Prevalence of disorders recorded in cats attending primary-care veterinary practices in England

A long-lasting gel-based diffuser of feline pheromone can help reduce undesirable behaviors in cats at home: comparison with an electric diffuser

Using pheromone diffusers is part of the strategy to control stress-related behaviors in cats (Felis catus). The goal of the study was to compare the efficacy of a novel long-acting, unpowered gel-based diffuser containing a facial pheromone analog (Zenifel® gel diffuser, Virbac) with a similar electrically powered feline pheromone diffuser that already has proven efficacy, on situational stress in cats, at home. The study involved 90 owners of cats presenting undesirable behaviors receiving one diffuser or the other: 46 received one gel diffuser and 44 received one plug-in device and a refill, for the 2-month study duration. The presence of the various undesirable behaviors was checked regularly and a general score was given to rate their presence. The most reported behaviors were related to hypervigilance, seeking the owner's attention, hiding, excessive vocalization, inactivity, and excessive scratching. All six behaviors significantly improved over time with Zenifel® while only four improved with the reference product (no improvement for excessive meowing and inactivity). The general score significantly improved as of day 7 in both groups, with no difference between groups. More owners said they would use the product throughout the year with Zenifel® than with the reference product (80% vs. 42%, p < 0.05). Therefore, both diffusers can be used to help control undesirable behaviors of cats at home but Zenifel® is more convenient to use throughout the year.

Prevalence and risk factors for gingivitis in a cohort of UK companion cats aged up to 6 years

OBJECTIVES

Prospectively collected data were used to estimate the prevalence of gingivitis in a cohort of companion cats aged up to 6 years and to investigate factors associated with the risk of gingivitis in cats aged 3 to 4 years.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Data were obtained from a longitudinal study of domestic cats (the Bristol Cats Study), using owner-completed questionnaires and veterinary surgeon-completed oral health scores. Prevalence estimates of veterinary-reported gingivitis for cats aged up to 6 years old (n = 1534) were calculated for different age groups. Cat signalment, diet and dental care were assessed for association with gingivitis in cats aged 3 to 4 years (n = 317) using univariable and multiple logistic regression.

RESULTS

The prevalence of gingivitis increased with age and ranged from 24.5% (<12 months old) to 56.3% (5 to 6 years old). Odds of gingivitis in cats aged 3 to 4 years were higher in cats fed a wet only or mixed wet/dry diet compared to dry only (odds ratio: 2.7; 95% confidence interval: 1.4 to 5.1), cats not reported to hunt compared to reported hunters (odds ratio: 2.1; 95% confidence interval: 1.0 to 4.2), cats reported to dribble whilst being stroked at age 6 months compared to reported non-dribblers (odds ratio: 3.2; 95% confidence interval: 1.3 to 8.4) and cats with orange variants in their coat colour compared to non-orange cats (odds ratio: 2.3; 95% confidence interval: 1.0 to 5.3).

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

These results will help veterinary surgeons identify cats that may be at a greater risk of gingivitis and provide an evidence base to inform dietary and oral healthcare recommendations aimed at promoting gingival health in cats.

Age-related trends in urine specific gravity in apparently healthy cats

OBJECTIVES

Urine specific gravity (USG) is the most common method for the estimation of urine concentration in cats. Utilization of USG as a screening tool is easily accessible and is of low cost to the client if strategically utilized in settings of higher diagnostic value. There is currently minimal population information regarding how USG changes across ages in cats.

METHODS

Data were collected from electronic pet medical records from more than 1000 hospitals and screened for cats with an apparently healthy clinical status and complete diagnostic information. USG was compared with age in multiple analyses to examine the relationship between the variables.

RESULTS

In the absence of other indicators of disease, renal concentrating ability begins to diminish, on average, starting at approximately 9 years of age. By age group, cats aged 11-15 years (1.044, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.043-1.044) had statistically significantly lower mean USGs compared with cats aged less than 1 year (1.049, 95% CI 1.048-1.051; P <0.001), 1-6 years (1.049, 95% CI 1.049-1.050; P <0.001) or 7-10 years (1.049, 95% CI 1.048-1.049; P <0.001). Cats aged ⩾15 years (1.038, 95% CI 1.036-1.040) had statistically significantly lower mean USGs compared with cats aged less than 1 year (P <0.001), 1-6 years (P <0.001), 7-10 years (P <0.001) or 11-15 years (P <0.001).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

Renal concentrating ability begins to diminish, on average, starting at approximately 9 years of age and is progressive as cat age increases. This study provides important and new information to help improve screening practices for disorders of concentrating ability in cats.

Establishing a Reference Interval for Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)-23 in Cats

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 is a phosphaturic hormone. An association between increasing FGF-23 levels and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) was documented in cats, dogs, and humans. The information regarding reference intervals (RIs) of FGF-23 in cats is limited. We aimed to establish RIs in a large cohort of clinically healthy cats and to investigate correlations with sex and age. A total of 118 cats with unremarkable complete blood count and serum chemistry profile were included. Clinically sick cats, cats with concurrent diseases, suspicion of CKD, or receiving renal diets were excluded. FGF-23 concentrations were measured with the FGF-23 ELISA Kit. RIs were calculated using the reference interval advisor software 2.1 (Microsoft Excel). FGF-23 concentrations were correlated with sex and age. The RI for FGF-23 concentrations spanned 85.8 to 387.0 pg/mL (90% confidence interval: lower limit 40.5 to 103.9 pg/mL, upper limit: 354.6 to 425.0 pg/mL). No significant relationships (r2 = 0.044) were detected with age (p = 0.081) or sex (p = 0.191). Other studies of the same diagnostic assay calculated RIs of 56 to 700 pg/mL in 79 cats and <336 pg/mL in 108 cats, and in concordance with the present study, did not detect any correlation with sex or age.

Reporting perceived capability, motivations, and barriers to reducing treat feeding amongst dog and cat caregivers

Obesity remains a significant concern for dogs and cats, and reducing or eliminating treats is commonly recommended as a strategy for weight management. Caregivers can struggle with adherence to such dietary recommendations. Previous research suggests caregivers are reluctant to reduce treats but there is limited understanding of the underlying factors contributing to these behaviours and decisions. The objective of this study was to explore caregivers' motivations and barriers to reducing treat feeding, and their reported capability to do so. An online questionnaire including multiple choice and Likert scale questions was disseminated to dog and cat caregivers (n=1053) primarily from Canada and the USA from September to November 2021. Caregivers commonly expressed a wide range of motivations to reduce treat feeding with their pet, though barriers to reducing treat feeding were less defined. Changing their pet's routine was a reported barrier by more than 30% of respondents and was predictive of caregivers finding reducing treat giving to be difficult (OR=1.67, p=0.017). Results from multivariable logistic regression also revealed that caregivers who consider their companion animal to be obese as more likely to perceive reducing treats to be difficult. The results highlight the role of treats in the relationship and routine of caregivers' and their pets, and the importance of considering the individualised needs and circumstance of the caregiver and pet in veterinary discussions surrounding reducing treat feeding. Identifying these perspectives can improve self-efficacy with veterinary nutrition recommendations surrounding treats.

Body Condition Scores in Cats and Associations with Systolic Blood Pressure, Glucose Homeostasis, and Systemic Inflammation

BACKGROUND

Feline obesity is the most common nutritional disease in cats. This study aimed to investigate the differences between systolic blood pressure (SBP) and circulating concentrations of glucose, fructosamine, and serum amyloid-A (SAA) in ideal-weight, overweight, and obese cats.

METHODS

The animals were divided into three groups: ideal-weight (BCS 5, N = 20), overweight (BCS 6, N = 20), and obese cats (BCS ≥ 7, N = 20). SBP, circulating concentrations of glucose, fructosamine, and SAA were evaluated.

RESULTS

The SBP values of the ideal-weight, overweight, and obese cats were 140.0 mmHg, 160.0 mmHg, and 160.0 mmHg, respectively. The blood glucose and fructosamine levels for the ideal, overweight, and obese cats were 104.0 mg/dL and 245.0 µmol/L, 123.0 mg/dL and 289.0 µmol/L, and 133.0 mg/dL and 275.0 µmol/L, respectively, for each group. The SAA values were <5 ug/mL in all the groups. The SBP values of the cats with ideal BCS were significantly lower compared to overweight (p = 0.019) and obese (p = 0.001) cats. The blood glucose values of obese cats were higher than those of ideal-weight cats (p = 0.029). There was no statistical difference between the groups for fructosamine and SAA.

