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Gole B, Pernat C, Jezernik G, Potočnik U. The expression IL1B correlates negatively with the clinical response to adalimumab in Crohn's disease patients: An ex vivo approach using peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Life Sci 2023:121822. [PMID: 37257580 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Understanding of the molecular mechanisms of anti-TNFα therapy non-response and reliable biomarkers are essential for personalized medicine in Crohn's disease (CD) patients. Using RNA-seq data adjusted for deconvoluted fractions of peripheral blood cells, we recently described MMD gene, coding for a monocyte to macrophage differentiation factor, as a biomarker of adalimumab (anti-TNFα) therapy response in CD. The results also suggest that cell subtype-specific biomarkers may be superior to those measured in bulk peripheral blood. Here, we used functional cell model to further investigate the role of the monocyte to macrophage differentiation in adalimumab treatment response and evaluate monocyte/macrophage specific expression of the inflammatory cytokines as potential biomarkers for (non)response to adalimumab in CD patients. MAIN METHODS The peripheral monocytes of CD patients responsive and non-responsive to adalimumab were isolated, differentiated into macrophages, and exposed to inflammation and concurrent adalimumab therapy in vitro. The results were correlated to the clinical response of the donor patients. KEY FINDINGS Correlation is shown of the expression of two macrophage differentiation related genes- CD68 and MMD, with the expression of the inflammatory cytokines TNF, IL1B, IL6 and CXCL8. Monocytes and in vitro differentiated macrophages of adalimumab non-responders express more inflammatory cytokines than those of responders. The biggest difference was in the IL1B expression. Additionally, IL1B expression in the in vitro differentiated macrophages of CD patients correlates negatively with their clinical response to adalimumab. SIGNIFICANCE We propose the IL1B expression in the macrophages as a possible biomarker for adalimumab response in CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Gole
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Human Molecular Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Taborska ulica 8, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Cvetka Pernat
- Maribor University Medical Centre, Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Ljubljanska ulica 5, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Jezernik
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Human Molecular Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Taborska ulica 8, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Potočnik
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Human Molecular Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Taborska ulica 8, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; University of Maribor, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory for Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genomics, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
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Bertani L, Caviglia GP, Antonioli L, Pellicano R, Fagoonee S, Astegiano M, Saracco GM, Bugianesi E, Blandizzi C, Costa F, Ribaldone DG. Serum Interleukin-6 and -8 as Predictors of Response to Vedolizumab in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051323. [PMID: 32370274 PMCID: PMC7290461 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vedolizumab, a monoclonal antibody directed against integrin α4β7, is an effective treatment for inflammatory bowel diseases. However, a significant number of patients do not achieve steroid-free clinical remission in the first year of treatment. An early identification of these patients is one of the most important challenges for clinicians and offers the possibility of therapeutic optimization in order to personalize biological therapy. The aim of our study was to test the prediction ability of interleukin (IL)-6 and -8 of clinical response after 12 months of therapy with vedolizumab (T2). We performed a prospective, multicentre study in patients affected by inflammatory bowel disease by analysing cytokines level before starting vedolizumab (T0) and after 10 weeks of therapy (T1). In the overall cohort (n = 54), IL-8 decrease > 2.6 pg/mL in the first 10 weeks of therapy was able to predict clinical response (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.70, sensitivity = 66%, specificity = 75%, p = 0.010), negative C-reactive protein (CRP) (AUC = 0.71, sensitivity = 64%, specificity = 80%, p = 0.009) and calprotectin < 250 mg/kg (AUC = 0.69, sensitivity = 64%, specificity = 78%, p = 0.030) after 44 weeks of therapy. In patients with ulcerative colitis (n = 40), baseline IL-8 values > 8.6 pg/mL and a decrease of IL-6 values > 0.4 pg/mL from T0 to T1 were significant and independent predictors of clinical response after 12 months of vedolizumab therapy (odds ratio (OR) = 6.96, 95% CI 1.27–38.22, p = 0.026 and OR = 7.29, 95% CI 1.42–37.50, p = 0.017, respectively). In patients with Crohn’s disease (n = 14), baseline IL-8 values > 8.6 pg/mL and baseline IL-6 values > 1.6 pg/mL allowed the identification of patients achieving negative CRP at T2 (AUC = 0.75, sensitivity = 74%, specificity = 76%, p < 0.001) and patients with faecal calprotectin values < 250 mg/kg at T2 (AUC = 0.71, sensitivity = 78%, specificity = 63%, p = 0.004). In conclusion, our study highlights a potential clinical role of serum cytokine levels for the prediction of clinical and biochemical steroid-free response in patients treated with vedolizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Bertani
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Gian Paolo Caviglia
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.M.S.); (E.B.)
