresponding control group (FR: 1.31; 95% CI: 0.99-1.74). An evident effect of gender was found, with significantly increased frequencies of all endpoints measuring aneuploidy in females (C+MN, C1+MN, and Cx+MN). Alcohol consumption had a significant effect on total MN frequency and particularly on C+MN and C1+MN. In conclusion, scoring the number of centromeric signals in the micronucleus assay provides additional information about the mechanism of action of various genotoxic agents, and the role of confounding factors may be more specifically accounted for. Indeed, C+MN could be efficiently used in biomonitoring studies as an independent biomarker of exposure and early biological effect. The use of centromeric signals allows the identification of two further endpoints, representing two alternative pathways of chromosome loss, i.e., impaired chromosome migration, leading to increased C1+MN frequency, and centrosome amplification, possibly leading to Cx+MN with two or more centromeric signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Iarmarcovai
- Laboratory of Biogenotoxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis (EA 1784; IFR PMSE 112), Faculty of Medicine, Université de la Méditerranée, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
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22
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Botta C, Iarmarcovai G, Chaspoul F, Sari-Minodier I, Pompili J, Orsière T, Bergé-Lefranc JL, Botta A, Gallice P, De Méo M. Assessment of occupational exposure to welding fumes by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy and by the alkaline Comet assay. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2006; 47:284-95. [PMID: 16489626 DOI: 10.1002/em.20205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Welding fumes are classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. In the current study, blood and urine concentrations of aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) were monitored by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in 30 welders and in 22 controls. In addition, DNA damage was examined in the lymphocytes of these subjects by the alkaline Comet assay. Two biological samples were taken from the welders at the beginning (BW) and at the end (EW) of a work week. In controls, collection of samples was limited to BW. Blood concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, and Pb were higher in the welders than in the control group while higher concentrations of Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, and Pb were detected in welder urines. There was no significant difference in the metal concentrations for the BW and EW welder samples. Increased levels of DNA damage were found in lymphocytes from welders as compared to the controls, and 20/30 welders had higher levels of DNA lesions in the EW than in the BW samples. Age had a significant effect on DNA damage in the control group. Spearman's rank correlation analysis indicated that there were positive correlations between blood concentrations of Al, Co, Ni, and Pb and the levels of DNA damage. A negative correlation was found between DNA damage and Mn in blood, while there was a positive correlation between urinary Mn concentration and DNA damage. These data indicate that occupational exposure to welding fumes increases DNA damage in lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Botta
- Laboratoire de Biogénotoxicologie et Mutagenèse Environnementale (EA 1784- IFR PMSE 112), Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
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23
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Iarmarcovai G, Sari-Minodier I, Orsière T, De Méo M, Gallice P, Bideau C, Iniesta D, Pompili J, Bergé-Lefranc JL, Botta A. A combined analysis of XRCC1, XRCC3, GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms and centromere content of micronuclei in welders. Mutagenesis 2006; 21:159-65. [PMID: 16551674 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gel010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to assess clastogenic and aneugenic properties of welding fumes using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with a human pancentromeric DNA probe. The involvement of genetic polymorphisms in DNA repair genes (p.Arg399Gln of XRCC1 and p.Thr241Met of XRCC3) and in detoxification genes (GSTM1 and GSTT1) on the centromere content of micronuclei (MN) was also evaluated. This study included 27 male welders working without any collective protection device and a control group (n = 30). The welders showed significantly higher levels of chromosome/genome damage compared to the controls. The frequencies of MN and centromere-positive MN (C+MN) per 1,000 binucleated cells were significantly higher in the exposed group than in the control group (7.1 per thousand +/- 3.7 versus 4.9 per thousand +/- 1.8; P = 0.012 and 3.5 per thousand +/- 1.8 versus 2.4 per thousand +/- 1.2; P = 0.018, respectively, Mann-Whitney U-test). The centromere-negative MN (C-MN) frequency was higher in the exposed subjects than in the controls (3.6 per thousand +/- 3.4 versus 2.5 per thousand +/- 1.4), but the Mann-Whitney U-test did not yield a significant result. In the total population, the GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms significantly affected the frequencies of C-MN and C+MN defined by FISH. GSTM1 positive subjects showed an increased C-MN frequency and GSTT1 null subjects showed an elevated C+MN frequency. When GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes were included in multiple regression analysis, the effect of the occupational exposure could better be demonstrated; both C+MN and C-MN were significantly increased in the welders. Our results suggest that the combined analysis of genetic polymorphisms and centromeres in MN may improve the sensitivity of the micronucleus assay in detecting genotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Iarmarcovai
- Laboratoire de Biogénotoxicologie et Mutagenèse Environnementale, EA 1784; IFR PMSE 112, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France.
