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Silva NP, da Costa CS, Barbosa KL, Januario CDF, Gama-de-Souza LN, Breves C, Fortunato RS, Miranda-Alves L, de Oliveira M, Nogueira CR, Graceli JB. Subacute tributyltin exposure alters the development and morphology of mammary glands in association with CYP19A1 expression in female rats. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 128:108635. [PMID: 38936095 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Tributyltin (TBT) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) related to reproductive dysfunctions. However, few studies have investigated the effects of TBT exposure on mammary gland development. Thus, we assessed whether subacute TBT exposure causes irregularities in mammary gland development. We administered TBT (100 and 1,000 ng/kg/day for 30 days) to female rats from postnatal day (PND) 25 to PND 55, and mammary gland development, morphology, inflammation, collagen deposition, and protein expression were evaluated. Abnormal mammary gland development was observed in both TBT groups. Specifically, TBT exposure reduced the number of terminal end buds (TEBs), type 1 (AB1) alveolar buds, and type 2 (AB2) alveolar buds. An increase in the lobule and differentiation (DF) 2 score was found in the mammary glands of TBT rats. TBT exposure increased mammary gland blood vessels, mast cell numbers, and collagen deposition. Additionally, both TBT rats exhibited intraductal hyperplasia and TEB-like structures. An increase in estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), progesterone receptor (PR), and cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1 (CYP19A1) - positive cells was observed in the mammary glands of TBT rats. A strong negative correlation was observed between CYP19A1- positive cells and TEB number. In addition, CYP19A1 - positive cells were positively correlated with mammary gland TEB-like structure, ductal hyperplasia, inflammation, and collagen deposition. Thus, these data suggest that TBT exposure impairs mammary gland development through the modulation of CYP19A1 signaling pathways in female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia P Silva
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 290440-090, Brazil
| | - Charles S da Costa
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 290440-090, Brazil
| | - Kayke L Barbosa
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 290440-090, Brazil
| | - Cidália de F Januario
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 290440-090, Brazil
| | | | - Cinthia Breves
- Health Science Center, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941590, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S Fortunato
- Health Science Center, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941590, Brazil
| | - Leandro Miranda-Alves
- Experimental Endocrinology Research, Development and Innovation Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941902, Brazil
| | - Miriane de Oliveira
- Department of Internal Clinic, Botucatu Medicine School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo 18618687, Brazil
| | - Celia R Nogueira
- Department of Internal Clinic, Botucatu Medicine School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo 18618687, Brazil
| | - Jones B Graceli
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 290440-090, Brazil.
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Park SY, Kong SH, Kim KJ, Ahn SH, Hong N, Ha J, Lee S, Choi HS, Baek KH, Kim JE, Kim SW. Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals on Bone Health. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2024; 39:539-551. [PMID: 39015028 PMCID: PMC11375301 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2024.1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review critically examines the detrimental impacts of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on bone health, with a specific focus on substances such as bisphenol A (BPA), per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), phthalates, and dioxins. These EDCs, by interfering with the endocrine system's normal functioning, pose a significant risk to bone metabolism, potentially leading to a heightened susceptibility to bone-related disorders and diseases. Notably, BPA has been shown to inhibit the differentiation of osteoblasts and promote the apoptosis of osteoblasts, which results in altered bone turnover status. PFASs, known for their environmental persistence and ability to bioaccumulate in the human body, have been linked to an increased osteoporosis risk. Similarly, phthalates, which are widely used in the production of plastics, have been associated with adverse bone health outcomes, showing an inverse relationship between phthalate exposure and bone mineral density. Dioxins present a more complex picture, with research findings suggesting both potential benefits and adverse effects on bone structure and density, depending on factors such as the timing and level of exposure. This review underscores the urgent need for further research to better understand the specific pathways through which EDCs affect bone health and to develop targeted strategies for mitigating their potentially harmful impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Park
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Hye Kong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Jin Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Hee Ahn
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Inha University Hospital, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Namki Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeonghoon Ha
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sihoon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Han Seok Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Baek
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Varma S, Molangiri A, Mudavath S, Ananthan R, Rajanna A, Duttaroy AK, Basak S. Exposure to BPA and BPS during pregnancy disrupts the bone mineralization in the offspring. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 189:114772. [PMID: 38821392 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to plastic-derived estrogen-mimicking endocrine-disrupting bisphenols can have a long-lasting effect on bone health. However, gestational exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogue, bisphenol S (BPS), on offspring's bone mineralization is unclear. The effects of in-utero bisphenol exposure were examined on the offspring's bone parameters. BPA and BPS (0.0, 0.4 μg/kg bw) were administered to pregnant Wistar rats via oral gavage from gestational day 4-21. Maternal exposure to BPA and BPS increased bone mineral content and density in the offspring aged 30 and 90 days (P < 0.05). Plasma analysis revealed that alkaline phosphatase, and Gla-type osteocalcin were significantly elevated in the BPS-exposed offspring (P < 0.05). The expression of BMP1, BMP4, and their signaling mediators SMAD1 mRNAs were decreased in BPS-exposed osteoblast SaOS-2 cells (P < 0.05). The expression of extracellular matrix proteins such as ALPL, COL1A1, DMP1, and FN1 were downregulated (P < 0.05). Bisphenol co-incubation with noggin decreased TGF-β1 expression, indicating its involvement in bone mineralization. Altered mineralization could be due to dysregulated expression of bone morphogenetic proteins and signalling mediators in the osteoblast cells. Thus, bisphenol exposure during gestation altered growth and bone mineralization in the offspring, possibly by modulating the expression of Smad-dependent BMP/TGF-β1 signalling mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikanth Varma
- Molecular Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Archana Molangiri
- Molecular Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sreedhar Mudavath
- Food Chemistry Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajendran Ananthan
- Food Chemistry Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ajumeera Rajanna
- Cell Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Asim K Duttaroy
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sanjay Basak
- Molecular Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India.
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Pötzl B, Kürzinger L, Kendl S, Stopper H, Kurlbaum M, Fassnacht M, Dischinger U. Disruptive effects of plasticizers bisphenol A, F, and S on steroidogenesis of adrenocortical cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1387133. [PMID: 38966215 PMCID: PMC11222671 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1387133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are known to interfere with endocrine homeostasis. Their impact on the adrenal cortex and steroidogenesis has not yet been sufficiently elucidated. This applies in particular to the ubiquitously available bisphenols A (BPA), F (BPF), and S (BPS). Methods NCI-H295R adrenocortical cells were exposed to different concentrations (1nM-1mM) of BPA, BPF, BPS, and an equimolar mixture of them (BPmix). After 72 hours, 15 endogenous steroids were measured using LC-MS/MS. Ratios of substrate and product of CYP-regulated steps were calculated to identify most influenced steps of steroidogenesis. mRNA expression of steroidogenic enzymes was determined by real-time PCR. Results Cell viability remained unaffected at bisphenol concentrations lower than 250 µM. All tested bisphenols and their combination led to extensive alterations in the quantified steroid levels. The most profound fold changes (FC) in steroid concentrations after exposure to BPA (>10µM) were seen for androstenedione, e.g. a 0.37±0.11-fold decrease at 25µM (p≤0.0001) compared to vehicle-treated controls. For BPF, levels of 17-hydroxyprogesterone were significantly increased by 25µM (FC 2.57±0.49, p≤0.001) and 50µM (FC 2.65±0.61, p≤0.0001). BPS treatment led to a dose-dependent decrease of 11-deoxycorticosterone at >1µM (e.g. FC 0.24±0.14, p≤0.0001 at 10µM). However, when combining all three bisphenols, additive effects were detected: e.g. 11-deoxycortisosterone was decreased at doses >10µM (FC 0.27±0.04, p≤0.0001, at 25µM), whereas 21-deoxycortisol was increased by 2.92±0.20 (p≤0.01) at 10µM, and by 3.21±0.45 (p≤0.001) at 50µM. While every measured androgen (DHEA, DHEAS, androstenedione, testosterone, DHT) was lowered in all experiments, estradiol levels were significantly increased by BPA, BPF, BPS, and BPmix (e.g. FC 3.60±0.54, p≤0.0001 at 100µM BPF). Calculated substrate-product ratios indicated an inhibition of CYP17A1-, and CYP21A2 mediated conversions, whereas CYP11B1 and CYP19A1 showed higher activity in the presence of bisphenols. Based on these findings, most relevant mRNA expression of CYP genes were analysed. mRNA levels of StAR, CYP11B1, and CYP17A1 were significantly increased by BPF, BPS, and BPmix. Discussion In cell culture, bisphenols interfere with steroidogenesis at non-cytotoxic levels, leading to compound-specific patterns of significantly altered hormone levels. These results justify and call for additional in-vivo studies to evaluate effects of EDCs on adrenal gland functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Pötzl
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lydia Kürzinger
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Kendl
- Central Laboratory, Core Unit Clinical Mass Spectrometry, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Helga Stopper
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Max Kurlbaum
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Central Laboratory, Core Unit Clinical Mass Spectrometry, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Central Laboratory, Core Unit Clinical Mass Spectrometry, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Dischinger