CONCLUSIONS

Obese cats had significantly higher SBP and blood glucose concentrations than ideal-weight cats, showing the effect of BSC on these parameters.

Cat caregivers' perceptions, motivations, and behaviours for feeding treats: A cross sectional study

There is an abundance of research focusing on the nutritional needs of the cat, though aspects surrounding treat feeding have received far less attention. Feeding practices have the potential to cause nutrient imbalances and adverse health outcomes, including obesity. The objective of this study was to identify and describe the perceptions, motivations, and behaviours surrounding treats, and factors that influence treat feeding by cat caregivers. A 56-question online survey was disseminated to cat caregivers (n = 337) predominantly from Canada and the USA to collect data regarding caregiver and cat demographics, the pet-caregiver relationship, perceptions surrounding treats, and feeding practices and behaviours. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA, Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, and multivariable logistic regression models were used to analyze the survey data. Caregivers had varying interpretations of the term 'treat' and how treats relate to the primary diet, and these perceptions appeared to influence the quantity of treats provided. Aspects relating to the human-animal bond were highlighted as an important factor in decisions and behaviours surrounding treat feeding in our results. Though the majority (224/337, 66%) of respondents indicated they monitor their pet's treat intake, using an eyeball estimate was the most frequent (139/337, 41%) method reported to measure treats. Multivariable logistic regression results revealed feeding jerky, bones, dental treats, and table scraps in select frequencies were predictive of caregivers perceiving their cat as overweight/obese. Results provide valuable new insights to cat caregiver feeding practices and perceptions of treats and can be used to inform veterinary nutrition support to caregivers. More research is warranted to further our understanding and ensure that cats receive optimal nutrition and care.

The Use of Diets in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Common Gastrointestinal Diseases in Dogs and Cats

The nutritional health of dogs and cats is important to pet owners around the world. Nutrition is inextricably linked to the health of the gastrointestinal system and vice versa. Gastrointestinal signs, such as vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, or weight loss, are one of the most common reasons that dog and cat owners make non-routine appointments with veterinarians. Those patients are evaluated systematically to identify and/or rule out the causes of the symptoms. Some causes of chronic diarrhea are within the gastrointestinal tract while others are secondary to pathogenic factors outside the digestive system. Some useful biomarkers of chronic intestinal disease (enteropathy) exist in serum and feces. After determination that the clinical signs are due to primary gastrointestinal disease and that there is no parasitism, specific diets are used for at least two weeks. There are several types of diets for pets with chronic enteropathies. There are limited ingredient diets and hydrolyzed protein diets with reduced levels of allergens. There are also highly digestible and fiber-enhanced diets. Some diets contain probiotics and/or prebiotics. If symptoms do not improve and the patient is stable, a diet from a different class may be tried. For chronic enteropathies, the prognosis is generally good for symptom resolution or at least improvement. However, if interventions with novel diets do not ameliorate the symptoms of chronic enteropathy, then antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, or immunosuppressant therapy or further, more invasive diagnostics such as taking an intestinal biopsy, may be indicated. Pancreatitis is a common gastrointestinal disease in dogs and cats and patients may present with mild to severe disease. Many patients with mild to moderate disease can be successfully treated with early supportive care, including feeding a low-fat diet. A novel pharmaceutical, fuzapladib (Panoquell-CA1) looks very promising for treating more severe forms of acute pancreatitis in dogs. Maintenance on a low-fat diet may prevent pancreatitis in at-risk dogs. Future advances in medicine will allow pet owners and veterinarians to use dietary management to maximize the health of their dogs and cats.

Clinical management of feline chronic kidney disease in Portugal: a questionnaire-based study

OBJECTIVES

The aim of the study was to characterise the clinical management of feline chronic kidney disease (CKD) by veterinary practitioners in Portugal.

METHODS

A questionnaire-based study was designed to be completed by all veterinarians who had diagnosed and treated at least one case of feline CKD in the previous year.

RESULTS

A total of 409 veterinary practitioners responded to the questionnaire, with approximately half of them diagnosing 2-5 cases of feline CKD per month (n = 219, 53.5%). Although a high proportion of these reported using the guidelines published by the International Renal Interest Society (n = 379, 92.7%), only 19.1% (n = 78) systematically performed systolic blood pressure (SBP) measurements in all of their patients. A renal diet was advised by almost all respondents (n = 406, 99.3%), but 36.9% (n = 150) of them considered that it represented less than 75% of the daily food intake for most of their patients. This dietary intervention was often prescribed regardless of stage (n = 298, 73.4%) and without a proper gradual diet transition. Appetite stimulants were frequently prescribed (n = 366, 89.5%), as well as a calcium channel blocker (n = 171, 41.8%) and an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (n = 245, 59.9%) to control systemic hypertension and proteinuria, respectively. Prescription of a phosphate binder was also common (n = 311, 76.0%). Regarding monitoring, 70.9% (n = 290) recommended that stable patients be reassessed every 2-3 months or more frequently, but only 35.7% (n = 146) were able to comply with this periodicity due to owners' constraints.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

The findings showed that although most survey respondents are aware of international guidelines for the clinical management of cats with CKD, the SBP measurement still needs to be more systematic to allow proper substaging and detection of systemic hypertension. The monitoring frequency was lower than recommended. Furthermore, the introduction of a renal therapeutic diet should be refined to improve its acceptance rate.

Bodyweight and body condition scores of Australian British shorthaired cats, 2008-2017

Obesity is the most common nutritional problem in companion animals today, and Australian British shorthair (BSH) cats have been shown to have a greater likelihood of being overweight relative to other cat breeds. The objectives of this research were to quantify bodyweight (BW) and body condition scores (BCSs) of BSH cats attending first opinion practice in Australia for the period 2008-2017 and to determine if: (1) being classified as overweight was associated with geographical location (urban versus rural and socio-economic index); and (2) BW recorded in the first 12 months of life was associated with length of life beyond 12 months. Electronic medical records from BSH cats were obtained from VetCompass Australia and used for BW and BCS analysis. Desexed males (n  = 971) had the highest mean BW followed by entire males (n  = 79), desexed females (n  = 815), and entire females (n  = 82). The desexed males, desexed females, and entire females had a mean BCS classified as overweight using a 1-to-9 point BCS scale. The entire male population was the only group with a mean BCS classified as ideal. No statistically significant association between BW and urban-rural status and no consistent trend between BW and socioeconomic deprivation was found. For cats with at least one BW measurement in the first 12 months of life that was ≤3.3 kg, the age when 20 percent of the group had died or were euthanised was 12.3 (95% CI 11.7 to 13.1) years. For cats with at least one BW measurement in the first 12 months of life that was ≥3.3 kg age, the age when 20 percent of the group had died or were euthanised was 6.6 (95% CI 5.2 to 6.6) years. This was a substantial clinical difference in survival. The study concluded that a large proportion of BSH cats attending first opinion veterinary clinics in Australia between 2008 and 2017 (48%) were classified as overweight. Cats less than 12 months of age that were greater than 3.3 kg had a shortened lifespan beyond 12 months of age compared with cats that were less than 3.3 kg.

Increase in SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in UK Domestic Felids Despite Weak Immunogenicity of Post-Omicron Variants

Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 infections in domestic cats have caused concern for both animal health and the potential for inter-species transmission. Cats are known to be susceptible to the Omicron variant and its descendants, however, the feline immune response to these variants is not well defined. We aimed to estimate the current seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in UK pet cats, as well as characterise the neutralising antibody response to the Omicron (BA.1) variant. A neutralising seroprevalence of 4.4% and an overall seroprevalence of 13.9% was observed. Both purebred and male cats were found to have the highest levels of seroprevalence, as well as cats aged between two and five years. The Omicron variant was found to have a lower immunogenicity in cats than the B.1, Alpha and Delta variants, which reflects previous reports of immune and vaccine evasion in humans. These results further underline the importance of surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 infections in UK cats as the virus continues to evolve.

