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Conteddu K, English HM, Byrne AW, Amin B, Griffin LL, Kaur P, Morera-Pujol V, Murphy KJ, Salter-Townshend M, Smith AF, Ciuti S. A scoping review on bovine tuberculosis highlights the need for novel data streams and analytical approaches to curb zoonotic diseases. Vet Res 2024; 55:64. [PMID: 38773649 PMCID: PMC11110237 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01314-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic diseases represent a significant societal challenge in terms of their health and economic impacts. One Health approaches to managing zoonotic diseases are becoming more prevalent, but require novel thinking, tools and cross-disciplinary collaboration. Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is one example of a costly One Health challenge with a complex epidemiology involving humans, domestic animals, wildlife and environmental factors, which require sophisticated collaborative approaches. We undertook a scoping review of multi-host bTB epidemiology to identify trends in species publication focus, methodologies, and One Health approaches. We aimed to identify knowledge gaps where novel research could provide insights to inform control policy, for bTB and other zoonoses. The review included 532 articles. We found different levels of research attention across episystems, with a significant proportion of the literature focusing on the badger-cattle-TB episystem, with far less attention given to tropical multi-host episystems. We found a limited number of studies focusing on management solutions and their efficacy, with very few studies looking at modelling exit strategies. Only a small number of studies looked at the effect of human disturbances on the spread of bTB involving wildlife hosts. Most of the studies we reviewed focused on the effect of badger vaccination and culling on bTB dynamics with few looking at how roads, human perturbations and habitat change may affect wildlife movement and disease spread. Finally, we observed a lack of studies considering the effect of weather variables on bTB spread, which is particularly relevant when studying zoonoses under climate change scenarios. Significant technological and methodological advances have been applied to bTB episystems, providing explicit insights into its spread and maintenance across populations. We identified a prominent bias towards certain species and locations. Generating more high-quality empirical data on wildlife host distribution and abundance, high-resolution individual behaviours and greater use of mathematical models and simulations are key areas for future research. Integrating data sources across disciplines, and a "virtuous cycle" of well-designed empirical data collection linked with mathematical and simulation modelling could provide additional gains for policy-makers and managers, enabling optimised bTB management with broader insights for other zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Conteddu
- Laboratory of Wildlife Ecology and Behaviour, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Holly M English
- Laboratory of Wildlife Ecology and Behaviour, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew W Byrne
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, One Health Scientific Support Unit, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bawan Amin
- Laboratory of Wildlife Ecology and Behaviour, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laura L Griffin
- Laboratory of Wildlife Ecology and Behaviour, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Prabhleen Kaur
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Virginia Morera-Pujol
- Laboratory of Wildlife Ecology and Behaviour, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kilian J Murphy
- Laboratory of Wildlife Ecology and Behaviour, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Adam F Smith
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Management, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- The Frankfurt Zoological Society, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of National Park Monitoring and Animal Management, Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Simone Ciuti
- Laboratory of Wildlife Ecology and Behaviour, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Tieri EE, Marino L, Zilli K, Pompilii C, Di Teodoro G, Cocco A, Ruberto A, Toro M, Mastrodomenico MT, Salucci S, De Massis F. Survey of Mycobacterium spp. in Eurasian Badgers ( Meles meles) in Central Italy. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:219. [PMID: 38254387 PMCID: PMC10812667 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
A survey to determine the presence of Mycobacterium spp. in the Abruzzo and Molise regions was conducted by testing samples from 124 badgers found dead or road-killed during the 2013-2021 period. Head lymph nodes were collected from all carcasses, as well as mediastinal lymph nodes from 20 of them, for bacteriological and molecular tests; tissues were inoculated onto a set of solid egg-based Lowenstein-Jensen media and in a liquid culture system (BACTEC) and were analyzed by polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). Organs and lymph nodes from 31 carcasses were collected for histological tests. During post-mortem examinations, macroscopic lesions consistent with a Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and with nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections were not detected. Mycobacteria were isolated from four animals (3.22%). M. avium subsp. avium was isolated by head lymph nodes from two badgers (1.61%), M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (0.80%) from one, and Mycobacterium spp. from another (0.80%). The significance of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in wildlife hosts in the absence of clinical signs and gross pathology has yet to be assessed. The most critical aspect came from isolates belonging to the Mycobacterium avium complex infection in wildlife due to the possible interference with tuberculin skin tests in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elga Ersilia Tieri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise ‘G. Caporale’ (IZS Teramo), Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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Lienhard J, Friedel U, Paganini C, Hilbe M, Scherrer S, Schmitt S. Isolation of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis and other non-tuberculous mycobacteria from head lymph nodes of wild ruminants and badgers in Switzerland. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1321106. [PMID: 38239749 PMCID: PMC10794427 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1321106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The family Mycobacteriaceae contains over 188 species, most of which are saprophytic non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). In wildlife, a variety of different NTM can be found, with different reports about their pathogenic potential. A pathogenic member of NTM is Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP), which can infect farmed and wild ruminants. It causes paratuberculosis which is an economically important chronic disease. Infected farm animals are considered to be the source of infection in wild animals. Wildlife, on the other hand, is thought to be a reservoir for certain members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), such as M. caprae, which causes tuberculosis in cattle and red deer. Methods Switzerland implemented a surveillance program for tuberculosis in wild animals in 2014. Here, we describe the results from the mycobacterial culture of lymph node samples collected from red deer, roe deer, chamois, ibex, and badgers collected within this surveillance program from 2020 to 2022. Overall, samples from 548 animals were checked macroscopically for tuberculosis-like lesions. Results In total, 88 animals (16.1%), which either had lesions in their lymph nodes or were male and aged older than 5 years, were investigated using mycobacterial culture. In total, 25 animals (28.4%) were positive for NTM, while no MTBC was detected. The most often identified NTM was M. vaccae, followed by M. avium. Most animals positive for NTM did not show any macroscopic lesions. Furthermore, MAP was isolated from the head lymph nodes of two male red deer. Neither of the two MAP-positive animals had any macroscopic lesions in their head lymph nodes or any other signs of disease. Discussion The shooting sites of the two MAP-positive animals were located in Alpine pastures used for grazing of cattle during summer, which confirms that species transmission can occur when contaminated pastures are used by different species. In agreement with other studies, the occurrence of MAP in red deer was quite low. However, so far, MAP was mostly isolated from feces and intestinal lymph nodes of wild animals. This is the first detection of MAP in the head lymph nodes of red deer in Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lienhard
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ute Friedel
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Monika Hilbe
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simone Scherrer
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Schmitt
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Cai Y, Gao W, Wang P, Zhang G, Wang X, Jiang L, Zeng J, Wang Y, Wu Z, Li Y. Comparative proteome analysis revealed the differences in response to both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis infection of bovine alveolar macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1266884. [PMID: 38029268 PMCID: PMC10646506 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1266884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), attributed to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, is one of the most serious zoonotic diseases worldwide. Nevertheless, the host mechanisms preferentially leveraged by Mycobacterium remain unclear. After infection, both Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and Mycobacterium bovis (MB) bacteria exhibit intimate interactions with host alveolar macrophages; however, the specific mechanisms underlying these macrophage responses remain ambiguous. In our study, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis of bovine alveolar macrophages (BAMs) infected with MTB or MB to elucidate the differential responses of BAMs to each pathogen at the protein level. Our findings revealed heightened TB infection susceptibility of BAMs that had been previously infected with MTB or MB. Moreover, we observed that both types of mycobacteria triggered significant changes in BAM energy metabolism. A variety of proteins and signalling pathways associated with autophagy and inflammation-related progression were highly activated in BAMs following MB infection. Additionally, proteins linked to energy metabolism were highly expressed in BAMs following MTB infection. In summary, we propose that BAMs may resist MTB and MB infections via different mechanisms. Our findings provide critical insights into TB pathogenesis, unveiling potential biomarkers to facilitate more effective TB treatment strategies. Additionally, our data lend support to the hypothesis that MTB may be transmitted via cross-species infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Weifeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- The Fourth People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Reference Lab, Yinchuan, China
| | - Lingling Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jin Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yujiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
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Mtetwa HN, Amoah ID, Kumari S, Bux F, Reddy P. Exploring the role of wastewater-based epidemiology in understanding tuberculosis burdens in Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:115911. [PMID: 37105295 PMCID: PMC10318412 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a persistent challenge to public health and presents a substantial menace, especially in developing nations of sub-Saharan Africa. It exerts a considerable strain on healthcare systems in these regions. Effective control requires reliable surveillance, which can be improved by incorporating environmental data alongside clinical data. Molecular advances have led to the development of alternative surveillance methods, such as wastewater-based epidemiology. This studyinvestigated the presence, concentration, and diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, the cause of TB, in from six African countries: Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya, Uganda, Cameroon, and South Africa. Samples were collected from wastewater treatment plants. All samples were found to contain Mycobacterium species that have been linked to TB in both humans and animals, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium africanum, and Mycobacterium caprae, at varying concentrations. The highest median concentration was found in Ghana, reaching up to 4.7 Log copies/ml for MTBC, 4.6 Log copies/ml for M. bovis, and 3.4 Log copies/ml for M. africanum. The presence of M. africanum outside of West Africa was found in South Africa, Kenya, and Uganda and could indicate the spread of the pathogen. The study underscores the usefulness of wastewater-based epidemiology for tracking TB and shows that even treated wastewater may contain these pathogens, posing potential public health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hlengiwe N Mtetwa
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology (IWWT), Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa; Department of Community Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Isaac D Amoah
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tuscon, USA
| | - Sheena Kumari
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology (IWWT), Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Faizal Bux
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology (IWWT), Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Poovendhree Reddy
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology (IWWT), Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa; Department of Community Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
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Kelly DJ, Marples NM, Byrne RL, Fogarty U, Kenny K, Cameron H, Griffin D, Holland CV. An investigation of Mycobacterium bovis and helminth coinfection in the European badger Meles meles. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY: PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2022; 19:311-316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ncube P, Bagheri B, Goosen WJ, Miller MA, Sampson SL. Evidence, Challenges, and Knowledge Gaps Regarding Latent Tuberculosis in Animals. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1845. [PMID: 36144447 PMCID: PMC9503773 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis and other Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) pathogens that cause domestic animal and wildlife tuberculosis have received considerably less attention than M. tuberculosis, the primary cause of human tuberculosis (TB). Human TB studies have shown that different stages of infection can exist, driven by host-pathogen interactions. This results in the emergence of heterogeneous subpopulations of mycobacteria in different phenotypic states, which range from actively replicating (AR) cells to viable but slowly or non-replicating (VBNR), viable but non-culturable (VBNC), and dormant mycobacteria. The VBNR, VBNC, and dormant subpopulations are believed to underlie latent tuberculosis (LTB) in humans; however, it is unclear if a similar phenomenon could be happening in animals. This review discusses the evidence, challenges, and knowledge gaps regarding LTB in animals, and possible host-pathogen differences in the MTBC strains M. tuberculosis and M. bovis during infection. We further consider models that might be adapted from human TB research to investigate how the different phenotypic states of bacteria could influence TB stages in animals. In addition, we explore potential host biomarkers and mycobacterial changes in the DosR regulon, transcriptional sigma factors, and resuscitation-promoting factors that may influence the development of LTB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Samantha Leigh Sampson
- DSI/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie Van Zijl Dr, Parow, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
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Zhang H, Liu M, Fan W, Sun S, Fan X. The impact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in the environment on one health approach. Front Public Health 2022; 10:994745. [PMID: 36159313 PMCID: PMC9489838 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.994745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) has become one of the leading causes of death in humans and animals. Current research suggests that the transmission of MTBC in the environment indirectly transmit to humans and animals with subsequent impact on their wellbeing. Therefore, it is of great significance to take One Health approach for understanding the role of MTBC in not only the interfaces of humans and animals, but also environment, including soil, water, pasture, air, and dust, etc., in response to the MTBC infection. In this review, we present the evidence of MTBC transmission from environment, as well as detection and control strategies in this interface, seeking to provide academic leads for the global goal of End Tuberculosis Strategy under multidisciplinary and multisectoral collaborations.
