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Guo R, Ma X, Zhu C, Liu C, Shou L, Zhang J, Li H, Li Z, Dai X, Priyadarshani WNC, Jayathilake RMRM, Lwin SM, Thu CA, Li G, Wang P, Zhou F. Diversity patterns and ecological assembly mechanisms of bacterial communities in the northeastern Indian Ocean epipelagic waters during the northeast monsoon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175755. [PMID: 39182780 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Disentangling microbial community diversity patterns and assembly mechanisms is critical for understanding ecological processes and evaluating biogeochemical cycling in ecosystems. However, the diversity patterns and assembly mechanism of the microbial communities in the epipelagic waters in the northeastern Indian Ocean (NEIO) on the spatial scale are still unclear. In this study, we investigated the spatial dynamics, geographic distribution pattern, and assembly process of the bacterial community using 532 samples collected from the epipelagic waters in the NEIO during the northeast monsoon. The results indicate that the bacterial richness and Bray-Curtis dissimilarity exhibited the strongest correlations with depth compared to the latitudinal and longitudinal scales. The dissolved oxygen was identified as the most important environmental factor affecting the bacterial richness and Bray-Curtis dissimilarity compared to temperature and salinity. The distance-decay relationship (DDR) of the bacterial community strengthened with increasing water depth. Turnover was the predominant β-diversity component influencing the spatial changes in the whole bacterial community. The dispersal limitation of the stochastic process and homogeneous selection of the deterministic process governed the bacterial ecological assembly process of the whole bacterial community. Abundant and rare subcommunities differed in terms of the niche breath, composition changes. The abundant subcommunities exhibited a much wider niche breath than the rare subcommunities. Regarding the abundant subcommunity species changes, the contributions of the turnover and nestedness varied with the water depth and oceanic region. In contrast, turnover was the major β-diversity component regarding the changes in the rare species. These data improve our understanding of the ecological processes of bacterial community assemblages in the NEIO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 36 Baochubei Road, Hangzhou 310012, PR China; Observation and Research Station of Yangtze River Delta Marine Ecosystems, Ministry of Natural Resources, 99 South Haida Road, Zhoushan 316053, PR China.
| | - Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 36 Baochubei Road, Hangzhou 310012, PR China; Observation and Research Station of Yangtze River Delta Marine Ecosystems, Ministry of Natural Resources, 99 South Haida Road, Zhoushan 316053, PR China
| | - Chenjie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 36 Baochubei Road, Hangzhou 310012, PR China
| | - Chenggang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 36 Baochubei Road, Hangzhou 310012, PR China
| | - Lu Shou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 36 Baochubei Road, Hangzhou 310012, PR China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 36 Baochubei Road, Hangzhou 310012, PR China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 36 Baochubei Road, Hangzhou 310012, PR China
| | - Zhongqiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 36 Baochubei Road, Hangzhou 310012, PR China
| | - Xinfeng Dai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 36 Baochubei Road, Hangzhou 310012, PR China
| | - W N C Priyadarshani
- National institute of Oceanography and Marine Sciences, National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency, Sri Lanka
| | - R M R M Jayathilake
- National institute of Oceanography and Marine Sciences, National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Chit Aung Thu
- Research and Development Section, Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Myanmar
| | - Guanlin Li
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Pengbin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 36 Baochubei Road, Hangzhou 310012, PR China; Observation and Research Station of Yangtze River Delta Marine Ecosystems, Ministry of Natural Resources, 99 South Haida Road, Zhoushan 316053, PR China.
| | - Feng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 36 Baochubei Road, Hangzhou 310012, PR China; Observation and Research Station of Yangtze River Delta Marine Ecosystems, Ministry of Natural Resources, 99 South Haida Road, Zhoushan 316053, PR China.
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2
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Huang YY, Chen TR, Lai KP, Kuo CY, Ho MJ, Hsieh HJ, Hsin YC, Chen CA. Poleward migration of tropical corals inhibited by future trends of seawater temperature and calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) saturation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 929:172562. [PMID: 38641098 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Poleward range expansion of marine organisms is commonly attributed to anthropogenic ocean warming. However, the extent to which a single species can migrate poleward remains unclear. In this study, we used molecular data to examine the current distribution of the Pocillopora damicornis species complex in Taiwan waters and applied niche modeling to predict its potential range through the end of the 21st Century. The P. damicornis species complex is widespread across shallow, tropical and subtropical waters of the Indo-Pacific regions. Our results revealed that populations from subtropical nonreefal coral communities are P. damicornis, whose native geographical ranges are approximately between 23°N and 35°N. In contrast, those from tropical reefs are P. acuta. Our analysis of 50 environmental data layers demonstrated that the concentrations of CaCO3 polymorphs had the greatest contributions to the distributions of the two species. Future projections under intermediate shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP) 2-4.5 and very high (SSP5-8.5) scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions showed that while sea surface temperature (SST) isotherms would shift northwards, saturation isolines of two CaCO3 polymorphs, calcite (Ωcal) and aragonite (Ωarag), would shift southwards by 2100. Subsequent predictions of future suitable habitats under those conditions indicated that distinct delimitation of geographical ranges for the two species would persist, and neither would extend beyond its native geographical zones, indicating that tropical Taiwan waters are the northern limit for P. acuta. In contrast, subtropical waters are the southern limit for P. damicornis. We concluded that the decline in CaCO3 saturation would make high latitudes less inhabitable, which could be one of the boundary elements that limit poleward range expansion driven by rising SSTs and preserve the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) on Earth. Consequently, poleward migration of tropical reef corals to cope with warming oceans should be reevaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Yi Huang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ru Chen
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kim Phuong Lai
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam
| | - Chao-Yang Kuo
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jay Ho
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Marine Science Center-Green Island Marine Research Station, Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taitung, Taiwan
| | - Hernyi Justin Hsieh
- Penghu Marine Biology Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Penghu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chia Hsin
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chaolun A Chen
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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3
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Swain A, Woodhouse A, Fagan WF, Fraass AJ, Lowery CM. Biogeographic response of marine plankton to Cenozoic environmental changes. Nature 2024; 629:616-623. [PMID: 38632405 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07337-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
In palaeontological studies, groups with consistent ecological and morphological traits across a clade's history (functional groups)1 afford different perspectives on biodiversity dynamics than do species and genera2,3, which are evolutionarily ephemeral. Here we analyse Triton, a global dataset of Cenozoic macroperforate planktonic foraminiferal occurrences4, to contextualize changes in latitudinal equitability gradients1, functional diversity, palaeolatitudinal specialization and community equitability. We identify: global morphological communities becoming less specialized preceding the richness increase after the Cretaceous-Palaeogene extinction; ecological specialization during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum, suggesting inhibitive equatorial temperatures during the peak of the Cenozoic hothouse; increased specialization due to circulation changes across the Eocene-Oligocene transition, preceding the loss of morphological diversity; changes in morphological specialization and richness about 19 million years ago, coeval with pelagic shark extinctions5; delayed onset of changing functional group richness and specialization between hemispheres during the mid-Miocene plankton diversification. The detailed nature of the Triton dataset permits a unique spatiotemporal view of Cenozoic pelagic macroevolution, in which global biogeographic responses of functional communities and richness are decoupled during Cenozoic climate events. The global response of functional groups to similar abiotic selection pressures may depend on the background climatic state (greenhouse or icehouse) to which a group is adapted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Swain
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Adam Woodhouse
- University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - William F Fagan
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Andrew J Fraass
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher M Lowery
- University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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4
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Hu N, Bourdeau PE, Hollander J. Responses of marine trophic levels to the combined effects of ocean acidification and warming. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3400. [PMID: 38649374 PMCID: PMC11035698 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Marine organisms are simultaneously exposed to anthropogenic stressors associated with ocean acidification and ocean warming, with expected interactive effects. Species from different trophic levels with dissimilar characteristics and evolutionary histories are likely to respond differently. Here, we perform a meta-analysis of controlled experiments including both ocean acidification and ocean warming factors to investigate single and interactive effects of these stressors on marine species. Contrary to expectations, we find that synergistic interactions are less common (16%) than additive (40%) and antagonistic (44%) interactions overall and their proportion decreases with increasing trophic level. Predators are the most tolerant trophic level to both individual and combined effects. For interactive effects, calcifying and non-calcifying species show similar patterns. We also identify climate region-specific patterns, with interactive effects ranging from synergistic in temperate regions to compensatory in subtropical regions, to positive in tropical regions. Our findings improve understanding of how ocean warming, and acidification affect marine trophic levels and highlight the need for deeper consideration of multiple stressors in conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Hu
- Department of Biology- Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Paul E Bourdeau
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - Johan Hollander
- World Maritime University, Ocean Sustainability, Governance & Management Unit, 211 18, Malmö, Sweden.