Comparison of Three Different Diagnostic Assays for Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 (FGF-23) Measurements in Cats: A Pilot Study

Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) is a phosphaturic hormone used to monitor chronic kidney disease (CKD) in humans. The aim of this pilot study was to compare three diagnostic assays and to assess how the results correlate with parameters of renal dysfunction in cats. Four groups of 10 cats each were formed retrospectively according to creatinine, based on IRIS staging. FGF-23 was measured using two different ELISAs (MyBioSource and Kainos ELISA FGF-23 Kit) and an automated assay on the DiaSorin Liaison platform. Measurements were performed in 40 cats. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient showed a strong correlation between the Kainos and DiaSorin assays (ρ = 0.742/p < 0.001) and a low correlation (ρ = 0.443/p = 0.005) between the Kainos and MyBioSource assays. The measurements with the Kainos assay strongly correlated with urea (ρ = 0.835/p < 0.001) and creatinine (ρ = 0.764/p < 0.001), and moderately correlated with SDMA (ρ = 0.580/p < 0.001) and phosphorus (ρ = 0.532/p < 0.001). The results of the MyBioSource and DiaSorin assays only showed a moderate correlation with urea (ρ = 0.624/0.572) and creatinine (ρ = 0.622/0.510) concentrations (p = 0.001 each). The Kainos assay showed the strongest correlation (ρ = 0.806) with the various creatinine concentrations according to the IRIS, followed by the MyBioSource (ρ = 0.663/p < 0.001) and DiaSorin assays (ρ = 0.580/p < 0.001). Overall, the Kainos assay demonstrated the best correlations with both biomarkers and various creatinine concentrations according to the IRIS. Individual assay-based reference values should be established to make a reliable interpretation of FGF-23 levels possible to diagnose or monitor feline CKD.

Morbidity of insured Swedish cats between 2011 and 2016: Comparing disease risk in domestic crosses and purebreds

BACKGROUND

Sources of population-based cat health information are scarce. The objective of this study was to determine disease frequency in cats using pet insurance data to inform health promotion efforts.

METHODS

A descriptive analysis of cats insured with Agria Pet Insurance in Sweden (2011-2016) was performed. Incidence rates of broad disease categories were calculated based on veterinary care events and an exact denominator consisting of cat-years-at-risk. Rate ratios were calculated, comparing domestic crosses to all purebreds and specific purebreds to all other purebreds combined.

RESULTS

The study included over 1.6 million cat-years-at-risk (78.5% were domestic crosses), 18 breeds and 24 disease categories. The most common disease categories causing morbidity in purebreds were digestive, whole body, injury, urinary lower, skin and female reproduction. Purebreds had the highest relative risk (compared to domestics crosses) in the female reproduction, heart, operation complication, respiratory lower and immunological disease categories.

LIMITATIONS

There are typical limitations of secondary data, but they do not negate the overall value of such a large dataset.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates how pet insurance data can be used to find breed-specific differences in the incidence of various disease categories in cats. This may be of importance for breeders, cat owners, veterinarians and researchers.

UK-based multicentre cross-sectional study assessing advice requests veterinary dermatologists received from general practitioners

BACKGROUND

There is little currently little information available regarding the nature of the advice requests veterinary dermatologists receive from general practitioners. Collation of such data could direct continuing veterinary development in the future.

METHODS

Dermatologists completed hand-written recording sheets during or after enquiries. Information recorded included the route of enquiry, nature of advice, material provided, practice type and location, animal signalment, presenting signs, diagnosis/differential diagnosis, treatment and referral recommendations, time taken and if charges were made.

RESULTS

Twelve dermatology services recorded 768 advice requests over a 6-month period. Most requests were submitted via email and related to canine dermatology (81%). An average of 9.5 minutes was spent replying to requests. Charges were made in 2% of cases. Advice regarding otitis was most commonly sought, followed by pruritus, alopecia and crusting. The most frequently discussed diagnoses included allergy, otitis, pyoderma, demodicosis, dermatophytosis and neoplasia. Antibiotics, anti-pruritics and topical otic medications were the most commonly discussed therapeutics.

LIMITATIONS

This is an initial study and therefore there are limitations involving the depth of the data. Additional studies should be completed which identify why advice is sought, decision-making regarding referral, and if advice should be charged similarly to other disciplines.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings highlight that veterinarians mostly frequently seek advice on management of common dermatological problems, including allergy, otitis and pyoderma.

Epidemiology and risk factors for mammary tumours in female cats

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to estimate the incidence and risk factors for mammary tumours in female cats attending UK primary-care practices. The study hypothesised that middle-aged, intact and certain breeds are associated with increased mammary tumour risk.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A case-control study design identified mammary tumour cases by assessment of electronic patient records, nested within a denominator population of 259,869 female cats attending 886 primary-care VetCompass participating veterinary practices in the UK in 2016.

RESULTS

From 2858 potential mammary tumour cases identified within the denominator, 270 cats met the case definition, giving an incidence risk of 104 per 100,000 (0.104%, 95% confidence interval 0.092 to 0.117%) during 2016. In the risk factor analysis increasing age, purebred compared to crossbred and veterinary group were associated with increased odds of mammary tumour. Median survival after the diagnosis of mammary tumour cats was 18.7 months.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

The current study provides an updated estimate of the incidence of mammary cancer in cats seen in primary care veterinary practice in the UK with increasing risk seen in older cats and with purebred status. This study can aid veterinary surgeons to identify cats at greater risk of mammary tumour and advise on survival after diagnosis.

Why can't we be friends? Exploring factors associated with cat owners' perceptions of the cat-cat relationship in two-cat households

Most research examining cat behavior in multi-cat households lacks focus on one group size. This gap in knowledge reduces generalizability of research findings to specific compositions of cats in multi-cat households. Given that many cat-owning households in Canada and the US are comprised of two cats, the following study used a cross-sectional survey to explore cat owners' perceptions of the cat-cat relationship in two-cat households in Canada and the US. A total of 6,529 owners of two cats completed the online questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data and a logistic regression model used to assess various explanatory variables (i.e., household, management, and cat-specific factors) associated with participants perceiving their cats' relationship as negative. The logistic regression model showed that owners of two-cat households are more likely to perceive their cats' relationship as negative if both cats are spayed females, adult or mature, have a large gap in age, not related, one or both have access to the outdoors, or show aggression toward people or other animals in the home. Having multiple litterbox and feeding areas were also associated with a more negative cat-cat relationship. Overall, the complex interplay, directionality, and temporality of these factors requires further investigation for a full understanding of how to improve the cat-cat relationship in two-cat households. More research is needed to provide evidence-based recommendations for managing and supporting a positive cat-cat relationship in the home.

Periodontal disease in cats under primary veterinary care in the UK: frequency and risk factors

OBJECTIVES

Periodontal disease is a multifactorial inflammatory disease that can have major welfare implications in cats. This study aimed to report the frequency and demographic risk factors of periodontal disease and to explore associations with common comorbid disorders in cats in the UK.

METHODS

The study included a random sample of 18,249 cats obtained from 1,255,130 cats under primary care during 2019 from clinics participating in the VetCompass programme. All disorders recorded during 2019 were extracted and reported. Risk factor and comorbid disorder analysis used multivariable logistic regression modelling.

RESULTS

Periodontal disease had a 1-year period prevalence of 15.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 14.72-15.76). Breeds with the highest prevalence included Siamese (18.7%, 95% CI 12.24-26.72) and Maine Coon (16.7%, 95% CI 11.37-23.18). The median age of cats with periodontal disease (9.47 years, interquartile range [IQR] 5.96-12.97) was higher than for cats without periodontal disease (4.94 years, IQR 1.95-9.51; P <0.001). Increasing adult body weight, increasing age and sex-neuter status were significantly associated with rising odds of periodontal disease. Cats with periodontal disease had a higher median count of comorbid disorders per individual cat (3, IQR 2-4, range 1-14) than cats without periodontal disease (1, IQR 0-2, range 0-15; P <0.001). Cats with periodontal disease had 1.79 times the odds (95% CI 1.62-1.99, P <0.001) of diagnosis with at least one comorbid disorder disease than cats without periodontal disease.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

Periodontal disease is the most common specific diagnosis in cats and is confirmed as a leading health issue in cats. Ageing is identified as the strongest predictor of periodontal disease risk in cats, suggesting the potential for increasing health gains from emphasis on dental care and health in cats as they age. The study offers evidence on a close link between periodontal disease and reduced overall health in cats.

Evaluation of outcome associated with feline trauma: A Veterinary Committee on Trauma registry study

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate outcome (survival to discharge) among trauma types (blunt, penetrating, both) in cats. Secondary objectives were to evaluate for associations between trauma type, injury severity, and the diagnostics and interventions selected by primary clinicians.

DESIGN

Retrospective evaluation of veterinary trauma registry data.

SETTING

Veterinary Committee on Trauma (VetCOT) veterinary trauma centers (VTCs).

ANIMALS

A total of 3895 feline trauma patients entered in the VetCOT trauma registry from April 1, 2017 to December 31, 2019.

