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Wu CC, Wang HE, Liu YC, Zheng CM, Chu P, Lu KC, Chu CM, Chang YT. Sleeping, Smoking, and Kidney Diseases: Evidence From the NHANES 2017-2018. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:745006. [PMID: 34651001 PMCID: PMC8505692 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.745006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives: Smoking and sleep are modifiable factors associated with the chronic kidney diseases. However, the interaction of smoking and sleep on the renal function are still unclear. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the interactive impacts of smoking and sleep on the renal function. Methods: Data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The study population were categorized into nine subgroups by smoking (smoking every day, sometimes, and non-smokers recently) and sleep duration (short duration ≤ 6 h, normal duration 6-9 h, and longer duration ≥ 9 h on the weekdays). Results: The study group with a short sleep duration had significantly higher serum cotinine and hydrocotinine levels compared with the other two sleep groups. After adjusting the demographic characteristics (age, race, body mass index, and marital status), sleep quality (snoring or breathing cessation), and comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, high cholesterol, anemia, congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, and stroke), non-smokers with short or long sleep duration had significant lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) levels than the study group who smoked every day and slept ≤ 6 h. The effects of sleep duration on eGFR levels varied with smoking status. For the study group smoking every day, eGFR levels increased as sleep duration decreased, whereas for the study group smoking sometimes, eGFR levels increased as sleep duration increased. The U-shaped effects of eGFR levels were observed among non-smokers whose normal sleep duration was associated with better eGFR levels. Normal sleep duration was an important protective factor of the renal function for non-smokers than smokers. Conclusions: The effects of sleep duration on eGFR levels varied with smoking status. Normal sleep duration was a protective factor and more crucial for non-smokers than for smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chao Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Defense Medical Center, Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-En Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Liu
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Cai-Mei Zheng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- TMU Research Centre of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pauling Chu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Cheng Lu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic Hospital, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ming Chu
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical Center, Songshan Branch of Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Division of Biostatistics and Informatics, Department of Epidemiology, National Defense Medical Center, School of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tien Chang
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan
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Nicotine pharmacokinetics of electronic cigarettes: A pooled data analysis from the literature. Toxicol Rep 2020; 8:84-95. [PMID: 33437651 PMCID: PMC7786013 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluating the pharmacokinetics of nicotine absorption from electronic cigarettes. Nicotine absorption into the blood is influenced by several factors. These include e-liquid composition, user behavior and device characteristics. Any regulation of nicotine levels in e-liquids should reflect this heterogeneity.
Several regulatory initiatives around the world restrict the amount of nicotine permitted in electronic cigarette liquids in an attempt to reproduce the nicotine delivery of combusted tobacco products, such as cigarettes, and or reduce the risk of consumers absorbing too much nicotine into their body at one time. Such an approach, however, assumes that (i) there is a strong correlation between the levels of nicotine in electronic cigarette liquids and nicotine intake into the body and (ii) that this correlation holds true across the various different types of electronic cigarette devices currently available on the market. In order to test these hypotheses, this study examines the available scientific literature on nicotine intake from electronic cigarettes, as measured by levels in the blood. Analysis of the published data reveals that nicotine absorption into the body is influenced by a combination of many factors, including electronic cigarette liquid composition, user behavior and device characteristics. Notably, it was observed that open-tank (refillable) electronic cigarettes, which often enable users to vary device power, can deliver high nicotine levels to consumers, sometimes at greater doses than a conventional tobacco cigarette, even at the lower nicotine liquid concentrations typically available. For electronic cigarettes to be viable alternative choices to smoking, they should provide consumers with an equally satisfying experience, including in terms of nicotine absorption into the body. Therefore, any regulation seeking to restrict the amount of nicotine in electronic cigarette liquids should take all the factors influencing nicotine intake into account.
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Awotunde O, Adewoye S, P.S. D, Hawumba J. Subacute toxicity study of aqueous root extract of Terminalia schimperiana in male Wistar rats. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:825-832. [PMID: 31463203 PMCID: PMC6709380 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of administration of aqueous extract of Terminalia schimperiana root, "a medicinal plant", on some 'biomarker' enzymes, hematology parameters, liver function and kidney function parameters of rat cellular system was investigated. The aqueous extract was administered orally to male wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) at various doses (1000, 2000, 3000 mg/kg body weight) daily for 21 days and the rats were sacrificed under chloroform anesthesia after 1, 7 and 21 days of oral administration. The administration of the aqueous extract of Terminalia schimperiana root for 21 days resulted in significant (P < 0.05) increase in packed cell volume and red blood cells level when compared with the control but were all within the normal test range. The differentials remained normal and the white blood cells level remained constant throughout the test period but increased after day 21 of the administration. Aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase serum activities significantly (P < 0.05) increased, while the serum activities of alanine transaminase and gamma glutamyl transferase significantly (P < 0.05) reduced after 21 days of administration when compared with the control but they all fell within the normal test range. The extract produced (out of normal test range) significant (P < 0.05) increase in the serum albumin and total bilirubin. The kidney function parameters level was normal for sodium and potassium while the levels of creatinine and urea increased when compared with the control but were within the normal test ranges. The extracts did not have deleterious effect on the male wistar rat organs at the dosages investigated, therefore, studies for extended period is suggested to determine if the prolonged continuous use of the extract might cause challenge on the functional capacity of the organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- O.S. Awotunde
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, P.O Box 211, Soroti University, Soroti, Uganda
| | - S.O. Adewoye
- Department of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, P.M.B 4000 Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Dhanabal P.S.
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytopharmacy, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara College of Pharmacy, 20 Rocklands, Ootacamund 643001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - J. Hawumba
- Department of Biochemistry and Sport Science, College of Natural Science, P.O. Box 7062, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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