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Mtetwa HN, Amoah ID, Kumari S, Bux F, Reddy P. The source and fate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in wastewater and possible routes of transmission. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:145. [PMID: 35057793 PMCID: PMC8781043 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12527-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) consists of causative agents of both human and animal tuberculosis and is responsible for over 10 million annual infections globally. Infections occur mainly through airborne transmission, however, there are possible indirect transmissions through a faecal-oral route which is poorly reported. This faecal-oral transmission could be through the occurrence of the microbe in environments such as wastewater. This manuscript, therefore, reviews the source and fate of MTBC in the wastewater environment, including the current methods in use and the possible risks of infections. RESULTS The reviewed literature indicates that about 20% of patients with pulmonary TB may have extra-pulmonary manifestations such as GITB, resulting in shedding in feaces and urine. This could potentially be the reason for the detection of MTBC in wastewater. MTBC concentrations of up to 5.5 × 105 (±3.9 × 105) copies/L of untreated wastewater have been reported. Studies have indicated that wastewater may provide these bacteria with the required nutrients for their growth and could potentially result in environmental transmission. However, 98.6 (± 2.7) %, removal during wastewater treatment, through physical-chemical decantation (primary treatment) and biofiltration (secondary treatment) has been reported. Despite these reports, several studies observed the presence of MTBC in treated wastewater via both culture-dependent and molecular techniques. CONCLUSION The detection of viable MTBC cells in either treated or untreated wastewater, highlights the potential risks of infection for wastewater workers and communities close to these wastewater treatment plants. The generation of aerosols during wastewater treatment could be the main route of transmission. Additionally, direct exposure to the wastewater containing MTBC could potentially contribute to indirect transmissions which may lead to pulmonary or extra-pulmonary infections. This calls for the implementation of risk reduction measures aimed at protecting the exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hlengiwe N Mtetwa
- Department of Community Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology (IWWT), Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Isaac D Amoah
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology (IWWT), Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Sheena Kumari
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology (IWWT), Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Faizal Bux
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology (IWWT), Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Poovendhree Reddy
- Department of Community Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
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Gao W, Cai Y, Zhang G, Wang X, Wang J, Li Y, Wang Y. Lipidomics revealed the global lipid responses of primary bovine alveolar macrophages to infections of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 104:108407. [PMID: 34924313 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis (MTB) and M. bovis (MB) of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) are the causative agents of the notorious infectious disease tuberculosis (TB) in a range of mammals, including bovine and human. The lipid composition of MTB/MB performed imperative function as invading host macrophage. However, the detailed variations in lipid compositions of MTB and MB were unknown, while the responses relevant to lipid metabolisms in MTB/MB-infected host were also unclear. In the present study, a dual-Lipidomics were used to elucidate the differences in lipid composition of MTB and MB and responses in lipid metabolisms of primary bovine alveolar macrophages infected by MTB/MB. The Lipidomics showed significant differences in lipid composition, especially differences in levels of Glycerophospholipids, Sterol Lipids, Fatty Acyls and Polyketides between these two mycobacterium species. Meanwhile, both MTB and MB could invoke various responses of lipid metabolisms in host macrophages. An infection of MTB mainly induced the increases of Polyketides and Glycerophospholipids in macrophages, whereas an MB infection induced the increases of Glycerophospholipids and Sterol. Furthermore, TAG 13:0-18:5-18:5 of MTB and PC (16:1(9E)/0:0), PI(20:2(11Z,14Z)/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)), 4, 6-Decadiyn-1-ol isovalerate and LacCer (d18:1/24:1(15Z)) of MB were identified to cause variations in lipid metabolisms of macrophages, respectively. From these data, we proposed that the differential compositions of lipid compositions in MTB and MB could successfully colonize in macrophage by different mechanisms. MTB could promote the formation of foam cells of macrophage for its colonization and development, while MB mainly suppresses the macrophage autophagy to escape the immune responses of host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yurong Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
| | - Yujiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
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Swift BMC, Barron ES, Christley R, Corbetta D, Grau-Roma L, Jewell C, O'Cathail C, Mitchell A, Phoenix J, Prosser A, Rees C, Sorley M, Verin R, Bennett M. Tuberculosis in badgers where the bovine tuberculosis epidemic is expanding in cattle in England. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20995. [PMID: 34697381 PMCID: PMC8545939 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00473-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an important animal health and economic problem for the cattle industry and a potential zoonotic threat. Wild badgers (Meles meles) play a role on its epidemiology in some areas of high prevalence in cattle, particularly in the UK and Republic of Ireland and increasingly in parts of mainland Europe. However, little is known about the involvement of badgers in areas on the spatial edge of the cattle epidemic, where increasing prevalence in cattle is seen. Here we report the findings of a study of found-dead (mainly road-killed) badgers in six counties on the edge of the English epidemic of bTB in cattle. The overall prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) infection detected in the study area was 51/610 (8.3%, 95% CI 6.4-11%) with the county-level prevalence ranging from 15 to 4-5%. The MTC spoligotypes of recovered from badgers and cattle varied: in the northern part of the study area spoligotype SB0129 predominated in both cattle and badgers, but elsewhere there was a much wider range of spoligotypes found in badgers than in cattle, in which infection was mostly with the regional cattle spoligotype. The low prevalence of MTC in badgers in much of the study area, and, relative to in cattle, the lower density of sampling, make firm conclusions difficult to draw. However, with the exception of Cheshire (north-west of the study area), little evidence was found to link the expansion of the bTB epidemic in cattle in England to widespread badger infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elsa Sandoval Barron
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Rob Christley
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Davide Corbetta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Llorenç Grau-Roma
- Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Chris Jewell
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing, and Statistics, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Colman O'Cathail
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Andy Mitchell
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, Surrey, UK
| | - Jess Phoenix
- Department of Sociology, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Alison Prosser
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, Surrey, UK
| | - Catherine Rees
- School of Bioscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Marion Sorley
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ranieri Verin
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, Università Degli Studi di Padova, 35020, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Malcolm Bennett
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK.