- Correspondence: (G.P.C.); (D.G.R.); Tel.: +39–011–6333918 (D.G.R.)
| | - Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.A.); (C.B.)
| | - Rinaldo Pellicano
- Unit of Gastroenterology, Molinette Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy; (R.P.); (M.A.)
| | - Sharmila Fagoonee
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, CNR c/o Molecular Biotechnology Centre, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Marco Astegiano
- Unit of Gastroenterology, Molinette Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy; (R.P.); (M.A.)
| | - Giorgio Maria Saracco
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.M.S.); (E.B.)
| | - Elisabetta Bugianesi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.M.S.); (E.B.)
| | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.A.); (C.B.)
| | - Francesco Costa
- Department of General Surgery and Gastroenterology, IBD Unit, Pisa University Hospital, 56100 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Davide Giuseppe Ribaldone
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.M.S.); (E.B.)
- Correspondence: (G.P.C.); (D.G.R.); Tel.: +39–011–6333918 (D.G.R.)
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Shalev I, Hastings WJ, Etzel L, Israel S, Russell MA, Hendrick KA, Zinobile M, Siegel SR. Investigating the impact of early-life adversity on physiological, immune, and gene expression responses to acute stress: A pilot feasibility study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0221310. [PMID: 32243432 PMCID: PMC7122782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exposure to early-life adversity (ELA) can result in long-term changes to physiological systems, which predispose individuals to negative health outcomes. This biological embedding of stress-responsive systems may operate via dysregulation of physiological resources in response to common stressors. The present pilot study outlines a novel experimental design to test how young adults' exposure to ELA influences neuroendocrine and inflammatory responses to acute stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS Participants were 12 males (mean age = 21.25), half of whom endorsed at least three significant adverse events up to age 18 years ('ELA group'), and half who confirmed zero ('controls'). Using a randomized within-subjects, between-groups experimental design, we induced acute psychosocial stress (Trier Social Stress Test, TSST), and included a no-stress control condition one week apart. During these sessions, we obtained repeated measurements of physiological reactivity, gene expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1), and plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNFα) over a 4-hour window post-test. RESULTS In this pilot study, the ELA group evinced higher cortisol response and blunted NR3C1 gene expression in response to the TSST compared with controls, while no differences were observed in the no-stress condition. For pro-inflammatory cytokines, only IL-6 increased significantly in response to the TSST, with no differences between the two groups. CONCLUSION Overall, this pilot feasibility study provides a framework to investigate the biological embedding of early-adversity via dysregulation across physiological and genomic systems in response to acute psychosocial stress. ELA may program such systems in a maladaptive manner more likely to manifest during times of duress, predisposing individuals to the negative health consequences of everyday stressors. Future studies with larger sample size including both males and females are needed to replicate and expand upon these preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idan Shalev
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Waylon J. Hastings
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Laura Etzel
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Salomon Israel
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Scheinfeld Center of Human Genetics for the Social Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael A. Russell
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Kelsie A. Hendrick
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Megan Zinobile
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Sue Rutherford Siegel
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
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Activation of Peripheral Blood CD4+ T-Cells in IBS is not Associated with Gastrointestinal or Psychological Symptoms. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3710. [PMID: 30842618 PMCID: PMC6403230 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune activation may underlie the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), but the evidence is conflicting. We examined whether peripheral CD4+ T-cells from IBS patients demonstrated immune activation and changes in cytokine production. To gain mechanistic insight, we examined whether immune activation correlated with psychological stress and changing symptoms over time. IBS patients (n = 29) and healthy volunteers (HV; n = 29) completed symptom and psychological questionnaires. IBS patients had a significant increase in CD4+ T-cells expressing the gut homing marker integrin β7 (p = 0.023) and lymphoid marker CD62L (p = 0.026) compared to HV. Furthermore, phytohaemagglutinin stimulated CD4+ T-cells from IBS-D patients demonstrated increased TNFα secretion when compared to HV (p = 0.044). Increased psychological scores in IBS did not correlate with TNFα production, while stress hormones inhibited cytokine secretion from CD4+ T-cells of HV in vitro. IBS symptoms, but not markers of immune activation, decreased over time. CD4+ T-cells from IBS-D patients exhibit immune activation, but this did not appear to correlate with psychological stress measurements or changing symptoms over time. This could suggest that immune activation is a surrogate of an initial trigger and/or ongoing parallel peripheral mechanisms.