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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El-Shimi BI, Mohareb RM, Ahmed HH, Abohashem RS, Mahmoud KF, Hanna DH. Mechanistic Insights into Bisphenol A-Mediated Male Infertility: Potential Role of Panax Ginseng Extract. Chem Biodivers 2024:e202400480. [PMID: 38818674 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Male infertility is identified by the inability of a man to successfully impregnate his fertile female partner, even following a year of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. About half of all infertility cases are attributed to what is known as "male factor" infertility. The escalating prevalence of male infertility in the contemporary era across the globe can be largely attributed to environmental pollution, which is the common etiological factor due to the ubiquitous presence of the environmental contaminants. Bisphenol A is recognized as an endocrine-disrupting chemical that has adverse effects on both male and female reproductive systems. On the other hand, numerous studies have demonstrated that Panax ginseng possessed the potential to improve male infertility parameters; promote spermatogenesis, recover the quality and motility of sperm and enhance testicular functions as it acted as a natural androgen supplement. The objective of this review is to offer a summary of the findings obtained from the current research data on the insult of bisphenol A (BPA) on male infertility and its supposed mode of action, as well as shed light on the potent ameliorative role of Panax ginseng extract, with a special focus on the mechanism behind its action. This review delivers a clear understanding of BPA mechanism of action on male infertility and the presumed risks deriving from its exposure. Also, this review provides evidence for the functional role of Panax ginseng extract in restoring male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma I El-Shimi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rafat M Mohareb
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hanaa H Ahmed
- Hormones Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
- Stem Cell Lab., Centre of Excellence for Advanced Science, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rehab S Abohashem
- Hormones Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
- Stem Cell Lab., Centre of Excellence for Advanced Science, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Khaled F Mahmoud
- Food Technology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Demiana H Hanna
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Hussain T, Metwally E, Murtaza G, Kalhoro DH, Chughtai MI, Tan B, Omur AD, Tunio SA, Akbar MS, Kalhoro MS. Redox mechanisms of environmental toxicants on male reproductive function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1333845. [PMID: 38469179 PMCID: PMC10925774 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1333845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Humans and wildlife, including domesticated animals, are exposed to a myriad of environmental contaminants that are derived from various human activities, including agricultural, household, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and industrial products. Excessive exposure to pesticides, heavy metals, and phthalates consequently causes the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. The equilibrium between reactive oxygen species and the antioxidant system is preserved to maintain cellular redox homeostasis. Mitochondria play a key role in cellular function and cell survival. Mitochondria are vulnerable to damage that can be provoked by environmental exposures. Once the mitochondrial metabolism is damaged, it interferes with energy metabolism and eventually causes the overproduction of free radicals. Furthermore, it also perceives inflammation signals to generate an inflammatory response, which is involved in pathophysiological mechanisms. A depleted antioxidant system provokes oxidative stress that triggers inflammation and regulates epigenetic function and apoptotic events. Apart from that, these chemicals influence steroidogenesis, deteriorate sperm quality, and damage male reproductive organs. It is strongly believed that redox signaling molecules are the key regulators that mediate reproductive toxicity. This review article aims to spotlight the redox toxicology of environmental chemicals on male reproduction function and its fertility prognosis. Furthermore, we shed light on the influence of redox signaling and metabolism in modulating the response of environmental toxins to reproductive function. Additionally, we emphasize the supporting evidence from diverse cellular and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarique Hussain
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Animal Science Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Elsayed Metwally
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Ghulam Murtaza
- Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Government of Sindh, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Dildar Hussain Kalhoro
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ismail Chughtai
- Animal Science Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Bie Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ali Dogan Omur
- Department of Artificial Insemination, Faculty, Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Shakeel Ahmed Tunio
- Department of Livestock Management, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahzad Akbar
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, University of Poonch, Rawalakot, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saleem Kalhoro
- Department of Agro-Industrial, Food, and Environmental Technology, Faculty of Applied Science, Food and Agro-Industrial Research Centre, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
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Gautam R, Prambil AM, Patel AK, Arora T. Emerging pollutants in etiology and pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 123:108515. [PMID: 38000646 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial endocrine disorder affecting reproductive-aged women worldwide. Although genetic and lifestyle factors have been implicated in its etiology, emerging evidence suggests that exposure to environmental pollutants may also contribute significantly to the development and pathophysiology of PCOS. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the potential role of emerging pollutants, including pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), microplastics, endocrine disruptors, and nanoparticles, in PCOS development. The article summarizes the current understanding of PCOS pathogenesis and its clinical manifestations. Subsequently, it delves into the mechanisms of action of the emerging pollutants, exploring how they may disrupt the endocrine system, interfere with hormonal regulation, and contribute to the manifestation of PCOS symptoms. Moreover, the potential for cumulative effects and synergistic interactions between these pollutants demands a cautious approach when considering their role in PCOS etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Gautam
- Division of Reproductive, Child Health & Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Ajith Manayil Prambil
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Arbind Kumar Patel
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Taruna Arora
- Division of Reproductive, Child Health & Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110029, India.
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Hassan AA, Abdelgayed SS, Mansour SZ. Liver and ovarian toxicities boosted by bisphenol and gamma radiation in female albino rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2024; 43:9603271231219264. [PMID: 38263794 DOI: 10.1177/09603271231219264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), a carbon-based synthetic polymer compound, was newly classified as an environmental toxicant and an endocrine-disrupting chemical leading to abnormalities in cell proliferation, apoptosis, or migration that contributes to cancer development and progression. This study aims to evaluate the effect of the elevation of γ- radiation dose and BPA on the liver and ovaries of female rats. In this study, eighty female albino rats (130-150 g) were used in this work. Rats in this experiment received BPA in ethanol (50 mg/kg b. wt.) for 30 days, day after day, and in the irradiated groups, animals were administered BPA and then exposed to γ- radiation in doses (2, 4, and 6 Gy) one shot dose. Several members of the cytochrome family were examined. Exposure to γ-radiation and BPA showed an increase in cytochrome P450 and b5 fold change. Further, BPA and γ-radiation activate α and β estrogen receptors and also downregulate aromatase (CYT19) fold change. The current results also revealed that BPA and/or γ-radiation regulate the protein expression of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. The steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) appeared to be targeted by BPA and γ-radiation and its relative expression was elevated significantly by raising the γ-radiation dose. In conclusion, exposure to BPA, an endocrine-disrupting chemical, leads to marked toxicity. Additionally, toxicity is heightened by increasing the γ-radiation dose, either alone or in combination with BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa A Hassan
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sherein S Abdelgayed
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Somaya Z Mansour
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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Parker J. Pathophysiological Effects of Contemporary Lifestyle on Evolutionary-Conserved Survival Mechanisms in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13041056. [PMID: 37109585 PMCID: PMC10145572 DOI: 10.3390/life13041056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is increasingly being characterized as an evolutionary mismatch disorder that presents with a complex mixture of metabolic and endocrine symptoms. The Evolutionary Model proposes that PCOS arises from a collection of inherited polymorphisms that have been consistently demonstrated in a variety of ethnic groups and races. In utero developmental programming of susceptible genomic variants are thought to predispose the offspring to develop PCOS. Postnatal exposure to lifestyle and environmental risk factors results in epigenetic activation of developmentally programmed genes and disturbance of the hallmarks of health. The resulting pathophysiological changes represent the consequences of poor-quality diet, sedentary behaviour, endocrine disrupting chemicals, stress, circadian disruption, and other lifestyle factors. Emerging evidence suggests that lifestyle-induced gastrointestinal dysbiosis plays a central role in the pathogenesis of PCOS. Lifestyle and environmental exposures initiate changes that result in disturbance of the gastrointestinal microbiome (dysbiosis), immune dysregulation (chronic inflammation), altered metabolism (insulin resistance), endocrine and reproductive imbalance (hyperandrogenism), and central nervous system dysfunction (neuroendocrine and autonomic nervous system). PCOS can be a progressive metabolic condition that leads to obesity, gestational diabetes, type two diabetes, metabolic-associated fatty liver disease, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. This review explores the mechanisms that underpin the evolutionary mismatch between ancient survival pathways and contemporary lifestyle factors involved in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Parker
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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10
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Knowledge Gap in Understanding the Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein Regulation in Steroidogenesis Following Exposure to Bisphenol A and Its Analogues. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061281. [PMID: 35740303 PMCID: PMC9219931 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of bisphenols has become extremely common in our daily lives. Due to the extensive toxic effects of Bisphenol A (BPA), the industry has replaced this endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) with its analogues, which have been proven to decrease testosterone levels via several mechanisms, including targeting the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein. However, when exposed to BPA and its analogues, the specific mechanism that emerges to target StAR protein regulations remains uncertain. Hence, this review discusses the effects of BPA and its analogues in StAR protein regulation by targeting cAMP-PKA, PLC-PKC, EGFR-MAPK/ERK and Ca2+-Nur77. BPA and its analogues mainly lead to decreased LH in blood and increased ERK expression and Ca2+ influx, with no relationship with the StAR protein regulation in testicular steroidogenesis. Furthermore, the involvement of the cAMP-PKA, PLC-PKC, and Nur77 molecules in StAR regulation in Leydig cells exposed to BPA and its analogues remains questionable. In conclusion, although BPA and its analogues have been found to disrupt the StAR protein, the evidence in connecting the signaling pathways with the StAR regulations in testicular steroidogenesis is still lacking, and more research is needed to draw a solid conclusion.