INTERVENTIONS

Data collected included patient demographics, trauma type, Abdominal Fluid Score (AFS), Animal Trauma Triage (ATT) score, surgical intervention, glide sign on Thoracic Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma, Triage, and Tracking (TFAST), pleural effusion on TFAST, modified Glasgow Coma Scale (mGCS), and outcome (survival to discharge).

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

Data from 3895 cats were collected over a 30-month period. Incidence of trauma types was as follows: blunt, 58% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 56%-59%); penetrating, 35% (95% CI: 34%-37%); and combination, 7.4% (95% CI: 6.7%-8.3%). Differences in survival incidence among the trauma types were identified: blunt, 80% (95% CI: 78%-81%); penetrating, 90% (95% CI: 89%-92%); and combined, 68% (95% CI: 63%-74%) (P < 0.01). Cats in the penetrating trauma group had the lowest proportion of severe injuries (6%) and highest proportion of mGCS of 18 (89%); cats with combined trauma had the highest proportion of severe injuries (26%) and lowest proportion of mGCS of 18 (63%). Point-of-care ultrasound and surgery were not performed in the majority of cases. When surgery was performed, the majority of blunt cases' procedures occurred in the operating room (79%), and the majority of penetrating cases' procedures were performed in the emergency room (81%).

CONCLUSIONS

Cats suffering from penetrating trauma had the best outcome (survival), lower ATT scores, and higher mGCS overall. Cats that sustained a component of blunt trauma had a lower survival rate, higher ATT scores, and the highest proportion of mGCS <18.

Commonly diagnosed disorders in domestic cats in the UK and their associations with sex and age

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this study were to generate a robust evidence base on the prevalence of common disorders in cats and develop a deeper understanding of disorder associations with sex and age that could offer important opportunities for targeted veterinary care to improve feline health and welfare.

METHODS

A random sample of 18,249 cats was obtained from 1,255,130 cats under primary care during 2019 within VetCompass, an epidemiological research programme based on anonymised primary care veterinary clinical records. All disorders recorded during 2019 were extracted and reported, and associations with sex and age were examined.

RESULTS

The most prevalent disorders were periodontal disease (n = 2780 [15.2%], 95% confidence interval [CI] 14.72-15.76), obesity (n = 2114 [11.6%], 95% CI 11.12-12.06) and dental disease (n = 1502 [8.2%], 95% CI 7.84-8.64). Compared with male cats, females had an increased prevalence of poor quality of life, postoperative complications and hyperthyroidism, among others. Male cats had a higher prevalence of periodontal disease, road traffic accident (RTA) and obesity. Younger cats (<8 years) had an increased prevalence of cat bite abscess, flea infestation and RTA, while older cats (⩾8 years) had increased prevalence of lameness, cystitis and dental disease, among others.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

These findings suggest that the veterinary profession needs to engage more effectively in informing owners on common preventable disorders (ie, obesity and dental disease). This new information can contribute to more targeted health surveillance and more effective veterinary interventions to promote improved health and welfare in pet cats. Large-scale collection and analysis of anonymised veterinary clinical records offer an important clinical resource for research.

Presence of zoonotic black-pigmented periodontal pathogens in the oral microbiota of pet and stray cats

Black-pigmented bacteria are one of the neglected species to cause periodontal disease in cats, and they are also zoonotic agents that pose an infection risk to humans. In this study, we aimed to determine the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Porphyromonas gulae and Prevotella nigrescens in the oral microbiota of pet and stray cats. Dental swab samples were taken from 25 pet cats and 25 stray cats with symptoms of periodontal disease and then investigated by multiplex polymerase chain reaction using 16S rRNA species-specific primers. As a result of the multiplex PCR analysis, P. gingivalis 3/25 (12%), P. nigrescens 1/25 (4%), P. gingivalis + P. gulae 7/25 (28%), P. gingivalis + P. nigrescens 1/25 (4%), P. gulae + P. nigrescens 1/25 (4%), and P. gingivalis + P. gulae + P. nigrescens 2/25 (8%) were molecularly typed in the pet cats. In addition, 1/25 (4%) of P. gulae and 21/25 (84%) of P. gingivalis + P. gulae were typed in the stray cats. In 10/25 (40%) pet and 3/25 (12%) stray cat samples, no bacteria were detected by molecular typing. In summary, the results provide strong evidence that black-pigmented zoonotic pathogens are associated with cat periodontal disease.

Perception of challenges in management of neurological cases in the emergency room

OBJECTIVE

To investigate emergency clinicians' comfort level in assessing neurological emergencies and to identify opportunities to foster enhanced training of clinical neurology in the emergency room.

DESIGN

Internet-based survey.

SETTING

University teaching hospitals and private referral centers.

SUBJECTS

One hundred and ninety-two emergency and critical care specialists and resident trainees (ECC) and 104 neurology specialists and resident trainees (NEUR) in clinical practice.

INTERVENTIONS

An internet-based survey was distributed via veterinary professional organizations' listserves and message boards and responses were collected between March and April 2020. ECC completed a survey evaluating stress levels associated with neurological emergencies, confidence with neurological examinations, and neuroanatomical localization. NEUR completed a similar survey to report their perception of their ECC colleagues' confidence in the assessment of neurological cases. Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to compare categorical responses and confidence scores between groups. P < 0.002 was considered significant.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

Fifty-two percent of ECC found neurological emergencies slightly challenging, whereas 85% of NEUR found them moderately to extremely challenging for ECC (P < 0.0001). ECC's median self-reported confidence score in performing a neurologic examination on a scale of 0-100 was 75 (interquartile range [IQR], 27), while NEUR reported a median ECC confidence of 44 (IQR, 25; P < 0.0001). Median self-reported ECC confidence in localizing intracranial, spinal, and neuromuscular disease was 67 (IQR, 40), 88 (IQR, 21), and 60 (IQR, 37), respectively, which was significantly higher than median NEUR-reported ECC confidence of 35 (IQR, 38), 51 (IQR, 31), and 18 (IQR, 20), respectively (all P < 0.0001). Following case transfer, 34% of ECC received NEUR feedback in >75% of cases.

CONCLUSIONS

Noticeable discrepancies between ECC and NEUR perceptions of ECC clinical confidence were seen, while no firm evidence of neurophobia could be inferred. Improvements in interdepartmental communication and teaching of clinical neurology may be warranted.

Clinical parameters at time of admission as prognostic indicators in cats presented for trauma to an emergency centre in New Zealand: a retrospective analysis

OBJECTIVES

The aims of this study were to describe the clinical features of cats presented for trauma in a first-opinion and referral teaching hospital in New Zealand, and to determine the relationship between those features and outcome.

METHODS

The electronic medical records of cats presented for trauma to the Massey University Pet Emergency Centre between September 2013 and January 2019 were examined, from which the signalment, clinical parameters and patient outcomes were extracted. Cases were assigned an Animal Trauma Triage (ATT) score and Modified Glasgow Coma Scale (MGCS) score. Variables were selected for inclusion in a logistic regression model to predict survival, and backward elimination was used to find the minimal significant model.

RESULTS

In total, 530 cats met the inclusion criteria. The cause of injury was not known in the majority of cases (38.0%). The most common location of injury was the hindlimbs/pelvis/tail (n = 247; 41%), and skin lacerations/abrasions were the most common specific injury. Multivariate analysis revealed altered mentation (odds ratio [OR] 0.31, P = 0.029), hypothermia (rectal temperature <37.8°C [<100.04°F]; OR 0.45, P = 0.015) and an ATT score ⩾5 (OR 0.13, P <0.001) to be statistically significantly associated with mortality.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

Altered mentation and hypothermia are easily measurable perfusion parameter abnormalities associated with mortality in cats presenting with trauma. The ATT score appears to be an accurate prognostic indicator in cats presenting with trauma in New Zealand. These results highlight the importance of incorporating a hands-on triage examination in each cat that presents as an emergency after trauma.

Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Critical Review of Etiologic Factors

Simple Summary

Feline oral squamous cell carcinoma (FOSCC) is the most common oral neoplasia in cats. This malignant tumor is locally invasive, has a high mortality rate, and its etiology is not yet known. A critical review about the potential etiologic factors of FOSCC was performed, considering publications between 2000 and 2022. The initial search resulted in 553 publications, with only 26 of these being included in the review. Sixteen studies were related to viral etiology and nine related to environmental factors such as exposure to tobacco smoke, ectoparasitic products, and the presence of oral comorbidities. When evaluated, feline papillomavirus was detected in 16.2% of samples of FOSCC. In the three studies focused on exposure to tobacco smoke, 35.2% (30/85) of cats with FOSCC had a history of this exposure. Among 485 cats with FOSCC, 6.4% had dental and oral pathology. The present study demonstrates that the available evidence on the etiology of FOSCC is still limited, however, there has been increasing interest in this topic.

