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Bisht N, Fular A, Sharma AK, Nagar G, Muthu S, Ghosh S. Comparative effect of ivermectin and amitraz on cellular architecture of ovaries, synganglion and Gené's organ of Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Parasitol Res 2024; 123:305. [PMID: 39162900 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of ivermectin and amitraz on the cellular architecture of vital organs of Rhipicephalus microplus. Adult female ticks were treated with lethal concentrations (LC95) of ivermectin and amitraz, and the ovaries, synganglion, and Gené's organ were processed 48 h post treatment. In both the treatment groups, the ultra-thin sections of ovary exhibited deformed oocytes, irregular plasmic membrane and chorion layer, extensive vacuolation in the cytoplasm mainly at periphery of the cell and oocyte-pedicel junction. Marked vacuolations in the cortex and neuropile region with significant structural disorganization of the neural fibers were common alterations observed in the synganglion of ticks exposed to ivermectin and amitraz. The tissue sections of Gené's organ revealed deformed tubular glands with severe loss of cellular limit of secretory epithelium and cytoplasmic vacuolations in the ivermectin treated ticks whereas, the alterations were comparatively less severe in amitraz exposed ticks. The cellular deformities in these vital organs probably impaired reproductive function, nerve signal transmission and metabolic activities and thus affected fecundity and survivability of the treated ticks. The findings suggested that the action of ivermectin and amitraz are not restricted to the nervous system of ticks, but also on other vital organs, ovary and Gené's organ affecting the oviposition. The study provided insights into the development of targeted interventions for tick control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Bisht
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
- Department of Parasitology, Khalsa College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Amritsar, Punjab, 143001, India
| | - Ashutosh Fular
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India.
- Temperate Animal Husbandry Division, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteshwar, Uttarakhand, 263138, India.
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
- School of Agriculture, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Gaurav Nagar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Sankar Muthu
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Srikanta Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India.
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute - Eastern Regional Station, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700037, India.
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Gadelhaq SM, Ibrahium SM, Abdel-Baki AAS, Arafa WM, Al-Quraishy S, Hassan AO, Abdelgelil NH, Ahmed M, Aboelhadid SM. Efficacy and safety of geranium-oregano-thymol formulations to control of dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato under laboratory and field conditions. Vet Parasitol 2024; 327:110112. [PMID: 38246120 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The present study evaluated, in laboratory and field, the efficacy and safety of formulations of Pelargonium graveolens (geranium - G), Origanum majorana (oregano - O) commercial essential oils (EO) and thymol (T) to control of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato. In the laboratory, three formulas (A: 2% tween 80%, B: powder and C: nanoemulsion) by a mixture of these components (GOT) were prepared and evaluated, and the best one was used to assess its safety and field application against R. sanguineus s. l. on naturally infested dogs. Besides the major compounds of the EO used were identified. The results of the lab study showed that formula A (2.5 g of each G + O + T + 2% tween 80 to complete 100 mL) was significantly more effective than the other two formulas tested and exhibited highly effective adulticidal, larvicidal, and ovicidal activity against R. sanguineus s.l. Significant LC50 and LC90 values of GOT were evaluated (13.4 and 21.5 mg/mL, respectively) for the adulticidal activity, (2.81 and 4.46 mg/mL, respectively) for ovicidal activity and (2.44 and 4.45 mg/mL, respectively) for larvicidal activity. The safety of formula A has been proven by the absence of its cytotoxicity on a cell line of human epidermoid carcinoma. Citronella and carvacrol were the major compounds identified in the commercial essential oils of P. graveolens and O. majorana, respectively. Formula A was used in a field control trial for almost 8 months, during the tick infestation season (April to November, 2022). Fourteen naturally infested dogs were divided into two groups, each with seven dogs. One group received formula A spraying five times during an experiment that continued for 8 months, while the other group received treatment with commercially available malathion acaricide. The animals were sprayed on five occasions throughout the experiment (April, June, July, August, and September). The results showed a substantial percentage of effectiveness after the first application of formula A with a 99.3% reduction in tick count at day 28 post-application (PA). In the case of severe infestation 60 days after the first application of formula A (more than 180 ticks per dog), the second application was done, achieving an efficacy of 54.9% at day 3 PA, so an emergency spray was done at day 5 PA to combat the rest of the tick infestation, achieving efficacy of 99% after 3 days. Consequently, a regular spray (third, fourth, and fifth application) was done every 35 days. This regular spray revealed 100% effectiveness at 14 days PA. Biochemical parameters of treated dogs were evaluated to confirm the safety of formula A. Creatinine, ALT, and albumin of the dogs treated with formula A were within the normal range of dogs, while urea and AST were higher than the normal range. In conclusion, formula A can safely treat R. sanguineus s.l. infestations in dogs with regular application every 5 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar M Gadelhaq
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Samar M Ibrahium
- Parasitology, Animal Health Research Institute, Fayoum Branch, Egypt
| | | | - Waleed M Arafa
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed O Hassan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Noha H Abdelgelil
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Manal Ahmed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Shawky M Aboelhadid
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt.
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Cepeda DF, Ascari J, de Oliveira MS, Antonioli G, Barcellos T, Anholeto LA, Nunes PH. Effect of Tagetes minuta essential oil on the central nervous system of unfed Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato 'tropical lineage' ticks. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2023; 91:697-714. [PMID: 37985606 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00867-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato 'tropical lineage' (Acari: Ixodidae) is considered a sanitary concern due to its role as a disease vector. Tick strains resistant to synthetic acaricides have caused difficulties in their control, besides synthetic acaricides are harmful to the environment and to the health of non-target animals. The research of plants with acaricidal and repellent properties has proved to be an efficient alternative in tick control. The genus Tagetes spp. excels for its use as traditional pest control in households and plantations and also for its potential as an acaricide against R. sanguineus under laboratory conditions. The first aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different doses of Tagetes minuta essential oil (TMEO) on the central nervous system (synganglion) in unfed R. sanguineus adults. The histological analysis of synganglion exposed to the different concentrations of TMEO and amitraz 12.5% (50% of the recommended dose in the package insert) showed a significant effect with signs of cell damage including volume increase, loss of shape, and vacuolization, in addition to chromatin alterations such as condensation, margination, and fragmentation. TMEO were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry showing the presence of 21 compounds that according to their chemical structure are classified as terpenoids. Among them (Z)-β-ocimene, ocimene, (Z)-tagetone, and verbenone were found in major quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fernando Cepeda
- Instituto Latino-Americano de Ciências da Vida e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Paraná, 85870-901, Brazil.