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Charitos IA, Topi S, Gagliano-Candela R, De Nitto E, Polimeno L, Montagnani M, Santacroce L. The toxic effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on gut microbiota: Bisphenol A (BPA). A review. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2022; 22:716-727. [PMID: 35339192 DOI: 10.2174/1871530322666220325114045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA), an important industrial material widely applied in daily products, is considered an endocrine-disrupting chemical that may adversely affect humans. Growing evidence have shown that intestinal bacterial alterations caused by BPA exposure play an important role in several local and systemic diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY finding evidence that BPA-induced alterations in gut microbiota composition and activity may perturb its role on human health. RESULTS evidence from several experimental settings show that both low and high doses of BPA, interfere with the hormonal, homeostatic and reproductive systems in both animals and human systems. Moreover, it has recently been classified as an environmental obesogenic, with metabolic-disrupting effects on lipid metabolism and pancreatic b-cell functions. Several evidence characterize PBA as an environmental contributor to type II diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and obesity. However, the highest estimates of the exposure derived from foods alone or in combination with other sources are 3 to 5 times below the new tolerable daily intake (TDI) value, today reduced by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) experts from 50 micrograms per kilogramme of bodyweight per day (µg/kg bw/day) to 4 µg/kg bw/day. CONCLUSIONS Considering estimates for the total amount of BPA that can be ingested daily over a lifetime, many International Health Authorities conclude that dietary exposure of adult humans to BPA does not represent a risk to consumers' health, declaring its safety due to very-low established levels in food and water and declare any appreciable health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Alexandros Charitos
- National Poison Center, OO. RR. University Hospital of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center for Pre-Latin, Latin and Oriental Rights and Culture Studies (CEDICLO), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Department of Clinical Disciplines, University of Elbasan, Elbasan, Albania
| | - Skender Topi
- Interdepartmental Research Center for Pre-Latin, Latin and Oriental Rights and Culture Studies (CEDICLO), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Department of Clinical Disciplines, University of Elbasan, Elbasan, Albania
| | - Roberto Gagliano-Candela
- Interdepartmental Research Center for Pre-Latin, Latin and Oriental Rights and Culture Studies (CEDICLO), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Microbiology and Virology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Emanuele De Nitto
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, Section of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Polimeno
- Department of Clinical Disciplines, University of Elbasan, Elbasan, Albania
- Polypheno Academic Spin Off, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Monica Montagnani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Santacroce
- Interdepartmental Research Center for Pre-Latin, Latin and Oriental Rights and Culture Studies (CEDICLO), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Department of Clinical Disciplines, University of Elbasan, Elbasan, Albania
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Microbiology and Virology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Polypheno Academic Spin Off, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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12
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Delage CI, Nys G, Fillet M, Cornil CA. Effect of cyclo‑oxygenase inhibition on embryonic microglia and the sexual differentiation of the brain and behavior of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Horm Behav 2021; 134:105024. [PMID: 34256221 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enduring sex differences in the brain are established during a developmental process known as brain sexual differentiation and are mainly driven by estrogens during a critical period. In rodents, the masculinization of the preoptic area by estrogens derived from the central aromatization of testosterone depends in part on the interaction between microglia and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a pro-inflammatory hormone of the prostanoid subclass. In contrast, in birds, estrogens produced by females induce a demasculinization, but whether an interaction with the neuro-immune system is involved in this process is unknown. This study addressed this question by testing the effects of blockade of cyclo‑oxygenases (COX), the rate-limiting enzymes for prostanoid synthesis, on embryonic microglia and the sexual differentiation of brain and behavior using the Japanese quail as an animal model. The results show that COX inhibition does not affect the behavior of females, but impairs male sexual behavior and suppresses the sex difference in microglial profiles at embryonic day 12 (E12) in the medial preoptic nucleus by increasing the number of microglia in males only. However, neither prostanoid concentrations nor PGE2 receptors differed between sexes in the hypothalamus and preoptic area (HPOA) during development. Overall, these results uncovered a potential role of prostanoids in the demasculinization of Japanese quail. Moreover, the parallel effect of COX inhibition on behavior and microglia suggests an interaction between prostanoids and microglia in brain demasculinization, thus fueling the hypothesis of a conserved role of the neuroimmune system in the organization of the brain by estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte I Delage
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, GIGA Neurosciences, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Gwenael Nys
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Marianne Fillet
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Charlotte A Cornil
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, GIGA Neurosciences, University of Liege, Belgium.
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13
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Li X, Ni M, Yang Z, Chen X, Zhang L, Chen J. Bioinformatics analysis and quantitative weight of evidence assessment to map the potential mode of actions of bisphenol A. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 273:116469. [PMID: 33460868 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a classical chemical contaminant in food, and the mode of action (MOA) of BPA remains unclear, constraining the progress of risk assessment. This study aims to assess the potential MOAs of BPA regarding reproductive/developmental toxicity, neurological toxicity, and proliferative effects on the mammary gland and the prostate potentially related to carcinogenesis by using the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD)-based bioinformatics analysis and the quantitative weight of evidence (QWOE) approach on the basis of the principles of Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century. The CTD-based bioinformatics analysis results showed that estrogen receptor 1, estrogen receptor 2, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) 1, MAPK3, BCL2 apoptosis regulator, caspase 3, BAX, androgen receptor, and AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 could be the common target genes, and the apoptotic process, cell proliferation, testosterone biosynthetic process, and estrogen biosynthetic process might be the shared phenotypes for different target organs. In addition, the KEGG pathways of the BPA-induced action might involve the estrogen signaling pathway and pathways in cancer. After the QWOE evaluation, two potential estrogen receptor-related MOAs of BPA-induced testis dysfunction and learning-memory deficit were proposed. However, the confidence and the human relevance of the two MOAs were moderate, prompting studies to improve the MOA-based risk assessment of BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Li
- West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengmei Ni
- West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhirui Yang
- West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuxi Chen
- West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lishi Zhang
- West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinyao Chen
- West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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14
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Engin AB, Engin A. The effect of environmental Bisphenol A exposure on breast cancer associated with obesity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 81:103544. [PMID: 33161112 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely used endocrine disrupter. Its environmental exposure is a causative factor of cell aging via decreasing telomerase activity, thus leading to shortening of telomere length. Epidemiological studies confirm positive associations between BPA exposure and the incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Increased urinary BPA levels in obese females are both significantly correlated with shorter relative telomere length and T2DM. BPA is a critically effective endocrine disrupter leading to poor prognosis via the obesity-inflammation-aromatase axis in breast cancer. Environmental BPA exposure contributes to the progression of both estrogen dependent and triple negative breast cancers. BPA is a positive regulator of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and it increases the expression of hTERT mRNA in breast cancer cells. BPA exposure can lead to tamoxifen resistance. Among patients treated with chemotherapy, those with persistent high telomerase activity due to BPA are at higher risk of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Basak Engin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Atilla Engin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Ankara, Turkey
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15
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Li C, Zhang L, Ma T, Gao L, Yang L, Wu M, Pang Z, Wang X, Yao Q, Xiao Y, Zhao L, Liu W, Zhao H, Wang C, Wang A, Jin Y, Chen H. Bisphenol A attenuates testosterone production in Leydig cells via the inhibition of NR1D1 signaling. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128020. [PMID: 33297044 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting compound that impairs testosterone synthesis in male mammals. A circadian clock gene deficiency leads to diminished fertility and even infertility in male mice. However, whether circadian clock signaling pathways mediate the suppressive effect of BPA on testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells (LCs) remains unknown. The present study aims to detect the effect of BPA on cellular circadian clock and testosterone synthesis in mouse LCs, and examine the mechanisms underlying NR1D1 signaling. BPA treatment significantly attenuated the transcription levels of Nr1d1 and steroidogenic genes (Hsd3b2 and Hsd17b3) in TM3 cells, but increased other circadian clock gene levels (Per2 and Dbp). BPA treatment also significantly downregulated NR1D1 and StAR protein expression, but upregulated BMAL1 protein expression in TM3 cells. Furthermore, there was a marked decline in testosterone production in BPA-treated TM3 cells. Intraperitoneal injection of BPA profoundly reduced NR1D1 and StAR protein levels and steroidogenic gene transcription levels (Cyp11a1, Hsd3b2, and Hsd17b3), while enhancing BMAL1 protein and other circadian clock gene (Per2 and Dbp) levels in mouse testes. Notably, serum testosterone levels were also drastically reduced in BPA-treated mice. Moreover, SR9009, an NR1D1 agonist, augmented testosterone production in TM3 cells via elevated expression of steroidogenic genes (StAR, Cyp11a1 and Hsd17b3). Conversely, Nr1d1 knockdown inhibited testosterone accumulation and attenuated steroidogenic gene expression. Moreover, treatment with SR9009 partially reversed the BPA effect on the circadian clock and testosterone production. Taken together, our study demonstrates that BPA perturbs testosterone production, at least partially, via inhibiting NR1D1 signaling in LCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuimei Li
