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Mavila S, Culver HR, Anderson AJ, Prieto TR, Bowman CN. Athermal, Chemically Triggered Release of RNA from Thioester Nucleic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudheendran Mavila
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Colorado—Boulder Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Heidi R. Culver
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Colorado—Boulder Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Alex J. Anderson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Colorado—Boulder Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Tania R. Prieto
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Colorado—Boulder Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Christopher N. Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Colorado—Boulder Boulder CO 80309 USA
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Mavila S, Culver HR, Anderson AJ, Prieto TR, Bowman CN. Athermal, Chemically Triggered Release of RNA from Thioester Nucleic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202110741. [PMID: 34697873 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An athermal approach to mRNA enrichment from total RNA using a self-immolative thioester linked nucleic acids (TENA) is described. Oligo(thymine) (oT) TENA has a six-atom spacing between bases which allowed TENA to selectively base-pair with polyadenine RNA. As a result of the neutral backbone of TENA and the hydrophobicity of the octanethiol end group, oT TENA is water insoluble and efficiently pulled down 93±2 % of EGFP mRNA at a concentration of 10 ng μL-1 . Self-immolative degradation of TENA upon ambient temperature exposure to nucleophilic buffer components (Tris, DTT) allowed recovery of 55±27 ng of mRNA from 3.1 μg of total RNA, which was not statistically different from the amount recovered using Dynabeads® mRNA DIRECT Kit (89±24 ng). Gene expression as measured by RT-qPCR was comparable for both enrichment methods, suggesting that the mild conditions required for enrichment of mRNA using oT TENA are compatible with RT-qPCR and other downstream molecular biology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudheendran Mavila
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Heidi R Culver
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Alex J Anderson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Tania R Prieto
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
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Baraniak D, Boryski J. Triazole-Modified Nucleic Acids for the Application in Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry. Biomedicines 2021; 9:628. [PMID: 34073038 PMCID: PMC8229351 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review covers studies which exploit triazole-modified nucleic acids in the range of chemistry and biology to medicine. The 1,2,3-triazole unit, which is obtained via click chemistry approach, shows valuable and unique properties. For example, it does not occur in nature, constitutes an additional pharmacophore with attractive properties being resistant to hydrolysis and other reactions at physiological pH, exhibits biological activity (i.e., antibacterial, antitumor, and antiviral), and can be considered as a rigid mimetic of amide linkage. Herein, it is presented a whole area of useful artificial compounds, from the clickable monomers and dimers to modified oligonucleotides, in the field of nucleic acids sciences. Such modifications of internucleotide linkages are designed to increase the hybridization binding affinity toward native DNA or RNA, to enhance resistance to nucleases, and to improve ability to penetrate cell membranes. The insertion of an artificial backbone is used for understanding effects of chemically modified oligonucleotides, and their potential usefulness in therapeutic applications. We describe the state-of-the-art knowledge on their implications for synthetic genes and other large modified DNA and RNA constructs including non-coding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Baraniak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland;
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Sutherland BP, LeValley PJ, Bischoff DJ, Kloxin AM, Kloxin CJ. Sequence-defined vinyl sulfonamide click nucleic acids (VS-CNAs) and their assembly into dynamically responsive materials. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11263-11266. [PMID: 32820777 PMCID: PMC7530108 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04235h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic DNA analogues are of great interest for their application in information storage, therapeutics, and nanostructured materials, yet are often limited in scalability. Vinyl sulfonamide click nucleic acids (VS-CNAs) have been developed to overcome this limitation using the highly efficient thiol-Michael 'click' reaction. Utilizing all four nucleobases, sequence-defined click nucleic acids (CNAs) were synthesized using a simple and scalabale solution-phase approach. Employing a polyethylene glycol (PEG) support, synthesis of the CNA sequence, GATTACA, was achieved in high yields. CNA crosslinked hydrogels were assembled using multiarm PEG-CNAs resulting in materials that dynamically respond to temperature, strain, and competitive sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan P Sutherland
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Paige J LeValley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Derek J Bischoff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - April M Kloxin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA. and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Christopher J Kloxin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA. and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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Culver HR, Sinha J, Prieto TR, Calo CJ, Fairbanks BD, Bowman CN. Click Nucleic Acid–DNA Binding Behavior: Dependence on Length, Sequence, and Ionic Strength. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:4205-4211. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi R. Culver
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jasmine Sinha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Tania R. Prieto
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher J. Calo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Benjamin D. Fairbanks
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher N. Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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Han X, Fairbanks BD, Sinha J, Bowman CN. Sequence-Controlled Synthesis of Advanced Clickable Synthetic Oligonucleotides. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000327. [PMID: 32729144 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Through thiol-ene photopolymerization of presynthesized oligomers, advanced clickable nucleic acids (CNA-2G) are synthesized with sequence-controlled repeating units. As examples, poly(thymine-adenine) (polyTA) CNA-2G and poly(thymine-thymine-cytosine) CNA-2G are synthesized by polymerizing thiol-ene heterofunctional dimers with pendant thymine-adenine nucleobases and trimer with pendant thymine-thymine-cytosine nucleobases. Based on size exclusion chromatography (SEC) analysis, polyTA and polyTTC have number average molecular weights of 2000 and 1800, respectively, which contain 7-8 pendant nucleobases. Based on the different behavior of the CNA-2G monomers and CNA-2G oligomers with two or more pendant nucleobases in photopolymerization, an unusual thiol-ene chain-growth propagation mechanism is observed for the former and a common thiol-ene step-growth propagation mechanism for the latter. The uncommon thiol-ene chain-growth propagation is hypothesized to rely on a six-membered ring mediated intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Han
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave., Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Benjamin D Fairbanks
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave., Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Jasmine Sinha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave., Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave., Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
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Anderson AJ, Culver HR, Bryant SJ, Bowman CN. Viscoelastic and Thermoreversible Networks Crosslinked by Non-covalent Interactions Between "Clickable" Nucleic Acids Oligomers and DNA. Polym Chem 2020; 11:2959-2968. [PMID: 34992679 PMCID: PMC8729761 DOI: 10.1039/d0py00165a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
An approach to efficient and scalable production of oligonucleotide-based gel networks is presented. Specifically, a new class of xenonucleic acid (XNA) synthesized through a scalable and efficient thiol-ene polymerization mechanism, "Clickable" Nucleic Acids (CNAs), were conjugated to a multifunctional poly(ethylene glycol), PEG. In the presence of complementary single stranded DNA (ssDNA), the macromolecular conjugate assembled into a crosslinked 3D gel capable of achieving storage moduli on the order of 1 kPa. Binding studies between the PEG-CNA macromolecule and complementary ssDNA indicate that crosslinking is due to the CNA/DNA interaction. Gel formation was specific to the base sequence and length of the ssDNA crosslinker. The gels were fully thermoreversible, completely melting at temperatures above 60°C and re-forming upon cooling over multiple cycles and with no apparent hysteresis. Shear stress relaxation experiments revealed that relaxation dynamics are dependent on crosslinker length, which is hypothesized to be an effect of the polydisperse CNA chains. Arrhenius analysis of characteristic relaxation times was only possible for shorter crosslinker lengths, and the activation energy for these gels was determined to be 110 ± 20 kJ/mol. Overall, the present work demonstrates that CNA is capable of participating in stimuli-responsive interactions that would be expected from XNAs, and that these interactions support 3D gels that have potential uses in biological and materials science applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Anderson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Heidi R Culver
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Stephanie J Bryant
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303
- Material Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303
- Material Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303
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