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Identification, molecular characterization, and in silico structural analysis of larval salivary glands Netrin-A as a potent biomarker from Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Genetica 2022; 150:379-394. [PMID: 36136258 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-022-00164-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The greenbottle blowfly Lucilia sericata (L. sericata) is increasingly used in larval therapy of chronic wounds. Netrins as bifunctional proteins are in the superfamily of Laminins secreted from larval salivary glands. The Netrin protein has a significant instructive role in axon guidance, causing neuronal outgrowth, angiogenesis, and cell migration. It seems to be crucial in wound healing and acts as a potential biomarker in diagnosing some clinical diseases. This survey aimed to identify molecular features and analyze in silico structural configuration of Netrin-A in L. sericata larvae. The larvae were reared under standard maggotarium conditions. The nucleic acid sequence of L. sericata Netrin-A (LSN-A) was then identified using rapid amplification of circular DNA ends (RACE) and rapid amplification of genomic ends (RAGE). Parts of the Netrin-A gene, including the middle, 3'-, and 5'-ends, were identified, TA cloned in pTG19 plasmid, and transferred into DH5ɑ Escherichia coli. Each part was sequenced and assembled using SeqMan software. This gene structure was further subjected to in silico analysis. The DNA of LSN-A was identified to be 2407 bp, while its mRNA sequence was recognized as 2115 bp by Oligo0.7 software. It translated the Netrin-A protein with 704 amino acid residues. Its estimated molecular weight was 78.6 kDa. Sequencing of this fragment and its BLAST analysis revealed laminin-based high (95%) similarity with the mRNA sequence of Lucilia cuprina Netrin-A. The 3-D structure of Netrin-A drawn by SWISS-MODEL exhibited its partial resemblance to the reference molecule Netrin-1 of Homo sapiens. This study supports the molecular and structural analyses of LSN-A protein, which could lead to wound treatment. Ultimately, it can be an effective candidate to ameliorate injury. Our next attempt is to produce LSN-A recombinant protein for use in biomedical sciences.
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Harman RM, Theoret CL, Van de Walle GR. The Horse as a Model for the Study of Cutaneous Wound Healing. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2021; 10:381-399. [PMID: 34042536 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2018.0883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Cutaneous wounds are a major problem in both human and equine medicine. The economic cost of treating skin wounds and related complications in humans and horses is high, and in both species, particular types of chronic wounds do not respond well to current therapies, leading to suffering and morbidity. Recent Advances: Conventional methods for the treatment of cutaneous wounds are generic and have not changed significantly in decades. However, as more is learned about the mechanisms involved in normal skin wound healing, and how failure of these processes leads to chronic nonhealing wounds, novel therapies targeting the specific pathologies of hard-to-heal wounds are being developed and evaluated. Critical Issues: Physiologically relevant animal models are needed to (1) study the mechanisms involved in normal and impaired skin wound healing and (2) test newly developed therapies. Future Directions: Similarities in normal wound healing in humans and horses, and the natural development of distinct types of hard-to-heal chronic wounds in both species, make the horse a physiologically relevant model for the study of mechanisms involved in wound repair. Horses are also well-suited models to test novel therapies. In addition, studies in horses have the potential to benefit veterinary, as well as human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Harman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | | | - Gerlinde R. Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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Freeman SL, Ashton NM, Elce YA, Hammond A, Hollis AR, Quinn G. BEVA primary care clinical guidelines: Wound management in the horse. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:18-29. [PMID: 32463930 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are currently no evidence summaries on wounds in the horse. OBJECTIVES To develop evidence-based guidelines on wound management in the horse. STUDY DESIGN Evidence review using the GRADE framework. METHODS Research questions were proposed by a panel of veterinarians, and developed into PICO format. Evidence in the veterinary literature was evaluated using the GRADE evidence-to-decision framework. Searches for human evidence summaries were conducted in the NICE, Cochrane and JBI databases. Final recommendations were based on both veterinary and human evidence. RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The research questions were categorised into three areas: A. Wound lavage and topical treatments; B. Wound debridement and closure; C. Therapeutics for wound healing. Three hundred and six veterinary publications were identified across thirteen different topics. Fourteen papers were assessed using the GRADE criteria. Twenty-five human evidence summaries were reviewed. The results were developed into recommendations: Wound lavage and topical treatments: (i) Tap water should be considered instead of saline for lavage; (ii) Povidone iodine lavage should be considered for contaminated wounds; (iii) Topical silver sulfadiazine may not be suitable for acute wounds; (iv) Optimal lavage pressures are around 13 psi. Wound debridement and closure: (i) Debridement pads should be considered for wound preparation; (ii) Larvae debridement should be considered in selected cases; (iii) Hydrosurgery should be considered in acute contaminated wounds. Therapeutics for wound healing: (i) Honey may reduce duration of some phases of wound healing. There was insufficient evidence to draw conclusions on the use of chemical debridement, therapeutic ultrasound, laser therapy, wound closure with staples compared to sutures, or identify optimal concentrations of antiseptic lavage solutions. MAIN LIMITATIONS Low quality evidence in veterinary literature; majority of recommendations were based on human evidence. CONCLUSIONS These findings should be used to inform decision-making in equine primary care practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Freeman