| | - Jociani Ascari
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - UTFPR, Câmpus Santa Helena, Santa Helena, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Murilo Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - UTFPR, Câmpus Santa Helena, Santa Helena, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Antonioli
- Universidade de Caixas do Sul, Francisco Getúlio Vargas St, 1130, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Thiago Barcellos
- Universidade de Caixas do Sul, Francisco Getúlio Vargas St, 1130, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Luis Adriano Anholeto
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 234 s/n, Fazenda Canchim, Caixa Postal 339, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Pablo Henrique Nunes
- Instituto Latino-Americano de Ciências da Vida e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Paraná, 85870-901, Brazil
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Gonzaga BCF, Barrozo MM, Coutinho AL, Pereira E Sousa LJM, Vale FL, Marreto L, Marchesini P, de Castro Rodrigues D, de Souza EDF, Sabatini GA, Costa-Júnior LM, Ferreira LL, Lopes WDZ, Monteiro C. Essential oils and isolated compounds for tick control: advances beyond the laboratory. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:415. [PMID: 37964392 PMCID: PMC10647118 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05969-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tick control is a worldwide challenge due to its resistance to acaricides. Essential oils (EOs) and isolated compounds (EOCs) are potential alternatives for tick control technologies. METHODS A review with EOs and EOCs, under field and semi-field conditions, was performed based on Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed databases. Thirty-one studies published between 1991 and 2022 were selected. The search was performed using the following keywords: "essential oil" combined with "tick," "Ixodes," "Argas," "Rhipicephalus," "Amblyomma," "Hyalomma," "Dermacentor," "Haemaphysalis" and "Ornithodoros." The words "essential oil" and "tick" were searched in the singular and plural. RESULTS The number of studies increased over the years. Brazil stands out with the largest number (51.6%) of publications. The most studied tick species were Rhipicephalus microplus (48.4%), Ixodes scapularis (19.4%), Amblyomma americanum and R. sanguineus sensu lato (9.7% each). Cattle (70%) and dogs (13%) were the main target animal species. Regarding the application of EOs/EOCs formulations, 74% of the studies were conducted with topical application (spray, pour-on, foam, drop) and 26% with environmental treatment (spray). Efficacy results are difficult to evaluate because of the lack of information on the methodology and standardization. The nanotechnology and combination with synthetic acaricides were reported as an alternative to enhance the efficacy of EOs/EOCs. No adverse reactions were observed in 86.6% of the studies evaluating EOs/EOCs clinical safety. Studies regarding toxicity in non-target species and residues are scarce. CONCLUSIONS This article provides a comprehensive review on the use of EOs and EOCs to reduce tick infestations, in both the hosts and the environment. As future directions, we recommend the chemical characterization of EOs, methodology standardization, combination of EOs/EOCs with potential synergists, nanotechnology for new formulations and safety studies for target and non-target organisms, also considering the environmental friendliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno César Ferreira Gonzaga
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Colemar Natal e Silva, Rua 235, s/n, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brasil
| | - Mayara Macêdo Barrozo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | - Ana Lúcia Coutinho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | - Lainny Jordana Martins Pereira E Sousa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | - Francisca Letícia Vale
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | - Laís Marreto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas - Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Praça Universitária, no. 1166, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-220, Brasil
| | - Paula Marchesini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Lívio Martins Costa-Júnior
- Centro de Pesquisas do CCBS, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, no. 1966, São Luís, MA, 65080-805, Brasil
| | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva - Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, no. 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brasil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia - Instituto de Patologia Tropical e de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás-, Campus Colemar Natal e Silva - Rua 235, s/n - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brasil
| | - Caio Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil.
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia - Instituto de Patologia Tropical e de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás-, Campus Colemar Natal e Silva - Rua 235, s/n - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brasil.
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Khan A, Taj S, Malak N, Swelum AA, Khan A, Nasreen N, Niaz S, Wu WF. Integrating In Vitro and In Silico Approaches to Assess Monotheca buxifolia Plant Extract against Rhipicephalus ( Boophilus) microplus and Sarcoptes scabiei. Molecules 2023; 28:6930. [PMID: 37836773 PMCID: PMC10574717 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick and mite infestations pose significant challenges to animal health, agriculture, and public health worldwide. The search for effective and environmentally friendly acaricidal agents has led researchers to explore natural alternatives. In this study, we investigated the acaricidal potential of the Monotheca buxifolia plant extract against Rhipicephalus microplus ticks and Sarcoptes scabiei mites. Additionally, we employed a computational approach to identify phytochemicals from the extract that could serve as drug candidates against these ectoparasites. The contact bioassay results demonstrated that the M. buxifolia plant extract exhibited significant efficacy against R. microplus and S. scabiei, with higher concentrations outperforming the positive control acaricide permethrin in terms of mite mortality. Time exposure to the extract also showed a positive correlation with better lethal concentration (LC50 and LC90) values. Similarly, the adult immersion test revealed a notable inhibition of tick oviposition via the plant extract, especially at higher concentrations. The two-protein primary structure, secondary structure and stability were predicted using the Expasy's ProtParam server, SOPMA and SUSUI server, respectively. Using Homology modeling, the 3D structure of the protein was obtained and validated through the ERRAT server, and active sites were determined through the CASTp server. The docking analysis revealed that Alpha-Amyrenyl acetate and alpha-Tocopherol exhibited the highest docking scores for S. scabiei and R. microplus aspartic protease proteins, respectively. These phytochemicals demonstrated strong binding interactions, suggesting their potential as acaricidal drug candidates. In conclusion, the M. buxifolia plant extract displayed significant acaricidal activity against R. microplus and S. scabiei. Moreover, the computational approach identified promising phytochemicals that could serve as potential drug candidates for controlling these ectoparasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshan Khan
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan; (A.K.); (S.T.); (N.M.); (N.N.); (S.N.)
| | - Salman Taj
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan; (A.K.); (S.T.); (N.M.); (N.N.); (S.N.)
| | - Nosheen Malak
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan; (A.K.); (S.T.); (N.M.); (N.N.); (S.N.)
| | - Ayman A. Swelum
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Adil Khan
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1G7, Canada
- Department of Botany & Zoology, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, Charsadda 24420, Pakistan
| | - Nasreen Nasreen
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan; (A.K.); (S.T.); (N.M.); (N.N.); (S.N.)
| | - Sadaf Niaz
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan; (A.K.); (S.T.); (N.M.); (N.N.); (S.N.)