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Abautret-Daly Á, Dempsey E, Riestra S, de Francisco-García R, Parra-Blanco A, Rodrigo L, Medina C, Connor TJ, Harkin A. Association between psychological measures with inflammatory anddisease-related markers of inflammatory bowel disease. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2017; 21:221-230. [PMID: 28353360 DOI: 10.1080/13651501.2017.1306081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed at investigating the associations between inflammatory mediators, symptoms and psychological disturbances in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. METHODS IBD patients and patient controls were examined during a single visit to a gastroenterology clinic. Disease activity was assessed using the Mayo index for ulcerative colitis (UC), inflammatory bowel disease questionnaire (IBDQ), Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI) and Crohn's disease endoscopic index of severity (CDEIS). Gene expression of inflammatory mediators were measured in intestinal biopsies and whole blood samples along with circulating concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, interferon (IFN)γ, C-reactive protein (CRP), kynurenine and tryptophan. Validated depression, anxiety and quality of life scores were used to assess psychological well-being. RESULTS Patients who were symptomatic had the highest depression and anxiety scores, together with increased intestinal expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and matrix metalloproteinase-9, increased circulating IL-6 and CRP, and an increased circulating kynurenine:tryptophan ratio. Increased Hamilton depression (HAM-D) scores in IBD patients were observed independent of the psychological impact of acute symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Active IBD is associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety and with a raised circulating inflammatory mediator profile. Patients with active IBD exhibiting psychological symptoms should undergo psychological evaluation to ensure the psychological aspects of the condition are considered and addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Áine Abautret-Daly
- a Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College , Dublin 2 , Ireland.,b School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - Elaine Dempsey
- a Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College , Dublin 2 , Ireland.,b School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - Sabino Riestra
- c Department of Gastroenterology , Hospital Central de Asturias , Oviedo , Spain
| | | | - Adolfo Parra-Blanco
- c Department of Gastroenterology , Hospital Central de Asturias , Oviedo , Spain
| | - Luis Rodrigo
- c Department of Gastroenterology , Hospital Central de Asturias , Oviedo , Spain
| | - Carlos Medina
- b School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College , Dublin 2 , Ireland.,d Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - Thomas J Connor
- e Neuroimmunology Research Group, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - Andrew Harkin
- a Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College , Dublin 2 , Ireland.,b School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College , Dublin 2 , Ireland
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Dahlén R, Magnusson MK, Bajor A, Lasson A, Ung KA, Strid H, Öhman L. Global mucosal and serum cytokine profile in patients with ulcerative colitis undergoing anti-TNF therapy. Scand J Gastroenterol 2016; 50:1118-26. [PMID: 25877762 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2015.1031167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The knowledge of the effects of anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) treatment on the global cytokine profile in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) is limited. A better understanding of these mechanisms could improve the ability to select patients that should undergo the therapy. Therefore, the aim was to determine the global mucosal and serum cytokine profile before and during induction therapy with anti-TNF in UC patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS In total, mucosal biopsies (n = 28) and serum samples (n = 42) were collected from UC patients (total n = 48) before anti-TNF therapy. At week 14 response to the therapy was evaluated and again mucosal biopsies (n = 14) and serum samples (n = 42) were collected. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to determine mucosal cytokine mRNA expression and the MSD MULTI-ARRAY assay system platform was used for analysis of cytokines in serum. The global cytokine profile was evaluated by multivariate factor analysis. RESULTS At baseline, the global profile of mucosal cytokine mRNA expression and serum cytokines discriminated therapy responders from non-responders. Responders had lower mucosal mRNA expression of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-17A, IL-6 and interferon γ (IFN-γ) than non-responders. Fourteen weeks after therapy start mucosal IL-1β and IL-6 were down-regulated in therapy responders but not in non-responders. At week 14, serum levels of IL-6 were decreased in therapy responders whereas IFN-γ and IL-12p70 were increased in non-responders. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that patients with a therapy failure have a more severe pro-inflammatory cytokine profile before start of anti-TNF treatment, which is less well suppressed by the treatment as compared to therapy responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahil Dahlén
- Department of Microbioloy and Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
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Schwartz B, Hadar Y. Possible mechanisms of action of mushroom-derived glucans on inflammatory bowel disease and associated cancer. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2014; 2:19. [PMID: 25332995 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2014.01.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since ancient times, medicinal mushrooms have been traditionally used as a health food or supplement for the prevention and cure of a range of health-statuses or diseases, such as overt inflammation, atherosclerosis, cancer, hypertension, diabetes and others. We concentrate in this review on the effect and putative mechanism of action of glucans harvested from fungi on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colitis associated cancer. Many scientists including our own group have examined the immunomodulating effect of isolated polysaccharides-glucans in general and specifically in inflammation associated with cancer. In this manuscript we reviewed the sources, the chemical composition and medicinal properties of polysaccharides extracted from edible mushrooms. In addition we brought insights into their putative mechanisms of action behind each health-promoting activity of these interesting biomolecules. The preventive and therapeutic effects of the medicinal mushrooms and their components have been well documented in mouse and rat model systems and in cancer cell lines being the most striking effects reported to their anti-inflammatory and antitumor effect. Their anticancer effects were demonstrated mainly in in vitro and in vivo experimental systems but a very limited number of studies have been conducted in human populations. We can summarize that oral consumption of several mushrooms glucans is an efficient treatment to prevent colitis-associated dysplasias through modulation of mucosal inflammation and cell proliferation. Identifying new food-derived isolates and understanding their mechanisms of action are the main challenges in using mushrooms glucans for therapeutic purposes in the field of IBD and associated cancer. Only an in-depth understanding of the mechanism of action and cross-talk between the inflammatory cell, epithelial cell and fungi derived glucans on which we have a based structural knowledge will lead to well designed intervention clinical human studies to test the efficacy of these molecules on intestinal inflammation and colitis associated cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Schwartz
- 1 Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, 2 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yitzhak Hadar
- 1 Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, 2 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Pre- and posttherapy assessment of intestinal soluble mediators in IBD: where we stand and future perspectives. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:391473. [PMID: 23737647 PMCID: PMC3662200 DOI: 10.1155/2013/391473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by an abnormal immune response against food or bacterial antigens in genetically predisposed individuals. Several factors of innate and adaptive immune system take part in the inflammatory process, probably actively contributing in endoscopic and histological healing at molecular level. Although it is difficult to discriminate whether they are primary factors in determining these events or they are secondarily involved, it would be interesting to have a clear map of those factors in order to have a restricted number of potentially "good candidates" for mucosal healing. The present review will present a class of these factors and their modulation in course of therapy, starting from pathogenic studies involving several treatments associated with good clinical outcomes. This approach is meant to help in the difficult task of identifying "good candidates" for healing signatures, which could also be possible new therapeutic targets for clinical management of IBD patients.