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
| | | | - Yvonne A Elce
- Equine Referral Hospital, Langford Vets, Langford, Bristol, UK
| | - Anna Hammond
- Equine Referral Hospital, Langford Vets, Langford, Bristol, UK
| | - Anna R Hollis
- Centre for Equine Studies, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| | - Greg Quinn
- Waikato Equine Veterinary Centre, Cambridge, New Zealand
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Durán D, Galapero J, Frontera E, Bravo-Barriga D, Blanco J, Gómez L. Histological and Immunohistochemical Study of Wounds in Sheep Skin in Maggot Therapy by Using Protophormia terraenovae (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Larvae. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:369-376. [PMID: 31821502 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A study was performed to evaluate the implication of Protophormia terraenovae larvae as a surgical therapy for wounded skin. Three groups of sheep (n = 25) were considered based on larval doses. Groups 1 and 2 were artificially infested with low and high concentrations of L1 stage P. terraenovae, respectively, and group 0 served as a control. Skin biopsies were taken at 4 and 14 d postinfestation (D.P.If). A histopathological study was carried out to evaluate the lesions with a score, numbers of eosinophils and mast cells, and an immunohistochemical analysis of CD3, CD79α, and CD68 as T lymphocytes, B lymphosytes, and macrophages, respectively. The results indicated that higher larval doses led to faster regeneration by 14 D.P.If. Furthermore, the higher larval doses showed a high number of the CD68 marker and eosinophils and a low number of CD3 and CD79α markers and mast cells. In addition, the number of mast cells, T lymphocytes, and macrophage markers increased when the lesion progressed; however, a low number of immunolabeled CD79α cells and eosinophils were observed. The results indicate a possible positive effect of larvae in the healing of certain wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Durán
- Animal Medicine Department, Pathological Anatomy Unit, University of Extremadura. Avenida de la Universidad SN. Cáceres, España
| | - Javier Galapero
- Animal Medicine Department, Pathological Anatomy Unit, University of Extremadura. Avenida de la Universidad SN. Cáceres, España
| | - Eva Frontera
- Animal Health Department, Parasitology Unit, University of Extremadura. Avenida de la Universidad SN. Cáceres, España
| | - Daniel Bravo-Barriga
- Animal Health Department, Parasitology Unit, University of Extremadura. Avenida de la Universidad SN. Cáceres, España
| | - Juan Blanco
- Animal Health Department, Parasitology Unit, University of Extremadura. Avenida de la Universidad SN. Cáceres, España
| | - Luis Gómez
- Animal Medicine Department, Pathological Anatomy Unit, University of Extremadura. Avenida de la Universidad SN. Cáceres, España
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Dallavecchia DL, Ricardo E, Aguiar VM, da Silva AS, Rodrigues AG. Efficacy of UV-C Ray Sterilization of Calliphora vicina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Eggs for Use in Maggot Debridement Therapy. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:40-44. [PMID: 30137370 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Maggot debridement therapy (MDT) is a simple wound debridement technique. It is a natural treatment licensed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and is increasingly used in the United States and in Europe. This treatment is safe when the larvae originate from laboratory stocks of eggs that have been sterilized. In this study, a simple, inexpensive microbe decontamination technique is described. It yields eggs that are free of chemical residues and are easy to handle, meeting the growing demand for medicinal larvae in hospitals or medical centers. Three treatments (T1, T2, T3) involving 3, 6, and 12 min of exposure to ultraviolet (UV-C) rays, respectively, were compared. Egg sterility was evaluated by culture in thioglycollate broth, incubated at 32°C ± 2.5°C under aerobic conditions for up to 14 d. The UV-C radiation sterilization process obtained satisfactory results after 12 min exposure (treatment 3). Larval viability was 57%, pupal viability was 54%, and 54% of the adults emerged. The sex ratio was 50%, within the expected values. There were no morphological abnormalities associated to the UV-C treatment in the flies. In conclusion sterilization by UV-C rays is indicated to obtain sterile larvae destined for MDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele L Dallavecchia
- Microbiology Service and Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília - DF, Brazil (Research fellow Bex 133-51-133)
- Laboratory of Diptera Studies of the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro - UNIRIO, Street Frei Caneca, RJ, Brazil
| | - Elisabete Ricardo
- Microbiology Service and Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research - CINTESIS, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Valéria M Aguiar
- Laboratory of Diptera Studies of the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro - UNIRIO, Street Frei Caneca, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alexandre S da Silva
- Department of Quantitative Methods, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro - UNIRIO, RJ, Brazil
| | - Acácio G Rodrigues