| | - Wen-Feng Wu
- Department of Radiology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan
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Alotaibi BS, Malak N, Khan A, Nasreen N, Niaz S, Ahmad I, Khan A, Rodriguez-Vivas RI, Chen CC. Acaricidal assessment of the fungal extract of Pleurotus ostreatus against Rhipicephalus microplus: Role of in vitro and in silico analysis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19600. [PMID: 37809801 PMCID: PMC10558824 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom, commonly referred to as the oyster mushroom, is a widely consumed edible mushroom that grows in clusters on dead or dying trees. In addition to its culinary uses, research has found that the mushroom may also have potential medicinal properties. The current study investigated the potential use of a fungal extract from P. ostreatus as a natural acaricide against Rhipicephalus microplus, a major vector of economically significant infections and one of the most significant bovine ectoparasites. The study used the adult immersion test (AIT) and the larvae packet test (LPT) to evaluate the effectiveness of the extract against ticks. To evaluate the reproductive effect of the fungal extract on the reproduction of R. microplus engorged females, the eggs were tested for weight and egg-laying index. The results of the study showed that P. ostreatus extract had a significant acaricidal effect, with a 40 mg/mL concentration causing 89 ± 2.64% mortality in R. microplus larvae compared to the 91.00 ± 3.60% mortality by the positive control at 48 h interval. Whereas in the AIT, the extract inhibited 39.86 ± 4.13% of oviposition. The study also used in silico approach to further examine the binding mechanisms of the compounds in the fungal extract to the target protein R. microplus Triosephosphate isomerase RmTIM, using molecular docking in AutoDock Vina software. Docking scores of -8.3, -7.7 and -6.9 kcal/mol, respectively, showed that rutin, naringin and myricitin had significant interactions with the active site residues of the target protein. Our results suggest that P. ostreatus extract may be a potential alternative to traditional acaricides for controlling R. microplus in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bader S. Alotaibi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Alquwayiyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nosheen Malak
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Afshan Khan
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Nasreen Nasreen
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Sadaf Niaz
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz Ahmad
- Department of Zoology, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, Charsadda, 24631, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Adil Khan
- Department of Zoology, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, Charsadda, 24631, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Roger I. Rodriguez-Vivas
- Departamento de Salud Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, 97000, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Chien-Chin Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, NationalCheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, 600, Taiwan
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, 717, Taiwan
- Program in Translational Medicine, Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
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Teixeira ALC, Lima Marreto LCN, Vale FL, Pereira E Sousa LJM, Gonzaga BCF, Silva IS, Santos EF, da Silva Lopes FF, de Morais SM, Lopes WDZ, Gomes GA, Monteiro C. Combinations of amitraz with essential oils from Lippia sidoides and Thymus vulgaris, thymol and thymol acetate for Rhipicephalus microplus control: studies under laboratory and field conditions. Vet Parasitol 2023; 321:109997. [PMID: 37562084 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effect of combining amitraz with essential oils (EOs) from Thymus vulgaris and Lippia sidoides, as well as the monoterpenes thymol and thymol acetate, on Rhipicephalus microplus in laboratory conditions, and to select the most effective combination for testing in field conditions. The chemical analysis showed that EOs were mainly composed of monoterpenes, with thymol and p-cymene as the major compounds. In larval (LIT) and adult (AIT) immersion tests using different concentrations of the oils and terpenes mixed with amitraz, the results showed that both EOs and thymol improved the efficacy of amitraz against larvae and engorged females of R. microplus, whereas thymol acetate only enhanced activity against larvae. The most favorable outcome was obtained with the EO of L. sidoides combined with amitraz, resulting in 99 % and 100 % efficacy against larvae and engorged females, respectively. Furthermore, the combination of amitraz with thymol showed presented an efficacy of 94 % and 91 % against larvae and engorged females, respectively. Thus, for the other tests, the combination of thymol + amitraz was chosen due to the ease of working with pure thymol in bioassays, and easier standardization. The immersion test (thymol + amitraz) with semi-engorged females showed 100 % efficacy for the combination of thymol + amitraz, while in tests with different solvents (thymol + amitraz), ethanol being the most effective solvent among those tested (ethanol, Triton, and Tween), resulting in 95 % efficacy on engorged females. In the field test, in treatments with amitraz and thymol + amitraz, efficacy of 54 % and 74 % was observed on day + 3 and 33 % and 43 % on day + 7, respectively. Assessing the reproductive biology of females recovered from animals treated with amitraz or amitraz + thymol, in day + 7, efficacies of 33 % and 52 %, respectively, were observed. EOs from T. vulgaris and L. sidoides and thymol improved the acaricidal activity of amitraz on larvae and engorged females of R. microplus under laboratory conditions, while thymol acetate only enhanced activity against larvae. Thymol increased the efficacy of amitraz under field conditions, however for the development of a commercially available acaricide to R. microplus control, additional studies are needed to increase the efficacy. Further research is needed (by changing concentrations, adding other compounds and/or developing formulations) to increase acaricidal efficacy and develop new effective products to combat R. microplus infestations in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lúcia Coutinho Teixeira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Laís Carneiro Naziasene Lima Marreto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas - Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Praça Universitária, nº 1166, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, GO 74605-220, Brazil
| | - Francisca Leticia Vale
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Lainny Jordana Martins Pereira E Sousa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno César Ferreira Gonzaga
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Isabela Santos Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Emilly Faria Santos
- Graduação em Biotecnologia - R. 235, s/n° - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Francisco Flávio da Silva Lopes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700 - Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, CE 60714-903, Brazil
| | - Selene Maia de Morais
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700 - Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, CE 60714-903, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e de Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Goiás, R. 235, s/n° - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Geovany Amorim Gomes
- Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú, Av. da Universidade, 850 - Campus da Betânia, Sobral, CE 62.040-370, Brazil
| | - Caio Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e de Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Goiás, R. 235, s/n° - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO 74605-050, Brazil.
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Cytotoxic, Scolicidal, and Insecticidal Activities of Lavandula stoechas Essential Oil. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10020100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) have recently attracted more interest due to their insecticidal activities, low harmfulness, and rapid degradation in the environment. Therefore, Lavandula steochas (L. steochas) essential oil was assessed for its chemical constituents, in vitro cytotoxicity, and scolicidal, acaricidal, and insecticidal activities. Using spectrometry and gas chromatography, the components of L. steochas EOs were detected. Additionally, different oil concentrations were tested for their anticancer activities when applied to human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293 cells) and the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. The oil’s scolicidal activity against protoscolices of hydatid cysts was evaluated at various concentrations and exposure times. The oil’s adulticidal, larvicidal, and repelling effects on R. annulatus ticks were also investigated at various concentrations, ranging from 0.625 to 10%. Likewise, the larvicidal and pupicidal activities of L. steochas against Musca domestica were estimated at different concentrations. The analyses of L. steochas oil identified camphor as the predominant compound (58.38%). L. steochas oil showed significant cytotoxicity against cancer cells. All of the tested oil concentrations demonstrated significant scolicidal activities against the protoscoleces of hydatid cysts. L. steochas EO (essential oil) showed 100% adulticidal activity against R. annulatus at a 10% concentration with an LC50 of 2.34%, whereas the larvicidal activity was 86.67% and the LC50 was 9.11%. On the other hand, the oil showed no repellent activity against this tick’s larva. Furthermore, L. steochas EO achieved 100% larvicidal and pupicidal effects against M. domestica at a 10% concentration with LC50 values of 1.79% and 1.51%, respectively. In conclusion, the current work suggests that L. steochas EO could serve as a potential source of scolicidal, acaricidal, insecticidal, and anticancer agents.
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Ibrahium SM, Wahba AA, Farghali AA, Abdel-Baki AAS, Mohamed SAA, Al-Quraishy S, Hassan AO, Aboelhadid SM. Acaricidal Activity of Tea Tree and Lemon Oil Nanoemulsions against Rhipicephalus annulatus. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121506. [PMID: 36558840 PMCID: PMC9787657 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick infestation is a serious problem in many countries since it has an impact on the health of animals used for food production and pets, and frequently affects humans. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the acaricidal effects of nanoemulsions of essential oils of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree, TT) and Citrus limon (lemon oil, CL) against the different stages (adult, eggs, and larvae) of deltamethrin-resistant Rhipicephalus annulatus ticks. Three forms of these oils were tested: pure oils, nanoemulsions, and a binary combination. Tea tree and lemon oil nanoemulsions were prepared, and their properties were assessed using a zeta droplet size measurement and a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that TT and CL exhibited higher adulticidal effects in their pure forms than in their nanoemulsion forms, as demonstrated by the lower concentrations required to achieve LC50 (2.05 and 1.26%, vs. 12.8 and 11.4%, respectively) and LC90 (4.01% and 2.62%, vs. 20.8 and 19.9%, respectively). Significant larvicidal activity was induced by the TTCL combination, and LC50 was reached at a lower concentration (0.79%) than that required for the pure and nanoemulsion forms. The use of pure CL oil was found to have the most effective ovicidal effects. In conclusion, pure TT and CL have potent acaricidal effects against phenotypically resistant R. annulatus isolates. It is interesting that the activity levels of TT and CL EOs' binary and nanoemulsion forms were lower than those of their individual pure forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar M. Ibrahium
- Department of Parasitology, Animal Health Research Institute, Fayum Branch 16101, Egypt
- Correspondence: (S.M.I.); (S.M.A.)
| | - Ahmed A. Wahba
- Department of Parasitology, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki Branch 12611, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Farghali
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | | | | | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed O. Hassan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shawky M. Aboelhadid
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
- Correspondence: (S.M.I.); (S.M.A.)