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5
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Zhu Y, Cui X, Kang B, Liu C, Reygondeau G, Wang Y, Cheung WWL, Chu J. Comparative analysis of climate-induced changes in distribution of representative fish species in the Yellow Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168699. [PMID: 38008324 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Climate changes are posing remarkable impacts on marine fish and fisheries. Although many studies have addressed the distributional effects of climate change on single fish species or taxa in recent years, comparative studies focusing on different types of fish are still lacking. In this study, we applied dynamic bioclimate envelop models (DBEM), based on three earth system models, to predict sea surface and bottom temperature, as well as the spatial and temporal distribution of nine representative fishes in the Yellow Sea, contain two habitats, i.e., continental shelf benthopelagic (CBD) and continental shelf pelagic-neritic (CPN) fishes, and two thermophilies, i.e., warm temperate (WT) and warm water (WW) fishes. Under a low emissions scenario (RCP 2.6) and a high emissions scenario (RCP 8.5) between 1970 and 2060, results reveal that: a) CPN fishes show a distinct tendency to move to higher latitudes than CBD fishes, and WW fishes show a significant tendency to migrate more widely to the north than WT fishes; b) The relative abundance of CPN fishes is expected to be higher than that of CBD fishes, while there is no apparent difference in relative abundance between WW fishes and WT fishes. The main reasons for this difference are presumed to be: variance of temperature rise between the sea surface and bottom layers, divergent adaptations of the species, and disparate degrees of anthropogenic influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Xiaoyue Cui
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Bin Kang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Chunlong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Gabriel Reygondeau
- Changing Ocean Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V5K0A1, BC, Canada; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Max Planck, Yale Center for Biodiversity Movement and Global Change, Yale University, New Haven 06501, CT, USA
| | - Yunfeng Wang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shandong, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - William W L Cheung
- Changing Ocean Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V5K0A1, BC, Canada
| | - Jiansong Chu
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China.
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6
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Moretti S, Auderset A, Deutsch C, Schmitz R, Gerber L, Thomas E, Luciani V, Petrizzo MR, Schiebel R, Tripati A, Sexton P, Norris R, D'Onofrio R, Zachos J, Sigman DM, Haug GH, Martínez-García A. Oxygen rise in the tropical upper ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Science 2024; 383:727-731. [PMID: 38359106 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh4893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The global ocean's oxygen inventory is declining in response to global warming, but the future of the low-oxygen tropics is uncertain. We report new evidence for tropical oxygenation during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), a warming event that serves as a geologic analog to anthropogenic warming. Foraminifera-bound nitrogen isotopes indicate that the tropical North Pacific oxygen-deficient zone contracted during the PETM. A concomitant increase in foraminifera size implies that oxygen availability rose in the shallow subsurface throughout the tropical North Pacific. These changes are consistent with ocean model simulations of warming, in which a decline in biological productivity allows tropical subsurface oxygen to rise even as global ocean oxygen declines. The tropical oxygen increase may have helped avoid a mass extinction during the PETM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Moretti
- Climate Geochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- Istituto di Scienze Polari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alexandra Auderset
- Climate Geochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Curtis Deutsch
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Ronja Schmitz
- Climate Geochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lukas Gerber
- Climate Geochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ellen Thomas
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Valeria Luciani
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Rose Petrizzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra "Ardito Desio," Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ralf Schiebel
- Climate Geochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Aradhna Tripati
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Philip Sexton
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Richard Norris
- Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Roberta D'Onofrio
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Present address: CNR, Marine Science Institute (ISMAR), Arsenale Castello 2737/f, 30122 Venezia, Italy
| | - James Zachos
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Daniel M Sigman
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Gerald H Haug
- Climate Geochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
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7
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Geraldi NR, Krause-Jensen D, Ørberg SB, Frühe L, Sejr MK, Hansen JLS, Lund-Hansen L, Duarte CM. Environmental drivers of Arctic communities based on metabarcoding of marine sediment eDNA. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20231614. [PMID: 38264782 PMCID: PMC10806441 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Our ability to assess biodiversity at relevant spatial and temporal scales for informing management is of increasing importance given this is foundational to identify and mitigate the impacts of global change. Collecting baseline information and tracking ecological changes are particularly important for areas experiencing rapid changes and representing data gaps such as Arctic marine ecosystems. Environmental DNA has the potential to provide such data. We extracted environmental DNA from 90 surface sediment samples to assess eukaryote diversity around Greenland and Svalbard using two separate primer pairs amplifying different sections of the 18S rRNA gene. We detected 27 different phyla and 99 different orders and found that temperature and the change in temperature explained the most variation in the community in a single linear model, while latitude, sea ice cover and change in temperature explained the most variation in the community when assessed by individual non-linear models. We identified potential indicator taxa for Arctic climate change, including a terebellid annelid worm. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that environmental DNA offers a feasible method to assess biodiversity and identifies warming as a key driver of differences in biodiversity across these remote ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R. Geraldi
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Biosciences Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dorte Krause-Jensen
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sarah B. Ørberg
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Larissa Frühe
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Biosciences Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mikael K. Sejr
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Lund-Hansen
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Carlos M. Duarte
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Biosciences Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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8
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Thyrring J, Harley CDG. Marine latitudinal diversity gradients are generally absent in intertidal ecosystems. Ecology 2024; 105:e4205. [PMID: 37947006 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Current latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) meta-analyses have failed to distinguish one of the most widespread marine habitats, the intertidal zone, as a separate system despite it having unique abiotic challenges and spatially compressed stress gradients that affect the distribution and abundance of resident species. We address this issue by revisiting published literature and datasets on LDGs since 1911 to explore LDG patterns and their strengths in intertidal benthic, subtidal benthic, and pelagic realms and discuss the importance of recognizing intertidal ecosystems as distinct. Rocky shorelines were the most studied intertidal ecosystem encompassing 64.2% of intertidal LDG studies, and 62.9% of studies focused on assemblage composition, while the remaining 37.1% of studies were taxa specific. While our analyses confirmed LDGs in subtidal benthic and pelagic realms, with a decrease in richness toward the poles, we found no consistent intertidal LDGs in any ocean or coastline across hemispheres or biodiversity unit. Analyzing intertidal and subtidal zones as separate systems increased the strength of subtidal benthic LDGs relative to analyses combining these systems. We demonstrate that in intertidal ecosystems across oceans in both hemispheres, a latitudinal decrease in species richness is not readily apparent, which stands in contrast with significant LDG patterns found in the subtidal realm. Intertidal habitat heterogeneity, regional environmental variability and biological interactions can create species-rich hot spots independent of latitude, which may functionally outweigh a typical latitudinal decline in species richness. Although previous work has shown weaker LDGs in benthic than pelagic systems, we demonstrate that this is caused by combining subtidal and intertidal benthic ecosystems into a single benthic category. Thus, we propose that subtidal and intertidal ecosystems cannot be combined into one entity as the physical and biological parameters controlling ecosystem processes are vastly different, even among intertidal ecosystems. Thus, the intertidal zone offers a unique model system in which hypotheses can be further tested to better understand the complex processes underlying LDGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Thyrring
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Ecoscience-Marine Ecology and Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christopher D G Harley
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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9
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Hosono T, Kitayama T, Saito H, Fujikura K. Development of marine biodiversity database (BISMaL) to enable estimations past habitat conditions for marine life in the northwestern Pacific. Database (Oxford) 2023; 2023:baad081. [PMID: 38506570 PMCID: PMC10952404 DOI: 10.1093/database/baad081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Global activities involving the collection of marine biodiversity information have provided a large amount of biological observation records that cover various spatiotemporal areas. To predict biological responses or distribution changes in response to environmental changes by using these observation records, it is essential to analyze not only the current marine physicochemical environmental conditions but also the past conditions when the organisms were observed. We developed a new function to estimate the past marine environmental conditions for the observation records in our marine biodiversity database (Biological Information System for Marine Life: BISMaL) and examine whether the database can reliably estimate thermal habitats for both benthic and planktonic marine organisms. For the benthic squat lobster Shinkaia crosnieri, the estimated and observed in situ temperatures were similar to each other. For the planktonic chaetognaths Krohnitta pacifica and K. subtilis, the estimated temperatures showed clear seasonal changes specific to their distribution areas. These results indicated that BISMaL can reliably provide past habitat conditions regardless of planktonic or benthic lifestyles. BISMaL, which provides both biological observations and estimated past environmental conditions through web services, could lower the barrier to data access and use and make data-driven science available not only for data scientists but also for various marine scientists, such as taxonomists, ecologists and field scientists. Database URL: https://www.godac.jamstec.go.jp/bismal/e/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hosono
- Global Oceanographic Data Center, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Showa-machi 3173-25, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Kitayama
- Global Oceanographic Data Center, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Showa-machi 3173-25, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
| | - Hideaki Saito
- Global Oceanographic Data Center, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Showa-machi 3173-25, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
| | - Katsunori Fujikura
- Marine Biodiversity and Environmental Assessment Research Center, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Natsushima-cho 2-15, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
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10