Abstract

Feline oral squamous cell carcinoma (FOSCC) is the most common oral neoplasia in cats. This malignant tumor is locally invasive, has a high mortality rate, and its etiology is not yet known. In humans, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is associated with tobacco smoke, alcohol consumption, and human papillomavirus infection. Herein, a critical review about the potential etiologic factors of FOSCC was performed, considering publications between 2000 and 2022, aiming to synthesize all available scientific evidence regarding this issue. Recommendations of the PRISMA statement and the Cochrane Collaboration were followed and the PubMed database searched by using the MeSH terms MeSH terms “oral”, “mouth”, “lingual”, “labial”, “gingiva”, “carcinoma”, “squamous”, and “feline”. The selection process for eligible studies was based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria and the quality of the studies assessed. The initial search resulted in 553 publications, with only 26 of these being included in the review. Sixteen studies were related to viral etiology and nine related to environmental factors such as exposure to tobacco smoke, ectoparasitic products, and the presence of oral comorbidities. When evaluated, feline papillomavirus was detected in 16.2% of samples of FOSCC. In the three studies focused on exposure to tobacco smoke, 35.2% (30/85) of cats with FOSCC had a history of this exposure. The consumption of canned food and the use of deworming collars were associated, in only one publication, with a risk of neoplasia increased by 4.7 and 5.3 times, respectively. Among 485 cats with FOSCC, 6.4% had dental and oral pathology (i.e., periodontal disease or feline chronic gingivostomatitis). The present study demonstrates that the available evidence on the etiology of FOSCC is still limited, however, there has been an increasing interest on this topic. To better understand the role of the possible etiological factors of this aggressive disease, and model for its human counterpart, large, prospective multi-institutional studies are needed.

Demography, disorders and mortality of pet hamsters under primary veterinary care in the United Kingdom in 2016

BACKGROUND

Hamsters are popular pets worldwide but there is limited evidence on the overall health issues of pet hamsters. This study aimed to characterise the demography, disorder prevalence and mortality of pet hamsters in the United Kingdom.

METHOD

The VetCompass study included anonymised clinical records of 16,605 hamsters.

RESULTS

The most common hamster species were Syrian (golden) (Mesocricetus auratus) (n=12,197, 73.45%), Djungarian (winter white dwarf) (Phodopus sungorus) (2286, 13.77%) and Roborovski hamsters (Phodopus roborovskii) (1054, 6.35%). The most prevalent precise-level disorders recorded across all hamsters were a presentation categorised as 'wet tail' (n=293, 7.33%), disorder undiagnosed (292, 7.30%), bite injuries from other hamsters (235, 5.88%), overgrown nail(s) (165, 4.13%), overgrown incisor(s) (159, 3.98%) and traumatic injury (152, 3.80%). The most prevalent disorders groups across all species of hamster were traumatic injury (n=616, 15.41%), enteropathy (450, 11.26%), ophthalmological disorder (445, 11.13%), skin disorder (362, 9.05%) and mass (361, 9.03%). The median age at death across all hamsters was 1.75 years (interquartile range: 0.83 to 2.20, range: 0.01 to 3.65). The most common causes of death at a precise level were wet tail (7.88%, 95% confidence interval: 6.35 to 9.66), abdominal mass (6.40%, 95% confidence interval: 5.01 to 8.03), neoplasia (5.38%, 95% confidence interval: 4.11 to 6.90) and dyspnoea (3.99%, 95% confidence interval: 2.9 to 5.34).

CONCLUSION

This study provides veterinary professionals, educators, welfare scientists and owners with an evidence base on pet hamster health. A greater understanding of the common disorders of pet hamsters can support veterinary professionals to communicate more effectively with owners on key issues and outcomes to expect from hamster ownership.

Prevalence, Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, Potential Biomarkers and Management of Feline Idiopathic Cystitis: An Update Review

Feline idiopathic cystitis is a widespread disease in small animal clinics, which mainly presents with urinary signs like dysuria, stranguria, hematuria, pollakiuria, and periuria. The etiopathogenesis of the disease may involve interactions between the environmental stressors, neuroendocrine system and bladder of affected cats. Diagnostic biomarkers have not been tested in clinical studies though they are theoretically feasible, and since the clinical signs of the disease assemble those of other feline lower urinary diseases, its diagnosis is a procedure of exclusion. The primary treatment of the disease is long-term multimodal environmental modification (or enrichment) while anti-anxiety drugs and nutritional supplements are recommended for chronic recurrent cases. Still, many medicines need to be evaluated for their efficacy and safety. This review aims to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of feline idiopathic cystitis by summarizing and updating studies concerning the prevalence, risk factors, etiological hypotheses, diagnostic procedures, possible treatments, and prognosis of the disease.

Complex Feline Disease Mapping Using a Dense Genotyping Array

The current feline genotyping array of 63 k single nucleotide polymorphisms has proven its utility for mapping within breeds, and its use has led to the identification of variants associated with Mendelian traits in purebred cats. However, compared to single gene disorders, association studies of complex diseases, especially with the inclusion of random bred cats with relatively low linkage disequilibrium, require a denser genotyping array and an increased sample size to provide statistically significant associations. Here, we undertook a multi-breed study of 1,122 cats, most of which were admitted and phenotyped for nine common complex feline diseases at the Cornell University Hospital for Animals. Using a proprietary 340 k single nucleotide polymorphism mapping array, we identified significant genome-wide associations with hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus, and eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis. These results provide genomic locations for variant discovery and candidate gene screening for these important complex feline diseases, which are relevant not only to feline health, but also to the development of disease models for comparative studies.

Effect of COVID-19 Lockdown on Small Animal Trauma Patterns in Australia: A Multicentre Study

Objective

To determine whether patterns of trauma changed following the start of local lockdowns due to COVID-19.

Design

Multi-institutional retrospective study assessing patients presenting within 2 years prior to local lockdown due to COVID-19 and 1 year following lockdown inclusive.

Setting

Two university teaching hospitals and one private referral center in Australia.

Animals

Dogs and cats with a presenting complaint of known or suspected trauma.

Interventions

Patient signalment, date of presentation, trauma type, treatment interventions and patient outcome (survival to discharge, cardiopulmonary arrest, or euthanasia) were recorded in a web-based data capture system (REDCap).

Measurements and Main Results

Three thousand one hundred eighty-nine patients (682 cats and 2,507 dogs) were included in the study. Overall trauma prevalence was 2.9% with pre-lockdown prevalence of 2.8% and post-lockdown prevalence of 3.1% (p < 0.001). Cats had higher rates of blunt trauma while penetrating trauma was more prevalent in dogs (p < 0.001). Juvenile patients were also more likely to have blunt trauma when compared to adult patients (p < 0.001). Patient age and sex characteristics did not differ when comparing the 2 time periods. Compared to pre-lockdown, blunt and penetrating trauma patterns changed post-lockdown in dogs and cats (p < 0.001 for both). Interventions were performed more frequently (p = 0.039) in the post-lockdown with surgical procedures having a significant increase (p = 0.015). Survival rates increased post-lockdown for both species (p < 0.001) with financially driven euthanasia being less common than in pre-lockdown for dogs (p = 0.02).

Conclusions

Trauma patterns changed for cats and dogs in the post-lockdown period. Compared to pre-lockdown, trauma prevalence was higher with a decrease in mortality rate. No increase in juvenile patients was identified post-lockdown. A decrease in financially driven euthanasia and an increase in interventions suggest no negative financial effect from COVID-19 lockdown on trauma patient care in Australia.

Environmental risk factors for the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma in cats

BACKGROUND

Risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in cats are derived from a single study dated almost 20 years ago. The relationship between inflammation of oral tissues and OSCC is still unclear.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate previously proposed and novel potential risk factors for OSCC development, including oral inflammatory diseases.

ANIMALS

Hundred cats with OSCC, 70 cats with chronic gingivostomatitis (CGS), 63 cats with periodontal disease (PD), and 500 controls.

METHODS

Prospective, observational case-control study. Cats with OSCC were compared with an age-matched control sample of client-owned cats and cats with CGS or PD. Owners of cats completed an anonymous questionnaire including demographic, environmental and lifestyle information.