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12
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Gormley E, Ní Bhuachalla D, Fitzsimons T, O'Keeffe J, McGrath G, Madden JM, Fogarty N, Kenny K, Messam LLM, Murphy D, Corner LAL. Protective immunity against tuberculosis in a free-living badger population vaccinated orally with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e10-e19. [PMID: 34331741 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination of badgers with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been shown to protect badgers against tuberculosis in experimental trials. During the 3-year County Kilkenny BCG vaccine field study, badgers were treated orally with placebo (100% in Zone A), BCG (100% in Zone C) or randomly assigned 50%: 50% treatment with BCG or placebo (Zone B). At the end of the study, 275 badgers were removed from the trial area and subjected to detailed post-mortem examination followed by histology and culture for M. bovis. Among these badgers, 83 (30.2%) were captured for the first time across the three zones, representing a non-treated proportion of the population. Analysis of the data based on the infection status of treated animals showed a prevalence of 52% (95% CI: 40%-63%) infection in Zone A (placebo), 39% (95% CI: 17%-64%) in Zone B (placebo) and 44% (95% CI: 20%-70%) in Zone B (BCG vaccinated) and 24% (95% CI: 14%-36%) in Zone C (BCG vaccinated). There were no statistically significant differences in the proportion of animals with infection involving the lung and thoracic lymph nodes, extra-thoracic infection or in the distribution and severity scores of histological lesions. Among the 83 non-treated badgers removed at the end of the study, the infection prevalence of animals in Zone A (prevalence = 46%, 95% CI: 32%-61%) and Zone B (prevalence = 44%, 95% CI: 23%-67%) was similar to the treated animals in these zones. However, in Zone C, no evidence of infection was found in any of the untreated badgers (prevalence = 0%, 95% CI: 0%-14%). This is consistent with an indirect protective effect in the non-vaccinated badgers leading to a high level of population immunity. The results suggest that BCG vaccination of badgers could be a highly effective means of reducing the incidence of tuberculosis in badger populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn Gormley
- Tuberculosis Diagnostics and Immunology Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Deirdre Ní Bhuachalla
- Tuberculosis Diagnostics and Immunology Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Tara Fitzsimons
- Tuberculosis Diagnostics and Immunology Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - James O'Keeffe
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Guy McGrath
- UCD Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis (CVERA), School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jamie M Madden
- UCD Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis (CVERA), School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Naomi Fogarty
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Backweston Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Kevin Kenny
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Backweston Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Locksley L McV Messam
- Tuberculosis Diagnostics and Immunology Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Denise Murphy
- Tuberculosis Diagnostics and Immunology Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Leigh A L Corner
- Tuberculosis Diagnostics and Immunology Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
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13
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Orrico M, van Schaik G, Koets A, van den Broek J, Montizaan M, La Haye M, Rijks JM. The effectiveness of bovine tuberculosis surveillance in Dutch badgers. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2008-2020. [PMID: 34110708 PMCID: PMC9546121 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Countries survey wildlife for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) to ensure case detection or to ascertain a high probability of freedom from bTB in wildlife. The Eurasian badger (Meles meles) is a potential bTB reservoir host. Between 2008 and 2019, 282 badgers were examined post‐mortem in the context of general wildlife disease and targeted bTB surveillance programmes in the Netherlands, and no bTB cases were detected. However, it was unclear how effective this surveillance effort was to demonstrate freedom from Mycobacterium bovis infection in the badger population of ±6000 or to detect cases if present. Therefore, surveillance effectiveness was assessed using scenario tree modelling. For lack of standards for wildlife, the models were run against three assumed levels of disease in the population called design prevalence P*: 0.1%, 0.5%, and 3%. A small risk of introduction (0.015/year) was applied, because the Netherlands are officially free from bTB in cattle, with rare import of bTB‐infected cattle and no bTB‐infected wildlife reported along the Belgian and German borders with the Netherlands. Surveillance more readily picks up bTB presence in badgers when case detection sensitivity tends towards 100% and demonstrates freedom best when the probability of freedom tends towards 100%. For P* 0.1%, 0.5% and 3%, respectively, maximum case detection sensitivity during 2008–2019 was 8%, 35% and 94% and the probability of freedom in 2019 was 46%, 67%, and 95%. At P* = 3%, performing targeted surveillance on 300 badgers in a year would make it extremely unlikely to miss a case (case detection sensitivity > 99.9%); and if no cases are detected, the adjusted probability of freedom would then reach nearly 98.5%. Stakeholders should be made aware that at P* = 3%, one case detected implies around 3% infected badgers. Additional surveillance system components to assess bTB in wildlife and its economics are to be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Orrico
- One Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerdien van Schaik
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Royal GD, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Ad Koets
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van den Broek
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Margriet Montizaan
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice La Haye
- Zoogdiervereniging/Dutch Mammal Society, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jolianne M Rijks
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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14
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Allen AR, Ford T, Skuce RA. Does Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis Survival in the Environment Confound Bovine Tuberculosis Control and Eradication? A Literature Review. Vet Med Int 2021; 2021:8812898. [PMID: 33628412 PMCID: PMC7880718 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8812898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is one of the globe's most common, multihost zoonoses and results in substantial socioeconomic costs for governments, farming industries, and tax payers. Despite decades of surveillance and research, surprisingly, little is known about the exact mechanisms of transmission. In particular, as a facultative intracellular pathogen, to what extent does survival of the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis (M. bovis), in the environment constitute an epidemiological risk for livestock and wildlife? Due largely to the classical pathology of cattle cases, the received wisdom was that bTB was spread by direct inhalation and exchange of bioaerosols containing droplets laden with bacteria. Other members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) exhibit differing host ranges, an apparent capacity to persist in environmental fomites, and they favour a range of different transmission routes. It is possible, therefore, that infection from environmental sources of M. bovis could be a disease transmission risk. Recent evidence from GPS-collared cattle and badgers in Britain and Ireland suggests that direct transmission by infectious droplets or aerosols may not be the main mechanism for interspecies transmission, raising the possibility of indirect transmission involving a contaminated, shared environment. The possibility that classical pulmonary TB can be simulated and recapitulated in laboratory animal models by ingestion of contaminated feed is a further intriguing indication of potential environmental risk. Livestock and wildlife are known to shed M. bovis onto pasture, soil, feedstuffs, water, and other fomites; field and laboratory studies have indicated that persistence is possible, but variable, under differing environmental conditions. Given the potential infection risk, it is timely to review the available evidence, experimental approaches, and methodologies that could be deployed to address this potential blind spot and control point. Although we focus on evidence from Western Europe, the concepts are widely applicable to other multihost bTB episystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian R. Allen
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Bacteriology Branch, Stoney Road Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Tom Ford
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Bacteriology Branch, Stoney Road Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Robin A. Skuce
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Bacteriology Branch, Stoney Road Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK
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15
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Orłowska B, Krajewska-Wędzina M, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E, Kozińska M, Brzezińska S, Zabost A, Didkowska A, Welz M, Kaczor S, Żmuda P, Anusz K. Epidemiological characterization of Mycobacterium caprae strains isolated from wildlife in the Bieszczady Mountains, on the border of Southeast Poland. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:362. [PMID: 32993648 PMCID: PMC7526380 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02581-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The majority of animal tuberculosis (TB) cases reported in wildlife in Poland over the past 20 years have concerned the European bison inhabiting the Bieszczady Mountains in Southeast Poland: an area running along the border of Southeast Poland. As no TB cases have been reported in domestic animals in this region since 2005, any occurrence of TB in the free-living animals inhabiting this area might pose a real threat to local livestock and result in the loss of disease-free status. The aim of the study was to describe the occurrence of tuberculosis in the wildlife of the Bieszczady Mountains and determine the microbiological and molecular characteristics of any cultured strains. Lymph node samples were collected for analysis from 274 free-living animals, including European bison, red foxes, badgers, red deer, wild boar and roe deer between 2011 and 2017. Löwenstein–Jensen and Stonebrink media were used for culture. Molecular identification of strains was performed based on hsp65 sequence analysis, the GenoType®MTBC (Hain Lifescience, Germany) test, spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR analysis. Results Mycobacterium caprae was isolated from the lymph nodes of 21 out of 55 wild boar (38.2%; CI 95%: 26.5%, 51.4%) and one roe deer. Since 2014, no new TB cases have been reported in the Bieszczady European bison population. Conclusions The identification of TB in wild boar in the Bieszczady is an alarming phenomenon, which requires further investigation. The Bieszczady mountains are a precious, unique area, home to many protected species. However, it is also the only area in Poland where TB cases have been reported in free-living animals. The occurrence of TB in wild boar inhabiting this area might pose a real threat to local livestock and many of the protected species (for example European bison that can share feeding places with wild boar). Given this situation, ongoing monitoring of the prevalence of TB should be conducted, and protective measures should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Orłowska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Monika Krajewska-Wędzina
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Ewa Augustynowicz-Kopeć
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute (NTLD), Płocka 26, 01-138, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Kozińska
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute (NTLD), Płocka 26, 01-138, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Brzezińska
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute (NTLD), Płocka 26, 01-138, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Zabost
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute (NTLD), Płocka 26, 01-138, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Didkowska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mirosław Welz
- General Veterinary Inspectorate, Wspólna 30, 00-930, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stanisław Kaczor
- County Veterinary Inspectorate, Młynarska 45, 38-500, Sanok, Poland
| | - Piotr Żmuda
- University Centre of Veterinary Medicine UJ-UR, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Cracow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Anusz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland
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16
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Moule MG, Cirillo JD. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Dissemination Plays a Critical Role in Pathogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:65. [PMID: 32161724 PMCID: PMC7053427 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is primarily a respiratory pathogen. However, 15% of infections worldwide occur at extrapulmonary sites causing additional complications for diagnosis and treatment of the disease. In addition, dissemination of M. tuberculosis out of the lungs is thought to be more than just a rare event leading to extrapulmonary tuberculosis, but rather a prerequisite step that occurs during all infections, producing secondary lesions that can become latent or productive. In this review we will cover the clinical range of extrapulmonary infections and the process of dissemination including evidence from both historical medical literature and animal experiments for dissemination and subsequent reseeding of the lungs through the lymphatic and circulatory systems. While the mechanisms of M. tuberculosis dissemination are not fully understood, we will discuss the various models that have been proposed to address how this process may occur and summarize the bacterial virulence factors that facilitate M. tuberculosis dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine G. Moule
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Cirillo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, United States
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17
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Purification and Characterisation of Badger IgA and Its Detection in the Context of Tuberculosis. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6040089. [PMID: 31684068 PMCID: PMC6958344 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6040089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
European badgers are a wildlife reservoir of bovine tuberculosis in parts of Great Britain. Accurate diagnosis of tuberculosis in badgers is important for the development of strategies for the control of the disease. Sensitive serological tests for badger TB are needed for reasons such as cost and simplicity. Assay of mucosal IgA could be useful for diagnosing respiratory pathogens such as Mycobacterium bovis and for monitoring the response to mucosal vaccination. To develop an IgA assay, we purified secretory IgA from badger bile, identifying secretory component (SC), heavy chain (HC) and light chain (LC), at 66, 46 and 27 Kda, respectively, on the basis of size comparison with other species. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated to purified IgA. We selected two for ELISA development. The detection limit of the IgA-specific mAbs was found to be approximately 20 ng/mL when titrated against purified badger bile. One monoclonal antibody specific for badger IgA was used to detect IgA in serum and tracheal aspirate with specificity to an immunodominant antigen of M. bovis. An M. bovis infection dose-dependent IgA response was observed in experimentally infected badgers. IgA was also detected by immunohistochemistry in the lungs of bTB-infected badgers. With further characterisation, these represent new reagents for the study of the IgA response in badgers.