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tiantian Ma
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Luda Yang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meina Wu
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhaoxia Pang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiyang Yao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yaoyao Xiao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lijia Zhao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongcong Zhao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Aihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yaping Jin
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Huatao Chen
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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16
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Adegoke EO, Rahman MS, Pang MG. Bisphenols Threaten Male Reproductive Health via Testicular Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:624. [PMID: 33042007 PMCID: PMC7518410 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Male reproductive function and health are largely dependent on the testes, which are strictly regulated by their major cell components, i. e., Sertoli, Leydig, and germ cells. Sertoli cells perform a crucial phagocytic function in addition to supporting the development of germ cells. Leydig cells produce hormones essential for male reproductive function, and germ cell quality is a key parameter for male fertility assessment. However, these cells have been identified as primary targets of endocrine disruptors, including bisphenols. Bisphenols are a category of man-made organic chemicals used to manufacture plastics, epoxy resins, and personal care products such as lipsticks, face makeup, and nail lacquers. Despite long-term uncertainty regarding their safety, bisphenols are still being used worldwide, especially bisphenol A. While considerable attention has been paid to the effects of bisphenols on health, current bisphenol-related reproductive health cases indicate that greater attention should be given to these chemicals. Bisphenols, especially bisphenol A, F, and S, have been reported to elicit various effects on testicular cells, including apoptosis, DNA damage, disruption of intercommunication among cells, mitochondrial damage, disruption of tight junctions, and arrest of proliferation, which threaten male reproductive health. In addition, bisphenols are xenoestrogens, which alter organs and cells functions via agonistic or antagonistic interplay with hormone receptors. In this review, we provide in utero, in vivo, and in vitro evidence that currently available brands of bisphenols impair male reproductive health through their action on testicular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Myung-Geol Pang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
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17
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Ham J, Lim W, Whang KY, Song G. Butylated hydroxytoluene induces dysregulation of calcium homeostasis and endoplasmic reticulum stress resulting in mouse Leydig cell death. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113421. [PMID: 31677866 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is a synthetic phenolic antioxidant that has been used as an additive for fat- or oil-containing foods. The exposure index value increases with extended usage of the chemical. Further, estimated total amount of BHT could exceed standard regulation, considering dietary intake or another exposure. Although BHT may induce side effects in reproductive systems, adequate research had not yet been performed to confirm them. In this study, we investigated the effects of BHT on mouse Leydig cells (TM3), which are components of testis. Our results indicated that BHT suppressed cellular proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest in TM3 cells. Moreover, BHT hampered cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium homeostasis in TM3 cells. Furthermore, BHT treatment led to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and DNA fragmentation, simultaneously stimulating intrinsic apoptosis signal transduction. To elucidate the mode of action of BHT on Leydig cells, we performed western blot analysis and confirmed the activation of the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways. Collectively, our results demonstrated that BHT has toxic effects on mouse Leydig cells via induction of calcium dysregulation and ER-mitochondria dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Ham
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Youn Whang
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Bisphenol A affects estradiol metabolism by targeting CYP1A1 and CYP19A1 in human placental JEG-3 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 61:104615. [PMID: 31374317 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Estradiol, in some way or another, plays a critically important physiologic role in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. This study was designed to investigate whether BPA affects the estradiol level of human placental JEG-3 cells, which may contribute to insights into the reproductive toxicity and endocrine disruption of BPA. The JEG-3 cells were treated with increasing concentrations of BPA (0.1 to 50 μM). We observed that BPA significantly reduced estradiol level of JEG-3 cells in a dose-dependent manner, which was accompanied by an increase in CYP1A1 protein level and an inhibition of CYP19A1 protein level. Additionally, by lentiviral transduction, we determined that estradiol level of JEG-3 cells over-expressing CYP1A1 gene was notably decreased and the decrease was of 84.9% compared to the control. Meanwhile, estradiol was almost undetectable in CYP19A1 knockdown group. On the contrary, the group with over-expression of CYP19A1 gene increased estradiol level by 8.6 fold while the CYP1A1 knockdown group increased by 5.6 fold. In summary, our research clearly showed that BPA alters JEG-3 estradiol synthesis and catabolism due to its action on CYP1A1 and CYP19A1 protein levels and may interfere with the normal process of placenta formation and embryonic development during early pregnancy.
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Manfo FPT, Harthé C, Nantia EA, Dechaud H, Tchana AN, Zabot MT, Pugeat M, Fewou Moundipa P. Bisphenol A differentially affects male reproductive function biomarkers in a reference population and agro pesticides users from Djutitsa, Cameroon. Toxicol Ind Health 2019; 35:324-335. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233719838437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The consequences of bisphenol A (BPA) exposure on male reproductive function were studied in two populations from Cameroon, farmers using agro pesticides in Djutitsa (rural area) and townsmen in Yaoundé (urban area, Centre region). Urinary BPA concentration from all participants was measured, and the values were correlated with biochemical markers of male reproductive function. The data showed that BPA could be detected in 92.6% of urine participants, with an average concentration of 2.18 ± 1.97 µg/g creatinine but with no significant difference between the urinary BPA concentration from rural and urban populations. From BPA urinary concentration, the BPA average daily intake was estimated to be 0.06 ± 0.05 μg/kg/day (3.51 µg/day per individual) in the Cameroon population. Interestingly, free and bioavailable testosterone concentrations and estradiol/testosterone ratio correlated with BPA levels in the overall population. When data were analysed according to residence, BPA correlated with total testosterone levels ( r = −0.433) and estradiol/testosterone ratio ( r = 0.338) in the urban residents only, while the rural population exhibited significant increases in sex-hormone-binding globulin with increased BPA exposure. Our data showed that the male Cameroon population is exposed to BPA but that inconstant BPA association to endocrine reproductive markers suggests that other environmental factors in combination with BPA exposure might influence testicular function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cathérine Harthé
- Laboratoire d’Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Edouard Akono Nantia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon
| | - Henri Dechaud
- Laboratoire d’Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
- INSERM U1060, France
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Angèle Nkouatchoua Tchana
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Marie-Tthérèse Zabot
- INSERM U1060, France
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centre de Biotechnologie Cellulaire, Groupement Hospitalier Est, France
| | - Michel Pugeat
- INSERM U1060, France
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Médicale U1060 CaRMen, Fédération d’Endocrinologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Lyon-1, Bron, France
| | - Paul Fewou Moundipa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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20
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Nesan D, Sewell LC, Kurrasch DM. Opening the black box of endocrine disruption of brain development: Lessons from the characterization of Bisphenol A. Horm Behav 2018; 101:50-58. [PMID: 29241697 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is among the best-studied endocrine disrupting chemicals, known to act via multiple steroid hormone receptors to mediate a myriad of cellular effects. Pre-, peri-, and postnatal BPA exposure have been linked to a variety of altered behaviors in multiple model organisms, ranging from zebrafish to frogs to mammalian models. Given that BPA can cross the human placental barrier and has been found in the serum of human fetuses during gestation, BPA has been postulated to adversely affect ongoing neurodevelopment, ultimately leading to behavioral disorders later in life. Indeed, the brain has been identified as a key developmental target for BPA disruption. Despite these known associations between gestational BPA exposure and adverse developmental outcomes, as well as an extensive body of evidence existing in the literature, the mechanisms by which BPA induces its cellular- and tissue-specific effects on neurodevelopmental processes still remains poorly understood at a mechanistic level. In this review we will briefly summarize the effects of gestational BPA exposure on neural developmental mechanisms and resulting behaviors, and then present suggestions for how we might address gaps in our knowledge to develop a fuller understanding of endocrine neurodevelopmental disruption to better inform governmental policy against the use of BPA or other endocrine disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinushan Nesan
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotckhiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Laronna C Sewell
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotckhiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Deborah M Kurrasch