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10
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Aboelhadid SM, Abdel-Baki AAS, Hassan KM, Arafa WM, Abdel-Tawab H, Al-Quraishy S, Hassan AO, Moawad UK, Ahmed O, Kamel AA. Role of antioxidant activity of essential oils in their acaricidal activities against Rhipicephalus annulatus. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2022; 88:209-224. [PMID: 36348156 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-022-00742-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils of Origanum majorana and Satureja thymbra as well as carvacrol are natural products that are known to have potent antioxidant activities. The current study was designed to investigate the role of the antioxidant properties of these natural products in their acaricidal activities against Rhipicephalus annulatus larvae. The synergistic and/or antagonistic effects of the addition of vitamins E and C and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to these natural products were also evaluated. Larval packet tests were used to evaluate the acaricidal activities against the larvae of R. annulatus. The antioxidant effectiveness of these products was determined by a DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay. The addition of vitamin E at 100 mg/mL to O. majorana and S. thymbra decreased the concentrations required to achieve the death of half of the larvae (LC50) to 0.44 and 0.47%, respectively. The combination of O. majorana and S. thymbra attained the LC50 at 1.54% which was decreased to 0.69% after addition of vitamin E. Also, the addition of vitamin E to carvacrol reduced the LC50 to 0.27%. The total antioxidant activity of these natural products increased significantly in presence of vitamin E. The addition of H2O2 inhibited the acaricidal activity of all tested materials, especially at low concentrations. All treatments induced an increase in lipid peroxidation, whereas carvacrol-treated larvae revealed the lowest values for the superoxide dismutase. Glutathione peroxidase and catalase activity decreased in larvae treated with S. thymbra combined with vitamin E. In conclusion, the addition of vitamins E and C increased the acaricidal activities of the tested compounds, whereas the addition of H2O2 decreased these activities. The antioxidant activities of essential oils and their active components may play an important role in mediating their acaricidal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawky M Aboelhadid
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, 62511, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | | | - Khaled M Hassan
- Department of Parasitology, Beni-Suef Laboratory, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research center (ARC), Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Waleed M Arafa
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, 62511, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Heba Abdel-Tawab
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed O Hassan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 63110, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Usama K Moawad
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, 62511, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Osama Ahmed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A Kamel
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, 62511, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Novato TP, Milhomem MN, Marchesini PBC, Coutinho AL, Silva IS, de Souza Perinotto WM, de Azevedo Prata MC, Ferreira LL, Lopes WDZ, Costa-Júnior LM, de Oliveira Monteiro CM. Acaricidal activity of carvacrol and thymol on acaricide-resistant Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) populations and combination with cypermethrin: Is there cross-resistance and synergism? Vet Parasitol 2022; 310:109787. [PMID: 36054968 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the acaricidal activity of thymol and carvacrol on Rhipicephalus microplus populations with different resistance profiles and investigated the synergistic effect of combinations of these monoterpenes with cypermethrin. The adult immersion test (AIT) was used to characterize the susceptibility of tick populations (45 field populations) to synthetic acaricides: deltamethrin, amitraz and chlorfenvinphos. The larval packet test (LPT) was used to determine the LC50 values for thymol (25 tick populations) and carvacrol (20 tick populations). The susceptible strain Porto Alegre (POA) was used as a reference for calculating the resistance ratio (RR). Subsequently, larval immersion tests (LIT) were performed with combinations of cypermethrin with thymol or carvacrol to assess a synergistic effect. In the AIT, deltamethrin showed efficacy > 90% in one (2.2%) population tested (mean: 12.1 and 11.1 for populations 1-25 and 26-40, respectively), whereas amitraz and chlorfenvinphos showed efficacy > 90% for two (4.4%) populations (mean: 61.3 and 47.3 for populations 1-25 and 26-40, respectively) and eight (17.7%) populations (mean: 69.7 and 59.7 for populations 1-25 and 26-40, respectively). In the LPT, the LC50 values for thymol and carvacrol varied from 0.67 to 2.12 mg/mL and 0.55-3.21 mg/mL, with an average LC50 for populations of 1.49 and 1.75 mg/mL, respectively. For thymol, no resistance was observed in any of the populations, values of RR50 > 1.5. There was no correlation between the LC50 values for thymol and the efficacy of the chemical acaricides tested. Regarding carvacrol, for only one tick population had the value of RR50 > 1.5, indicating an incipient resistance. No correlation was observed between the LC50 values for carvacrol and the efficacy of tested acaricides. The combination of thymol and carvacrol with cypermethrin showed a synergistic effect in the resistant population (Jaguar - thymol 4.19 and carvacrol 3.67), and no synergistic interaction were showed in the susceptible population. Answering the questions we conclude that: 1 - The comparison between the LC50 values for thymol and carvacrol in field populations and the susceptible strain POA suggests the absence of cross-resistance (ticks and terpenes), and the differences between the LC50 values for thymol and carvacrol in the different R. microplus populations are inherent to the characteristics of each population tested; 2 - the combination of thymol or carvacrol with cypermethrin showed a synergistic effect with different activity according to the population of ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Pinheiro Novato
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465, Km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Marlise Neves Milhomem
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses, 1966, Bacanga, São Luís, MA 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Paula Barroso Cruz Marchesini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO CEP 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Coutinho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO CEP 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Isabela Santos Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO CEP 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Wendell Marcelo de Souza Perinotto
- Programa de Pós-graduação Integrado em Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Rua Rui Barbosa, 710, Cruz das Almas, BA CEP 44380-000, Brazil.
| | | | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva. Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO CEP 74690-900, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia do Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Lívio Martins Costa-Júnior
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses, 1966, Bacanga, São Luís, MA 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Caio Márcio de Oliveira Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO CEP 74690-900, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia do Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74.690-900, Brazil
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Alanazi AD, Ben Said M, Shater AF, Al-Sabi MNS. Acaricidal, Larvacidal, and Repellent Activity of Elettaria cardamomum Essential Oil against Hyalomma anatolicum Ticks Infesting Saudi Arabian Cattle. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1221. [PMID: 35567222 PMCID: PMC9103141 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Background: In this experimental study, we aimed to assess the acaricidal effects of Elettaria cardamomum L. essential oil (ECEO) against Hyalomma anatolicum tick in cattle from Saudi Arabia. Methods: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was performed to identify the chemical composition of ECEO. The acaricidal, larvicidal, and repellent activity of ECEO against H. anatolicum was studied through the adult immersion test (AIT), the larval packet test (LPT), the vertical movement behavior of tick’s larvae technique, anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and oxidative enzyme activity. Results: By GC/MS, the most compounds were 1,8-cineole (34.3%), α-terpinyl acetate (23.3%), and α-pinene (17.7%), respectively. ECEO significantly (p < 0.001) increased the mortality rate as a dose-dependent response. After ECEO Treatment, number of eggs, egg weight, and hatchability significantly declined as a dose-dependent response. ECEO at concentrations of 5 µL/mL and above completely killed the larva. The LC50 and LC90 values for ECEO were 1.46 and 2.68 µL/mL, respectively. ECEO at concentrations of 10, 20, and 40 µL/mL showed 100% repellency activity up to 60, 120, and 360 min incubation, respectively. ECEO, especially at ½ LC50 and LC50, significantly inhibited GST and AChE activities of H. anatolicum larvae compared to the control group. Conclusions: We found promising adulticidal, larvicidal, and repellent effects of ECEO against H. anatolicum as a vector of theileriosis in Saudi Arabia. We also found that ECEO displayed these activities through inhibiting AChE and GST. Nevertheless, additional investigations are required to confirm the accurate mechanisms and the relevance of ECEO in practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah D. Alanazi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, 1040, Ad-Dawadimi 11911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mourad Ben Said
- Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia;
- Laboratory of Microbiology at the National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia
| | - Abdullah F. Shater
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia;
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Tavares CP, Sabadin GA, Sousa IC, Gomes MN, Soares AM, Monteiro CM, Vaz IS, Costa-Junior LM. Effects of carvacrol and thymol on the antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes of Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2022; 13:101929. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.101929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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14
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Aboelhadid SM, Arafa WM, Abdel-Baki AAS, Sokmen A, Al-Quraishy S, Hassan AO, Kamel AA. Acaricidal activity of Foeniculum vulgare against Rhipicephalus annulatus is mainly dependent on its constituent from trans-anethone. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260172. [PMID: 34855806 PMCID: PMC8639002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, the economic losses due to hard ticks infestation and the control of the associated diseases have been calculated at USD $13.9-18.7 billion per year. The economic impact is related to its direct damage to the skins, blood loss, anemia, severe immunological reactions and indirect losses that related to the effects of hemoparasites, cost of treatment for clinical cases and expenses incurred in the control of ticks. The current study evaluated the acaricidal activities of fennel Foeniculum vulgare essential oil and its main components; trans-anethole and fenchone; against R. annulatus. GC-MS analysis revealed that this oil contained 16 components representing 99.9% of the total identified compounds with E-anethole being the predominant component(64.29%), followed by fenchone (9.94%). The fennel oil and trans-anethole showed significant acaricidal activities. The LC50 of the fennel oil was attained at concentrations of 12.96% for adult ticks and 1.75% for tick larvae meanwhile the LC50 of trans-anethole was reached at concentrations of 2.36% for adult tick and 0.56% for tick larvae. On the contrary, fenchone showed no any significant adulticidal activities and its LC50 attained at a concentration of 9.11% for tick larvae. Regarding repellence activities, trans-anethole achieved 100% repellency at the concentration of 10% while fennel showed 86% repellency at the same concentration. Fenchone showed no repellency effect. Treatment of larvae with fennel, trans-anethole, and fenchone LC50 concentrations significantly inhibited the acetylcholinesterase activity. Meanwhile, glutathione s-transferase activity was significantly decreased in fennel treated larvae but no significant effect was found in the larvae of trans-anethole and fenchone groups. These results indicate that the acaricide effect of fennel oil may attributed to its high content of trans-anethole. This was supported by potent adulticidal, larvicidal, and repellency effects of trans-anethole against Rhipeciphalus annulatus tick and therefore it could be included in the list of acaricide of plant origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawky M Aboelhadid
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Waleed M Arafa
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | | | - Atalay Sokmen
- Department of Plant Production and Technologies, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Konya Food and Agriculture University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed O Hassan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Asmaa A Kamel
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Combination of cypermethrin and thymol for control of Rhipicephalus microplus: Efficacy evaluation and description of an action mechanism. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 13:101874. [PMID: 34839252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus is one of the most important ectoparasites in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Synthetic pyrethroids are widely used to control this tick, and the selection of resistant populations is a huge problem worldwide. The activity of thymol, a natural monoterpene, free or in combination with other compounds, has been demonstrated against different species of ticks. However, the mode of action is not fully understood. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and the potential mode of action of the combination of cypermethrin and thymol on ticks from two populations with different levels of susceptibility to cypermethrin (low and high susceptibility). The isolated acaricidal activity of cypermethrin and thymol on larvae was carried out in different concentrations. The combination with different concentrations of cypermethrin and fixed concentrations of thymol (1300 µg/mL for the low susceptibility population; 690 µg/mL for the high susceptibility population) were performed. Adult engorged females were divided into five experimental groups (n = 20): 1) Control group untreated; 2) Control group: 2.0% (v/v) DMSO; 3) Thymol group: 1300 µg/mL thymol; 4) Cypermethrin group: 3700 µg/mL cypermethrin; 5) Association of cypermethrin (3700 µg/mL) + thymol (1300 µg/mL). A subgroup was used to study the efficacy of the reproductive parameters and another subgroup, with ten adults from each treatment, was used to quantify thymol and cypermethrin by HPLC chromatographic analysis. All compounds tested were effective on larvae from both populations, and the combination with thymol decreased the LC50 of cypermethrin (232.4 to 52.7 µg/mL) on the low-susceptibility population. The combination of thymol and cypermethrin was effective in both populations of R. microplus (reproductive performance of engorged females) when compared to the untreated control group, even with higher percent control values (pop. 1: 93.5 ± 5.6% and pop. 2: 92.7 ± 1.1%) than the group treated only with cypermethrin (pop. 1: 87.3 ± 7.3% and pop. 2: 83.5 ± 1.2%). From the HPLC analyzes, a higher concentration of cypermethrin (pop. 1: 30.3 ± 6.9 and pop. 2: 45.4 ± 17.7 ng/mg) was detected in the tissues of engorged females treated with the combination compared to analyte concentrations in groups treated with cypermethrin only (pop. 1: 12.4 ± 4.4 pop. 2: 25.5 ± 9.4 ng/mg). This was the first study to investigate the acaricidal efficacy of the combination of thymol + cypermethrin on R. microplus and demonstrate that the presence of thymol increases the concentration of cypermethrin in the internal tissues of engorged females through a possible mechanism for increasing the penetration of cypermethrin at the cuticular level.