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Nanau RM, Neuman MG. Nutritional and probiotic supplementation in colitis models. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:2786-810. [PMID: 22736018 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2284-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In vitro and animals models have long been used to study human diseases and identify novel therapeutic approaches that can be applied to combat these conditions. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are the two main entities of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). There is an intricate relationship between IBD features in human patients, in vitro and animal colitis models, mechanisms and possible therapeutic approaches in these models, and strategies that can be extrapolated and applied in humans. Malnutrition, particularly protein-energy malnutrition and vitamin and micronutrient deficiencies, as well as dysregulation of the intestinal microbiota, are common features of IBD. Based on these observations, dietary supplementation with essential nutrients known to be in short supply in the diet in IBD patients and with other molecules believed to provide beneficial anti-inflammatory effects, as well as with probiotic organisms that stimulate immune functions and resistance to infection has been tested in colitis models. Here we review current knowledge on nutritional and probiotic supplementation in in vitro and animal colitis models. While some of these strategies require further fine-tuning before they can be applied in human IBD patients, their intended purpose is to prevent, delay or treat disease symptoms in a non-pharmaceutical manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu M Nanau
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Mesko B, Zahuczky G, Nagy L. The triad of success in personalised medicine: pharmacogenomics, biotechnology and regulatory issues from a Central European perspective. N Biotechnol 2012; 29:741-50. [PMID: 22414700 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The population of the world has recently passed the 7 billion milestone and as the cost of human genome sequencing is rapidly declining, sequence data of billions of people should be accessible much sooner than anyone would have predicted 10 years ago. This will form the basis of personalised medicine. However it is still not clear, even in principle, whether these data, combined with data of the expression of one's genome in various cells and tissues relevant to different diseases, could be used effectively in clinical medicine and healthcare, or in predicting responses to different therapies. Therefore this is an important issue which needs to be addressed before more resources are wasted on less than informative studies and surveys simply because technologies exist. As a typical example, we have selected and summarise here key studies from the biomedical literature that focus on gene expression profiling of the response to biologic therapies in peripheral blood and biopsy samples in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, spondylarthropathy, inflammatory bowel diseases and psoriasis. We also present the state of the biotechnology market from a European perspective, discuss how spin-offs leverage the power of genomic technologies and describe how they might contribute to personalised medicine. As ethical, legal and social issues are essential in the area of genomics, we analysed these aspects and present here the European situation with a special focus on Hungary. We propose that the synergy of these three issues: pharmacogenomics, biotechnology and regulatory issues should be considered a triad necessary to succeed in personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertalan Mesko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Debrecen, Hungary
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The anti-TNF-α antibody infliximab indirectly regulates PECAM-1 gene expression in two models of in vitro blood cell activation. J Transl Med 2012; 92:166-77. [PMID: 22042082 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory bowel diseases can be successfully treated with antibodies against the acute phase mediator TNF-α. The process of activation and of extravasation of inflammatory cells from the blood into the 'stressed' tissue site is controlled by cytokines and chemokines, which attract leukocytes and by adhesion molecules, which mediate their attachment and transmigration toward the affected cell(s). The changes in the gene expression of adhesion molecules taking place in those cells before attachment have been less investigated. Changes of PECAM-1, ICAM-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) gene expression were studied in phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)- and lipolysaccharide (LPS)-treated human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs), granulocytes and the human monocyte cell line U-937. Cells were treated either with PHA or with LPS in the presence or absence of infliximab and incubated with TNF-α, IFN-γ and/or transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and treated as above. Activation of PBLs by PHA or LPS treatment triggered a sharp upregulation of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 gene expression and a time-dependent downregulation of PECAM-1 gene expression reaching a minimum 4 h from start of the experiment. The anti-TNF-α antibody infliximab, by neutralizing TNF-α and IFN-γ production, completely reversed PECAM-1 mRNA downregulation and ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 upregulation. Immunostaining of PBLs cytospins with antibodies against PECAM-1 and ICAM-1 confirmed RT-PCR and western blot results. PBLs IFN-γ or TNF-α treatment downregulated PECAM-1 in parallel with the upregulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 gene expression, whereas TGF-β upregulated PECAM-1- and downregulated ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 gene expression counteracting the effect of TNF-α or IFN-γ. Similar results were obtained in human U937 cells and in granulocyte cultures by TNF-α or IFN-γ treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that infliximab, blocking TNF-α and IFN-γ production, exerts its anti-inflammatory effect through inhibiting downregulation of PECAM-1 gene expression and upregulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in leukocytes of the peripheral blood. These results also suggest that TGF-β may thus be of therapeutic importance as an anti-inflammatory agent.