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Kusumoto B, Chao A, Eiserhardt WL, Svenning JC, Shiono T, Kubota Y. Occurrence-based diversity estimation reveals macroecological and conservation knowledge gaps for global woody plants. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh9719. [PMID: 37801494 PMCID: PMC10558125 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh9719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Incomplete sampling of species' geographic distributions has challenged biogeographers for many years to precisely quantify global-scale biodiversity patterns. After correcting for the spatial inequality of sample completeness, we generated a global species diversity map for woody angiosperms (82,974 species, 13,959,780 occurrence records). The standardized diversity estimated more pronounced latitudinal and longitudinal diversity gradients than the raw data and improved the spatial prediction of diversity based on environmental factors. We identified areas with potentially high species richness and rarity that are poorly explored, unprotected, and threatened by increasing human pressure: They are distributed mostly at low latitudes across central South America, Central Africa, subtropical China, and Indomalayan islands. These priority areas for botanical exploration can help to efficiently fill spatial knowledge gaps for better describing the status of biodiversity and improve the effectiveness of the protected area network for global woody plant conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buntarou Kusumoto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Think Nature Inc., Naha City, Japan
- University Museum, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
- Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK
| | - Anne Chao
- National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wolf L. Eiserhardt
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) and for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Takayuki Shiono
- Think Nature Inc., Naha City, Japan
- Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kubota
- Think Nature Inc., Naha City, Japan
- Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
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11
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Zhang Y, Xu Y, Li X. Temporal variations of diversity and community structure of epifauna along the latitudinal and depth gradients in China seas over nearly 60 years. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 195:115478. [PMID: 37716132 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
To examine the diversity and community structure of epifauna along latitudinal and depth gradients in China seas and its temporal variations over nearly 60 years, a total of 61,424 records of epifauna were compiled. Latitudinal gradients of γ-diversity from 28 to 37°N showed two peaks of increase in 1958-1960; however, only one peak was observed near 28°N in 2000-2015. Along depth gradient, the peak of species richness shifted about 10 m deeper from about 50 m in 1958-1960 to about 60 m in 2000-2015. Values of α-diversity were higher in 2000-2015 than that in 1958-1960 in latitudes from 30 to 33°N and in depth from 50 to 75 m, respectively. Epifaunal communities were distributed basically along latitudinal and depth gradients. Spatial patterns of communities in the southern Yellow Sea and northern East China Sea were found relatively stable over nearly 60 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; China Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Xinzheng Li
- Department of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; China Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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12
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Lin HY, Wright S, Costello MJ. Numbers of fish species, higher taxa, and phylogenetic similarity decrease with latitude and depth, and deep-sea assemblages are unique. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16116. [PMID: 37780369 PMCID: PMC10541023 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Species richness has been found to increase from the poles to the tropics but with a small dip near the equator over all marine fishes. Phylogenetic diversity measures offer an alternative perspective on biodiversity linked to evolutionary history. If phylogenetic diversity is standardized for species richness, then it may indicate places with relatively high genetic diversity. Latitudes and depths with both high species and phylogenetic diversity would be a priority for conservation. We compared latitudinal and depth gradients of species richness, and three measures of phylogenetic diversity, namely average phylogenetic diversity (AvPD), the sum of the higher taxonomic levels (STL) and the sum of the higher taxonomic levels divided by the number of species (STL/spp) for modelled ranges of 5,619 marine fish species. We distinguished all, bony and cartilaginous fish groups and four depth zones namely: whole water column; 0 -200 m; 201-1,000 m; and 1,001-6,000 m; at 5° latitudinal intervals from 75°S to 75°N, and at 100 m depth intervals from 0 m to 3,500 m. Species richness and higher taxonomic richness (STL) were higher in the tropics and subtropics with a small dip at the equator, and were significantly correlated among fish groups and depth zones. Species assemblages had closer phylogenetic relationships (lower AvPD and STL/spp) in warmer (low latitudes and shallow water) than colder environments (high latitudes and deep sea). This supports the hypothesis that warmer shallow latitudes and depths have had higher rates of evolution across a range of higher taxa. We also found distinct assemblages of species in different depth zones such that deeper sea species are not simply a subset of shallow assemblages. Thus, conservation needs to be representative of all latitudes and depth zones to encompass global biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yang Lin
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shane Wright
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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13
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Lin HY, Costello MJ. Body size and trophic level increase with latitude, and decrease in the deep-sea and Antarctica, for marine fish species. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15880. [PMID: 37701825 PMCID: PMC10493087 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional traits of species depend both on species' evolutionary characteristics and their local environmental conditions and opportunities. The temperature-size rule (TSR), gill-oxygen limitation theory (GOLT), and temperature constraint hypothesis (TCH) have been proposed to explain the gradients of body size and trophic level of marine species. However, how functional traits vary both with latitude and depth have not been quantified at a global scale for any marine taxon. We compared the latitudinal gradients of trophic level and maximum body size of 5,619 marine fish from modelled species ranges, based on (1) three body size ranges, <30, 30-100, and >100 cm, and (2) four trophic levels, <2.20, 2.20-2.80, 2.81-3.70, >3.70. These were parsed into 5° latitudinal intervals in four depth zones: whole water column, 0-200, 201-1,000, and 1,001-6,000 m. We described the relationship between latitudinal gradients of functional traits and salinity, sea surface and near seabed temperatures, and dissolved oxygen. We found mean body sizes and mean trophic levels of marine fish were smaller and lower in the warmer latitudes, and larger and higher respectively in the high latitudes except for the Southern Ocean (Antarctica). Fish species with trophic levels ≤2.80 were dominant in warmer and absent in colder environments. We attribute these differences in body size and trophic level between polar regions to the greater environmental heterogeneity of the Arctic compared to Antarctica. We suggest that fish species' mean maximum body size declined with depth because of decreased dissolved oxygen. These results support the TSR, GOLT and TCH hypotheses respectively. Thus, at the global scale, temperature and oxygen are primary factors affecting marine fishes' biogeography and biological traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yang Lin
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark John Costello
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodo, Norway
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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14
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Ha AD, Moniruzzaman M, Aylward FO. Assessing the biogeography of marine giant viruses in four oceanic transects. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:43. [PMID: 37120676 PMCID: PMC10148842 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-023-00252-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Viruses of the phylum Nucleocytoviricota are ubiquitous in ocean waters and play important roles in shaping the dynamics of marine ecosystems. In this study, we leveraged the bioGEOTRACES metagenomic dataset collected across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans to investigate the biogeography of these viruses in marine environments. We identified 330 viral genomes, including 212 in the order Imitervirales and 54 in the order Algavirales. We found that most viruses appeared to be prevalent in shallow waters (<150 m), and that viruses of the Mesomimiviridae (Imitervirales) and Prasinoviridae (Algavirales) are by far the most abundant and diverse groups in our survey. Five mesomimiviruses and one prasinovirus are particularly widespread in oligotrophic waters; annotation of these genomes revealed common stress response systems, photosynthesis-associated genes, and oxidative stress modulation genes that may be key to their broad distribution in the pelagic ocean. We identified a latitudinal pattern in viral diversity in one cruise that traversed the North and South Atlantic Ocean, with viral diversity peaking at high latitudes of the northern hemisphere. Community analyses revealed three distinct Nucleocytoviricota communities across latitudes, categorized by latitudinal distance towards the equator. Our results contribute to the understanding of the biogeography of these viruses in marine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh D Ha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Mohammad Moniruzzaman
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | - Frank O Aylward
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Infectious Disease, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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15
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Canepuccia AD, Fanjul MS, Iribarne OO. Global distribution and richness of terrestrial mammals in tidal marshes. DIVERS DISTRIB 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro D. Canepuccia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC) Universidad Nacional de Mar Del Plata (UNMDP) ‐ Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Mar del Plata Argentina
| | - María Sol Fanjul
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC) Universidad Nacional de Mar Del Plata (UNMDP) ‐ Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Mar del Plata Argentina
| | - Oscar O. Iribarne
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC) Universidad Nacional de Mar Del Plata (UNMDP) ‐ Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Mar del Plata Argentina
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16
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Förderer EM, Rödder D, Langer MR. Global diversity patterns of larger benthic foraminifera under future climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:969-981. [PMID: 36413112 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Global warming threatens the viability of tropical coral reefs and associated marine calcifiers, including symbiont-bearing larger benthic foraminifera (LBF). The impacts of current climate change on LBF are debated because they were particularly diverse and abundant during past warm periods. Studies on the responses of selected LBF species to changing environmental conditions reveal varying results. Based on a comprehensive review of the scientific literature on LBF species occurrences, we applied species distribution modeling using Maxent to estimate present-day and future species richness patterns on a global scale for the time periods 2040-2050 and 2090-2100. For our future projections, we focus on Representative Concentration Pathway 6.0 from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which projects mean surface temperature changes of +2.2°C by the year 2100. Our results suggest that species richness in the Central Indo-Pacific is two to three times higher than in the Bahamian ecoregion, which we have identified as the present-day center of LBF diversity in the Atlantic. Our future predictions project a dramatic temperature-driven decline in low-latitude species richness and an increasing widening bimodal latitudinal pattern of species diversity. While the central Indo-Pacific, now the stronghold of LBF diversity, is expected to be most pushed outside of the currently realized niches of most species, refugia may be largely preserved in the Atlantic. LBF species will face large-scale non-analogous climatic conditions compared to currently realized climate space in the near future, as reflected in the extensive areas of extrapolation, particularly in the Indo-Pacific. Our study supports hypotheses that species richness and biogeographic patterns of LBF will fundamentally change under future climate conditions, possibly initiating a faunal turnover by the late 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dennis Rödder
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
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17