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Vale L, de Paula LGF, Vieira MS, Alves SDGA, Junior NRDM, Gomes MDF, Teixeira WFP, Rizzo PV, Freitas FMC, Ferreira LL, Lopes WDZ, Monteiro C. Binary combinations of thymol, carvacrol and eugenol for Amblyomma sculptum control: Evaluation of in vitro synergism and effectiveness under semi-field conditions. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 12:101816. [PMID: 34555713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the in vitro acaricidal effect of thymol, carvacrol and eugenol (binary combinations) and their synergistic effect on unfed larvae and nymphs of Amblyomma sculptum, estimate the cost to prepare a formulation with these compounds, and evaluate the formulations under semi-field conditions against A. sculptum larvae. To evaluate the acaricidal effect of the compounds alone or their binary combinations (1:1 ratio) the larval packet test was performed using six concentrations (0.3125 to 10.0 mg/mL) for larvae and seven concentrations (2.5 to 20.0 mg/mL) for nymphs. The cost to produce 1 L of thymol, carvacrol and eugenol solutions, combined or alone, was estimated. In the semi-field test, formulations were sprayed on Panicum maximum plots experimentally infested with unfed A. sculptum larvae. In the in vitro tests with larvae, a synergistic effect (synergism and moderate synergism) was observed for thymol + eugenol at all concentrations tested, while thymol + carvacrol and eugenol + carvacrol showed a synergistic effect at the concentration of 5.0 mg/mL. In the in vitro tests with nymphs, thymol + eugenol, thymol + carvacrol and carvacrol + eugenol showed a synergistic effect (synergism and moderate synergism) at a concentration of 5.0 mg/mL and higher. Combining the compounds reduced the concentrations required to obtain mortality rate above 95%, resulting in lower costs. Under semi-field conditions, the treatments with thymol + eugenol and carvacrol + eugenol showed efficacies of 63.2% and 42.6%, respectively. We conclude that, depending on the concentrations, the binary combinations of thymol, carvacrol and eugenol have a synergistic acaricidal effect on unfed A. sculptum larvae and nymphs, and under semi-field conditions the associations between thymol + eugenol and carvacrol + eugenol were effective against A. sculptum larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Vale
- Post-graduate program in Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás (UFG). Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, 74.690-900 Brazil
| | - Luiza Gabriella Ferreira de Paula
- Post-graduate program in Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás (UFG). Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, 74.690-900 Brazil
| | - Mirna Secchis Vieira
- Post-graduate program in Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás (UFG). Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, 74.690-900 Brazil
| | - Susy das Graças Alecrim Alves
- Graduation in veterinary medicine in Federal University of Goiás (UFG). Avenida Esperança- s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, 74690-900 Brazil
| | - Nélio Roberto de Moraes Junior
- Post-graduate program in Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás (UFG). Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, 74.690-900 Brazil
| | - Marcos Daniel Filgueiras Gomes
- Post-graduate program in Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás (UFG). Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, 74.690-900 Brazil
| | - Weslen Fabrício Pires Teixeira
- Post-graduate program in Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás (UFG). Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, 74.690-900 Brazil
| | - Pricila Vetrano Rizzo
- Núcleo de Apoio à Transferência de Tecnologia da Embrapa Gado de Leite no Centro-Oeste - Embrapa Arroz e Feijão - Rodovia GO 462, Km 12, Zona Rural - Santo Antônio de Goiás - GO - CEP: 75.375-000
| | - Fernanda Mara Cunha Freitas
- Núcleo de Apoio à Transferência de Tecnologia da Embrapa Gado de Leite no Centro-Oeste - Embrapa Arroz e Feijão - Rodovia GO 462, Km 12, Zona Rural - Santo Antônio de Goiás - GO - CEP: 75.375-000
| | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG). Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Post-graduate program in Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás (UFG). Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, 74.690-900 Brazil; Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás (UFG). Rua 235, s/n, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás, 74605-050 Brazil
| | - Caio Monteiro
- Post-graduate program in Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás (UFG). Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, 74.690-900 Brazil; Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás (UFG). Rua 235, s/n, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás, 74605-050 Brazil.
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17
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Mazzara E, Scortichini S, Fiorini D, Maggi F, Petrelli R, Cappellacci L, Morgese G, Morshedloo MR, Palmieri GF, Cespi M. A Design of Experiment (DoE) Approach to Model the Yield and Chemical Composition of Ajowan ( Trachyspermum ammi L.) Essential Oil Obtained by Microwave-Assisted Extraction. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080816. [PMID: 34451913 PMCID: PMC8398832 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.) is a spice traditionally used in Middle Eastern medicine and contains a valuable essential oil (EO) exploited in different fields, such as pharmaceutics, agrochemicals and food additives. This EO is mostly characterized by the thymol to which most of its biological properties are related. Given the economic value of ajowan and its increasing demand across the globe, the extraction method used for its EO is of paramount importance in terms of quality and quantity of the final product. In the present study, we used the design of experiment (DoE) approach to study and optimize the extraction of the ajowan EO using the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), a novel extraction technique with high efficiency, low energy consumption, short process length and low environmental impact. A two-step DoE (screening followed by surface response methodology) was used to reduce the number of experiments and to improve the cost/benefit ratio. Reliable mathematical models, relating the more relevant EO features with the extraction conditions, were obtained and used to identify the best experimental conditions able to maximize the yield and thymol concentration. The optimized MAE procedure assures an EO with a higher yield and thymol amount compared with the standard hydrodistillation procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Mazzara
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.M.); (F.M.); (R.P.); (L.C.); (G.M.); (G.F.P.)
| | - Serena Scortichini
- School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (S.S.); (D.F.)
| | - Dennis Fiorini
- School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (S.S.); (D.F.)
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.M.); (F.M.); (R.P.); (L.C.); (G.M.); (G.F.P.)
| | - Riccardo Petrelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.M.); (F.M.); (R.P.); (L.C.); (G.M.); (G.F.P.)
| | - Loredana Cappellacci
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.M.); (F.M.); (R.P.); (L.C.); (G.M.); (G.F.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Morgese
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.M.); (F.M.); (R.P.); (L.C.); (G.M.); (G.F.P.)
| | - Mohammad Reza Morshedloo
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh 83111-55181, Iran;
| | - Giovanni Filippo Palmieri
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.M.); (F.M.); (R.P.); (L.C.); (G.M.); (G.F.P.)
| | - Marco Cespi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.M.); (F.M.); (R.P.); (L.C.); (G.M.); (G.F.P.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Alimi D, Hajri A, Jallouli S, Sebai H. In vitro acaricidal activity of essential oil and crude extracts of Laurus nobilis, (Lauraceae) grown in Tunisia, against arthropod ectoparasites of livestock and poultry: Hyalomma scupense and Dermanyssus gallinae. Vet Parasitol 2021; 298:109507. [PMID: 34388421 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The current study assayed the toxicity of Laurus nobilis essential oil and crude extracts obtained using solvents of increasing polarity (cyclohexane, acetone and ethanol), on two ectoparasites of veterinary importance, i.e., Hyalomma scupense and Dermanyssus gallinae. The major components detected in bay laurel essential oil were dominated by 1.8-cineole (46.56 %), α-terpinenyl acetate (13.99 %), sabinene (7.69), α-pinene (5.75), linalool (5.50), methyleugenol (5.36 %) and β-pinene (3.97). The highest total phenolic and flavonoids contents were present in the ethalonic extract of L. nobilis leaves at an amount of 152.88 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram of dry weight (GAE/g DW) and 21.77 mg quercetin equivalent per gram of dry weight (QE/g DW), respectively. In vitro acaricidal effects of essensial oil and crude extract of L. nobilis against H. scupense were ascertained by adult immersion test of engorged females (AIT) and larval packet test (LPT) compared with a reference drug amitraz. The essential oil exhibited strong acaricidal activity against tick engorged female and inhibition of hatching eggs. After 24 h of exposure, at the highest tested concentration (100 mg/mL) essential oil induced 90.67 % mortality of H. scupense larvae (LC50 = 10.69 mg/mL). Otherwise, essential oil exhibited high acaricidal activity compared to extracts, and among the extract, the ethanolic extract revealed the highest acaricidal efficacy (81.27 % female mortality). Results from mite contact toxicity showed that essential oil and extracts from L. nobilis were toxic to D. gallinae. Bay essential oil was both more toxic to mites, and faster in exerting this toxicity than other tested crude extracts. L. nobilis essential oil concentration leaded to enhance mortality of D. gallinae reaching the highest (100 %) mortality at 12 h with a concentration of 320 mg/mL. While, ethanolic extract acheived this rate after 24 h of exposure at same concentration. Cyclohexanic extract showed weak acaricidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhouha Alimi
- Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bio-resources (UR17ES27), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja, Jendouba University, Habib Bourguiba Street, Box 382, 9000, Beja, Tunisia.