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Huang TH, Uthe JJ, Bearson SMD, Demirkale CY, Nettleton D, Knetter S, Christian C, Ramer-Tait AE, Wannemuehler MJ, Tuggle CK. Distinct peripheral blood RNA responses to Salmonella in pigs differing in Salmonella shedding levels: intersection of IFNG, TLR and miRNA pathways. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28768. [PMID: 22174891 PMCID: PMC3236216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptomic analysis of the response to bacterial pathogens has been reported for several species, yet few studies have investigated the transcriptional differences in whole blood in subjects that differ in their disease response phenotypes. Salmonella species infect many vertebrate species, and pigs colonized with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) are usually asymptomatic, making detection of these Salmonella-carrier pigs difficult. The variable fecal shedding of Salmonella is an important cause of foodborne illness and zoonotic disease. To investigate gene pathways and biomarkers associated with the variance in Salmonella shedding following experimental inoculation, we initiated the first analysis of the whole blood transcriptional response induced by Salmonella. A population of pigs (n = 40) was inoculated with ST and peripheral blood and fecal Salmonella counts were collected between 2 and 20 days post-inoculation (dpi). Two groups of pigs with either low shedding (LS) or persistent shedding (PS) phenotypes were identified. Global transcriptional changes in response to ST inoculation were identified by Affymetrix Genechip® analysis of peripheral blood RNA at day 0 and 2 dpi. ST inoculation triggered substantial gene expression changes in the pigs and there was differential expression of many genes between LS and PS pigs. Analysis of the differential profiles of gene expression within and between PS and LS phenotypic classes identified distinct regulatory pathways mediated by IFN-γ, TNF, NF-κB, or one of several miRNAs. We confirmed the activation of two regulatory factors, SPI1 and CEBPB, and demonstrated that expression of miR-155 was decreased specifically in the PS animals. These data provide insight into specific pathways associated with extremes in Salmonella fecal shedding that can be targeted for further exploration on why some animals develop a carrier state. This knowledge can also be used to develop rational manipulations of genetics, pharmaceuticals, nutrition or husbandry methods to decrease Salmonella colonization, shedding and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Hua Huang
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jolita J. Uthe
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Shawn M. D. Bearson
- National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture- Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | | | - Dan Nettleton
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Susan Knetter
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Curtis Christian
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Amanda E. Ramer-Tait
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | | | - Christopher K. Tuggle
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Differential effects of the tumor necrosis factor alpha-blocker infliximab and etanercept on immunocompetent cells in vitro. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:1724-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Dudás J, Fullár A, Bitsche M, Schartinger V, Kovalszky I, Sprinzl GM, Riechelmann H. Tumor-produced, active interleukin-1β regulates gene expression in carcinoma-associated fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res 2011; 317:2222-9. [PMID: 21664353 PMCID: PMC3171161 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Revised: 05/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recently we described a co-culture model of periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts and SCC-25 lingual squamous carcinoma cells, which resulted in conversion of normal fibroblasts into carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and in epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of SCC-25 cells. We have found a constitutive high interleukin-1β (IL1-β) expression in SCC-25 cells in normal and in co-cultured conditions. In our hypothesis a constitutive IL1-β expression in SCC-25 regulates gene expression in fibroblasts during co-culture. Co-cultures were performed between PDL fibroblasts and SCC-25 cells with and without dexamethasone (DEX) treatment; IL1-β processing was investigated in SCC-25 cells, tumor cells and PDL fibroblasts were treated with IL1-β. IL1-β signaling was investigated by western blot and immunocytochemistry. IL1-β-regulated genes were analyzed by real-time qPCR. SCC-25 cells produced 16 kD active IL1-β, its receptor was upregulated in PDL fibroblasts during co-culture, which induced phosphorylation of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 (IRAK-1), and nuclear translocalization of NFκBα. Several genes, including interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) interleukin-6 (IL-6) and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (COX-2) were induced in CAFs during co-culture. The most enhanced induction was found for IL-6 and COX-2. Treatment of PDL fibroblasts with IL1-β reproduced a time- and dose-dependent upregulation of IL1-receptor, IL-6 and COX-2. A further proof was achieved by DEX inhibition for IL1-β-stimulated IL-6 and COX-2 gene expression. Constitutive expression of IL1-β in the tumor cells leads to IL1-β-stimulated gene expression changes in tumor-associated fibroblasts, which are involved in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Dudás