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18
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Nigsch A, Glawischnig W, Bagó Z, Greber N. Mycobacterium caprae Infection of Red Deer in Western Austria-Optimized Use of Pathology Data to Infer Infection Dynamics. Front Vet Sci 2019; 5:350. [PMID: 30719435 PMCID: PMC6348259 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Austria is officially bovine tuberculosis (TB) free, but during the last decade the west of the country experienced sporadic TB cases in cattle. Free-ranging red deer are known to be the maintenance host of Mycobacterium (M.) caprae in certain areas in Austria, where cattle can become infected on alpine pastures shared with deer. The epidemiology of TB in deer in alpine regions is still poorly understood. To inform decisions on efficient interventions against TB in deer, a method is needed to better capture the infection dynamics on population level. A total of 4,521 free-ranging red deer from Austria's most western Federal state Vorarlberg were TB-tested between 2009 and 2018. M. caprae was confirmed in samples from 257 animals. Based on descriptions of TB-like lesions, TB positive animals were categorized with a newly developed lesion score called “Patho Score.” Analyses using this Patho Score allowed us to distinguish between endemic, epidemic and sporadic TB situations and revealed different roles of subgroups of infected deer in infection dynamics. Overall, deer in poor condition, deer of older age and stags were the subgroups that were significantly more often TB positive (p = 0.02 or smaller for all subgroups). Deer in poor condition (p < 0.001) and stags (p = 0.04) also showed more often advanced lesions, indicating their role in mycobacterial spread. TB was never detected in fawns, while hinds were the subgroup that showed the fewest advanced lesions. Analysis of outbreaks of TB and lesion development in yearlings provided some evidence for the role of winter feeding as a source for increased infection transmission. Sporadic cases in TB-free areas appear to precede outbreaks in these areas. These currently TB-free areas should receive particular attention in sampling schemes to be able to detect early spreading of the infection. The Patho Score is a quick, easy-to-apply and reproducible tool that provides new insights on the epidemiology of TB in deer at population level and is flexible enough to relate heterogeneous wildlife monitoring data collected following different sampling plans. This lesion score was used for systematic assessment of infection dynamics of mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Nigsch
- Department of Animal Sciences, Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Walter Glawischnig
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Innsbruck and Mödling, Mödling, Austria
| | - Zoltán Bagó
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Innsbruck and Mödling, Mödling, Austria
| | - Norbert Greber
- Department for Veterinary Affairs, Office of the State Government of Vorarlberg, Bregenz, Austria
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19
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Gormley E, Corner LAL. Wild Animal Tuberculosis: Stakeholder Value Systems and Management of Disease. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:327. [PMID: 30622951 PMCID: PMC6308382 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When human health is put at risk from the transmission of animal diseases, the options for intervention often require input from stakeholders whose differing values systems contribute to decisions on disease management. Animal tuberculosis (TB), caused principally by Mycobacterium bovis is an archetypical zoonotic pathogen in that it can be transmitted from animals to humans and vice versa. Although elimination of zoonotic transmission of TB to humans is frequently promoted as the raison d'être for TB management in livestock, in many countries the control strategies are more likely based on minimizing the impact of sustained infection on the agricultural industry. Where wild animals are implicated in the epidemiology of the disease, the options for control and eradication can require involvement of additional stakeholder groups. Conflict can arise when different monetary and/or societal values are assigned to the affected animals. This may impose practical and ethical dilemmas for decision makers where one or more species of wild animal is seen by some stakeholders to have a greater value than the affected livestock. Here we assess the role of stakeholder values in influencing TB eradication strategies in a number of countries including Ireland, the UK, the USA, Spain, France, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. What it reveals is that the level of stakeholder involvement increases with the complexity of the epidemiology, and that similar groups of stakeholders may agree to a set of control and eradication measures in one region only to disagree with applying the same measures in another. The level of consensus depends on the considerations of the reservoir status of the infected host, the societal values assigned to each species, the type of interventions proposed, ethical issues raised by culling of sentient wild animals, and the economic cost benefit effectiveness of dealing with the problem in one or more species over a long time frame. While there is a societal benefit from controlling TB, the means to achieve this requires identification and long-term engagement with all key stakeholders in order to reach agreement on ethical frameworks that prioritize and justify control options, particularly where culling of wild animals is concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn Gormley
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Leigh A L Corner
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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20
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Sandoval Barron E, Swift B, Chantrey J, Christley R, Gardner R, Jewell C, McGrath I, Mitchell A, O'Cathail C, Prosser A, Ridout S, Sanchez-Cabezudo G, Smith N, Timofte D, Williams N, Bennett M. A study of tuberculosis in road traffic-killed badgers on the edge of the British bovine TB epidemic area. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17206. [PMID: 30523345 PMCID: PMC6283848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35652-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of badgers in the geographic expansion of the bovine tuberculosis (bTB) epidemic in England is unknown: indeed there have been few published studies of bTB in badgers outside of the Southwest of England where the infection is now endemic in cattle. Cheshire is now on the edge of the expanding area of England in which bTB is considered endemic in cattle. Previous studies, over a decade ago when bovine infection was rare in Cheshire, found no or only few infected badgers in the south eastern area of the county. In this study, carried out in 2014, road-killed badgers were collected through a network of local stakeholders (farmers, veterinarians, wildlife groups, government agencies), and Mycobacterium bovis was isolated from 21% (20/94) badger carcasses. Furthermore, there was strong evidence for co-localisation of M. bovis SB0129 (genotype 25) infection in both badgers and cattle herds at a county scale. While these findings suggest that both badgers and cattle are part of the same geographically expanding epidemic, the direction of any cross-species transmission and the drivers of this expansion cannot be determined. The study also demonstrated the utility of using road-killed badgers collected by stakeholders as a means of wildlife TB surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Sandoval Barron
- School Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Ben Swift
- Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Julian Chantrey
- Institutes of Infection and Global Health and Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Robert Christley
- Institutes of Infection and Global Health and Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Colman O'Cathail
- School Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Dorina Timofte
- Institutes of Infection and Global Health and Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nicola Williams
- Institutes of Infection and Global Health and Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Malcolm Bennett
- School Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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21
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Brites D, Loiseau C, Menardo F, Borrell S, Boniotti MB, Warren R, Dippenaar A, Parsons SDC, Beisel C, Behr MA, Fyfe JA, Coscolla M, Gagneux S. A New Phylogenetic Framework for the Animal-Adapted Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2820. [PMID: 30538680 PMCID: PMC6277475 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) affects humans and other animals and is caused by bacteria from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). Previous studies have shown that there are at least nine members of the MTBC infecting animals other than humans; these have also been referred to as ecotypes. However, the ecology and the evolution of these animal-adapted MTBC ecotypes are poorly understood. Here we screened 12,886 publicly available MTBC genomes and newly sequenced 17 animal-adapted MTBC strains, gathering a total of 529 genomes of animal-adapted MTBC strains. Phylogenomic and comparative analyses confirm that the animal-adapted MTBC members are paraphyletic with some members more closely related to the human-adapted Mycobacterium africanum Lineage 6 than to other animal-adapted strains. Furthermore, we identified four main animal-adapted MTBC clades that might correspond to four main host shifts; two of these clades are hypothesized to reflect independent cattle domestication events. Contrary to what would be expected from an obligate pathogen, MTBC nucleotide diversity was not positively correlated with host phylogenetic distances, suggesting that host tropism in the animal-adapted MTBC seems to be driven by contact rates and demographic aspects of the host population rather by than host relatedness. By combining phylogenomics with ecological data, we propose an evolutionary scenario in which the ancestor of Lineage 6 and all animal-adapted MTBC ecotypes was a generalist pathogen that subsequently adapted to different host species. This study provides a new phylogenetic framework to better understand the evolution of the different ecotypes of the MTBC and guide future work aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Brites
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chloé Loiseau
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Menardo