| | - Azhar Hajri
- Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bio-resources (UR17ES27), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja, Jendouba University, Habib Bourguiba Street, Box 382, 9000, Beja, Tunisia
| | - Selim Jallouli
- Laboratory of Bioactive Substances, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, Box 901, Hammam-Lif, 2050, Tunisia
| | - Hichem Sebai
- Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bio-resources (UR17ES27), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja, Jendouba University, Habib Bourguiba Street, Box 382, 9000, Beja, Tunisia
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19
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Monteiro C, Ferreira LL, de Paula LGF, de Oliveira Filho JG, de Oliveira Silva F, Muniz ER, Menezes KMF, de Camargo FR, de Oliveira Nonato R, Martins DB, Marreto RN, Borges LMF. Thymol and eugenol microemulsion for Rhiphicephalus sanguineus sensu lato control: Formulation development, field efficacy, and safety on dogs. Vet Parasitol 2021; 296:109501. [PMID: 34147769 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop a microemulsion formulation containing thymol and eugenol for field control of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato on dogs, as well to evaluate its safety and the physical characteristics of the formulation. The microemulsion using thymol and eugenol (5.0 + 5.0 mg/mL) had as vehicles water, propylene glycol, polysorbate 80 and canola oil. On the next day the preparation (formulation freshly prepared) and after 24 months, the size of the microemulsion droplets, polydispersion index (PdI), organoleptic properties (color, viscosity), and presence of precipitate in the microemulsion were evaluated. For the field assay, on day -1, 10 English Cocker Spaniel dogs were experimentally infested with 200 larvae, 100 nymphs and 30 adults of R. sanguineus s.l. On day 0, after tick counts, the animals were divided into two groups: treated with the freshly prepared microemulsion (10 mL/kg), and control, which received the vehicle (10 mL/kg). Tick counts on dogs were performed daily for three more days. Engorged females were recovered from the dogs and their biological and reproductive parameters were monitored. The dogs' clinical parameters (temperature, mucosa color, and general physical condition) were evaluated daily. In addition, blood samples were collected before infestation to verify hematological (packed cell volume) and biochemical parameters (total serum protein, albumin, globulins, creatinine, urea, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase). Freshly prepared and 24-month aged microemulsions had droplets with mean sizes of 30.94 nm and 27.93 nm, and PdI values of 0.214 and 0.161, respectively. In addition, no difference in the organoleptic properties and no precipitation formation were observed, indicating physical stability. Treatment with the microemulsion resulted in reduction of larvae (p < 0.05) parasitizing the dogs on day 1 while the number of nymphs and adults was not reduced (P> 0.05). In the evaluation of the reproductive biology of engorged females, the larval hatchability (%) was compromised (p < 0.05), and the microemulsion had control rate of 85.5 %. The microemulsion and its vehicles did not change the clinical, hematological and biochemical parameters of the dogs. We concluded that the microemulsion was efficient against R. sanguineus s.l. by reducing the number of larvae and affecting the reproductive parameters of engorged females, safe for dogs, and stable (physical stability) during a two-year interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Monteiro
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rua 235, s/n, Setor Universitário, Campus Colemar e Silva, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74605-050, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil.
| | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP: 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Luiza Gabriella Ferreira de Paula
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Jaires Gomes de Oliveira Filho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Oliveira Silva
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Elen Regozino Muniz
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Karolina Martins Ferreira Menezes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Rômulo de Camargo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Rhayssa de Oliveira Nonato
- Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 240, s/n, Setor Leste Universitário, Campus Colemar e Silva, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Danieli Brolo Martins
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil; Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Neves Marreto
- Graduada em Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil; Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 240, s/n, Setor Leste Universitário, Campus Colemar e Silva, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Lígia Miranda Ferreira Borges
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rua 235, s/n, Setor Universitário, Campus Colemar e Silva, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74605-050, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
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20
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Konig IFM, Reis AC, Gonçalves RRP, Oliveira MVS, Silva CM, Melo DDS, Peconick AP, Thomasi SS, Remedio RN. Repellent activity of acetylcarvacrol and its effects on salivary gland morphology in unfed Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 12:101760. [PMID: 34130147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.), commonly known as brown dog tick, is a widely distributed tick species that is substantially important for human and veterinary medicine. Therefore, it is the target of different control methods. Carvacrol and its semisynthetic derivative, acetylcarvacrol, are promising chemical compounds for alternative tick control. Thus, this study aimed to compare the repellent activities of carvacrol and acetylcarvacrol at different concentrations and drying times. Additionally, morphological alterations found in salivary glands were evaluated through histological techniques after exposure to acetylcarvacrol. The impact of the morphological changes on the development and survival of acini/cells in salivary glands was measured by a semiquantitative analysis. The repellent action of both compounds did not differ when evaluated at different concentrations, although acetylcarvacrol increased its effects as the concentration raised. Regarding the different drying times, acetylcarvacrol maintained its effects after 3 hours of exposure, while the efficacy of carvacrol decreased during this time period. Salivary glands of unfed R. sanguineus s.l. females showed dose-dependent alterations in the size and shape of acini as well as cytoplasmic vacuolization. Loss of the acinar cell limit, rupture of secretory granules and nuclear changes in the cells were also observed in the treated groups. Thus, our results demonstrated the potential of acetylcarvacrol to act as repellent against R. sanguineus s.l. Additionally, the morphological alterations found in salivary glands may interfere with the feeding process of ticks, which contributes to mitigate infestation by this species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aline Chaves Reis
- Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Av. Dr. Sylvio, Menicucci, 1001 Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Ana Paula Peconick
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Neodini Remedio
- Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Av. Dr. Sylvio, Menicucci, 1001 Lavras, MG, Brazil.