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Olsen T, Cui G, Goll R, Husebekk A, Florholmen J. Infliximab therapy decreases the levels of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma mRNA in colonic mucosa of ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2009; 44:727-35. [PMID: 19294580 DOI: 10.1080/00365520902803507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mechanisms of action of infliximab (IFX) in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) are poorly understood. The aim of the study was to investigate the changes in tissue expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and other cytokines in UC patients receiving IFX treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS The levels of TNF-alpha, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-4, and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) mRNA in colonic biopsies from 32 UC patients during IFX treatment were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and compared with those of 19 controls. Immunohistochemistry was performed to characterize the changes of inflammatory cells during treatment. RESULTS IFX reduced the expression of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma mRNA, but not that of IL-10 and IL-4 mRNA. Reductions in TNF-alpha mRNA were correlated to clinical and endoscopic improvements, and normalization of TNF-alpha mRNA was obtained in patients with healed mucosa. The numbers of T lymphocytes and macrophages were significantly decreased in patients with healed mucosa after IFX treatment, although compared to normal controls, there were still increased levels of TNF-alpha-positive cells after treatment. CONCLUSIONS IFX induced down-regulation of the mucosal TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma mRNA expression in UC patients. The numbers of T lymphocytes and macrophages were significantly decreased in patients with endoscopically healed mucosa after IFX treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Olsen
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.
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Chen C, Liu F. Research progress in genetic animal models of inflammatory bowel disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:3870-3876. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i34.3870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), experimental models, especially genetic animal models, are known as important tools for detecting potential therapeutic agents and investigating the mechanisms of pathogenesis. This review is intended to cover recent advances in genetic IBD model applications. The models have been classified into two main categories based on the methods of induction: gene knockout (KO) and transgenic.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. They are regarded as having relatively uniform histology, although their potential for malignant behavior varies. Despite a strong promoting role of tumor-infiltrating innate immune cells in neoplastic progression, the presence of immune cells in GISTs has not yet been studied. METHODS A total of 47 untreated, c-kit-positive primary GISTs were immunohistochemically analyzed to distinguish histiocytic and dendritic cells (DCs) (KIM-1P, fascin, and CD68) from cells of lymphoplasmacellular origin (CD3, CD20, and CD56). Furthermore, the gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines was characterized by real-time, reverse transcription-PCR analysis of total RNA extracted from frozen tissue samples. RESULTS KIM-1P+ cells were the dominant immune cells (851+/-295 cells/mm2) and were scattered among the tumor cells. Most of the KIM-1P+ cells showed cellular projections characteristic of DCs. Fascin positivity identified a subgroup of DCs. In comparison to KIM-1P+ cells, there were significantly fewer CD68+ macrophages (196+/-217 cells/mm2). CD3+ T cells were the dominant lymphocytes (201+/-331 cells/mm2), whereas B cells (60+/-126 cells/mm2) were few. On transcriptional level, a concomitant gene expression of cytokines for the classical acute phase cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6 was missing, thus supporting the rather innate status of immune cells. CONCLUSION GISTs contain, beside T lymphocytes, a high number of monocyte-derived cells, which we suggest are, at least in part, immature DCs. Together with the lack of gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in tumor tissue our results point to a possible 'symbiotic relationship' between the tumor and the local immune cells.
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Shi HX, Ren JL, Dong WG. Advances in studies on relation between inflammatory bowel disease and immunity. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:399-405. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i4.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Its main clinical manifestations are abdominal pain and diarrhea. Its etiology is complicated. Immune system is very important. Following factors, such as intestinal environment, immune cells, human leukocyte antigens, antibodies, anti- laminaribioside antibody, anti-chitobioside antibody IgA, cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, NO and NF-κB, play a key role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory bowel disease is related to all these factors. This paper reviews the possible role of these immune factors in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease.
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