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotckhiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Hurtado-Gonzalez P, Anderson RA, Macdonald J, van den Driesche S, Kilcoyne K, Jørgensen A, McKinnell C, Macpherson S, Sharpe RM, Mitchell RT. Effects of Exposure to Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen on Fetal Germ Cell Development in Both Sexes in Rodent and Human Using Multiple Experimental Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2018; 126:047006. [PMID: 29665328 PMCID: PMC6071829 DOI: 10.1289/ehp2307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analgesic exposure during pregnancy may affect aspects of fetal gonadal development that are targeted by endocrine disruptors. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether therapeutically relevant doses of acetaminophen and ibuprofen affect germ cell (GC) development in human fetal testes/ovaries using in vitro and xenograft approaches. METHODS First-trimester human fetal testes/ovaries were cultured and exposed to acetaminophen or ibuprofen (7 d). Second-trimester human fetal testes were xenografted into mice and exposed to acetaminophen (1 or 7 d), or ibuprofen (7 d). To determine mechanism of action, a human GC tumor–derived cell line (NTera2) exhibiting fetal GC characteristics was used in addition to in vitro and in vivo rat models. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Gonocyte (TFAP2C+) number was reduced relative to controls in first-trimester human fetal testes exposed in vitro to acetaminophen (-28%) or ibuprofen (-22%) and also in ovaries exposed to acetaminophen (-43%) or ibuprofen (-49%). Acetaminophen exposure reduced gonocyte number by 17% and 30% in xenografted second-trimester human fetal testes after treatment of host mice for 1 or 7 d, respectively. NTera2 cell number was reduced following exposure to either analgesic or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptor antagonists, whereas PGE2 agonists prevented acetaminophen-induced reduction in NTera2 cell number. Expression of GC pluripotency genes, and genes that regulate DNA/histone methylation, also differed from controls following analgesic and PGE2 receptor antagonist exposures. Gene expression changes were observed in rat fetal testis/ovary cultures and after in vivo acetaminophen exposure of pregnant rats. For example, expression of the epigenetic regulator TET1, was increased following exposure to acetaminophen in human NTera2 cells, rat fetal testis/ovary cultures, and in fetal testes and ovaries after in vivo exposure of pregnant rats, indicating translatability across experimental models and species. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate evidence of PGE2-mediated effects of acetaminophen and ibuprofen on GC/NTera2 cells, which raises concerns about analgesic use during human pregnancy that warrant further investigation. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2307.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Hurtado-Gonzalez
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard A Anderson
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joni Macdonald
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sander van den Driesche
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen Kilcoyne
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anne Jørgensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chris McKinnell
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sheila Macpherson
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard M Sharpe
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rod T Mitchell
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Chin KY, Pang KL, Mark-Lee WF. A Review on the Effects of Bisphenol A and Its Derivatives on Skeletal Health. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:1043-1050. [PMID: 30013446 PMCID: PMC6036156 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.25634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor which can bind to the oestrogen receptor. It also possesses oestrogenic, antiandrogenic, inflammatory and oxidative properties. Since bone responds to changes in sex hormones, inflammatory and oxidative status, BPA exposure could influence bone health in humans. This review aimed to summarize the current evidence on the relationship between BPA and bone health derived from cellular, animal and human studies. Exposure to BPA (0.5-12.5 µM) decreased the proliferation of osteoblast and osteoclast precursor cells and induce their apoptosis. Bisphenol AF (10 nM) enhanced transforming growth factor beta signalling but bisphenol S (10 nM) inhibited Wnt signalling involved in osteoblast differentiation in vitro. In animals, BPA and its derivatives demonstrated distinct effects in different models. In prenatal/postnatal exposure, BPA increased femoral bone mineral content in male rats (at 25 ug/kg/day) but decreased femoral mechanical strength in female mice (at 10 µg/kg/day). In oestrogen deficiency models, BPA improved bone mineral density and microstructures in aromatase knockout mice (at very high dose, 0.1% or 1.0% w/w diet) but decreased trabecular density in ovariectomized rats (at 37 or 370 ug/kg/day). In contrast, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (30 mg/kg/day i.p.) improved bone health in normal male and female rodents and decreased trabecular separation in ovariectomized rodents. Two cross-sectional studies have been performed to examine the relationship between BPA level and bone mineral density in humans but they yielded negligible association. As a conclusion, BPA and its derivatives could influence bone health and a possible gender effect was observed in animal studies. However, its effects in humans await verification from more comprehensive longitudinal studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
| | - Kok-Lun Pang
- Biomedical Science Programme, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
| | - Wun Fui Mark-Lee
- School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
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23
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Murata M, Kang JH. Bisphenol A (BPA) and cell signaling pathways. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:311-327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abdel-Maksoud FM, Knight R, Waler K, Yaghoubi-Yeganeh N, Olukunle JO, Thompson H, Panizzi JR, Akingbemi BT. Exposures of male rats to environmental chemicals [bisphenol A and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate] affected expression of several proteins in the developing epididymis. Andrology 2017; 6:214-222. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. M. Abdel-Maksoud
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn University; Auburn AL USA
| | - R. Knight
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn University; Auburn AL USA
| | - K. Waler
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn University; Auburn AL USA
| | - N. Yaghoubi-Yeganeh
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn University; Auburn AL USA
| | | | - H. Thompson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn University; Auburn AL USA
| | - J. R. Panizzi
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn University; Auburn AL USA
| | - B. T. Akingbemi
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn University; Auburn AL USA
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25
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Chu PW, Yang ZJ, Huang HH, Chang AA, Cheng YC, Wu GJ, Lan HC. Low-dose bisphenol A activates the ERK signaling pathway and attenuates steroidogenic gene expression in human placental cells†. Biol Reprod 2017; 98:250-258. [DOI: 10.1093/biolre/iox162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Wei Chu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital Songshan branch, National Defense Medical Center Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Zhi-Jie Yang
- Institute of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Hsin Huang
- Institute of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ai-An Chang
- Institute of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Cheng
- Institute of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Jang Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chieh Lan
- Institute of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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26
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Munir B, Qadir A, Tahir M. Negative effects of bisphenol A on testicular functions in albino rats and their abolitions with Tribulus terristeris L. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902017000300104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Munir
- University of the Punjab, Pakistan; University of Health Sciences, Pakistan
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27
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Lan HC, Wu KY, Lin IW, Yang ZJ, Chang AA, Hu MC. Bisphenol A disrupts steroidogenesis and induces a sex hormone imbalance through c-Jun phosphorylation in Leydig cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 185:237-246. [PMID: 28697429 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) that is used to manufacture plastic consumer products. It is well known that exposure to BPA can induce defects in gonad development and negatively influences reproductive function in both males and females. In this study, we assessed the effects of BPA on hormone production in Leydig cells, which secrete hormones in the testes and support male fertility. We examined two steroidogenic enzymes, CYP11A1 and CYP19 that involved in sex hormone synthesis in mouse MA-10 Leydig cells. We found that BPA activated CYP gene in both mRNA and protein levels then resulted in alteration of the normal sex hormone ratio. Furthermore, we found that BPA induced c-Jun phosphorylation and contributed to CYP gene expression. Similar results were observed in an animal study. In conclusion, BPA disrupts the hormone environment in testis via steroidogenic gene activation through the JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Chieh Lan
- Institute of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Kai-Yu Wu
- Institute of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Wen Lin
- Institute of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Jie Yang
- Institute of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ai-An Chang
- Institute of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chun Hu
- Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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28
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Wang Y, Chen F, Ye L, Zirkin B, Chen H. Steroidogenesis in Leydig cells: effects of aging and environmental factors. Reproduction 2017; 154:R111-R122. [PMID: 28747539 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Serum testosterone (TS) levels decrease with aging in both humans and rodents. Using the rat as a model system, it was found that age-related reductions in serum TS were not due to loss of Leydig cells, but rather to the reduced ability of the Leydig cells to produce TS in response to luteinizing hormone (LH). Detailed analyses of the steroidogenic pathway have suggested that two defects along the pathway, LH-stimulated cAMP production and cholesterol transport to and into the mitochondria, are of particular importance in age-related reductions in TS production. Although the mechanisms involved in these defects are far from certain, increasing oxidative stress appears to play a particularly important role. Interestingly, increased oxidative stress also appears to be involved in the suppressive effects of endocrine disruptors on Leydig cell TS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyan Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fenfen Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Leping Ye
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Barry Zirkin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Haolin Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang, China .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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29
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Effect of Bisphenol-A (BPA) on insulin signal transduction and GLUT4 translocation in gastrocnemius muscle of adult male albino rat. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 90:38-47. [PMID: 28739533 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Environmental estrogens bind to estrogen receptors, mimic estrogenic actions, and have adverse effects on human health like Bisphenol - A (BPA) which is used as a monomer in the production of polycarbonate plastics (PC) and epoxy resins which are used in variety of canned foods. Skeletal muscle plays an essential role in maintaining systemic glucose metabolism. In the present study, we investigated the possible effects of BPA on insulin signalling molecules and GLUT4 translocation in the gastrocnemius muscle of adult male rat. Rats were divided into four groups - Group I: Control (vehicle-corn oil treated), Group II, III and IV were administered with BPA (10, 100 and 400mg/kg b.wt/day, respectively) through oral gavage. Fasting blood glucose level of BPA treated groups showed a significant increase, oral glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance were also impaired in these animals. BPA significantly decreased the protein levels of insulin signalling molecules like IR, IRS-1, Akt, AS160 and its phosphorylated forms and blunts GLUT4 translocation by altering the levels of v- and t- SNARE proteins that assist the translocation process, thereby decreasing glucose uptake and oxidation in the gastrocnemius muscle. These results suggest that BPA has detrimental effects on insulin signalling molecules and GLUT4 translocation in the gastrocnemius muscle and thus impairs glucose homeostasis.