RESULTS

On multivariable logistic regression, covariates significantly associated with an increased risk of OSCC were rural environment (OR: 1.77; 95% CI: 1.03-3.04; P = .04), outdoor access (OR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.07-2.63; P = .02), environmental tobacco smoke (OR: 1.77; 95% CI: 1.05-3; P = .03), and petfood containing chemical additives (OR: 1.98; 95% CI: 1.04-3.76; P = .04). Risk factors shared with CGS and PD were outdoor access and petfood containing chemical additives, respectively. A history of oral inflammation was reported in 35% of cats with OSCC but did not emerge as a risk factor.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE

The study proposes novel potential risk factors for OSCC in cats. Although a history of inflammatory oral disease was not significantly more frequent compared with random age-matched controls, OSCC shared several risk factors with CGS and PD.

Ocular mycobacterial lesions in cats

Ocular mycobacterial infections are an under-recognized cause of morbidity in the domestic cat. This study aimed to explore the distribution, histopathological appearance, and severity of feline ocular mycobacterial lesions, and to characterize the immune cell population with immunohistochemistry. Routine histological staining with hematoxylin and eosin, and Masson’s trichrome, was performed to identify ocular lesions and assign an inflammation score based on the number of cells present. Acid-fast bacilli were detected with Ziehl-Neelsen, and immunohistochemistry for ionized calcium-binding adaptor protein-1 (Iba1), calprotectin, cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3), and Pax5 was undertaken on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples from 24 cases of ocular mycobacteriosis. Posterior or panuveitis with concurrent retinitis was identified in 20/24 cases (83%), with retinal detachment in 16/20 (80%) of these cases. Choroidal lesions had the highest median inflammation score. Ziehl-Neelsen-positive organisms were detected in 20/24 cases (83%), with the highest prevalence of acid-fast bacilli detected in choroidal lesions (16/20, 80%). Lesions were typically granulomatous to pyogranulomatous, characterized by abundant numbers of Iba1-positive macrophages, followed by calprotectin-positive granulocytes and monocytes, fewer T cells, and rarer B cells. However, where iritis was identified, inflammation was typically lymphoplasmacytic (11/16 cases, 69%). Where diagnostic testing was performed, tuberculosis (ie, infection with Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium microti, or a nonspeciated Mycobacterium tuberculosis-complex pathogen) was diagnosed in 20/22 cats (91%), with Mycobacterium lepraemurium infection identified in the other 2/22 cats (9%). These results suggest the choroid is the primary site of lesion development in most cases of feline ocular mycobacteriosis, and inflammatory changes are associated with the presence of mycobacteria localized to ocular tissues.

Aging in Cats: Owner Observations and Clinical Finding in 206 Mature Cats at Enrolment to the Cat Prospective Aging and Welfare Study

Two hundred and six cats, aged between 7 and 10 years, from the North-west of the UK, were enrolled in a cat aging and welfare study to determine the frequency of age-related conditions and associations with husbandry, owner observations of physical appearance, activity and behavior. This is the largest study to date of mature cats that includes data from an owner questionnaire and clinical examinations. At enrolment, owners frequently reported physical changes (53%), behavioral changes (47%), changes to eating patterns (41%), and activity changes (40%) in their mature cats. On physical examination, 45% cats were in overweight condition and 12% were obese. A heart murmur was detected in 29% cats, whilst indirect systolic blood pressure (SBP) was >160 mmHg in 5% cats. Dental disease was present in 54% cats and was associated with a matted hair coat (P = 0.01), increased sleeping (P = 0.02), absence of gray hairs (P = 0.03), and increased irritability to other pets (P = 0.04). Abnormalities were evident in 58% of cats that allowed an orthopedic examination (OE) to be performed. These cats were older than cats with a normal OE (P = 0.01), and abnormal OE findings were associated with a matted coat (P = 0.03) and increased grooming (P = 0.04). Aazotaemia was present in 10% cats, and this was associated with cats being observed to “sniff their food and then walk away” (P = 0.04). Hyperthyroidism was diagnosed in 3% cats, who were older (P = 0.02), had a leaner BCS (P = 0.02) and lesser blood creatinine concentrations (P = 0.01). Hyperthyroid cats were also more likely to have increased liver enzyme activity and increased SBP (P = <0.001) compared with non-hyperthyroid cats. Of the 176 cats where all clinical assessments were conducted, only 12% had no evidence of any disease. Clinical abnormalities are commonly identified when thorough, clinical assessments are performed in mature pet cats visiting primary care practice.

[Availability of drugs for the treatment of cats with ocular diseases in Germany - Discrepancy between theory and reality]

OBJECTIVE

Only a few ophthalmologics specifically approved for cats are available on the market leading to frequent use of drugs approved for humans. In Germany, the administration, dispense or prescription of pharmaceuticals is regulated by the pharmaceuticals law ('Arzneimittelgesetz' (AMG)) as well as the regulation concerning pharmacies in veterinary practice ('Verordnung über tierärztliche Hausapotheken' (TÄHAV)). The aim of this study was to collect data concerning the occurrence and frequency of feline eye diseases and to evaluate the frequency of the necessity for extra-label drug use. Evidence-based, optimal treatment schemes were generated and reviewed with regard to their feasibility in Germany.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Data from 876 cats with ocular problems of the "Small Animal Clinic", Freie Universität Berlin as well as a small animal practice in Southern Germany were evaluated (01.01.2015-31.12.2018). Subsequently, the theoretical accessibility for approved agents and/or extra-label drug use in Germany was analyzed.

RESULTS

1198 diagnoses were based on 925 ophthalmic examinations. The most common diseases include conjunctivitis, keratitis, uveitis, hypertensive retinopathy and glaucoma. 885/1198 (73.9 %) of these diseases required treatment, which equates to 722/925 (78.1 %) cases. For all patients, treatment would have been possible according to evidence-based data. In 225/722 (31.2 %) cases, treatment with the pertaining, specifically approved agents would have been possible. Extra-label drug use would have been necessary in 497/722 cases (68.8 %). Of the 497 cases necessitating extra-label use, pharmaceuticals approved for humans would have been available for 481 cases (96.8 %), extra-label use of other veterinary pharmaceuticals would have been possible in 28 cases (5.6 %) and in 60 cases (12.2 %) especially manufactured drugs could have been employed. In a total of 36/722 cases (5 %), optimal care would not have been possible in the context of the current regulatory framework.

CONCLUSION

Based on regulations concerning therapeutic necessity, the ophthalmologic therapy of cats in Germany is possible within the regulatory framework. In the present study, 5 % of the patients could not receive optimal medical care. The closure of this gap demands additional approval of veterinary ophthalmic drugs as well as the research and development of novel active agents and veterinary pharmaceuticals.

Renal biomarkers in cats: A review of the current status in chronic kidney disease

Serum creatinine concentration, the classical biomarker of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats, has important limitations that decrease its value as a biomarker of early CKD. Recently, serum symmetric dimethylarginine concentration was introduced as a novel glomerular filtration rate biomarker for the early detection of CKD in cats. However, data on its specificity are still limited. The limitations of conventional biomarkers and the desire for early therapeutic intervention in cats with CKD to improve outcomes have prompted the discovery and validation of novel renal biomarkers to detect glomerular or tubular dysfunction. Changes in the serum or urinary concentrations of these biomarkers may indicate early kidney damage or predict the progression of kidney before changes in conventional biomarkers are detectable. This review summarizes current knowledge on renal biomarkers in CKD in cats, a field that has progressed substantially over the last 5 years.

Characterization of Acute Traumatic Coagulopathy in Cats and Association with Clinicopathological Parameters at Presentation

OBJECTIVE

 This study aimed to document rotational thromboelastometric (ROTEM) characteristics of traumatized cats and to investigate associations between clinicopathological parameters and acute traumatic coagulopathy (ATC). A secondary goal was to determine the relevance of autoheparinization in injured cats.

STUDY DESIGN

 Cats presenting with acute (<12 hours) trauma were eligible. Cats were allocated to the ATC group (≥2 hypocoagulable parameters) or non-ATC group (≤1 hypocoagulable parameter) based on ROTEM analysis. Clinicopathological parameters were compared between groups and regression was used to find variables associated with ATC. Heparinase-modified ROTEM (HepTEM) was used to assess for heparin effects in a subgroup.