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Ha AD, Moniruzzaman M, Aylward FO. Assessing the biogeography of marine giant viruses in four oceanic transects. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.30.526306. [PMID: 36778472 PMCID: PMC9915497 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.30.526306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Viruses of the phylum Nucleocytoviricota are ubiquitous in ocean waters and play important roles in shaping the dynamics of marine ecosystems. In this study, we leveraged the bioGEOTRACES metagenomic dataset collected across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans to investigate the biogeography of these viruses in marine environments. We identified 330 viral genomes, including 212 in the order Imitervirales and 54 in the order Algavirales . We found that most viruses appeared to be prevalent in shallow waters (<150 meters), and that viruses of the Mesomimiviridae ( Imitervirales ) and Prasinoviridae ( Algavirales ) are by far the most abundant and diverse groups in our survey. Five mesomimiviruses and one prasinovirus are particularly widespread in oligotrophic waters; annotation of these genomes revealed common stress response systems, photosynthesis-associated genes, and oxidative stress modulation that may be key to their broad distribution in the pelagic ocean. We identified a latitudinal pattern in viral diversity in one cruise that traversed the North and South Atlantic Ocean, with viral diversity peaking at high latitudes of the northern hemisphere. Community analyses revealed three distinct Nucleocytoviricota communities across latitudes, categorized by latitudinal distance towards the equator. Our results contribute to the understanding of the biogeography of these viruses in marine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh D. Ha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, 24061
| | - Mohammad Moniruzzaman
- Rosenstiel School of Marine Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, Coral Gables FL 33149
| | - Frank O. Aylward
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, 24061
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Infectious Disease, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, 24061
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18
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Woodhouse A, Swain A, Fagan WF, Fraass AJ, Lowery CM. Late Cenozoic cooling restructured global marine plankton communities. Nature 2023; 614:713-718. [PMID: 36792824 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05694-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The geographic ranges of marine organisms, including planktonic foraminifera1, diatoms, dinoflagellates2, copepods3 and fish4, are shifting polewards owing to anthropogenic climate change5. However, the extent to which species will move and whether these poleward range shifts represent precursor signals that lead to extinction is unclear6. Understanding the development of marine biodiversity patterns over geological time and the factors that influence them are key to contextualizing these current trends. The fossil record of the macroperforate planktonic foraminifera provides a rich and phylogenetically resolved dataset that provides unique opportunities for understanding marine biogeography dynamics and how species distributions have responded to ancient climate changes. Here we apply a bipartite network approach to quantify group diversity, latitudinal specialization and latitudinal equitability for planktonic foraminifera over the past eight million years using Triton, a recently developed high-resolution global dataset of planktonic foraminiferal occurrences7. The results depict a global, clade-wide shift towards the Equator in ecological and morphological community equitability over the past eight million years in response to temperature changes during the late Cenozoic bipolar ice sheet formation. Collectively, the Triton data indicate the presence of a latitudinal equitability gradient among planktonic foraminiferal functional groups which is coupled to the latitudinal biodiversity gradient only through the geologically recent past (the past two million years). Before this time, latitudinal equitability gradients indicate that higher latitudes promoted community equitability across ecological and morphological groups. Observed range shifts among marine planktonic microorganisms1,2,8 in the recent and geological past suggest substantial poleward expansion of marine communities even under the most conservative future global warming scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Woodhouse
- University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Anshuman Swain
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | - William F Fagan
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Andrew J Fraass
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Invertebrate Paleontology, The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,School of Earth Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Christopher M Lowery
- University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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19
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Rogers AD, Appeltans W, Assis J, Ballance LT, Cury P, Duarte C, Favoretto F, Hynes LA, Kumagai JA, Lovelock CE, Miloslavich P, Niamir A, Obura D, O'Leary BC, Ramirez-Llodra E, Reygondeau G, Roberts C, Sadovy Y, Steeds O, Sutton T, Tittensor DP, Velarde E, Woodall L, Aburto-Oropeza O. Discovering marine biodiversity in the 21st century. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2022; 93:23-115. [PMID: 36435592 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We review the current knowledge of the biodiversity of the ocean as well as the levels of decline and threat for species and habitats. The lack of understanding of the distribution of life in the ocean is identified as a significant barrier to restoring its biodiversity and health. We explore why the science of taxonomy has failed to deliver knowledge of what species are present in the ocean, how they are distributed and how they are responding to global and regional to local anthropogenic pressures. This failure prevents nations from meeting their international commitments to conserve marine biodiversity with the results that investment in taxonomy has declined in many countries. We explore a range of new technologies and approaches for discovery of marine species and their detection and monitoring. These include: imaging methods, molecular approaches, active and passive acoustics, the use of interconnected databases and citizen science. Whilst no one method is suitable for discovering or detecting all groups of organisms many are complementary and have been combined to give a more complete picture of biodiversity in marine ecosystems. We conclude that integrated approaches represent the best way forwards for accelerating species discovery, description and biodiversity assessment. Examples of integrated taxonomic approaches are identified from terrestrial ecosystems. Such integrated taxonomic approaches require the adoption of cybertaxonomy approaches and will be boosted by new autonomous sampling platforms and development of machine-speed exchange of digital information between databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex D Rogers
- REV Ocean, Lysaker, Norway; Nekton Foundation, Begbroke Science Park, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Ward Appeltans
- Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Oostende, Belgium
| | - Jorge Assis
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Lisa T Ballance
- Marine Mammal Institute, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, United States
| | | | - Carlos Duarte
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Fabio Favoretto
- Autonomous University of Baja California Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Lisa A Hynes
- Nekton Foundation, Begbroke Science Park, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joy A Kumagai
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Institute, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Catherine E Lovelock
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Patricia Miloslavich
- Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR), College of Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States; Departamento de Estudios Ambientales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Venezuela & Scientific Committee for Oceanic Research (SCOR), Newark, DE, United States
| | - Aidin Niamir
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Institute, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Bethan C O'Leary
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom; Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Ramirez-Llodra
- REV Ocean, Lysaker, Norway; Nekton Foundation, Begbroke Science Park, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel Reygondeau
- Yale Center for Biodiversity Movement and Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Nippon Foundation-Nereus Program, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Callum Roberts
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Sadovy
- School of Biological Sciences, Swire Institute of Marine Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Oliver Steeds
- Nekton Foundation, Begbroke Science Park, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tracey Sutton
- Nova Southeastern University, Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Dania Beach, FL, United States
| | | | - Enriqueta Velarde
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Pesquerías, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Lucy Woodall
- Nekton Foundation, Begbroke Science Park, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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20
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Kopperud BT, Lidgard S, Liow LH. Enhancing georeferenced biodiversity inventories: automated information extraction from literature records reveal the gaps. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13921. [PMID: 35999848 PMCID: PMC9393005 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We use natural language processing (NLP) to retrieve location data for cheilostome bryozoan species (text-mined occurrences (TMO)) in an automated procedure. We compare these results with data combined from two major public databases (DB): the Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS), and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Using DB and TMO data separately and in combination, we present latitudinal species richness curves using standard estimators (Chao2 and the Jackknife) and range-through approaches. Our combined DB and TMO species richness curves quantitatively document a bimodal global latitudinal diversity gradient for extant cheilostomes for the first time, with peaks in the temperate zones. A total of 79% of the georeferenced species we retrieved from TMO (N = 1,408) and DB (N = 4,549) are non-overlapping. Despite clear indications that global location data compiled for cheilostomes should be improved with concerted effort, our study supports the view that many marine latitudinal species richness patterns deviate from the canonical latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG). Moreover, combining online biodiversity databases with automated information retrieval from the published literature is a promising avenue for expanding taxon-location datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Tore Kopperud
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany,Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Scott Lidgard
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
| | - Lee Hsiang Liow
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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21
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Ritchie AM, Hua X, Bromham L. Diversification Rate is Associated with Rate of Molecular Evolution in Ray-Finned Fish (Actinopterygii). J Mol Evol 2022; 90:200-214. [PMID: 35262772 PMCID: PMC8975766 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-022-10052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the factors that drive diversification of taxa across the tree of life is a key focus of macroevolutionary research. While the effects of life history, ecology, climate and geography on diversity have been studied for many taxa, the relationship between molecular evolution and diversification has received less attention. However, correlations between rates of molecular evolution and diversification rate have been detected in a range of taxa, including reptiles, plants and birds. A correlation between rates of molecular evolution and diversification rate is a prediction of several evolutionary theories, including the evolutionary speed hypothesis which links variation in mutation rates to differences in speciation rates. If it is widespread, such correlations could also have significant practical impacts, if they are not adequately accounted for in phylogenetic inference of evolutionary rates and timescales. Ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii) offer a prime target to test for this relationship due to their extreme variation in clade size suggesting a wide range of diversification rates. We employ both a sister-pairs approach and a whole-tree approach to test for correlations between substitution rate and net diversification. We also collect life history and ecological trait data and account for potential confounding factors including body size, latitude, max depth and reef association. We find evidence to support a relationship between diversification and synonymous rates of nuclear evolution across two published backbone phylogenies, as well as weak evidence for a relationship between mitochondrial nonsynonymous rates and diversification at the genus level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Ritchie
- Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia. .,Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Robertson Building, 134 Linnaeus Way, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.