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30
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Patel S. Disruption of aromatase homeostasis as the cause of a multiplicity of ailments: A comprehensive review. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 168:19-25. [PMID: 28109841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Human health is beset with a legion of ailments, which is exacerbated by lifestyle errors. Out of the numerous enzymes in human body, aromatase, a cytochrome P450 enzyme is particularly very critical. Occurring at the crossroads of multiple signalling pathways, its homeostasis is vital for optimal health. Unfortunately, medications, hormone therapy, chemical additives in food, and endocrine-disrupting personal care products are oscillating the aromatase concentration beyond the permissible level. As this enzyme converts androgens (C19) into estrogens (C18), its agitation has different outcomes in different genders and age groups. Some common pathologies associated with aromatase disruption include breast cancer, prostate cancer, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, osteoporosis, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, pituitary cancer, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, male hypogonadism, and transgender issues. Several drugs, cosmetics and pesticides act as the activators and suppressors of this enzyme. This carefully-compiled critical review is expected to increase public awareness regarding the threats resultant of the perturbations of this enzyme and to motivate researchers for further investigation of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Patel
- Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
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31
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Wang Y, Zhang L, Luo X, Wang S, Wang Y. Bisphenol A exposure triggers apoptosis via three signaling pathways in Caenorhabditis elegans. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04512c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A can trigger germline apoptosis via three signaling pathways including DNA damage response (DDR) pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) network in Caenorhabditis elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- School of Bioengineering
- Huainan Normal University
- Huainan
- China
- School of Life Sciences
| | - Lianfeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Material Engineering
- Huainan Normal University
- Huainan
- China
| | - Xun Luo
- School of Bioengineering
- Huainan Normal University
- Huainan
- China
| | - Shunchang Wang
- School of Bioengineering
- Huainan Normal University
- Huainan
- China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- School of Bioengineering
- Huainan Normal University
- Huainan
- China
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32
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Scinicariello F, Buser MC. Serum Testosterone Concentrations and Urinary Bisphenol A, Benzophenone-3, Triclosan, and Paraben Levels in Male and Female Children and Adolescents: NHANES 2011-2012. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:1898-1904. [PMID: 27383665 PMCID: PMC5132630 DOI: 10.1289/ehp150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to environmental phenols (e.g., bisphenol A, benzophenone-3, and triclosan) and parabens is widespread in the population. Many of these chemicals have been shown to have anti-androgenic effects both in vitro and in vivo. OBJECTIVE We examined the association of bisphenol A (BPA), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), triclosan (TCS), and parabens with serum total testosterone (TT) levels in child and adolescent participants (ages 6-19 years) in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2012. METHODS We performed multivariable linear regression to estimate associations between natural log-transformed serum TT and quartiles of urinary BPA, BP-3, TCS, and parabens in male and female children (ages 6-11 years) and adolescents (ages 12-19 years). RESULTS BP-3 and BPA were associated with significantly lower TT in male adolescents, and BPA was associated with significantly higher TT in female adolescents. TT was not consistently associated with TCS or total parabens in children or adolescents of either sex. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study to report an association of both BP-3 and BPA with serum TT in adolescents. Associations between BPA and TT differed according to sex in adolescents, with inverse associations in boys and positive associations in girls. BP-3 was associated with significantly lower TT in adolescent boys only. However, because of the limitations inherent to the cross-sectional study design, further studies are needed to confirm and elucidate on our findings. Citation: Scinicariello F, Buser MC. 2016. Serum testosterone concentrations and urinary bisphenol A, benzophenone-3, triclosan, and paraben levels in male and female children and adolescents: NHANES 2011-2012. Environ Health Perspect 124:1898-1904; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP150.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Scinicariello
- Address correspondence to F. Scinicariello, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 4770 Buford Hwy., MS F57, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Telephone: (770) 488-3331. E-mail:
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Usman A, Ahmad M. From BPA to its analogues: Is it a safe journey? CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 158:131-42. [PMID: 27262103 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol-A (BPA) is one of the most abundant synthetic chemicals in the world due to its uses in plastics. Its widespread exposure vis-a-vis low dose effects led to a reduction in its safety dose and imposition of ban on its use in infant feeding bottles. This restriction paved the way for the gradual market entry of its analogues. However, their structural similarity to BPA has put them under surveillance for endocrine disrupting potential. The application of these analogues is increasing and so are the studies reporting their toxicity. This review highlights the reasons which led to the ban of BPA and also reports the exposure and toxicological data available on its analogues. Hence, this compilation is expected to answer in a better way whether the replacement of BPA by these analogues is safer or more harmful?
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Affiliation(s)
- Afia Usman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Masood Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
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Hong J, Chen F, Wang X, Bai Y, Zhou R, Li Y, Chen L. Exposure of preimplantation embryos to low-dose bisphenol A impairs testes development and suppresses histone acetylation of StAR promoter to reduce production of testosterone in mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 427:101-11. [PMID: 26975478 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that bisphenol A (BPA) is a potential endocrine disruptor and testicular toxicant. The present study focused on exploring the impact of exposure to low dose of BPA on male reproductive development during the early embryo stage and the underlying mechanisms. BPA (20 μg/kg/day) was orally administered to female mice on days 1-5 of gestation. The male offspring were euthanized at PND10, 20, 24, 35 or PND50. We found that the mice exposed to BPA before implantation (BPA-mice) displayed retardation of testicular development with reduction of testosterone level. The diameter and epithelium height of seminiferous tubules were reduced in BPA-mice at PND35. The numbers of spermatogenic cells at different stages were significantly reduced in BPA-mice at PND50. BPA-mice showed a persistent reduction in serum and testicular testosterone levels starting from PND24, whereas GnRH mRNA was significantly increased at PND35 and PND50. The expressions of testicular StAR and P450scc in BPA-mice also decreased relative to those of the controls at PND35 and PND50. Further analysis found that the levels of histone H3 and H3K14 acetylation (Ac-H3 and H3K14ac) in the promoter of StAR were decreased relative to those of control mice, whereas the level of Ac-H3 in the promoter of P450scc was not significantly different between the groups. These results provide evidence that exposure to BPA in preimplantation embryo retards the development of testes by reducing histone acetylation of the StAR promoter to disrupt the testicular testosterone synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hong
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Yinyang Bai
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214002, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Yingchun Li
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China.
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China.
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Odermatt A, Strajhar P, Engeli RT. Disruption of steroidogenesis: Cell models for mechanistic investigations and as screening tools. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 158:9-21. [PMID: 26807866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In the modern world, humans are exposed during their whole life to a large number of synthetic chemicals. Some of these chemicals have the potential to disrupt endocrine functions and contribute to the development and/or progression of major diseases. Every year approximately 1000 novel chemicals, used in industrial production, agriculture, consumer products or as pharmaceuticals, are reaching the market, often with limited safety assessment regarding potential endocrine activities. Steroids are essential endocrine hormones, and the importance of the steroidogenesis pathway as a target for endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has been recognized by leading scientists and authorities. Cell lines have a prominent role in the initial stages of toxicity assessment, i.e. for mechanistic investigations and for the medium to high throughput analysis of chemicals for potential steroidogenesis disrupting activities. Nevertheless, the users have to be aware of the limitations of the existing cell models in order to apply them properly, and there is a great demand for improved cell-based testing systems and protocols. This review intends to provide an overview of the available cell lines for studying effects of chemicals on gonadal and adrenal steroidogenesis, their use and limitations, as well as the need for future improvements of cell-based testing systems and protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Odermatt
- Swiss Center for Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Petra Strajhar
- Swiss Center for Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roger T Engeli
- Swiss Center for Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Zhang L, Ding S, Qiao P, Dong L, Yu M, Wang C, Zhang M, Zhang L, Li Y, Tang N, Chang B. n-butylparaben induces male reproductive disorders via regulation of estradiol and estrogen receptors. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 26:1223-1234. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health; National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; No. 29 Nanwei Road , Xicheng district Beijing 100050 China
| | - Sijin Ding
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health; National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; No. 29 Nanwei Road , Xicheng district Beijing 100050 China
| | - Peihuan Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health; National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; No. 29 Nanwei Road , Xicheng district Beijing 100050 China
| | - Li Dong
- Department of Environmental Toxicology; Institute of Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; No. 7 Panjiayuan nanli , Chaoyang district Beijing 100021 China
| | - Miao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health; National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; No. 29 Nanwei Road , Xicheng district Beijing 100050 China
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology; Institute of Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; No. 7 Panjiayuan nanli , Chaoyang district Beijing 100021 China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology; Institute of Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; No. 7 Panjiayuan nanli , Chaoyang district Beijing 100021 China
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology; Institute of Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; No. 7 Panjiayuan nanli , Chaoyang district Beijing 100021 China
| | - Yimin Li
- Department of Environmental Toxicology; Institute of Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; No. 7 Panjiayuan nanli , Chaoyang district Beijing 100021 China
| | - Ning Tang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology; Institute of Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; No. 7 Panjiayuan nanli , Chaoyang district Beijing 100021 China
| | - Bing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health; National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; No. 29 Nanwei Road , Xicheng district Beijing 100050 China
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Jahan S, Ain QU, Ullah H. Therapeutic effects of quercetin against bisphenol A induced testicular damage in male Sprague Dawley rats. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2016; 62:114-24. [DOI: 10.3109/19396368.2015.1115139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarwat Jahan
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Qurat Ul Ain
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hizb Ullah
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Chen J, Xiao Y, Gai Z, Li R, Zhu Z, Bai C, Tanguay RL, Xu X, Huang C, Dong Q. Reproductive toxicity of low level bisphenol A exposures in a two-generation zebrafish assay: Evidence of male-specific effects. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 169:204-14. [PMID: 26562050 PMCID: PMC6689195 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), a high-volume chemical used to make polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins, is a ubiquitous contaminant in environment and human body. To investigate the reproductive effects of long-term exposure to low concentrations of BPA, a two-generation study was conducted using the aquatic model species of zebrafish. Our findings revealed that exposure to 1nM (0.228μg/L) BPA for continuous two generations resulted in female-biased sex ratio in both F1 and F2 adult population, decreased sperm density, and decreased sperm quality as measured by motility, velocity, ATP content and lipid peroxidation in F1 and F2 males. Females were less sensitive to BPA exposures than males as no adverse effects were found in female gonads or gametes. Delayed hatching at 48hpf and increased malformation and mortality were found in the offspring from BPA exposed F2, but not F1 parents. Most importantly, the adverse effect on larval development and survival from BPA exposed F2 parents was paternal-specific, resulting mainly from BPA exposed males. Subsequent transcription analysis of F2 male gonads revealed dysregulated mitochondrial biogenesis and significant activation of non-canonical Wnt/planar cell polarity and Wnt/Calcium signaling pathways. Gene expression analysis of larvae from BPA exposed F2 parents showed significant reduced expression of DNA methyltransferases such as dnmt1, dnmt3, and dnmt5. In conclusion, low level BPA exposures for continuous two generations not only affects sex ratio and sperm quantity/quality in F1 and F2 adults, reproductive success in offspring from F2 parents, but also perturbs various molecular pathways potentially contributing to these BPA induced male-specific reproductive defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangfei Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yanyan Xiao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zengxin Gai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Rong Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zixu Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Chenglian Bai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Robert L Tanguay