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24
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Donaldson K, Tran L, Jimenez LA, Duffin R, Newby DE, Mills N, MacNee W, Stone V. Combustion-derived nanoparticles: a review of their toxicology following inhalation exposure. Part Fibre Toxicol 2005; 2:10. [PMID: 16242040 PMCID: PMC1280930 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-2-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This review considers the molecular toxicology of combustion-derived nanoparticles (CDNP) following inhalation exposure. CDNP originate from a number of sources and in this review we consider diesel soot, welding fume, carbon black and coal fly ash. A substantial literature demonstrates that these pose a hazard to the lungs through their potential to cause oxidative stress, inflammation and cancer; they also have the potential to redistribute to other organs following pulmonary deposition. These different CDNP show considerable heterogeneity in composition and solubility, meaning that oxidative stress may originate from different components depending on the particle under consideration. Key CDNP-associated properties of large surface area and the presence of metals and organics all have the potential to produce oxidative stress. CDNP may also exert genotoxic effects, depending on their composition. CDNP and their components also have the potential to translocate to the brain and also the blood, and thereby reach other targets such as the cardiovascular system, spleen and liver. CDNP therefore can be seen as a group of particulate toxins unified by a common mechanism of injury and properties of translocation which have the potential to mediate a range of adverse effects in the lungs and other organs and warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Donaldson
- ELEGI Colt Laboratory, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Lang Tran
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Research Park North, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Luis Albert Jimenez
- ELEGI Colt Laboratory, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Rodger Duffin
- ELEGI Colt Laboratory, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - David E Newby
- Cardiovascular Research, Division of Medical and Radiological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SU, UK
| | - Nicholas Mills
- Cardiovascular Research, Division of Medical and Radiological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SU, UK
| | - William MacNee
- ELEGI Colt Laboratory, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Vicki Stone
- Napier University, School of Life Sciences, 10 Colinton Rd, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK
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25
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Iarmarcovai G, Sari-Minodier I, Chaspoul F, Botta C, De Méo M, Orsière T, Bergé-Lefranc JL, Gallice P, Botta A. Risk assessment of welders using analysis of eight metals by ICP-MS in blood and urine and DNA damage evaluation by the comet and micronucleus assays; influence of XRCC1 and XRCC3 polymorphisms. Mutagenesis 2005; 20:425-32. [PMID: 16234265 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gei058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to assess the occupational risk of welders using analysis of metals in biological fluids, DNA damage evaluation by complementary genotoxic endpoints and the incidence of polymorphisms in DNA repair genes. A biomonitoring study was conducted that included biometrology (blood and urinary concentrations of aluminium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, manganese, nickel, zinc by ICP-MS), comet and cytokinesis-block micronucleus assays in peripheral lymphocytes and genetic polymorphisms of XRCC1 (p.Arg399Gln) and XRCC3 (p.Thr241Met). This study included 60 male welders divided into two groups: group 1 working without any collective protection device and group 2 equipped with smoke extraction systems. A control group (n = 30) was also included in the study. Higher chromium, lead and nickel blood and urinary concentrations were detected in the two groups of welders compared to controls. Statistically differences between welders of group 1 and group 2 were found for blood concentration of cobalt and urinary concentrations of aluminium, chromium, lead and nickel. The alkaline comet assay revealed that welders had a significant increase of OTMchi2 distribution at the end of a work week compared to the beginning; a significant induction of DNA strand breaks at the end of the week was observed in 20 welders out of 30. The cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay showed that welders of group 1 had a higher frequency of chromosomal damage than controls. The XRCC1 variant allele coding Gln amino acid at position 399 was found to be associated with a higher number of DNA breaks as revealed by the comet assay. Increased metal concentrations in biological fluids, DNA breaks and chromosomal damage in lymphocytes emphasized the need to develop safety programmes for welders.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Iarmarcovai
- Laboratoire de Biogénotoxicologie et Mutagenèse Environnementale, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France.
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