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Machin J, Brewer K, Morales-Briceno A, Fenger C, Maylin G, Tobin T. Sporadic worldwide "clusters" of feed driven Zilpaterol identifications in racing horses: a review and analysis. Ir Vet J 2022; 75:11. [PMID: 35568924 PMCID: PMC9107120 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-022-00215-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Zilpaterol is a β2-adrenergic agonist medication approved in certain countries as a cattle feed additive to improve carcass quality. Trace amounts of Zilpaterol can transfer to horse feed, yielding equine urinary "identifications" of Zilpaterol. These "identifications" occur because Zilpaterol is highly bioavailable in horses, resistant to biotransformation and excreted as unchanged Zilpaterol in urine, where it has a 5 day or so terminal half-life.In horses, urinary steady-state concentrations are reached 25 days (5 half-lives) after exposure to contaminated feed. Zilpaterol readily presents in horse urine, yielding clusters of feed related Zilpaterol identifications in racehorses. The first cluster, April 2013, involved 48 racehorses in California; the second cluster, July 2013, involved 15 to 80 racehorses in Hong Kong. The third cluster, March 2019, involved 24 racehorses in Mauritius; this cluster traced to South African feedstuffs, triggering an alert concerning possible Zilpaterol feed contamination in South African racing. The fourth cluster, September/October 2020 involved 18 or so identifications in French racing, reported by the French Laboratories des Courses Hippiques, (LCH), and in July 2021, a fifth cluster of 10 Zilpaterol identifications in South Africa.The regulatory approach to these identifications has been to alert horsemen and feed companies and penalties against horsemen are generally not implemented. Additionally, given their minimal exposure to Zilpaterol, there is little likelihood of Zilpaterol effects on racing performance or adverse health effects for exposed horses.The driving factor in these events is that Zilpaterol is dissolved in molasses for incorporation into cattle feed. Inadvertent incorporation of Zilpaterol containing molasses into horse feed was the source of the California and Hong Kong Zilpaterol identifications. A second factor in the 2019 Mauritius and 2020 French identifications was the sensitivity of testing for Zilpaterol in Mauritius and France, with the French laboratory reportedly testing at a "more sensitive level for Zilpaterol". As of January 1st, 2021, the new FEI Atypical Finding (ATF) policy specifies Zilpaterol as a substance to be treated as an Atypical Finding (ATF), allowing consideration of inadvertent feed contamination in the regulatory evaluation of Zilpaterol identifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Machin
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology and the Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Dept. of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Kimberly Brewer
- , 15775 Cypress Creek Lane, Wellington, FL, 33414, New Zealand
| | | | - Clara Fenger
- Equine Integrated Medicine, 4904 Ironworks Rd, Georgetown, KY, 40324, USA
| | - George Maylin
- New York Drug Testing and Research Program, 777 Warren Rd Ithaca, New York, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Thomas Tobin
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology and the Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Dept. of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
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Brewer K, Machin JJ, Maylin G, Fenger C, Morales-Briceño A, Neidhart MM, Tobin T. Case report: Synephrine, a plant substance yielding classic environmental clusters of hay related identifications in equine urine. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:774-780. [PMID: 35088566 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob Joseph Machin
- The Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center and Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - George Maylin
- Director, New York Drug Testing and Research Program, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Clara Fenger
- Equine Integrated Medicine, PLC, Georgetown, Kentucky, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas Tobin
- The Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center and Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Simultaneous determination of scopolamine and butylscopolamine in pharmaceutical and beverage samples by capillary zone electrophoresis. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Xiang JY, Chi YY, Han JX, Xiang H, Xie Q. The Toxicity and Attenuation Methods of Toxic Chinese Materia Medica for its Reasonable Application: A Review. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2021; 49:41-67. [PMID: 33416023 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x21500038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Over a millennia, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used to treat various diseases in China. In recent years, more and more Chinese materia medica (CMM) have been studied in scientific research projects, applied in clinical practice, and their extracts have even appeared in some health products. However, the toxicity of some CMM is often overlooked, including hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, etc. In this review, the toxic components and their toxicological mechanisms of some toxic CMM were listed according to the chemical structure classification of toxic components. Afterwards, the traditional methods (processing and compatibility) and modern methods (structural modification, biotransformation, etc.) of attenuation of CMM were discussed. Since ancient times, it has been said that "fight fire with fire, fight poison with poison," and toxic CMM are of great significance in the treatment of difficult and severe diseases. The rational application of toxic CMM and their components in clinical practice was also exemplified in this review. While the pharmacological effects of TCMs have been emphasized, the scientific attenuation and rational application of toxic components should be concerned. We hope this review can provide a reference for future related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yan Xiang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Yu Chi
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Xin Han
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Xiang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China.,School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China
| | - Qiuhong Xie
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China.,School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China
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