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21
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Arafa WM, Aboelhadid SM, Moawad A, Shokeir KM, Ahmed O, Pérez de León AA. Control of Rhipicephalus annulatus resistant to deltamethrin by spraying infested cattle with synergistic eucalyptus essential oil-thymol-deltamethrin combination. Vet Parasitol 2021; 290:109346. [PMID: 33418076 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The current study investigated the synergistic effect of combinations containing deltamethrin (D), Eucalyptus essential oil (E), and the thyme essential oil component thymol (T), against a field population of Rhipicephalus annulatus in Egypt that was characterized to be resistant to D. Solutions of T, E, or TE at concentrations of 1.25-5% were combined with 5% deltamethrin at different dilutions (0.25-2 mL/L). Results of the adult immersion test used to estimate the in vitro acaricidal activity of these combinations at 5% yielded LC50 values for D, E-D, T-D, and TE-D of 3.87 mL/L, 3.89 mL/L, 0.14 mL/L, and 0.05 mL/L, respectively. Biochemical analyses using whole-body homogenate of ticks from the in vitro tests revealed that the lowest acetylcholinesterase and glutathione peroxidase activity, and the maximum lipid peroxidation were recorded in ticks treated with 5% TE-D. Glutathione content significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.05) in all treated ticks. Three groups, each containing five cross breed cattle naturally infested with R. annulatus from the same area where resistance to D was detected, were sprayed twice at two-week intervals using 1 mL/L of 5% solutions of D, T-D, or TE-D. Overall efficacy of the D, T-D, and TE-D sprays by day 30 post-treatment was 21.6, 88.3, and 95 %, respectively. Ticks collected from infested cattle three days after treatment with the D spray deposited egg masses that were able to hatch, deposited small masses of eggs unable to hatch when exposed to the T-D spray, and laid few eggs that didn't hatch when sprayed with the TE-D combination. Values for liver and kidney function parameters were comparable in cattle before and after treatment with the combination sprays tested. The TE-D spray overcame the insensitivity to D of this R. annulatus population in Egypt, which also highlighted the significant synergistic effect of thymol on the acaricidal activity of deltamethrin observed in vitro. Acaricidal activity of the TE-D combination apparently has deleterious effects on multiple tick systems involving inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, increased lipid peroxidation, and oxidative stress. These findings document that combinations of natural and synthetic products can be part of integrated management solutions to the problem with widespread resistance to pyrethroids like deltamethrin in populations of cattle ticks, including R. annulatus, around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed M Arafa
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Shawky M Aboelhadid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Abeer Moawad
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt
| | | | - Osama Ahmed
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62521, Egypt
| | - Adalberto A Pérez de León
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd., Kerrville, Texas, 78028, USA
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22
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Escobar A, Pérez M, Romanelli G, Blustein G. Thymol bioactivity: A review focusing on practical applications. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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23
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Nwanade CF, Yu Z, Liu J. Botanical acaricides induced morphophysiological changes of reproductive and salivary glands in tick: A mini-review. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:285-291. [PMID: 32707419 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ticks are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites and important vectors of several pathogens of medical and veterinary significance, in addition to economic losses associated with their infestation. The primary method for the current control of tick is the use of synthetic acaricides, and many studies have focused on the tick control efficacy associated with the use of synthetic acaricides. However, the intensive use of these compounds has environmental and public health implications, in addition to the development of resistant tick populations. Over the years, studies have demonstrated the great potential of botanicals as an effective alternative in tick control. Most of the reviews on the acaricidal activity of botanicals focused on the effects relating to the development, reproduction, and mortality rate of ticks. Besides this acaricidal activity, botanicals can also affect the morphophysiology of the reproductive organs and the salivary glands that are important for tick procreation and survival. Effects relating to histopathological and cell ultra-structural alterations caused by botanical acaricides can be determined through microscopy techniques. Hence, the present mini-review focuses on studies dealing with morphophysiology changes of the reproductive system and the salivary gland of ticks exposed to botanical acaricides, with a view of expanding our knowledge for the future integrative application of botanical acaricides in tick control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuks F Nwanade
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
| | - Jingze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
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24
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Arafa WM, Aboelhadid SM, Moawad A, Shokeir KM, Ahmed O. Toxicity, repellency and anti-cholinesterase activities of thymol-eucalyptus combinations against phenotypically resistant Rhipicephalus annulatus ticks. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2020; 81:265-277. [PMID: 32472469 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00506-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The current study was designed to compare the acaricidal activity of pure thymol (T) crystals, eucalyptus oil (E), and their combinations (T + E) at concentrations ranging from 0.625 to 10% against phenotypically deltamethrin-resistant Rhipicephalus annulatus ticks. The adulticidal, larvicidal, ovicidal, and repellent activities of the tested compounds and their possible mechanism of action were studied. Thymol showed 93.3% adulticidal activity at 10% concentration, whereas at 2.5% it achieved 100% larvicidal activity. Eucalyptus oil had a significant effect on tick adults at concentrations > 5%, and at 10% concentration it showed 96.7% adulticidal activity and stopped the egg hatching. On deltamethrin-resistant larvae, the median lethal concentration (LD50) was 0.61, 7.5, and 0.61% for T, E, and T + E combinations, respectively, and repellent activities were 85.7, 62.5, and 100% at the 10% concentration used. Combinations of T + E did not induce additional effects as adulticidal and larvicidal in a comparison with T treatments. The tick's acetylcholinesterase significantly decreased as a result of all treatments including deltamethrin, whereas lipid peroxidation significantly increased compared with the control untreated ticks. The glutathione content significantly decreased as a result of all treatments except for treatments with 10% thymol and its combination with eucalyptus oil. Moreover, 10% eucalyptus oil significantly decreased the tick's glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities reflecting the attenuation of antioxidant defense in the ticks. In conclusion, thymol and eucalyptus oil showed excellent activities against deltamethrin-resistant R. annulatus isolates. Their action may be mediated via acetylcholinesterase inhibition. The effect of thymol-eucalyptus combinations recorded higher activities as an ovicidal and as a repellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed M Arafa
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Shawky M Aboelhadid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Abeer Moawad
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt
| | | | - Osama Ahmed
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62521, Egypt
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25
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Baran AI, Jahanghiri F, Hajipour N, Sparagano OAE, Norouzi R, Moharramnejad S. In vitro acaricidal activity of essential oil and alcoholic extract of Trachyspermum ammi against Dermanyssus gallinae. Vet Parasitol 2020; 278:109030. [PMID: 32007678 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess in vitro acaricidal activity of essential oil (EO) and alcoholic extracts (AE) of Ajowan against D. gallinae. Using contact and spraying bioassays, different doses of EO and AE were tested. Cypermethrin and thymol (positive controls), and ethanol and distilled water (negative controls) were also tested. The results indicated that effects were method and dose dependent. Statistical analysis showed a highly significant difference for contact and spraying bioassays and various doses of EO and AE (p < 0.0001) as, the spraying method was more effective than the contact method for acaricidal activity at 24 h post treatment (PT). In this method, Cypermethrin, EO and thymol caused over 90 % mite mortality at 50 μgcm-2, while AE caused this rate at 150 μgcm-2. In the contact bioassay, all tests produced low mortality rates except for Cypermethrin. Thymol was the main constituent of EO (Area = 42.26 %) and AE (Area = 45.8 %). Results of the present study indicated that Ajowan had a satisfactory acaricidal effect against D. gallinae in vitro. It was also found that the spraying method could be used to control the D. gallinae as the most appropriate method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Imani Baran
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Farzad Jahanghiri
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Nasser Hajipour
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Olivier Andre Ettore Sparagano
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
| | - Roghayeh Norouzi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Sajjad Moharramnejad
- Crop and Horticultural Science Research Department, Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Moghan, Iran.
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26
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Coelho L, de Paula LGF, Alves SDGA, Sampaio ALN, Bezerra GP, Vilela FMP, Matos RDS, Zeringóta V, Borges LMF, Monteiro C. Combination of thymol and eugenol for the control of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato: Evaluation of synergism on immature stages and formulation development. Vet Parasitol 2020; 277:108989. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.108989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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