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Borrell
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Beatrice Boniotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna: Centro Nazionale di Referenza per la Tubercolosi Bovina, Brescia, Italy
| | - Robin Warren
- SAMRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Anzaan Dippenaar
- SAMRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Sven David Charles Parsons
- SAMRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Christian Beisel
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel A Behr
- McGill International TB Centre, Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Janet A Fyfe
- Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory, Victoria Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mireia Coscolla
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), University of Valencia-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sebastien Gagneux
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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22
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Smith GC, Delahay RJ. Modeling as a Decision Support Tool for Bovine TB Control Programs in Wildlife. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:276. [PMID: 30460248 PMCID: PMC6232866 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Computer modeling has a long history of association with epidemiology, and has improved our understanding of the theory of disease dynamics and provided insights into wildlife disease management. A summary of badger bovine TB models and their role in decision making is presented, from a simple initial SEI model, to SEIR (inclusion of a recovered category) and SEI1I2 (inclusion of two stages of disease progression) variants, and subsequent spatially-explicit individual-based models used to assess historical badger management strategies. The integration of cattle into TB models allowed comparison of the predicted impacts of different badger management strategies on cattle herd breakdown rates, and provided an economic dimension to the outputs. Estimates of R0 for bovine TB in cattle and badgers are little higher than unity implying that the disease should be relatively easy to control, which is at odds with practical experience. A cohort of recent models have suggested that combined strategies, involving management of both host species and including vaccination may be most effective. Future models of badger vaccination will need to accommodate the partial protection from infection and likely duration of immunity conferred by the currently available vaccine (BCG). Descriptions of how models could better represent the ecological and epidemiological complexities of the badger-cattle TB system are presented, along with a wider discussion of the utility of modeling for bovine TB management interventions. This includes consideration of the information required to maximize the utility of the next generation of models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham C Smith
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, York, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Delahay
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, York, United Kingdom
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23
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O'Halloran C, Hope JC, Dobromylskyj M, Burr P, McDonald K, Rhodes S, Roberts T, Dampney R, De la Rua-Domenech R, Robinson N, Gunn-Moore DA. An outbreak of tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis infection in a pack of English Foxhounds (2016-2017). Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1872-1884. [PMID: 30058193 PMCID: PMC6282731 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis can cause tuberculosis (TB) in social mammals including lions, cattle and man, but canine infections are considered rare. In 2016/17 we investigated a M. bovis TB outbreak in a pack of approximately 180 Foxhounds within the bovine TB Edge Area of England. We employed a combination of immunological tests including an interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) and a serological assay (DPP VetTB, Chembio). Test‐positive hounds were euthanased and subjected to post‐mortem examination (PME). Overall 164 hounds were tested; 97 (59%) responded positively to at least one test. Eighty‐five (52%) dogs responded to M. bovis antigens by IGRA while only 21 (12.9%) had detectable serological responses. At PME three hounds (3.1%) had visible lesions (VL) due to M. bovis infection, later confirmed by culture. Samples from 24 non‐VL hounds were cultured and M. bovis infection was confirmed in a further three hounds (11%). This study is the first investigation and report of an outbreak of M. bovis TB in a canine species. We establish that, in principle, diagnostic tests used for identifying infected individuals of other species can effectively be used in the dog. Further work is urgently needed to establish the sensitivity and specificity of the testing approach used in this study for future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor O'Halloran
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Jayne C Hope
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Tony Roberts
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | | | | | | | - Danielle A Gunn-Moore
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
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24
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Performativity and a microbe: Exploring Mycobacterium bovis and the political ecologies of bovine tuberculosis. BIOSOCIETIES 2018; 14:179-204. [PMID: 32226469 PMCID: PMC7100403 DOI: 10.1057/s41292-018-0124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis, the bacterium responsible for causing bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle, displays what I call ‘microbial performativity’. Like many other lively disease-causing microorganisms, it has an agency which is difficult to contain, and there is a need for fresh thinking on the challenges of dealing with this slippery and indeterminate microbe. As a practising veterinary scientist who side-stepped mid-career into a parallel training in the social sciences to view bTB from an alternative perspective, I create an interdisciplinary coming-together where veterinary science converges with a political ecology of (animal) health influenced by science and technology studies (STS) and social science and humanities scholarship on performativity. This suitably hybridized nexus creates a place to consider the ecologies of a pathogen which could be considered as life out of control. I consider what this means for efforts to eradicate this disease through combining understandings from the published scientific literature with qualitative interview-based fieldwork with farmers, veterinarians and others involved in the statutory bTB eradication programme in a high incidence region of the UK. This study demonstrates the value of life scientists turning to the social sciences to re-view their familiar professional habitus—challenging assumptions, and offering alternative perspectives on complex problems.
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25
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Allen AR, Skuce RA, Byrne AW. Bovine Tuberculosis in Britain and Ireland - A Perfect Storm? the Confluence of Potential Ecological and Epidemiological Impediments to Controlling a Chronic Infectious Disease. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:109. [PMID: 29951489 PMCID: PMC6008655 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful eradication schemes for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) have been implemented in a number of European and other countries over the last 50 years. However, the islands of Britain and Ireland remain a significant aberration to this trend, with the recent exception of Scotland. Why have eradication schemes failed within these countries, while apparently similar programs have been successful elsewhere? While significant socio-economic and political factors have been discussed elsewhere as key determinants of disease eradication, here we review some of the potential ecological and epidemiological constraints that are present in these islands relative to other parts of Europe. We argue that the convergence of these potential factors may interact additively to diminish the potential of the present control programs to achieve eradication. Issues identified include heterogeneity of diagnostic testing approaches, the presence of an abundant wildlife reservoir of infection and the challenge of sustainably managing this risk effectively; the nature, size, density and network structure of cattle farming; potential effects of Mycobacterium bovis strain heterogeneity on disease transmission dynamics; possible impacts of concurrent endemic infections on the disclosure of truly infected animals; climatological differences and change coupled with environmental contamination. We further argue that control and eradication of this complex disease may benefit from an ecosystem level approach to management. We hope that this perspective can stimulate a new conversation about the many factors potentially impacting bTB eradication schemes in Britain and Ireland and possibly stimulate new research in the areas identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. A. Skuce
- Veterinary Science Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
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26
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Members Adapted to Wild and Domestic Animals. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1019:135-154. [PMID: 29116633 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-64371-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) is composed of several highly genetically related species that can be broadly classified into those that are human-host adapted and those that possess the ability to propagate and transmit in a variety of wild and domesticated animals. Since the initial description of the bovine tubercle bacillus, now known as Mycobacterium bovis, by Theobald Smith in the late 1800's, isolates originating from a wide range of animal hosts have been identified and characterized as M. microti, M. pinnipedii, the Dassie bacillus, M. mungi, M. caprae, M. orygis and M. suricattae. This chapter outlines the events resulting in the identification of each of these animal-adapted species, their close genetic relationships, and how genome-based phylogenetic analyses of species-specific variation amongst MTBC members is beginning to unravel the events that resulted in the evolution of the MTBC and the observed host tropism between the human- and animal-adapted member species.