| | - Xia Hua
- Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.,Mathematical Sciences Institute, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Lindell Bromham
- Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
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22
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Caballero‐Herrera JA, Olivero J, Cosel R, Gofas S. An analytically derived delineation of the West African Coastal Province based on bivalves. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesús Olivero
- Departamento de Biología Animal Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Rudo Cosel
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Paris France
| | - Serge Gofas
- Departamento de Biología Animal Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Málaga Málaga Spain
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Paris France
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23
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Sharifian S, Kamrani E, Saeedi H. Insights toward the future potential distribution of mangrove crabs in the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sana Sharifian
- Department of Marine Biology University of Hormozgan Bandar Abbas Iran
| | - Ehsan Kamrani
- Fishery Department University of Hormozgan Bandar Abbas Iran
| | - Hanieh Saeedi
- Department of Marine Zoology Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt am Main Germany
- OBIS Data ManagerDeep‐Sea Node Frankfurt am Main Germany
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24
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Kerr MR, Alroy J. Marine diversity patterns in Australia are filtered through biogeography. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211534. [PMID: 34753352 PMCID: PMC8580438 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Latitudinal diversity gradients are among the most striking patterns in nature. Despite a large body of work investigating both geographic and environmental drivers, biogeographical provinces have not been included in statistical models of diversity patterns. Instead, spatial studies tend to focus on species-area and local-regional relationships. Here, we investigate correlates of a latitudinal diversity pattern in Australian coastal molluscs. We use an online database of greater than 300 000 specimens and quantify diversity using four methods to account for sampling variation. Additionally, we present a biogeographic scheme using factor analysis that allows for both gradients and sharp boundaries between clusters. The factors are defined on the basis of species composition and are independent of diversity. Regardless of the measure used, diversity is not directly explained by combinations of abiotic variables. Instead, transitions between regions better explain the observed patterns. Biogeographic gradients can in turn be explained by environmental variables, suggesting that environmental controls on diversity may be indirect. Faunas within provinces are homogeneous regardless of environmental variability. Thus, transitions between provinces explain most of the variation in diversity because small-scale factors are dampened. This explanation contrasts with the species-energy hypothesis. Future work should more carefully consider biogeographic gradients when investigating diversity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Kerr
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, UK
| | - John Alroy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia
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25
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Moreno RA, Labra FA, Cotoras DD, Camus PA, Gutiérrez D, Aguirre L, Rozbaczylo N, Poulin E, Lagos NA, Zamorano D, Rivadeneira MM. Evolutionary drivers of the hump-shaped latitudinal gradient of benthic polychaete species richness along the Southeastern Pacific coast. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12010. [PMID: 34692242 PMCID: PMC8483006 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Latitudinal diversity gradients (LDG) and their explanatory factors are among the most challenging topics in macroecology and biogeography. Despite of its apparent generality, a growing body of evidence shows that 'anomalous' LDG (i.e., inverse or hump-shaped trends) are common among marine organisms along the Southeastern Pacific (SEP) coast. Here, we evaluate the shape of the LDG of marine benthic polychaetes and its underlying causes using a dataset of 643 species inhabiting the continental shelf (<200 m depth), using latitudinal bands with a spatial resolution of 0.5°, along the SEP (3-56° S). The explanatory value of six oceanographic (Sea Surface Temperature (SST), SST range, salinity, salinity range, primary productivity and shelf area), and one macroecological proxy (median latitudinal range of species) were assessed using a random forest model. The taxonomic structure was used to estimate the degree of niche conservatism of predictor variables and to estimate latitudinal trends in phylogenetic diversity, based on three indices (phylogenetic richness (PDSES), mean pairwise distance (MPDSES), and variation of pairwise distances (VPD)). The LDG exhibits a hump-shaped trend, with a maximum peak of species richness at ca. 42° S, declining towards northern and southern areas of SEP. The latitudinal pattern was also evident in local samples controlled by sampling effort. The random forest model had a high accuracy (pseudo-r2 = 0.95) and showed that the LDG could be explained by four variables (median latitudinal range, SST, salinity, and SST range), yet the functional relationship between species richness and these predictors was variable. A significant degree of phylogenetic conservatism was detected for the median latitudinal range and SST. PDSES increased toward the southern region, whereas VPD showed the opposite trend, both statistically significant. MPDSES has the same trend as PDSES, but it is not significant. Our results reinforce the idea that the south Chile fjord area, particularly the Chiloé region, was likely the evolutionary source of new species of marine polychaetes along SEP, creating a hotspot of diversity. Therefore, in the same way as the canonical LDG shows a decline in diversity while moving away from the tropics; on this case the decline occurs while moving away from Chiloé Island. These results, coupled with a strong phylogenetic signal of the main predictor variables suggest that processes operating mainly at evolutionary timescales govern the LDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Moreno
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabio A Labra
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Darko D Cotoras
- Entomology Department, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Patricio A Camus
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Dimitri Gutiérrez
- Dirección de Investigaciones Oceanográficas y de Cambio Climático, Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE), Callao, Perú
| | - Luis Aguirre
- Laboratorio de Biología y Sistemática de Invertebrados Marinos (LaBSIM), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú
| | - Nicolás Rozbaczylo
- FAUNAMAR Ltda. Consultorías Medio Ambientales e Investigación Marina, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elie Poulin
- Instituto Milenio de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nelson A Lagos
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Zamorano
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Marcelo M Rivadeneira
- Laboratorio de Paleobiología, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile.,Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.,Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
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26
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Raja NB, Kiessling W. Out of the extratropics: the evolution of the latitudinal diversity gradient of Cenozoic marine plankton. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210545. [PMID: 33975476 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many ecological and evolutionary hypotheses have been proposed to explain the latitudinal diversity gradient, i.e. the increase in species richness from the poles to the tropics. Among the evolutionary hypotheses, the 'out of the tropics' (OTT) hypothesis has received considerable attention. The OTT posits that the tropics are both a cradle and source of biodiversity for extratropical regions. To test the generality of the OTT hypothesis, we explored the spatial biodiversity dynamics of unicellular marine plankton over the Cenozoic era (the last 66 Myr). We find large-scale climatic changes during the Cenozoic shaped the diversification and dispersal of marine plankton. Origination was generally more likely in the extratropics and net dispersal was towards the tropics rather than in the opposite direction, especially during the warmer climates of the early Cenozoic. Although migration proportions varied among major plankton groups and climate phases, we provide evidence that the extratropics were a source of tropical microplankton biodiversity over the last 66 Myr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nussaïbah B Raja
- GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Department of Geography and Geosciences, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loewenichstr. 28, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kiessling
- GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Department of Geography and Geosciences, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loewenichstr. 28, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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27
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Boag TH, Gearty W, Stockey RG. Metabolic tradeoffs control biodiversity gradients through geological time. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2906-2913.e3. [PMID: 33961786 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The latitudinal gradient of increasing marine biodiversity from the poles to the tropics is one of the most conspicuous biological patterns in modern oceans.1-3 Low-latitude regions of the global ocean are often hotspots of animal biodiversity, yet they are set to be most critically affected by anthropogenic climate change.4 As ocean temperatures rise and deoxygenation proceeds in the coming centuries, the volume of aerobically viable habitat is predicted to decrease in these zones.5,6 In contrast to the slightly asymmetrical modern latitudinal biodiversity gradient,7 compilations of fossil occurrences indicate peaks in biodiversity may have existed much further away from the equator in the past, with transitions between climate states hypothesized to explain this trend.8-13 We combine a new compilation of fossil mollusc occurrences, paleotemperature proxies, and biogeographic data to reveal a non-monotonic relationship between temperature and diversity in the paleontological record over the last 145 million years. We derive a metabolic model that integrates the kinetic effects of temperature on biodiversity14 with the recently described Metabolic Index that calculates aerobic habitat availability based on the effect of temperature on hypoxia sensitivity.5,15,16 Although factors such as coastal habitat area and homeothermy are important,17,18 we find strong congruence between our metabolic model and our fossil and paleotemperature meta-analysis. We therefore suggest that the effects of ocean temperature on the aerobic scope of marine ectotherms is a primary driver of migrating biodiversity peaks through geologic time and will likely play a role in the restructuring of biodiversity under projected future climate scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Boag
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - William Gearty
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Richard G Stockey
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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28
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Global warming is causing a more pronounced dip in marine species richness around the equator. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2015094118. [PMID: 33876750 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015094118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The latitudinal gradient in species richness, with more species in the tropics and richness declining with latitude, is widely known and has been assumed to be stable over recent centuries. We analyzed data on 48,661 marine animal species since 1955, accounting for sampling variation, to assess whether the global latitudinal gradient in species richness is being impacted by climate change. We confirm recent studies that show a slight dip in species richness at the equator. Moreover, richness across latitudinal bands was sensitive to temperature, reaching a plateau or declining above a mean annual sea surface temperature of 20 °C for most taxa. In response, since the 1970s, species richness has declined at the equator relative to an increase at midlatitudes and has shifted north in the northern hemisphere, particularly among pelagic species. This pattern is consistent with the hypothesis that climate change is impacting the latitudinal gradient in marine biodiversity at a global scale. The intensification of the dip in species richness at the equator, especially for pelagic species, suggests that it is already too warm there for some species to survive.