- Microbiology Service and Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research - CINTESIS, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Burn Unit, Hospital Center São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Portugal
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Efficacy of Maggot Therapy on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Diabetic Foot Ulcers. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 2019; 46:25-29. [DOI: 10.1097/won.0000000000000496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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YAMAN MEHMET, ZEREK AYKUT. MİYAZ SİNEKLERİ LARVALARININ YARA TEDAVİSİNDE KULLANILMASI. MUSTAFA KEMAL ÜNIVERSITESI TIP DERGISI 2017. [DOI: 10.17944/mkutfd.311929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Meyer-Rochow VB. Therapeutic arthropods and other, largely terrestrial, folk-medicinally important invertebrates: a comparative survey and review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2017; 13:9. [PMID: 28173820 PMCID: PMC5296966 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-017-0136-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Traditional healing methods involving hundreds of insect and other invertebrate species are reviewed. Some of the uses are based on the tenet of "similia similibus" (let likes be cured by likes), but not all non-conventional health promoting practices should be dismissed as superstition or wishful thinking, for they have stood the test of time. Two questions are addressed: how can totally different organ systems in a human possibly benefit from extracts, potions, powders, secretions, ashes, etc. of a single species and how can different target organs, e.g. bronchi, lungs, the urinary bladder, kidneys, etc. apparently respond to a range of taxonomically not even closely related species? Even though therapeutically used invertebrates are generally small, they nevertheless possess organs for specific functions, e.g. digestion, gas exchange, reproduction. They have a nervous system, endocrine glands, a heart and muscle tissue and they contain a multitude of different molecules like metabolites, enzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters, secretions, etc. that have come under increased scientific scrutiny for pharmacological properties. Bearing that in mind it seems likely that a single species prepared and used in different ways could have a multitude of uses. But how, for example, can there be remedies for breathing and other problems, involving earthworms, molluscs, termites, beetles, cockroaches, bugs, and dragonflies? Since invertebrates themselves can suffer from infections and cancers, common defence reactions are likely to have evolved in all invertebrates, which is why it would be far more surprising to find that each species had evolved its own unique disease fighting system. To obtain a more comprehensive picture, however, we still need information on folk medicinal uses of insects and other invertebrates from a wider range of regions and ethnic groups, but this task is hampered by western-based medicines becoming increasingly dominant and traditional healers being unable and sometimes even unwilling to transmit their knowledge to the younger generation. However, collecting and uncontrolled uses of therapeutic invertebrates can put undue pressure on certain highly sought after species and this is something that has to be borne in mind as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Benno Meyer-Rochow
- Department of Genetics and Physiology, Oulu University, Oulu, SF-90140, Finland.
- Research Institute of Luminous Organisms, Hachijo, Nakanogo, Hachijojima, Tokyo, 100-1623, Japan.
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Choudhary V, Choudhary M, Pandey S, Chauhan VD, Hasnani JJ. Maggot debridement therapy as primary tool to treat chronic wound of animals. Vet World 2016; 9:403-9. [PMID: 27182137 PMCID: PMC4864483 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.403-409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Maggot debridement therapy (MDT) is a safe, effective, and controlled method ofhealing of chronic wounds by debridement and disinfection. In this therapy live, sterile maggots of green bottle fly, Lucilia (Phaenicia) sericata are used, as they prefernecrotic tissues over healthy for feeding. Since centuries, MDT is used in humanbeings to treat chronic wounds. Lately, MDT came out as a potent medical aid in animals. In animals, although, this therapy is still limited and clinical studies are few. However, with the increasing antibiotic resistance and chronic wound infections in veterinary medicine, maggot therapy may even become the first line of treatment for some infections. This paper will present a brief discussion of MDT and its role in veterinary medicine that may add one more treatment method to utilize in non-healing wounds of animals and overcome the use of amputation and euthanasia. The objective of this review paper is to assemble relevant literature on maggot therapy to form a theoretical foundation from which further steps toward clinical use of maggot therapy in animals for chronic wounds can be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayata Choudhary
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Mukesh Choudhary
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary College, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Sunanda Pandey
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary College, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Vandip D. Chauhan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - J. J. Hasnani
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