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27
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Schoening JM, Corner LAL, Messam LLM, Cassidy JP, Wolfe A. Environmental dust inhalation in the European badger (Meles meles): Systemic distribution of silica-laden macrophages, pathological changes, and association with Mycobacterium bovis infection status. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190230. [PMID: 29342164 PMCID: PMC5771571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inhalation of crystalline silica and silicates may lead to severe lung disease in humans, termed silicosis. The disease is an occupational health concern in miners and related professions worldwide. Silicosis is also a strong risk factor for tuberculosis in humans. Due to its subterranean lifestyle, the European badger (Meles meles) is continuously exposed to environmental dust, while this species is also susceptible to tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium bovis. To date, a thorough investigation of mineral dust retention and its possible implication as a risk factor for mycobacterial infection in badgers has not been performed. The aims of this retrospective histological study were (1) to describe the systemic tissue distribution of silica-laden macrophages (SLMs) in badgers; (2) to compare the amount of SLMs in tissues of badgers of differing M. bovis infection status, pulmonary SLM burden and age; and (3) to assess whether inflammation was associated with SLMs. We assessed lung, lymph nodes, liver and spleen of 60 wild-caught badgers of known M. bovis infection status for the presence of SLMs using polarizing light microscopy. SLMs were consistently present within the lungs and were widely distributed throughout the lymphatic system. No inflammatory reaction to SLMs, as occurs in human silicosis, was observed in any tissue. Distribution and amount of SLMs were similar between M. bovis positive and negative badgers, and we were not able to show an association between the amount of SLMs and M. bovis infection status. The amount of SLMs within intra- and extrathoracic lymph nodes was positively associated with the amount of pulmonary SLMs, and with age. This is the first report of substantial and systemic tissue retention of mineral dust particles in a mammalian species lacking associated chronic inflammation (i.e. silicosis). We further highlight different pathogenetic mechanisms underlying silicosis and benign SLM accumulations following siliceous dust inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne M. Schoening
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
| | - Leigh A. L. Corner
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Joseph P. Cassidy
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alan Wolfe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
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28
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Gormley E, Corner LAL. Pathogenesis of Mycobacterium bovis Infection: the Badger Model As a Paradigm for Understanding Tuberculosis in Animals. Front Vet Sci 2018; 4:247. [PMID: 29379792 PMCID: PMC5775213 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis in animals is caused principally by infection with Mycobacterium bovis and the potential for transmission of infection to humans is often the fundamental driver for surveillance of disease in livestock and wild animals. However, with such a vast array of species susceptible to infection, it is often extremely difficult to gain a detailed understanding of the pathogenesis of infection--a key component of the epidemiology in all affected species. This is important because the development of disease control strategies in animals is determined chiefly by an understanding of the epidemiology of the disease. The most revealing data from which to formulate theories on pathogenesis are that observed in susceptible hosts infected by natural transmission. These data are gathered from detailed studies of the distribution of gross and histological lesions, and the presence and distribution of infection as determined by highly sensitive bacteriology procedures. The information can also be used to establish the baseline for evaluating experimental model systems. The European badger (Meles meles) is one of a very small number of wild animal hosts where detailed knowledge of the pathogenesis of M. bovis infection has been generated from observations in natural-infected animals. By drawing parallels from other animal species, an experimental badger infection model has also been established where infection of the lower respiratory tract mimics infection and the disease observed in natural-infected badgers. This has facilitated the development of diagnostic tests and testing of vaccines that have the potential to control the disease in badgers. In this review, we highlight the fundamental principles of how detailed knowledge of pathogenesis can be used to evaluate specific intervention strategies, and how the badger model may be a paradigm for understanding pathogenesis of tuberculosis in any affected wild animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn Gormley
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Leigh A L Corner
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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29
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Quantitative interferon-gamma responses predict future disease progression in badgers naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:3204-3213. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817001960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThe diagnosis and control of Mycobacterium bovis infection (bovine tuberculosis: TB) continues to present huge challenges to the British cattle industry. A clearer understanding of the magnitude and duration of immune response to M. bovis infection in the European badger (Meles meles) – a wildlife maintenance host – may assist with the future development of diagnostic tests, and vaccination and disease management strategies. Here, we analyse 5280 diagnostic test results from 550 live wild badgers from a naturally-infected population to investigate whether one diagnostic test (a gamma interferon release [IFNγ] assay, n = 550 tests) could be used to predict future positive results on two other tests for the same disease (a serological test [n = 2342 tests] and mycobacterial culture [n = 2388 tests]) and hence act as an indicator of likely bacterial excretion or disease progression. Badgers with the highest IFNγ optical density (OD) values were most likely to subsequently test positive on both serological and culture tests, and this effect was detectable for up to 24 months after the IFNγ test. Furthermore, the higher the original IFNγ OD value, the greater the chance that a badger would subsequently test positive using serology. Relationships between IFNγ titres and mycobacterial culture results from different types of clinical sample suggest that the route of infection may affect the magnitude of immune response in badgers. These findings identify further value in the IFNγ test as a useful research tool, as it may help us to target studies at animals and groups that are most likely to succumb to more progressive disease.
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30
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McDonald JL, Robertson A, Silk MJ. Wildlife disease ecology from the individual to the population: Insights from a long‐term study of a naturally infected European badger population. J Anim Ecol 2017; 87:101-112. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Robertson
- Environment and Sustainability InstituteUniversity of Exeter Penryn UK
- National Wildlife Management CentreAnimal and Plant Health Agency Gloucestershire UK
| | - Matthew J. Silk
- Environment and Sustainability InstituteUniversity of Exeter Penryn UK
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31
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Stewart LD, Tort N, Meakin P, Argudo JM, Nzuma R, Reid N, Delahay RJ, Ashford R, Montgomery WI, Grant IR. Development of a novel immunochromatographic lateral flow assay specific for Mycobacterium bovis cells and its application in combination with immunomagnetic separation to test badger faeces. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:131. [PMID: 28499434 PMCID: PMC5427577 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The European badger is an important wildlife reservoir of Mycobacterium bovis implicated in the spread of bovine tuberculosis in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Infected badgers are known to shed M. bovis in their urine and faeces, which may contaminate the environment. To aid bovine tuberculosis control efforts novel diagnostic tests for detecting infected and shedding badgers are needed. We proposed development of a novel, rapid immunochromatographic lateral flow device (LFD) as a non-invasive test to detect M. bovis cells in badger faeces. Its application in combination with immunomagnetic separation (IMS) to detect Mycobacterium bovis cells in badger faeces is reported here. RESULTS A novel prototype LFD for M. bovis cells was successfully developed, with unique specificity for M. bovis and a limit of detection 50% (LOD50%) of 1.7 × 104 M. bovis cells/ml. When IMS was employed to selectively capture and concentrate M. bovis cells from badger faeces prior to LFD testing, the LOD50% of the IMS-LFD assay was 2.8 × 105 M. bovis cells/ml faecal homogenate. Faeces samples collected from latrines at badger setts in a region of endemic bovine tuberculosis infection were tested; 78 (18%) of 441 samples tested IMS-LFD assay positive, whereas 140 (32%) tested IMS-qPCR positive (Kappa agreement -0.009 ± 0.044, p = 0.838). Subsequently, when 130 faeces samples from live captured, or captive, badgers of known infection status (on the basis of StatPak, interferon-γ and/or culture results) were tested, the IMS-LFD assay had higher relative diagnostic specificity (Sp 0.926), but poorer relative diagnostic sensitivity (Se 0.081), than IMS-qPCR (Sp 0.706, Se 0.581) and IMS-culture (Sp 0.794, Se 0.436). CONCLUSIONS The novel IMS-LFD assay, although very specific for M. bovis, has low analytical sensitivity (indicated by the LOD50%) and would only detect badgers shedding high numbers of M. bovis (>104-5 cells/g) in their faeces. The novel LFD would, therefore, have limited value as a non-invasive test for badger TB surveillance purposes but it may have value for alternative veterinary diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda D. Stewart
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland UK
| | - Nuria Tort
- Forsite Diagnostics Limited (now Abingdon Health), National Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, York, UK
| | - Paul Meakin
- Forsite Diagnostics Limited (now Abingdon Health), National Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, York, UK
| | - Jose M. Argudo
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland UK
| | - Ruramayi Nzuma
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland UK
| | - Neil Reid
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland UK
- Quercus, School of Biological Sciences, Belfast, Northern Ireland UK
| | - Richard J. Delahay
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodchester Park, Nympsfield, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Roland Ashford
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - W. Ian Montgomery
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland UK
- Quercus, School of Biological Sciences, Belfast, Northern Ireland UK
| | - Irene R. Grant
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland UK
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32
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Barbier E, Rochelet M, Gal L, Boschiroli ML, Hartmann A. Impact of temperature and soil type on Mycobacterium bovis survival in the environment. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176315. [PMID: 28448585 PMCID: PMC5407823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of the bovine tuberculosis (bTB), mainly affects cattle, its natural reservoir, but also a wide range of domestic and wild mammals. Besides direct transmission via contaminated aerosols, indirect transmission of the M. bovis between wildlife and livestock might occur by inhalation or ingestion of environmental substrates contaminated through infected animal shedding. We monitored the survival of M. bovis in two soil samples chosen for their contrasted physical and-chemical properties (i.e. pH, clay content). The population of M. bovis spiked in sterile soils was enumerated by a culture-based method after 14, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days of incubation at 4°C and 22°C. A qPCR based assay targeting the IS1561' locus was also performed to monitor M. bovis in both sterile and biotic spiked soils. The analysis of survival profiles using culture-based method showed that M. bovis survived longer at lower temperature (4°C versus 22°C) whereas the impact of soil characteristics on M. bovis persistence was not obvious. Furthermore, qPCR-based assay detected M. bovis for a longer period of time than the culture based method with higher gene copy numbers observed in sterile soils than in biotic ones. Impact of soil type on M. bovis persistence need to be deepened in order to fill the gap of knowledge concerning indirect transmission of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Barbier
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Murielle Rochelet
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Gal
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Maria Laura Boschiroli
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire National de Référence de la Tuberculose, Unité de Zoonoses Bactériennes, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Alain Hartmann
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon Cedex, France
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33
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Barbier E, Boschiroli ML, Gueneau E, Rochelet M, Payne A, de Cruz K, Blieux AL, Fossot C, Hartmann A. First molecular detection of Mycobacterium bovis in environmental samples from a French region with endemic bovine tuberculosis. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:1193-207. [PMID: 26855378 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis (the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, bTB) in environmental matrices within a French region (Côte d'Or) affected by this zoonotic disease. METHODS AND RESULTS We report here the development and the use of molecular detection assays based on qPCR (double fluorescent dye-labelled probe) to monitor the occurrence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) or Myco. bovis in environmental samples collected in pastures where infected cattle and wildlife had been reported. Three qPCR assays targeting members of the MTBC (IS1561' and Rv3866 loci) or Myco. bovis (RD4 locus) were developed or refined from existing assays. These tools were validated using Myco. bovis spiked soil, water and faeces samples. Environmental samples were detected positive for the presence of MTBC strains and Myco. bovis in the environment of bTB-infected farms in the Côte d'Or region. CONCLUSIONS The development of molecular assays permitted testing of several types of environmental samples including spring water, sediment samples and soils from badger setts entrance located in the vicinity of these farms, which were repeatedly contaminated with Myco. bovis (up to 8·7 × 10(3) gene copies per gram of badger sett soil). For the first time, direct spoligotyping of soil DNA enabled identification of Myco. bovis genotypes from environmental matrices. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY All together, these results suggest that Myco. bovis occurs at low levels in environmental matrices in Côte d'Or within the bTB-infected area. Drinking contaminated water or inhaling contaminated bioaerosols might explain cattle infection in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Barbier
- UMR 1347 Agroécologie, INRA, Dijon Cedex, France.,UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - M L Boschiroli
- Unité de Zoonoses Bactériennes, Laboratoire National de Référence de la Tuberculose, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - E Gueneau
- Laboratoire Départemental de la Côte d'Or, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - M Rochelet
- UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - A Payne
- UMR 1347 Agroécologie, INRA, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - K de Cruz
- Unité de Zoonoses Bactériennes, Laboratoire National de Référence de la Tuberculose, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - A L Blieux
- Welience, AgrOnov, SATT Grand-Est, Bretenière Cedex, France
| | - C Fossot
- Phytocontrol Paris, Rungis Cedex, France
| | - A Hartmann
- UMR 1347 Agroécologie, INRA, Dijon Cedex, France
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34
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Abdou M, Frankena K, O’Keeffe J, Byrne AW. Effect of culling and vaccination on bovine tuberculosis infection in a European badger (Meles meles) population by spatial simulation modelling. Prev Vet Med 2016; 125:19-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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35
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Rapid dissemination of Mycobacterium bovis from cattle dung to soil by the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris. Vet Microbiol 2016; 186:1-7. [PMID: 27016750 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Indirect transmission of Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), between wildlife and livestock is thought to occur by inhalation or ingestion of environmental substrates contaminated through animal shedding. The role of the soil fauna, such as earthworms, in the circulation of M. bovis from contaminated animal feces is of interest in the epidemiology of bTB. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of earthworm activity on M. bovis transfer from animal dung to castings and the surrounding soil. For this purpose, microcosms of soil containing the anecic earthworms Lumbricus terrestris were prepared and covered with cattle feces spiked with the M. bovis BCG strain Pasteur to carry out two separate experiments. The dissemination, the gut carriage and the excretion of M. bovis were all monitored using a specific qPCR-based assay. Our results showed that the earthworm L. terrestris was able to rapidly disseminate M. bovis from the contaminated cattle feces to the surrounding soil through casting egestion. Moreover, contaminated earthworms were shown to shed the bacteria for 4 days when transferred to a M. bovis-free soil. This study highlights for the first time the possible role of earthworms in the dissemination and the persistence of M. bovis in soils within bTB endemic areas.