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29
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Zacaï A, Monnet C, Pohl A, Beaugrand G, Mullins G, Kroeck DM, Servais T. Truncated bimodal latitudinal diversity gradient in early Paleozoic phytoplankton. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabd6709. [PMID: 33827811 PMCID: PMC8026127 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd6709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG)-the decline in species richness from the equator to the poles-is classically considered as the most pervasive macroecological pattern on Earth, but the timing of its establishment, its ubiquity in the geological past, and explanatory mechanisms remain uncertain. By combining empirical and modeling approaches, we show that the first representatives of marine phytoplankton exhibited an LDG from the beginning of the Cambrian, when most major phyla appeared. However, this LDG showed a single peak of diversity centered on the Southern Hemisphere, in contrast to the equatorial peak classically observed for most modern taxa. We find that this LDG most likely corresponds to a truncated bimodal gradient, which probably results from an uneven sediment preservation, smaller sampling effort, and/or lower initial diversity in the Northern Hemisphere. Variation of the documented LDG through time resulted primarily from fluctuations in annual sea-surface temperature and long-term climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axelle Zacaï
- Evo-Eco-Paleo, UMR 8198, CNRS, Univ. Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
- PALEVOPRIM, UMR 7262, CNRS, Université de Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Claude Monnet
- Evo-Eco-Paleo, UMR 8198, CNRS, Univ. Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Alexandre Pohl
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
- Biogéosciences, UMR 6282, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 boulevard Gabriel, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Grégory Beaugrand
- Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, UMR 8187, CNRS, Univ. Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - David M Kroeck
- Evo-Eco-Paleo, UMR 8198, CNRS, Univ. Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Thomas Servais
- Evo-Eco-Paleo, UMR 8198, CNRS, Univ. Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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30
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Thyrring J, Peck LS. Global gradients in intertidal species richness and functional groups. eLife 2021; 10:64541. [PMID: 33739285 PMCID: PMC8032391 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether global latitudinal diversity gradients exist in rocky intertidal α-diversity and across functional groups remains unknown. Using literature data from 433 intertidal sites, we investigated α-diversity patterns across 155° of latitude, and whether local-scale or global-scale structuring processes control α-diversity. We, furthermore, investigated how the relative composition of functional groups changes with latitude. α-Diversity differed among hemispheres with a mid-latitudinal peak in the north, and a non-significant unimodal pattern in the south, but there was no support for a tropical-to-polar decrease in α-diversity. Although global-scale drivers had no discernible effect, the local-scale drivers significantly affected α-diversity, and our results reveal that latitudinal diversity gradients are outweighed by local processes. In contrast to α-diversity patterns, species richness of three functional groups (predators, grazers, and suspension feeders) declined with latitude, coinciding with an inverse gradient in algae. Polar and tropical intertidal data were sparse, and more sampling is required to improve knowledge of marine biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Thyrring
- British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Arctic Research Centre, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, Denmark.,Homerton College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Marine Ecology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Lloyd S Peck
- British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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31
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On the Diversity of Phyllodocida (Annelida: Errantia), with a Focus on Glyceridae, Goniadidae, Nephtyidae, Polynoidae, Sphaerodoridae, Syllidae, and the Holoplanktonic Families. DIVERSITY-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13030131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phyllodocida is a clade of errantiate annelids characterized by having ventral sensory palps, anterior enlarged cirri, axial muscular proboscis, compound chaetae (if present) with a single ligament, and of lacking dorsolateral folds. Members of most families date back to the Carboniferous, although the earliest fossil was dated from the Devonian. Phyllodocida holds 27 well-established and morphologically homogenous clades ranked as families, gathering more than 4600 currently accepted nominal species. Among them, Syllidae and Polynoidae are the most specious polychaete groups. Species of Phyllodocida are mainly found in the marine benthos, although a few inhabit freshwater, terrestrial and planktonic environments, and occur from intertidal to deep waters in all oceans. In this review, we (1) explore the current knowledge on species diversity trends (based on traditional species concept and molecular data), phylogeny, ecology, and geographic distribution for the whole group, (2) try to identify the main knowledge gaps, and (3) focus on selected families: Alciopidae, Goniadidae, Glyceridae, Iospilidae, Lopadorrhynchidae, Polynoidae, Pontodoridae, Nephtyidae, Sphaerodoridae, Syllidae, Tomopteridae, Typhloscolecidae, and Yndolaciidae. The highest species richness is concentrated in European, North American, and Australian continental shelves (reflecting a strong sampling bias). While most data come from shallow coastal and surface environments most world oceans are clearly under-studied. The overall trends indicate that new descriptions are constantly added through time and that less than 10% of the known species have molecular barcode information available.
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32
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From biggest to smallest mud dragons: size-latitude trends in a group of meiobenthic animals worldwide. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-020-00471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Lin H, Corkrey R, Kaschner K, Garilao C, Costello MJ. Latitudinal diversity gradients for five taxonomic levels of marine fish in depth zones. Ecol Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han‐Yang Lin
- Institute of Marine Science The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Ross Corkrey
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture University of Tasmania Hobart Australia
| | - Kristin Kaschner
- Department of Biometry and Environmental Systems Analysis University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | | | - Mark J. Costello
- School of Environment The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
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34
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Distribution and community structure of araneocoenoses (Araneae) along an altitudinal gradient on Kozuf Mountain (North Macedonia). Biologia (Bratisl) 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-020-00474-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Climate drives the geography of marine consumption by changing predator communities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28160-28166. [PMID: 33106409 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2005255117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The global distribution of primary production and consumption by humans (fisheries) is well-documented, but we have no map linking the central ecological process of consumption within food webs to temperature and other ecological drivers. Using standardized assays that span 105° of latitude on four continents, we show that rates of bait consumption by generalist predators in shallow marine ecosystems are tightly linked to both temperature and the composition of consumer assemblages. Unexpectedly, rates of consumption peaked at midlatitudes (25 to 35°) in both Northern and Southern Hemispheres across both seagrass and unvegetated sediment habitats. This pattern contrasts with terrestrial systems, where biotic interactions reportedly weaken away from the equator, but it parallels an emerging pattern of a subtropical peak in marine biodiversity. The higher consumption at midlatitudes was closely related to the type of consumers present, which explained rates of consumption better than consumer density, biomass, species diversity, or habitat. Indeed, the apparent effect of temperature on consumption was mostly driven by temperature-associated turnover in consumer community composition. Our findings reinforce the key influence of climate warming on altered species composition and highlight its implications for the functioning of Earth's ecosystems.
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36
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Sato M, Nakamura Y, Hori M. Potential stocks of reef fish‐based ecosystem services in the Kuroshio Current region: Their relationship with latitude and biodiversity. POPUL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/1438-390x.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Sato
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Engineering Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency Kamisu‐shi Japan
| | - Yohei Nakamura
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences Kochi University Nankoku Japan
| | - Masakazu Hori
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency Hiroshima Japan
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37
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Global biodiversity and biogeography of mangrove crabs: Temperature, the key driver of latitudinal gradients of species richness. J Therm Biol 2020; 92:102692. [PMID: 32888577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mangroves are ideal habitat for a variety of marine species especially brachyuran crabs as the dominant macrofauna. However, the global distribution, endemicity, and latitudinal gradients of species richness in mangrove crabs remains poorly understood. Here, we assessed whether species richness of mangrove crabs decreases towards the higher latitudes and tested the importance of environmental factors such as Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in creating the latitudinal gradients in species richness of mangrove crabs. A total of 8262 distribution records of 481 species belonging to six families of mangrove crabs including Camptandriidae, Dotillidae, Macrophthalmidae, Ocypodidae, Sesarmidae, and Oziidae were extracted from open-access databases or collected by the authors, quality controlled, cleaned, and analyzed. Species richness was plotted against 5° latitudinal bands in relation to environmental factors. The R software and ArcGIS 10.6.1 were used to analyze the species latitudinal range and richness as well as to map the distribution of mangrove forest, endemic species, species geographical distribution records, and biogeographic regions. The Indo-West Pacific showed the highest species richness of mangrove crabs where more than 65% of species were found in the Indian Ocean and along the western Pacific Ocean. Our results showed that there are 11 significantly different biogeographic regions of mangrove crabs. The highest endemicity rate was observed in the NW Pacific Ocean (29%). Latitudinal patterns of species richness in Macrophthalmidae, Ocypodidae, and Sesarmidae showed an increasing trend from the poles toward the intermediate latitudes including one dip near the equator. However, latitudinal gradients in Camptandriidae, Dotillidae, and Oziidae were unimodal increasing from the higher latitudes towards the equator. Species richness per 5° latitudinal bands significantly increased following mean SST mean (°C), calcite, euphotic depth (m), and mangrove area (km2) across all latitudes, and tide average within each hemisphere. Species richness significantly decreased with dissolved O2 (ml l-1) and nitrate (μmol l-1) over all latitudes and in the southern hemisphere. The climax of global latitudinal species richness for some mangrove was observed along latitudes 20° N and 15°-25° S, not at the equator. This can suggest that temperature is probably the key driver of latitudinal gradients of mangrove crabs' species richness. Species richness and mangrove area were also highly correlated.