RESULTS

 Fifty-three cats were included, and the incidence of ATC was 15%. Prolongation of both intrinsic and extrinsic clotting times (CT) was the most frequently altered ROTEM variable in the ATC group, but CT_InTEM-prolongation also occurred in 47% of non-ATC cats. The incidence of autoheparinization, defined as concurrent CT_InTEM prolongation and CT_InTEM:HepTEM ratio >1.1, was 41% and was observed in both cats with and without ATC. None of the evaluated clinicopathological parameters were different between groups or associated with ATC.

CONCLUSIONS

 Acute traumatic coagulopathy in cats is mainly characterized by prolonged CT. No relationship between clinicopathological variables and ATC was identified and prediction of ATC based on these variables was not possible. While autoheparinization is important in cats, it is not the sole cause for ATC.

Survey of defecation habits in apparently healthy and chronic kidney disease cats

OBJECTIVES

Changes in bowel movements (BMs) are an important clinical sign in many diseases, including chronic kidney disease (CKD), and the purpose of this study was to collect information on BMs and fecal scores in both apparently healthy and CKD cats. A secondary aim was to assess owner awareness of BM frequency.

METHODS

Owners were asked to complete an initial online questionnaire about their cat's health and litter box habits (including predicted BM frequency and fecal scores) and were then asked to clean the box daily for 7 days and report results (observed frequency of BMs and fecal scores) daily. Differences in BM frequency and fecal scores between apparently normal and CKD cats were compared using the Mann-Whitney test, and predicted vs observed data were compared using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Difference in percentage of cats defecating more or less than once daily were assessed with Fisher's exact test.

RESULTS

Survey data from 124 owners of apparently healthy cats and 43 owners of CKD cats who submitted two or more days of daily observations (in addition to the initial questionnaire) were analyzed. Eighty-five percent of apparently healthy cats were observed to defecate one or more times per day and 15% defecated less than once per day. Fifty-eight percent of CKD cats defecated one or more times per day and 42% defecated less than once per day. A significantly higher percentage of CKD cats defecated less than once per day in comparison with apparently healthy cats (P <0.0001). Observed BM frequency was significantly less in CKD cats compared with healthy cats (P = 0.02). Observed fecal scores were not significantly different between healthy and CKD cats.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

The observed BM frequency of cats with CKD was less than apparently healthy cats and represents a clinically important variation from normal.

Profile qualitative variables on the dynamics of weight loss programs in dogs

Obesity is the most common nutritional disorder in dogs and it is associated with many comorbidities. Some obesity risk factors have already been established, however, the evaluation of the effect of different individual variables on weight loss induced by calorie restriction, although very important, is still poorly explored. The weight loss protocol can be updated and improved by more precise and adjusted equations throughout the weight loss program in the clinical routine practice. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze weight loss program dynamics in groups according to reproductive status, age, body size, and breed, as well as to define more accurately the amount of calories per target metabolic weight throughout the program. Data of 1,053 cases, presented between 2012 and 2019 at the Veterinary Hospital of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the University of São Paulo (FMVZ-USP) were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 77 obese dogs (body condition scores 8/9 or 9/9) of different ages, breeds, sizes, and reproductive status were selected. These dogs did not have any concomitant illnesses and successfully completed the weight loss program. Statistical analysis was performed and values of p≤0.05 were considered significant. The proposed weight loss program was based on an energy restriction protocol where daily energy intake (in kcal) was estimated as 70 kcal × target weight0.75. The target weight (TW) was defined as 80% of the animal's current weight. The average calorie intake for weight loss (calories x target weight0.75) was lower for spayed females (62.36), differing from intact males (66.14) and neutered males (65.41), while intact females (63.66) showed intermediate values without differing between groups (p = 0.015). There were no differences between weight loss calories according to age (p = 0.473) or body size (p = 0.084), allowing the use of the same mathematical equation for intact and neutered dogs; for dogs older than 1 year and of different body sizes. Regarding the breed, the average calorie intake was lower (p = 0.002) in mixed breed dogs (61.54xTW0.75) when compared to obesity-prone purebred dogs (64.17xTW0.75) and other purebreds (65.27xTW0.75). It was concluded that spayed females and mixed breed dogs have greater difficulty in losing weight, that is, they need fewer calories per metabolic body weight for the weight loss program to succeed. A more accurate equation for energy requirement for weight loss can improve chances of success, therefore improving compliance and helping clinical management of obesity in dogs.

Impact of allogeneic feline uterine-derived mesenchymal stromal cell intravenous treatment on renal function of nephrectomized cats with chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common condition and leading cause of mortality in cats. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) may have a therapeutic effect on CKD. The aim of this pilot study was to determine efficacy of systemically-administered allogeneic uterine tissue-derived MSCs (UMSCs) in cats with CKD. Eighteen renal-compromised, unilaterally nephrectomized cats received two doses of 3 × 10⁷ allogeneic UMSCs given intravenously (IV) with a 2-week dose interval. The primary endpoint was renal function, with treatment success defined by a 20% increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR; iohexol clearance) and/or a 20% decrease in plasma creatinine in 50% of the cats. Secondary endpoints included diet and water consumption, body weight, urine characteristics, and adverse events. Treatment was well tolerated and associated with a statistically meaningful increase in GFR on Days 13, 28, 57, 99, 121 and 182, compared with baseline (P < 0.0001 for Days 13 to 99 inclusive; P = 0.0029 and P = 0.0225 for Days 121 and 182, respectively). Greater than 50% of the cats demonstrated a 20% increase in GFR on all days except Day 150, at which point GFR measurements were consistently above baseline. Statistically meaningful increases in diet and water consumption were observed. Substantial improvements in GFR were observed throughout the six-month evaluation period (excluding Day 150) in more than 50% of cats, thereby meeting the primary endpoint. Therefore, this IV-administered, allogeneic cellular therapy may support both renal function and clinical status of cats with CKD.

More Than a Moggy; A Population Genetics Analysis of the United Kingdom's Non-Pedigree Cats

The domestic cat is one of the most popular pets in the world. It is estimated that 89–92% of domestic cats in the UK are non-pedigree Domestic shorthair (DSH), Domestic longhair (DLH), or Domestic semi-longhair cats (DSLH). Despite their popularity, little is known of the UK non-pedigree cats’ population structure and breeding dynamics. Using a custom designed single nucleotide variant (SNV) array, this study investigated the population genetics of 1344 UK cats. Principal components analysis (PCA) and fastSTRUCTURE analysis verified that the UK’s DSH, DLH, and DSLH cats are random-bred, rather than admixed, mix breed, or crossbred. In contrast to pedigree cats, the linkage disequilibrium of these random-bred cats was least extensive and decayed rapidly. Homozygosity by descent (HBD) analysis showed the majority of non-pedigree cats had proportionally less of their genome in HBD segments compared to pedigree cats, and that these segments were older. Together, these findings suggest that the DSH, DLH, and DSLH cats should be considered as a population of random-bred cats rather than a crossbred or pedigree-admixed cat. Unexpectedly, 19% of random-bred cat genomes displayed a higher proportion of HBD segments associated with more recent inbreeding events. Therefore, while non-pedigree cats as a whole are genetically diverse, they are not impervious to inbreeding and its health risks.

Dental Problems and Prophylactic Care in Cats-Knowledge and Perceptions among Swedish Cat Owners and Communication by Veterinary Care Staff

Simple Summary

Dental disease has a negative impact on the quality of life and welfare of various species. The most important preventive measures in cats are performed by the cat owners. However, cat owners’ knowledge of dental disease and prevention is unclear. Veterinary care staff are important sources of information to the cat owners, but the type and frequency of information on dental disease prevention given to the owners have not been described. We conducted web-based surveys to investigate owners’ knowledge of and veterinary care staff’s communication of dental problems in cats. Overall, 2/3 of the cat owners knew about dental disease and listed modified eating behaviour, gingivitis, halitosis, pain and dental calculus as the most common signs. Commonly, the source of information was the internet followed by veterinary care staff, and the most known preventive measure was tooth brushing, although a small proportion performed it daily or every second day. Veterinary care staff responded that they always or sometimes informed cat owners about prophylactic dental care, most frequently by oral communication, and tooth brushing was the most common preventive measure recommended. This study indicates that cat owners have the relevant knowledge to support the oral health of cats, but the application of preventive measures needs to increase to promote welfare in cats. In particular, the motivation and practical options for owners of cats who may not tolerate tooth brushing should be considered, and alternative strategies discussed. Veterinary care staff present relevant communication but there is room to develop strategies such as improvement in education and communication.