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Isolation and phylogenetic characterization of Streptococcus halichoeri from a European badger (Meles meles) with pyogranulomatous pleuropneumonia. J Comp Pathol 2015; 152:269-73. [PMID: 25678424 PMCID: PMC7094581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and pathological studies in European badgers (Meles meles) are limited. Badgers play a significant role in the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in some countries and an accurate diagnosis is needed for this infection. However, the lesions of bovine TB are similar to those associated with other pathogens, making pathological diagnosis difficult. In the present study, Streptococcus halichoeri was isolated from a European badger with pyogranulomatous pleuropneumonia and suspected of having tuberculosis. TB and other pathogens able to induce similar lesions were ruled out. Comparative 16S rRNA and rpoB gene sequencing studies showed an identity of 99.51% and 98.28%, respectively, with S. halichoeri. This report represents the third description of this bacterium and the first in an animal species other than the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus). It also shows that S. halichoeri can be associated with a pathological process characterized by granulomatous inflammation and resembling tuberculosis.
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Ní Bhuachalla D, Corner LA, More SJ, Gormley E. The role of badgers in the epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis infection (tuberculosis) in cattle in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland: current perspectives on control strategies. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2014; 6:27-38. [PMID: 30101094 PMCID: PMC6067767 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s53643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (TB), caused by infection with Mycobacterium bovis, is a persistent problem in cattle herds in Ireland and the United Kingdom, resulting in hardship for affected farmers and substantial ongoing national exchequer expenditure. There is irrefutable scientific evidence that badgers are a reservoir of M. bovis infection and are implicated in the transmission of infection to cattle. A range of options for the control of TB in badgers is currently available or under development including culling of badgers, vaccination of badgers and cattle, and improved biosecurity to limit contact between the two species. It is unlikely that the eradication of TB from cattle will be achieved without the reservoir of M. bovis infection in badgers being controlled. The chances of success will, however, improve with greater knowledge of the disease in both species and an understanding of the epidemiological drivers of the transmission of infection between badgers and cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leigh Al Corner
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland,
| | - Simon J More
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland, .,Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eamonn Gormley
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland,
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38
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Matos AC, Figueira L, Martins MH, Pinto ML, Matos M, Coelho AC. New Insights into Mycobacterium bovis Prevalence in Wild Mammals in Portugal. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 63:e313-22. [PMID: 25484245 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A survey to determine the prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis in wild mammals in Portugal was conducted by testing samples from hunted animals and those found dead between 2009 and 2013. In this study, we investigated 2116 wild mammals. Post-mortem examinations were performed, and tissues were collected from wild mammals representing 8 families and 11 different species, with a total of 393 animals analysed. Cultures were performed, and acid-fast isolates were identified by PCR. Tissues were also screened for Mycobacterium bovis by directly extracting DNA and testing for the Mycobacterium bovis-specific sequences. Mycobacterium bovis prevalence was 26.9% (95% CI: 22.8-31.5%). Mycobacterium bovis was recorded in 106 of the 393 studied species: prevalence by species were 26.9% (95% CI: 16.8-40.2%) in red foxes, 20.0% (95% CI: 7.0-45.2%) in Egyptian mongooses, 21.4% (95% CI: 16.2-27.7%) in wild boar and 38.3% (95% CI: 29.9-47.4%) in red deer. Mycobacterium bovis infection was detected in six of eight taxonomic families. For some species, the small sample sizes obtained were a reflection of their restricted range and low abundance, making estimates of infection prevalence very difficult (1 beech marten of 4; 1 Eurasian otter of 3; 2 common genet of 3). Infection was not detected in European badgers, hedgehog, wild rabbits and hare. The results of this study confirm the presence of Mycobacterium bovis infection in wild carnivores in Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Matos
- Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - L Figueira
- Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - M H Martins
- Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - M L Pinto
- Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - M Matos
- Departamento de Genética e Biotecnologia, Centro de Genómica e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - A C Coelho
- Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
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39
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Bacteriological diagnosis and molecular strain typing of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium caprae. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97 Suppl:S30-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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40
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Kipar A, Burthe SJ, Hetzel U, Rokia MA, Telfer S, Lambin X, Birtles RJ, Begon M, Bennett M. Mycobacterium microti tuberculosis in its maintenance host, the field vole (Microtus agrestis): characterization of the disease and possible routes of transmission. Vet Pathol 2014; 51:903-14. [PMID: 24334995 PMCID: PMC4225454 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813513040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The field vole (Microtus agrestis) is a known maintenance host of Mycobacterium microti. Previous studies have shown that infected animals develop tuberculosis. However, the disease is also known in cats and is sporadically reported from humans and other mammalian species. We examined trapped field voles from an endemic area, using a range of diagnostic approaches. These confirmed that a combination of gross and histological examination with culture is most appropriate to identify the true prevalence of the disease, which was shown to be more than 13% at times when older animals that have previously been shown to be more likely to develop the disease dominate the population. The thorough pathological examination of diseased animals showed that voles generally develop systemic disease with most frequent involvement of spleen and liver, followed by skin, lymph nodes, and lungs. The morphology of the lesions was consistent with active disease, and their distribution suggested skin wounds or oral and/or aerogenic infection as the main portal of entry. The demonstration of mycobacteria in open skin lesions, airways, and salivary glands indicated bacterial shedding from the skin and with sputum and saliva. This suggests not only the environment but also direct contact and devouring as likely sources of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kipar
- Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Science and Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, UK Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Pathology Department, Veterinary College, University of Azzutona, Tarhouna, Libya
| | - S J Burthe
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Penicuik, Edinburgh, UK
| | - U Hetzel
- Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Abo Rokia
- Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Science and Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, UK Pathology Department, Veterinary College, University of Azzutona, Tarhouna, Libya
| | - S Telfer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - X Lambin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - R J Birtles
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - M Begon
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - M Bennett
- National Centre for Zoonosis Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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41
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Gormley E, Corner LAL. Control strategies for wildlife tuberculosis in Ireland. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 60 Suppl 1:128-35. [PMID: 24171858 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The principal domestic maintenance host for Mycobacterium bovis is infected cattle. In countries where comprehensive surveillance schemes have been applied, tuberculosis rarely affects an animal to the extent that it presents with clinical disease. In the latter stages of an eradication campaign, the aim is to maintain the disease-free status of clear herds and eliminate foci of infection in herds as well as restricting movement of infected animals from these herds, other than to slaughter. However, the eradication of tuberculosis from cattle herds may be compromised if infected wildlife species, such as Eurasian badgers (Meles meles), share the same environment and contribute to transmission of infection. The options for dealing with tuberculosis in the wildlife reservoir hosts are limited to segregation of domestic animals from the wildlife, culling of the wildlife host or vaccination. Options are further limited by conservation and social reasons, particularly where culling is concerned. In Ireland and the UK, vaccination of badgers against M. bovis, if successfully employed, could directly facilitate the completion of bovine tuberculosis eradication. Programmes of research into vaccination of badgers are being undertaken in both countries, and there is clear evidence that vaccination induces protection. Vaccine trials in captive badgers have established that the M. bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine can induce a protective response that limits the distribution and severity of tuberculosis disease following experimental challenge. In Ireland, a large-scale field trial of oral BCG vaccination is being conducted to measure the protection generated in wild badgers subjected to natural transmission of infection and to estimate vaccine efficacy. The results will provide a framework for the development and implementation of a national strategy to address the disease in badger populations and if successful will remove this major impediment to tuberculosis eradication from cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gormley
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
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42
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McGrath G, Clegg TA, More SJ. Recent spatial changes in bovine tuberculosis in the Republic of Ireland. Vet Rec 2014; 175:45. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. McGrath
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis; UCD Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - T. A Clegg
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis; UCD Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - S. J More
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis; UCD Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
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43