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Dallavecchia DL, da Silva Filho RG, Aguiar VM. Sterilization of Chrysomya putoria (Insecta: Diptera: Calliphoridae) eggs for use in biotherapy. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2014; 14:160. [PMID: 25399429 PMCID: PMC5633979 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieu022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale, quality-controlled laboratory production of fly larvae is needed for biotherapy. The objective of this study was to assess the action of glutaraldehyde on the sterilization of Chrysomya putoria eggs by applying pharmaceutical sterility tests. Egg masses with 0.600 g were divided into three parts of 0.200 g, the eggs were separated using sterile distilled water, and the suspensions obtained were mixed with activated 2% glutaraldehyde solution. After 15-min contact, the suspensions were filtered through Whatman filter paper, and the glutaraldehyde residue obtained in the filtrate was neutralized by rinsing with Tryptone Soy Broth. The treated eggs were placed aseptically on Petri dishes containing gauze moistened with sterile saline solution. About 10% of the sterilized mass was transferred to test tubes containing Tryptone Soy Broth and Fluid Thioglycollate Broth. The tubes were incubated, respectively, at 22.5 and 35.0°C for 14 d to verify egg mass sterility. The plates containing the rest of the eggs (90%) were sealed with plastic film and kept in a climatized chamber at 30°C/d, 28°C per night, 60 ± 10% relative humidity, and under a 12-h light period to assess insect viability and survival. Each experiment was carried out in triplicate using a biological class II safety cabinet. No change in color or turgidity was observed with the agent tested, proving the sterility of the product and that there was no trace of contamination. Forty larvae (in three replications) in the periods of 12, 24, and 48 h after sterilization, when transferred to diet, produced larvae, pupae, and total viability similar to the control (larvae without sterilization). However, for the 72-h treatment, larvae and total viability were significantly lower than for the other treatments. There was no significant difference for the pupal stage. The product tested was shown to be efficacious for use as a sterilizer of C. putoria eggs for all the parameters assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lourinho Dallavecchia
- Laboratory of Diptera Studies of the Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Post-graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Neotropical Biodiversity, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato Geraldo da Silva Filho
- Laboratory of Diptera Studies of the Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Post-graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Neotropical Biodiversity, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valéria Magalhães Aguiar
- Laboratory of Diptera Studies of the Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Post-graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Neotropical Biodiversity, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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12
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Kuwano A, Niwa H, Higuchi T, Mitsui H, Agne RA. Treponemes-infected canker in a Japanese racehorse: efficacy of maggot debridement therapy. J Equine Sci 2012; 23:41-6. [PMID: 24833994 PMCID: PMC4013979 DOI: 10.1294/jes.23.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 3-year-old thoroughbred colt presented with canker on its left hind foot. Subsequent
development of cottage cheese-like horns and dermatitis disturbed healing, despite the use
of miscellaneous orthodox treatment approaches to the lesions. Histological examination
revealed exudative and suppurative dermatitis, and proliferatively suppurative epidermitis
infected with helically coiled treponemes. Total debridement under general anesthesia led
to a temporary improvement, but the ground surface regenerated abnormal epidermis similar
to that observed initially after surgery. Maggot debridement therapy (MDT) was attempted,
which removed all the abnormal tissue. After MDT, general farriery trimming helped to
correct the distorted ground surface, and the horse returned to constant training and
eventually raced. This case shows that MDT was successfully used for treatment of an
intractable and treponemes-infected canker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsutoshi Kuwano
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 321-4 Tokami-cho, Utsunomiya-shi, Tochigi 320-0856, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Niwa
- Equine Research Institute, Epizootic Research Center, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke‑shi, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Tohru Higuchi
- Hidaka Agriculture Mutual Aid Association, 200 Higashihourai, Mitsuishi, Shinhidaka-cho, Hidaka-gun, Hokkaido 059-3105, Japan
| | - Hideya Mitsui
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tsukazaki Hospital, 68-1, Waku, Aboshi-ku, Himeji, Hyogo 671-1227, Japan
| | - Robert A Agne
- Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, 150 Georgetown Road & Lexington, Kentucky 40511, U.S.A
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Abstract
Maggot debridement therapy is a nontraumatic, minimally invasive method to treat infections in a foot compromised by chronic laminitis. A mechanical strategy must first be in place to address the instability of the distal phalanx and hoof capsule. Adverse reactions to maggot debridement therapy are uncommon and the only side effect observed has been irritation or hypersensitivity at the site. Chronic laminitic cases of sepsis/necrosis within the hoof benefit from this procedure due to the noninvasive, continuous debridement and healing properties provided by the larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Morrison
- Rood & Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, KY 40580, USA.
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Maggot-therapy in veterinary medicine. Res Vet Sci 2008; 85:394-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Revised: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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