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38
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Sow SLS, Trull TW, Bodrossy L. Oceanographic Fronts Shape Phaeocystis Assemblages: A High-Resolution 18S rRNA Gene Survey From the Ice-Edge to the Equator of the South Pacific. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1847. [PMID: 32849444 PMCID: PMC7424020 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The cosmopolitan haptophyte Phaeocystis is recognized as a key contributor to marine biogeochemical cycling and important primary producer within polar marine environments. Yet, little is known about its solitary, non-colonial cell stages or its distribution during the colder, low-productivity seasons. We examined the biogeography of Phaeocystis along a high-resolution (0.5-degree latitudinal interval) transect from the Antarctic ice-edge to the equator of the South Pacific, in the austral autumn-winter. Using high-throughput 18S rRNA gene sequences with single nucleotide variable (zero-radius) operational taxonomic units (zOTUs) allowed us to explore the possibility of strain-level variation. From water samples within the upper water column, we show the presence of an abundant Phaeocystis assemblage that persisted during the colder months, contributing up to 9% of the microbial eukaryote community at high latitudes. The biogeography of Phaeocystis was strongly shaped by oceanographic boundaries, most prominently the polar and subantarctic fronts. Marked changes in dominant Phaeocystis antarctica zOTUs between different frontal zones support the concept that ecotypes may exist within the Phaeocystis assemblage. Our findings also show that the Phaeocystis assemblage did not abide by the classical latitudinal diversity gradient of increasing richness from the poles to the tropics; richness peaked at 30°S and declined to a minimum at 5°S. Another surprise was that P. globosa and P. cordata, previously thought to be restricted to the northern hemisphere, were detected at moderate abundances within the Southern Ocean. Our results emphasize the importance of oceanographic processes in shaping the biogeography of Phaeocystis and highlights the importance of genomics-based exploration of Phaeocystis, which have found the assemblage to be more complex than previously understood. The high winter relative abundance of the Phaeocystis assemblage suggests it could be involved in more complex ecological interactions during the less productive seasons, which should be considered in future studies to better understand the ecological role and strategies of this keystone species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swan L S Sow
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.,Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Thomas W Trull
- Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Levente Bodrossy
- Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Hobart, TAS, Australia
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39
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Song H, Huang S, Jia E, Dai X, Wignall PB, Dunhill AM. Flat latitudinal diversity gradient caused by the Permian-Triassic mass extinction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:17578-17583. [PMID: 32631978 PMCID: PMC7395496 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918953117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is recognized as one of the most pervasive, global patterns of present-day biodiversity. However, the controlling mechanisms have proved difficult to identify because many potential drivers covary in space. The geological record presents a unique opportunity for understanding the mechanisms which drive the LDG by providing a direct window to deep-time biogeographic dynamics. Here we used a comprehensive database containing 52,318 occurrences of marine fossils to show that the shape of the LDG changed greatly during the Permian-Triassic mass extinction from showing a significant tropical peak to a flattened LDG. The flat LDG lasted for the entire Early Triassic (∼5 My) before reverting to a modern-like shape in the Middle Triassic. The environmental extremes that prevailed globally, especially the dramatic warming, likely induced selective extinction in low latitudes and accumulation of diversity in high latitudes through origination and poleward migration, which combined together account for the flat LDG of the Early Triassic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, 430074 Wuhan, China;
| | - Shan Huang
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Enhao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Paul B Wignall
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander M Dunhill
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
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40
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Derrick DH, Cheok J, Dulvy NK. Spatially congruent sites of importance for global shark and ray biodiversity. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235559. [PMID: 32628691 PMCID: PMC7337351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many important areas identified for conservation priorities focus on areas of high species richness, however, it is unclear whether these areas change depending on what aspect of richness is considered (e.g. evolutionary distinctiveness, endemicity, or threatened species). Furthermore, little is known of the extent of spatial congruency between biodiversity measures in the marine realm. Here, we used the distribution maps of all known marine sharks, rays, and chimaeras (class Chondrichthyes) to examine the extent of spatial congruency across the hotspots of three measures of species richness: total number of species, evolutionarily distinct species, and endemic species. We assessed the spatial congruency between hotspots considering all species, as well as on the subset of the threatened species only. We consider three definitions of hotspot (2.5%, 5%, and 10% of cells with the highest numbers of species) and three levels of spatial resolution (1°, 4°, and 8° grid cells). Overall, we found low congruency among all three measures of species richness, with the threatened species comprising a smaller subset of the overall species patterns irrespective of hotspot definition. Areas of congruency at 1° and 5% richest cells contain over half (64%) of all sharks and rays and occurred off the coasts of: (1) Northern Mexico Gulf of California, (2) USA Gulf of Mexico, (3) Ecuador, (4) Uruguay and southern Brazil, (5) South Africa, southern Mozambique, and southern Namibia, (6) Japan, Taiwan, and parts of southern China, and (7) eastern and western Australia. Coarsening resolution increases congruency two-fold for all species but remains relatively low for threatened measures, and geographic locations of congruent areas also change. Finally, for pairwise comparisons of biodiversity measures, evolutionarily distinct species richness had the highest overlap with total species richness regardless of resolution or definition of hotspot. We suggest that focusing conservation attention solely on areas of high total species richness will not necessarily contribute efforts towards species that are most at risk, nor will it protect other important dimensions of species richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle H. Derrick
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Jessica Cheok
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nicholas K. Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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41
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Álvarez-Noriega M, Burgess SC, Byers JE, Pringle JM, Wares JP, Marshall DJ. Global biogeography of marine dispersal potential. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:1196-1203. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1238-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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42
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Tian L, Benton MJ. Predicting biotic responses to future climate warming with classic ecogeographic rules. Curr Biol 2020; 30:R744-R749. [PMID: 32634410 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Models for future environmental change all involve global warming, whether slow or fast. Predicting how plants and animals will respond to such warming can be aided by using ecogeographic biological 'rules', some long-established, that make predictions based on observations in nature, as well as plausible physiological and ecological expectations. Bergmann's rule is well known, namely that warm-blooded animals are generally smaller in warm climates, but six further temperature-related rules - Allen's rule, Gloger's rule, Hesse's rule, Jordan's rule, Rapoport's rule and Thorson's rule - are also worth considering as predictive tools. These rules have been discussed in the recent ecological and physiological literature, and in some cases meta-analytical studies of multiple studies show how they are applicable across taxa and in particular physical environmental situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Michael J Benton
- School of Earth Sciences, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
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43
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Allen BJ, Wignall PB, Hill DJ, Saupe EE, Dunhill AM. The latitudinal diversity gradient of tetrapods across the Permo-Triassic mass extinction and recovery interval. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201125. [PMID: 32546099 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The decline in species richness from the equator to the poles is referred to as the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG). Higher equatorial diversity has been recognized for over 200 years, but the consistency of this pattern in deep time remains uncertain. Examination of spatial biodiversity patterns in the past across different global climate regimes and continental configurations can reveal how LDGs have varied over Earth history and potentially differentiate between suggested causal mechanisms. The Late Permian-Middle Triassic represents an ideal time interval for study, because it is characterized by large-scale volcanic episodes, extreme greenhouse temperatures and the most severe mass extinction event in Earth history. We examined terrestrial and marine tetrapod spatial biodiversity patterns using a database of global tetrapod occurrences. Terrestrial tetrapods exhibit a bimodal richness distribution throughout the Late Permian-Middle Triassic, with peaks in the northern low latitudes and southern mid-latitudes around 20-40° N and 60° S, respectively. Marine reptile fossils are known almost exclusively from the Northern Hemisphere in the Early and Middle Triassic, with highest diversity around 20° N. Reconstructed terrestrial LDGs contrast strongly with the generally unimodal gradients of today, potentially reflecting high global temperatures and prevailing Pangaean super-monsoonal climate system during the Permo-Triassic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany J Allen
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Paul B Wignall
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Daniel J Hill
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Erin E Saupe
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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44
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A Global-Scale Mid-Domain Effect Cannot Explain the Latitudinal Gradient in Species Richness. Acta Biotheor 2020; 68:271-274. [PMID: 31473863 DOI: 10.1007/s10441-019-09361-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The latitudinal gradient in species richness is perhaps the most fundamental pattern of biodiversity, yet a satisfactory explanation for its existence remains elusive. A geometric "mid-domain effect" is often cited as having potential to help explain the latitudinal gradient in species richness, but the logic underpinning this hypothesis is apparently built on two incorrect assumptions: (1) that a given great circle-usually the Equator-can constitute the geometric "mid-domain" of the Earth's surface, and (2) that geophysical or bioclimatic boundaries are of geometric relevance in the context of a global-scale mid-domain effect. This article gives a brief overview of the relevant literature and history of thought on the subject, and describes in clear and simple terms why a global-scale mid-domain effect cannot arise, and thus cannot possibly represent a mechanistic basis for the latitudinal gradient in species richness. Explicit acknowledgement of this fact is of great importance, as it allows us to dispense with a commonly cited hypothesis for the latitudinal gradient in species richness.