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Aznar I, Frankena K, More SJ, Whelan C, Martin W, Gormley E, Corner LAL, Murphy D, De Jong MCM. Optimising and evaluating the characteristics of a multiple antigen ELISA for detection of Mycobacterium bovis infection in a badger vaccine field trial. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100139. [PMID: 24983473 PMCID: PMC4077709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A long-term research programme has been underway in Ireland to evaluate the usefulness of badger vaccination as part of the national bTB (bovine tuberculosis) control strategy. This culminated in a field trial which commenced in county Kilkenny in 2009 to determine the effects of badger vaccination on Mycobacterium bovis transmission in badgers under field conditions. In the present study, we sought to optimise the characteristics of a multiplex chemiluminescent assay for detection of M. bovis infection in live badgers. Our goal was to maximise specificity, and therefore statistical power, during evaluation of the badger vaccine trial data. In addition, we also aimed to explore the effects of vaccination on test characteristics. For the test optimisation, we ran a stepwise logistic regression with analytical weights on the converted Relative Light Units (RLU) obtained from testing blood samples from 215 badgers captured as part of culling operations by the national Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (DAFM). The optimised test was applied to two other datasets obtained from two captive badger studies (Study 1 and Study 2), and the sensitivity and specificity of the test was attained separately for vaccinated and non-vaccinated badgers. During optimisation, test sensitivity was maximised (30.77%), while retaining specificity at 99.99%. When the optimised test was then applied to the captive badger studies data, we observed that test characteristics did not vary greatly between vaccinated and non-vaccinated badgers. However, a different time lag between infection and a positive test result was observed in vaccinated and non-vaccinated badgers. We propose that the optimized multiplex immunoassay be used to analyse the vaccine trial data. In relation to the difference in the time lag observed for vaccinated and non-vaccinated badgers, we also present a strategy to enable the test to be used during trial evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inma Aznar
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Klaas Frankena
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simon J. More
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Wayne Martin
- Professor Emeritus, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eamonn Gormley
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Leigh A. L. Corner
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Denise Murphy
- Athlone Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Athlone, Ireland
| | - Mart C. M. De Jong
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Aznar I, More SJ, Frankena K, De Jong MCM. Estimating the power of a Mycobacterium bovis vaccine trial in Irish badgers. Prev Vet Med 2013; 111:297-303. [PMID: 23791123 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate the power, using simulation techniques, of a group randomized vaccine field trial designed to assess the effect of vaccination on Mycobacterium bovis transmission in badgers. The effects of sample size (recapture percentage), initial prevalence, sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic test, transmission rate between unvaccinated badgers, Vaccine Efficacy for Susceptibility (VES) and Vaccine Efficacy for Infectiousness (VEI), on study power were determined. Sample size had a small effect on power. Study power increased with increasing transmission rate between non-vaccinated badgers. Changes in VES had a higher impact on power than changes in VEI. However, the largest effect on study power was associated with changes in the specificity of the diagnostic test, within the range of input values that were used for all other modelled parameters. Specificity values below 99.4% yielded a study power below 50% even when sensitivity was 100% and, VEI and VES were both equal to 80%. The effect of changes in sensitivity on study power was much lower. The results from our study are in line with previous studies, as study power was dependent not only on sample size but on many other variables. In this study, additional variables were studied, i.e. test sensitivity and specificity. In the current vaccine trial, power was highly dependent on the specificity of the diagnostic test. Therefore, it is critical that the diagnostic test used in the badger vaccine trial is optimized to maximize test specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Aznar
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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45
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Balseiro A, González-Quirós P, Rodríguez Ó, Francisca Copano M, Merediz I, de Juan L, Chambers MA, Delahay RJ, Marreros N, Royo LJ, Bezos J, Prieto JM, Gortázar C. Spatial relationships between Eurasian badgers (Meles meles) and cattle infected with Mycobacterium bovis in Northern Spain. Vet J 2013; 197:739-45. [PMID: 23602422 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that badgers may be a potential reservoir of Mycobacterium bovis infection for cattle in Northern Spain. The objective of this study was to investigate potential epidemiological links between cattle and badgers. Culture and molecular typing data were available for cattle culled during the national tuberculosis (TB) eradication campaigns between 2008 and 2012, as well as from 171 necropsied badgers and 60 live animals trapped and examined over the same time period. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains were isolated from pooled tissues of 14 (8.2%) necropsied badgers, of which 11 were identified as M. bovis: six different spoligotypes of M. bovis were subsequently identified. In two geographical locations where these isolates were shared between cattle and badgers, infected cattle herds and badgers lived in close contact. Although it remains unclear if badgers are a maintenance or spill-over host of M. bovis in this setting, it would appear prudent to have precautionary measures in place to reduce contact between cattle and badgers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Balseiro
- SERIDA, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario, Centro de Biotecnología Animal, 33394 Deva-Gijón, Asturias, Spain.
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46
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Long-term temporal trends and estimated transmission rates for Mycobacterium bovis infection in an undisturbed high-density badger (Meles meles) population. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 141:1445-56. [PMID: 23537573 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268813000721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe epidemiological trends in Mycobacterium bovis infection in an undisturbed wild badger (Meles meles) population. Data were derived from the capture, clinical sampling and serological testing of 1803 badgers over 9945 capture events spanning 24 years. Incidence and prevalence increased over time, exhibiting no simple relationship with host density. Potential explanations are presented for a marked increase in the frequency of positive serological test results. Transmission rates (R0) estimated from empirical data were consistent with modelled estimates and robust to changes in test sensitivity and the spatial extent of the population at risk. The risk of a positive culture or serological test result increased with badger age, and varied seasonally. Evidence consistent with progressive disease was found in cubs. This study demonstrates the value of long-term data and the repeated application of imperfect diagnostic tests as indices of infection to reveal epidemiological trends in M. bovis infection in badgers.
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47
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Delahay RJ. A forensic investigation of Mycobacterium bovis infection in badgers. Vet J 2012; 194:135-6. [PMID: 22990123 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Walter WD, Anderson CW, Smith R, Vanderklok M, Averill JJ, VerCauteren KC. On-farm mitigation of transmission of tuberculosis from white-tailed deer to cattle: literature review and recommendations. Vet Med Int 2012; 2012:616318. [PMID: 22991687 PMCID: PMC3444046 DOI: 10.1155/2012/616318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Animal Industry Division of the Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (MDARD) has been challenged with assisting farmers with modifying farm practices to reduce potential for exposure to Mycobacterium bovis from wildlife to cattle. The MDARD recommendations for on-farm risk mitigation practices were developed from experiences in the US, UK and Ireland and a review of the scientific literature. The objectives of our study were to review the present state of knowledge on M. bovis excretion, transmission, and survival in the environment and the interactions of wildlife and cattle with the intention of determining if the current recommendations by MDARD on farm practices are adequate and to identify additional changes to farm practices that may help to mitigate the risk of transmission. This review will provide agencies with a comprehensive summary of the scientific literature on mitigation of disease transmission between wildlife and cattle and to identify lacunae in published research.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. David Walter
- National Wildlife Research Center, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, United States Department of Agriculture, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
- US Geological Survey, Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Pennsylvania State University, 403 Forest Resources Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Charles W. Anderson
- National Wildlife Research Center, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, United States Department of Agriculture, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
- Missouri Department of Conservation, Resource Science Division, 551 Joe Jones Boulevard, West Plains, MO 65775, USA
| | - Rick Smith
- Animal Industry Division, Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Lansing, MI 48909, USA
| | - Mike Vanderklok
- Animal Industry Division, Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Lansing, MI 48909, USA
| | - James J. Averill
- Animal Industry Division, Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Lansing, MI 48909, USA
| | - Kurt C. VerCauteren
- National Wildlife Research Center, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, United States Department of Agriculture, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
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Mycobacterium bovis: A Model Pathogen at the Interface of Livestock, Wildlife, and Humans. Vet Med Int 2012; 2012:236205. [PMID: 22737588 PMCID: PMC3377356 DOI: 10.1155/2012/236205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex and dynamic interactions involving domestic animals, wildlife, and humans create environments favorable to the emergence of new diseases, or reemergence of diseases in new host species. Today, reservoirs of Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of tuberculosis in animals, and sometimes humans, exist in a range of countries and wild animal populations. Free-ranging populations of white-tailed deer in the US, brushtail possum in New Zealand, badger in the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom, and wild boar in Spain exemplify established reservoirs of M. bovis. Establishment of these reservoirs is the result of factors such as spillover from livestock, translocation of wildlife, supplemental feeding of wildlife, and wildlife population densities beyond normal habitat carrying capacities. As many countries attempt to eradicate M. bovis from livestock, efforts are impeded by spillback from wildlife reservoirs. It will not be possible to eradicate this important zoonosis from livestock unless transmission between wildlife and domestic animals is halted. Such an endeavor will require a collaborative effort between agricultural, wildlife, environmental, and political interests.
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