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, The Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory and the Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State, University, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
| | - Xiaojiang Xu
- Integrated Bioinformatics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Changjiang Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Qiaoxiang Dong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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Liu X, Nie S, Huang D, Xie M. Nonylphenol regulates cyclooxygenase-2 expression via Ros-activated NF-κB pathway in sertoli TM4 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:1144-1152. [PMID: 24677730 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the signaling pathways involved in the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 regulation induced by nonylphenol (NP) in mouse testis Sertoli TM4 cells. Our results showed that treatment of TM4 cells with NP increased COX-2 protein expression and interleukin-6 (IL)-6 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), attenuated NP-induced ROS production, COX-2 expression, and IL-6 and PGE2 release in TM4 cells. Exposure to NP stimulated activation of NF-κB, whereas the NF-κB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, attenuated NP-enhanced COX-2 expression and IL-6 and PGE2 release in TM4 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, NAC blocked NP-induced activation of NF-κB. In addition, inhibition of COX-2 mitigated NP-induced IL-6 release. In conclusion, NP induced ROS generation, activation of NF-κB pathway, COX-2 upregulation, and IL-6 and PGE2 secretion in TM4 cells. NP may regulate COX-2 expression via ROS-activated NF-κB pathway in Sertoli TM4 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Shaoping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Danfei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Mingyong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
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40
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Lan HC, Lin IW, Yang ZJ, Lin JH. Low-dose Bisphenol A Activates Cyp11a1 Gene Expression and Corticosterone Secretion in Adrenal Gland via the JNK Signaling Pathway. Toxicol Sci 2015. [PMID: 26209791 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain commonly used compounds that interfere with the functions of the endocrine system are classified as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Bisphenol A (BPA) is an EDC that is widely used in food containers. BPA levels in human sera are commonly observed to be approximately 1-100 nM. Compared with the effects of BPA on the gonads, its effects on the adrenal gland are poorly understood. To investigate the influence of BPA on steroidogenesis, we examined the activity of the steroidogenic gene Cyp11a1 and its regulatory pathways in mouse Y1 adrenal cortex cells. Treatment with BPA at < 100 µM did not cause cell death. However, increased promoter activity and protein expression of Cyp11a1 were induced by low doses of BPA (10-1000 nM). Moreover, BPA induced c-Jun phosphorylation, and a specific inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) significantly suppressed BPA-induced steroidogenesis. Thus, treatment of adrenal cells with low doses of BPA activated Cyp11a1 and increased corticosterone production through the JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway. Identical results were observed in rats after BPA injection. The abnormal induction of hormone synthesis by BPA in the adrenal gland might be linked to human metabolic defects and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Chieh Lan
- Institute of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Wen Lin
- Institute of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Jie Yang
- Institute of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jyun-Hong Lin
- Institute of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Bhandari RK, Deem SL, Holliday DK, Jandegian CM, Kassotis CD, Nagel SC, Tillitt DE, Vom Saal FS, Rosenfeld CS. Effects of the environmental estrogenic contaminants bisphenol A and 17α-ethinyl estradiol on sexual development and adult behaviors in aquatic wildlife species. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 214:195-219. [PMID: 25277515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), including the mass-produced component of plastics, bisphenol A (BPA) are widely prevalent in aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Many aquatic species, such as fish, amphibians, aquatic reptiles and mammals, are exposed daily to high concentrations of BPA and ethinyl estradiol (EE2), estrogen in birth control pills. In this review, we will predominantly focus on BPA and EE2, well-described estrogenic EDCs. First, the evidence that BPA and EE2 are detectable in almost all bodies of water will be discussed. We will consider how BPA affects sexual and neural development in these species, as these effects have been the best characterized across taxa. For instance, such chemicals have been in many cases reported to cause sex-reversal of males to females. Even if these chemicals do not overtly alter the gonadal sex, there are indications that several EDCs might demasculinize male-specific behaviors that are essential for attracting a mate. In so doing, these chemicals may reduce the likelihood that these males reproduce. If exposed males do reproduce, the concern is that they will then be passing on compromised genetic fitness to their offspring and transmitting potential transgenerational effects through their sperm epigenome. We will thus consider how diverse epigenetic changes might be a unifying mechanism of how BPA and EE2 disrupt several processes across species. Such changes might also serve as universal species diagnostic biomarkers of BPA and other EDCs exposure. Lastly, the evidence that estrogenic EDCs-induced effects in aquatic species might translate to humans will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramji K Bhandari
- Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Columbia Environmental Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Sharon L Deem
- Institute for Conservation Medicine, Saint Louis Zoo, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Dawn K Holliday
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Westminster College, Fulton, MO 65251, USA; Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Caitlin M Jandegian
- Columbia Environmental Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; Institute for Conservation Medicine, Saint Louis Zoo, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Masters in Public Health Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | | | - Susan C Nagel
- Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Donald E Tillitt
- Columbia Environmental Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | | | - Cheryl S Rosenfeld
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Genetics Area Program Faculty Member, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Rajakumar C, Guan H, Langlois D, Cernea M, Yang K. Bisphenol A disrupts gene expression in human placental trophoblast cells. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 53:39-44. [PMID: 25784278 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of bisphenol A (BPA) on human placental gene expression using primary trophoblast cells as an in vitro model system. Trophoblast cells were isolated from human placentas at term, cultured and then exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of BPA (0.1-2 μg/ml) for up to 24h, after which levels of 11β-HSD2 mRNA, protein and activity were determined by standard radiometric conversion assay, western blotting, and qRT-PCR, respectively. The mRNA levels of several other prominent placental hormones/factors were also assessed by qRT-PCR. BPA dramatically increased levels of 11β-HSD2 activity, protein and mRNA in a time- and concentration-dependent manner (> 4-fold). BPA also augmented aromatase, glucose transporter-1, CRH, and hCG mRNA levels while reducing the level of leptin mRNA. These findings demonstrate that BPA severely disrupts human placental gene expression in vitro, which suggests that exposure to BPA may contribute to altered placental function and consequent pregnancy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrew Rajakumar
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Western Ontario, 800 Commissioners Rd. E., London, Ontario, Canada N6C 2V5
| | - Haiyan Guan
- Children's Health Research Institute & Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, 800 Commissioners Rd. E., London, Ontario, Canada N6C 2V5; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Western Ontario, 800 Commissioners Rd. E., London, Ontario, Canada N6C 2V5
| | - David Langlois
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Western Ontario, 800 Commissioners Rd. E., London, Ontario, Canada N6C 2V5
| | - Maria Cernea
- Children's Health Research Institute & Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, 800 Commissioners Rd. E., London, Ontario, Canada N6C 2V5; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Western Ontario, 800 Commissioners Rd. E., London, Ontario, Canada N6C 2V5
| | - Kaiping Yang
- Children's Health Research Institute & Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, 800 Commissioners Rd. E., London, Ontario, Canada N6C 2V5; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Western Ontario, 800 Commissioners Rd. E., London, Ontario, Canada N6C 2V5; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, 800 Commissioners Rd. E., London, Ontario, Canada N6C 2V5.
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Vandenberg LN, Ehrlich S, Belcher SM, Ben-Jonathan N, Dolinoy DC, Hugo ER, Hunt PA, Newbold RR, Rubin BS, Saili KS, Soto AM, Wang HS, vom Saal FS. Low dose effects of bisphenol A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/endo.26490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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He Z, Ferguson SA, Cui L, Greenfield LJ, Paule MG. Development of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area and the influence of estrogen-like compounds. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:2763-74. [PMID: 25206587 PMCID: PMC4145994 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.29.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the well-defined sexually dimorphic structures in the brain is the sexually dimorphic nucleus, a cluster of cells located in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus. The rodent sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area can be delineated histologically using conventional Nissl staining or immunohistochemically using calbindin D28K immunoreactivity. There is increasing use of the bindin D28K-delineated neural cluster to define the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area in rodents. Several mechanisms are proposed to underlie the processes that contribute to the sexual dimorphism (size difference) of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area. Recent evidence indicates that stem cell activity, including proliferation and migration presumably from the 3rd ventricle stem cell niche, may play a critical role in the postnatal development of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area and its distinguishing sexually dimorphic feature: a signifi-cantly larger volume in males. Sex hormones and estrogen-like compounds can affect the size of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area. Despite considerable research, it remains un-clear whether estrogen-like compounds and/or sex hormones increase size of the sexually dimor-phic nucleus of the preoptic area via an increase in stem cell activity originating from the 3rd ventricle stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen He
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA ; Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72005, USA
| | - Sherry Ann Ferguson
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72005, USA
| | - Lazar John Greenfield
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72005, USA
| | - Merle Gale Paule
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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45
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Increases in interleukin-6 and interferon-gamma levels is progressive in immature rats with varicocele. Ir J Med Sci 2014; 184:531-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11845-014-1167-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Quesnot N, Bucher S, Fromenty B, Robin MA. Modulation of metabolizing enzymes by bisphenol a in human and animal models. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1463-73. [PMID: 25142872 DOI: 10.1021/tx500087p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Xenobiotics, such as contaminants and drugs, can be converted to potentially toxic reactive metabolites by phase 1 oxidizing enzymes. These metabolites are further detoxified by phase 2 conjugating enzymes and eliminated from cells by phase 3 transporters. Moreover, many of these xenobiotics are also able to induce or inhibit these enzymes, potentially modulating their own toxicity or that of other chemicals. The present review is focused on bisphenol A, a synthetic monomer used for many industrial applications and exhibiting xenoestrogen properties. The impact of this contaminant on all major classes of metabolizing enzymes (i.e., cytochromes P450, glutathione-S-transferases, sulfotransferases, UDP-glucuronyltransferases, and transporters) was reviewed, with a highlight on the modulation of cytochromes P450 involved in steroid metabolism. Interestingly, most of the studies reported in this review show that BPA is able to induce or inhibit metabolizing enzymes at high doses but also at doses compatible with human exposure.