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45
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Abstract
A major research question concerning global pelagic biodiversity remains unanswered: when did the apparent tropical biodiversity depression (i.e., bimodality of latitudinal diversity gradient [LDG]) begin? The bimodal LDG may be a consequence of recent ocean warming or of deep-time evolutionary speciation and extinction processes. Using rich fossil datasets of planktonic foraminifers, we show here that a unimodal (or only weakly bimodal) diversity gradient, with a plateau in the tropics, occurred during the last ice age and has since then developed into a bimodal gradient through species distribution shifts driven by postglacial ocean warming. The bimodal LDG likely emerged before the Anthropocene and industrialization, and perhaps ∼15,000 y ago, indicating a strong environmental control of tropical diversity even before the start of anthropogenic warming. However, our model projections suggest that future anthropogenic warming further diminishes tropical pelagic diversity to a level not seen in millions of years.
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46
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Assis J, Fragkopoulou E, Frade D, Neiva J, Oliveira A, Abecasis D, Faugeron S, Serrão EA. A fine-tuned global distribution dataset of marine forests. Sci Data 2020; 7:119. [PMID: 32286314 PMCID: PMC7156423 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-0459-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Species distribution records are a prerequisite to follow climate-induced range shifts across space and time. However, synthesizing information from various sources such as peer-reviewed literature, herbaria, digital repositories and citizen science initiatives is not only costly and time consuming, but also challenging, as data may contain thematic and taxonomic errors and generally lack standardized formats. We address this gap for important marine ecosystem-structuring species of large brown algae and seagrasses. We gathered distribution records from various sources and provide a fine-tuned dataset with ~2.8 million dereplicated records, taxonomically standardized for 682 species, and considering important physiological and biogeographical traits. Specifically, a flagging system was implemented to signal potentially incorrect records reported on land, in regions with limiting light conditions for photosynthesis, and outside the known distribution of species, as inferred from the most recent published literature. We document the procedure and provide a dataset in tabular format based on Darwin Core Standard (DwC), alongside with a set of functions in R language for data management and visualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Assis
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Eliza Fragkopoulou
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Duarte Frade
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - João Neiva
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - André Oliveira
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - David Abecasis
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Sylvain Faugeron
- Centro de Conservación Marina and CeBiB, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- UMI 3614 Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Algae, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Universidad Austral de Chile, Station Biologique, Roscoff, France
| | - Ester A Serrão
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
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47
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Roesti M, Anstett DN, Freeman BG, Lee-Yaw JA, Schluter D, Chavarie L, Rolland J, Holzman R. Pelagic fish predation is stronger at temperate latitudes than near the equator. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1527. [PMID: 32235853 PMCID: PMC7109113 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Species interactions are widely thought to be strongest in the tropics, potentially contributing to the greater number of species at lower latitudes. Yet, empirical tests of this "biotic interactions" hypothesis remain limited and often provide mixed results. Here, we analyze 55 years of catch per unit effort data from pelagic longline fisheries to estimate the strength of predation exerted by large predatory fish in the world's oceans. We test two central tenets of the biotic interactions hypothesis: that predation is (1) strongest near the equator, and (2) positively correlated with species richness. Counter to these predictions, we find that predation is (1) strongest in or near the temperate zone and (2) negatively correlated with oceanic fish species richness. These patterns suggest that, at least for pelagic fish predation, common assumptions about the latitudinal distribution of species interactions do not apply, thereby challenging a leading explanation for the latitudinal gradient in species diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Roesti
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel N Anstett
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Benjamin G Freeman
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Julie A Lee-Yaw
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Dolph Schluter
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Louise Chavarie
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jonathan Rolland
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Quartier Sorge, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roi Holzman
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Ramat Aviv, Israel
- Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, 8810302, Eilat, Israel
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48
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Manel S, Guerin PE, Mouillot D, Blanchet S, Velez L, Albouy C, Pellissier L. Global determinants of freshwater and marine fish genetic diversity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:692. [PMID: 32041961 PMCID: PMC7010757 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14409-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic diversity is estimated to be declining faster than species diversity under escalating threats, but its spatial distribution remains poorly documented at the global scale. Theory predicts that similar processes should foster congruent spatial patterns of genetic and species diversity, but empirical studies are scarce. Using a mined database of 50,588 georeferenced mitochondrial DNA barcode sequences (COI) for 3,815 marine and 1,611 freshwater fish species respectively, we examined the correlation between genetic diversity and species diversity and their global distributions in relation to climate and geography. Genetic diversity showed a clear spatial organisation, but a weak association with species diversity for both marine and freshwater species. We found a predominantly positive relationship between genetic diversity and sea surface temperature for marine species. Genetic diversity of freshwater species varied primarily across the regional basins and was negatively correlated with average river slope. The detection of genetic diversity patterns suggests that conservation measures should consider mismatching spatial signals across multiple facets of biodiversity. Biogeographic patterns of genetic diversity are poorly documented, especially for fish species. Here the authors show that (mitochondrial) genetic diversity has global spatial organization patterns with different environmental drivers for marine and freshwater fishes, where genetic diversity is only partly congruent with species richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Manel
- CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE-PSL University, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France.
| | - Pierre-Edouard Guerin
- CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE-PSL University, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - David Mouillot
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Montpellier, France.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Simon Blanchet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS); Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UMR 5321, F-09200, Moulis, France
| | - Laure Velez
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Camille Albouy
- IFREMER, unité Ecologie et Modèle pour l'Halieutique, Nantes, France
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental System Science, ETH Zürich, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland
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49
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Moss JA, Henriksson NL, Pakulski JD, Snyder RA, Jeffrey WH. Oceanic Microplankton Do Not Adhere to the Latitudinal Diversity Gradient. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2020; 79:511-515. [PMID: 31388702 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01413-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A latitudinal biodiversity gradient has captivated ecologists for years, and has become a widely recognized pattern in biogeography, manifest as an increase in biodiversity from the poles to the tropics. Oceanographers have attempted to discern whether these distribution patterns are shared with marine biota, and a lively debate has emerged concerning the global distribution of microbes. Limitations in sampling resolution for such large-scale assessments have often prohibited definitive conclusions. We evaluated microbial planktonic communities along a ~ 15,400-km Pacific Ocean transect with DNA from samples acquired every 2 degrees of latitude within a 3-month period between late August and early November 2003. Next-generation sequencing targeting the Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya yielded ~ 10.8 million high-quality sequences. Beta-analysis revealed geographic patterns of microbial communities, primarily the Bacteria and Archaea domains. None of the domains exhibited a unimodal pattern of alpha-diversity with respect to latitude. Bacteria communities increased in richness from Arctic to Antarctic waters, whereas Archaea and Eukarya communities showed no latitudinal or polar trends. Based on our analyses, environmental factors related to latitude thought to influence various macrofauna may not define microplankton diversity patterns of richness in the global ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Moss
- Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway, Bldg 58. Rm70, Pensacola, FL, 32514, USA
| | - Nine L Henriksson
- Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway, Bldg 58. Rm70, Pensacola, FL, 32514, USA
| | - J Dean Pakulski
- Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway, Bldg 58. Rm70, Pensacola, FL, 32514, USA
| | - Richard A Snyder
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science Eastern Shore Laboratory, 40 Atlantic Ave., Wachapreague, VA, 23480, USA
| | - Wade H Jeffrey
- Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway, Bldg 58. Rm70, Pensacola, FL, 32514, USA.
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50
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Saeedi H, Reimer JD, Brandt MI, Dumais PO, Jażdżewska AM, Jeffery NW, Thielen PM, Costello MJ. Global marine biodiversity in the context of achieving the Aichi Targets: ways forward and addressing data gaps. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7221. [PMID: 31681508 PMCID: PMC6824330 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2010, the Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity agreed on the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. As this plan approaches its end, we discussed whether marine biodiversity and prediction studies were nearing the Aichi Targets during the 4th World Conference on Marine Biodiversity held in Montreal, Canada in June 2018. This article summarises the outcome of a five-day group discussion on how global marine biodiversity studies should be focused further to better understand the patterns of biodiversity. We discussed and reviewed seven fundamental biodiversity priorities related to nine Aichi Targets focusing on global biodiversity discovery and predictions to improve and enhance biodiversity data standards (quantity and quality), tools and techniques, spatial and temporal scale framing, and stewardship and dissemination. We discuss how identifying biodiversity knowledge gaps and promoting efforts have and will reduce such gaps, including via the use of new databases, tools and technology, and how these resources could be improved in the future. The group recognised significant progress toward Target 19 in relation to scientific knowledge, but negligible progress with regard to Targets 6 to 13 which aimed to safeguard and reduce human impacts on biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Saeedi
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,FB 15 Biological Sciences Institute for Ecology, Diversity and Evolution Biologicum, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, OBIS Data Manager, Deep-sea Node, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - James Davis Reimer
- Marine Invertebrate Systematics & Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Anna Maria Jażdżewska
- Laboratory of Polar Biology and Oceanobiology, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Nicholas W Jeffery
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Peter M Thielen
- Research and Exploratory Development Department, Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, United States of America
| | - Mark John Costello
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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