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47
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Lee HS, Park EJ, Oh JH, Moon G, Hwang MS, Kim SY, Shin MK, Koh YH, Suh JH, Kang HS, Jeon JH, Rhee GS, Hong JH. Bisphenol A exerts estrogenic effects by modulating CDK1/2 and p38 MAP kinase activity. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:1371-5. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.921557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is considered to be an endocrine disruptor, but the mechanisms by which it disrupts endocrine functions are poorly understood. Here, we have shown that BPA binds both estrogen receptor (ER)-α and ER-beta (ER-β) using a fluorescence polarization competitive binding assay. In addition, we found that BPA induced cell proliferation by modulating cell cycle-related genes in the MCF-7 human mammary cancer cell line. Moreover, using a BG1 luciferase ER transactivation assay, we found that BPA has estrogenic activity. Modulating the MAPK pathway by using an ERK inhibitor (PD98059) or a JNK inhibitor (SP600125) had no effect on the ability of BPA to induce estrogenic activity. However, the antiestrogen, ICI 182,780, and the p38 inhibitor, PD 169316 successfully blocked BPA-induced estrogenic activity. Our findings suggest that BPA mimics ER-dependent estrogenic activity by targeting proteins that regulate the cell cycle and p38 MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Seok Lee
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Park
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Oh
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Guiim Moon
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Myung-Sil Hwang
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Sang-Yub Kim
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Min-Ki Shin
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Young-Ho Koh
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Jin-Hyang Suh
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Hui-Seung Kang
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Ju-Hong Jeon
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyu-Seek Rhee
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Jin-Hwan Hong
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
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Wu Y, Kim J, Elshimali Y, Sarkissyan M, Vadgama JV. Activation of Akt1 accelerates carcinogen-induced tumorigenesis in mammary gland of virgin and post-lactating transgenic mice. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:266. [PMID: 24742286 PMCID: PMC4021211 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Data from in vivo and in vitro studies suggest that activation of Akt regulates cell survival signaling and plays a key role in tumorigenesis. Hence, transgenic mice were created to explore the oncogenic role of Akt1 in the development of mammary tumors. Methods The transgenic mice were generated by expressing myristoylated-Akt1 (myr-Akt1) under the control of the MMTV-LTR promoter. The carcinogen 7, 12 dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA) was used to induce tumor formation. Results The MMTV driven myr-Akt1 transgene expression was detected primarily in the mammary glands, uterus, and ovaries. The expression level increased significantly in lactating mice, suggesting that the response was hormone dependent. The total Akt expression level in the mammary gland was also higher in the lactating mice. Interestingly, the expression of MMTVmyr-Akt1 in the ovaries of the transgenic mice caused significant increase in circulating estrogen levels, even at the post-lactation stage. Expression of myr-Akt1 in mammary glands alone did not increase the frequency of tumor formation. However, there was an increased susceptibility of forming mammary tumors induced by DMBA in the transgenic mice, especially in mice post-lactation. Within 34 weeks, DMBA induced mammary tumors in 42.9% of transgenic mice post-lactation, but not in wild-type mice post-lactation. The myr-Akt1 mammary tumors induced by DMBA had increased phosphorylated-Akt1 and showed strong expression of estrogen receptor (ERα) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). In addition, Cyclin D1 was more frequently up-regulated in mammary tumors from transgenic mice compared to tumors from wild-type mice. Overexpression of Cyclin D1, however, was not completely dependent on activated Akt1. Interestingly, mammary tumors that had metastasized to secondary sites had increased expression of Twist and Slug, but low expression of Cyclin D1. Conclusions In summary, the MMTVmyr-Akt1 transgenic mouse model could be useful to study mechanisms of ER-positive breast tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jaydutt V Vadgama
- Division of Cancer Research and Training, Charles R, Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA.
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Lai MS, Cheng YS, Chen PR, Tsai SJ, Huang BM. Fibroblast growth factor 9 activates akt and MAPK pathways to stimulate steroidogenesis in mouse leydig cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90243. [PMID: 24603862 PMCID: PMC3946167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) is a multifunctional polypeptide belonging to the FGF family and has functions related to bone formation, lens-fiber differentiation, nerve development, gap-junction formation and sex determination. In a previous study, we demonstrated that FGF9 stimulates the production of testosterone in mouse Leydig cells. In the present study, we used both primary mouse Leydig cells and MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells to further investigate the molecular mechanism of FGF9-stimulated steroidogenesis. Results showed that FGF9 significantly activated steroidogenesis in both mouse primary and tumor Leydig cells (p<0.05). Furthermore, FGF9 significantly induced the expression of phospho-Akt at 0.5 and 24 hr, phospho-JNK at 0.25, 0.5, and 24 hr, phospho-p38 at 0.5 hr, and phospho-ERK1/2 from 0.25 to 24 hr in primary Leydig cells (p<0.05). Also, FGF9 significantly up-regulated the expression of phospho-Akt at 3 hr, phospho-JNK at 0.25 hr, and phospho-ERK1/2 at 1 and 3 hr in MA-10 cells (p<0.05). Using specific inhibitors of Akt, JNK, p38, and ERK1/2, we further demonstrated that the inhibitors of Akt and ERK1/2 significantly suppressed the stimulatory effect of FGF9 on steroidogenesis in mouse Leydig cells. In conclusion, FGF9 specifically activated the Akt and ERK1/2 in normal mouse Leydig cells and the Akt, JNK and ERK1/2 in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells to stimulate steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Shao Lai
- Institute of Basic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Sheng Cheng
- Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital Douliou Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Pei-Rong Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shaw-Jenq Tsai
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Bu-Miin Huang
- Institute of Basic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Manfo FPT, Jubendradass R, Nantia EA, Moundipa PF, Mathur PP. Adverse effects of bisphenol A on male reproductive function. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 228:57-82. [PMID: 24162092 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-01619-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BPA is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant, resulting mainly from manufacturing,use or disposal of plastics of which it is a component, and the degradation of industrial plastic-related wastes. Growing evidence from research on laboratory animals, wildlife, and humans supports the view that BPA produces an endocrine disrupting effect and adversely affects male reproductive function. To better understand the adverse effects caused by exposure to BPA, we performed an up-to-date literature review on the topic, with particular emphasis on in utero exposure, and associated effects on spermatogenesis, steroidogenesis, and accessory organs.BPA studies on experimental animals show that effects are generally more detrimental during in utero exposure, a critical developmental stage for the embryo. BPA has been found to produce several defects in the embryo, such as feminization of male fetuses, atrophy of the testes and epididymides, increased prostate size, shortening of AGD, disruption of BTB, and alteration of adult sperm parameters (e.g.,sperm count, motility, and density). BPA also affects embryo thyroid development.During the postnatal and pubertal periods and adulthood, BPA affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis by modulating hormone (e.g., LH and FSH,androgen and estrogen) synthesis, expression and function of respective receptors(ER, AR). These effects alter sperm parameters. BPA also induces oxidative stress in the testis and epididymis, by inhibiting antioxidant enzymes and stimulating lipid peroxidation. This suggests that employing antioxidants may be a promising strategy to relieve BPA-induced disturbances.Epidemiological studies have also provided data indicating that BPA alters male reproductive function in humans. These investigations revealed that men occupationally exposed to BPA had high blood/urinary BPA levels, and abnormal semen parameters. BPA-exposed men also showed reduced libido and erectile ejaculatory difficulties; moreover, the overall BPA effects on male reproduction appear to be more harmful if exposure occurs in utero. The regulation of BPA and BPA-related products should be reinforced, particularly where exposure during the fetal period can occur. The current TDI for BPA is proposed as 25 and 50 1-1g/kg bwt/day (European Food Safety Authority and Health Canada, respectively). Based on the evidence available, we believe that a TDI value of 5 1-1g/kg bwt/day is more appropriate (the endpoint is modulation of rat testicular function). Certain BPA derivatives are being considered as alternatives to BPA. However, certain of these related products display adverse effects that are similar to those of BPA. These effects should be carefully considered before using them as final alternatives to BPA in plastic production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faustin Pascal Tsagué Manfo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, 63, Buea, Cameroon
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