Abstract

Dental problems are increasingly recognised in cats although many problems are preventable by tooth brushing. However, the knowledge level and preventive measures performed by owners are unclear. Additionally, there is a shortage of information on the communication by veterinary care staff to owners on dental health and prophylaxis in cats. The aim was to describe the knowledge and perceptions among Swedish cat owners and the communication by veterinary care staff on dental problems and prevention in cats. We distributed two electronic surveys; to cat owners and care staff, respectively. Of the cat owners, n = 407, 2/3 stated that they have knowledge about dental disease, listing modified eating behaviour as the most common sign followed by gingivitis, halitosis, pain and dental calculus. The main source of information was the internet followed by veterinary care staff, and 47% of the owners reported that they perform preventive oral health measures. The single most frequently stated preventive measure was tooth brushing, which was applied by 28% of the cat owners but with low frequency (daily n = 15, every second day n = 14). Veterinary care staff, n = 179, reported that they inform (47%) or sometimes inform (42%) cat owners on prophylactic dental care, daily or 3–7 times a week (combined 39%) most frequently by oral communication, with tooth brushing as the most common measure recommended. This study suggests that cat owners have relevant knowledge on dental health in cats, but the performed preventive measures are too infrequent to support good oral health in cats. There is room to develop strategies such as improvement in education and communication to increase welfare in cats. This includes consideration of the motivation and practical options for owners of cats who may not tolerate tooth brushing.

Outcomes and complications of anal sacculectomy for non-neoplastic anal sac disease in cats: 8 cases (2006-2019)

OBJECTIVES

To describe the features of non-neoplastic anal sac disease in cats, the surgical procedure, complications, surgical outcome and prognosis compared to well-established data for anal sacculectomy in canine patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retrospective review of medical records of cats undergoing anal sacculectomy for non-neoplastic disease between 2006 and 2019.

RESULTS

Eight cats were included in the study of which four of eight developed minor and self-limiting complications including defaecatory complications in three cases and superficial corneal ulceration in one case. No cat developed permanent faecal incontinence. No long-term postoperative complication was recorded. Median surgical time was 35 minutes (range, 20 to 42). Median hospitalisation time was 1.5 days (range, 1 to 4). The incidence of short-term minor complications is higher than previously reported in dogs, although this might be in agreement with a reported higher incidence in dogs smaller than 15 kg.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Anal sacculectomy for non-neoplastic anal sac disease is a safe procedure in cats with relatively high rate of short-term but self-limiting, minor, postoperative complications.

Understanding the associations between owner and pet demographics on pet body condition among those experiencing homelessness and housing vulnerability in Canada

Approximately 35 000 people experience homelessness in some form each night in Canada, with similar rates (approximately 1/200 individuals) among developed countries. Ten to twenty percent of those individuals are pet owners. Animal companionship provides a variety of mental and physical benefits to people who are living homeless or vulnerably housed, but many in the non-vulnerable sector, including veterinary professionals and animal welfare advocates, express concern for the health and welfare of these animals. We describe the demographics of a population of animals owned by individuals experiencing homelessness and housing vulnerability, and investigate animal and owner factors influencing body condition score and over-conditioning using data collected from Community Veterinary Outreach (CVO). Community Veterinary Outreach is a registered charity focused on improving the health and welfare of people and their pets who are experiencing homelessness and housing vulnerability. The organization provides free services to clients in ten Canadian communities. Data associated with 636 owners and 946 animals were collected during clinics held between April 2018 and March 2020, representing a total of 1124 visits. The population of dogs and cats seen by CVO was demographically similar to populations seen in general companion animal veterinary practice and were in similar health. For both species, the mean body condition score was 5.4/9, where an ideal score is five for cats and four to five for dogs, and 38 % of animals were considered over-conditioned (overweight/obese). Risk factor analysis demonstrated significant associations between being over-conditioned and pet age and the reason for the veterinary visit for cats, and pet age, the number of abnormal findings on physical exam, and a previous CVO visit for dogs. Pet age, sex-neuter status, disease of the oral cavity, and a previous CVO visit were significantly associated with body condition score in cats. Body condition score in dogs was associated with owner age, and with interactions between pet age and breed size group, and between sex-neuter status and owner-reported housing security. These findings suggest that animals owned by those experiencing homeless and housing vulnerability are generally in good health and similar factors influence body condition score and over-conditioning as animals seen in general companion animal veterinary practice. Further efforts to provide support to pet owners within these communities by veterinarians will help support the good health of this population.

Influence of living in a multicat household on health and behaviour in a cohort of cats from the United Kingdom

BACKGROUND

Living in a multicat household has been implicated as a risk factor for various feline issues, but evidence is often anecdotal or based on retrospective studies.

METHODS

Data from the Bristol Cats Study, a UK longitudinal study of pet cats, were used. Cats were included if they had remained in either a single cat or multicat household between questionnaires 1 (two months old to four months old) and 5 (two-and-a-half years old). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to analyse associations between single cat/multicat households and measures of health and behaviour (overweight/obesity, abscesses/cat bites, negative interactions with owner and periuria). Multicat households were also subcategorised according to whether owners had reported agonistic behaviour between household cats.

RESULTS

There was no evidence of association between household type and the likelihood of obesity, abscesses or periuria. The likelihood of negative interactions with the owner (eg, growling or hissing) was influenced by the cats' relationships; cats in non-agonistic multicat households had decreased odds of negative interactions with the owner, compared with single and agonistic multicat households (P<0.001).

CONCLUSION

Living in a multicat households per se was not a risk factor for the health and behaviour issues investigated, but the intercat relationship is important.

Outbreak of Severe Vomiting in Dogs Associated with a Canine Enteric Coronavirus, United Kingdom

The lack of population health surveillance for companion animal populations leaves them vulnerable to the effects of novel diseases without means of early detection. We present evidence on the effectiveness of a system that enabled early detection and rapid response a canine gastroenteritis outbreak in the United Kingdom. In January 2020, prolific vomiting among dogs was sporadically reported in the United Kingdom. Electronic health records from a nationwide sentinel network of veterinary practices confirmed a significant increase in dogs with signs of gastroenteric disease. Male dogs and dogs living with other vomiting dogs were more likely to be affected. Diet and vaccination status were not associated with the disease; however, a canine enteric coronavirus was significantly associated with illness. The system we describe potentially fills a gap in surveillance in neglected populations and could provide a blueprint for other countries.

A cross-sectional study of owner-reported health in Canadian and American cats fed meat- and plant-based diets

Background

Cats, being obligate carnivores, have unique dietary requirements for nutrients most commonly found in dietary ingredients of animal origin. As such, feeding a diet devoid of animal-derived ingredients has been postulated as a possible cause of nutrient imbalances and adverse health outcomes. A small proportion of cat owners feed strictly plant-based diets to the cats in their care, yet the health and wellness of cats fed these diets has not been well documented.

Results

A total of 1325 questionnaires were complete enough for inclusion. The only exclusion criterion was failure to answer all questions. Most cats, 65% (667/1026), represented in the survey were fed a meat-based diet and 18.2% (187/1026) were fed a plant-based diet, with the rest fed either a combination of plant-based with meat-based (69/1026, 6.7%) or indeterminable (103/1026, 10%). Cat age ranged from 4 months to 23 years, with a median of 7 years, and was not associated with diet type. No differences in reported lifespan were detected between diet types. Fewer cats fed plant-based diets reported to have gastrointestinal and hepatic disorders. Cats fed plant-based diets were reported to have more ideal body condition scores than cats fed a meat-based diet. More owners of cats fed plant-based diets reported their cat to be in very good health.

Conclusions

Cat owner perception of the health and wellness of cats does not appear to be adversely affected by being fed a plant-based diet. Contrary to expectations, owners perceived no body system or disorder to be at particular risk when feeding a plant-based diet to cats. This study collected information from cat owners and is subject to bias, as well as methodological limitations. Further research is warranted to determine if these results are replicable in a prospective investigation.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-02754-8.

Epidemiology of recurrent seizure disorders and epilepsy in cats under primary veterinary care in the United Kingdom

Background

Little epidemiological evaluation of recurrent seizure disorders in cats currently exists in veterinary literature.

Objectives

To report the prevalence and risk factors for recurrent seizure disorders (RSD) and epilepsy in cats presented to primary care veterinary practices in the United Kingdom (UK).

Animals

A total of 285 547 cats under veterinary care during 2013 presenting to 282 primary care clinics in the UK.

Methods

Cohort study using multivariable logistic regression modeling for risk factor analysis.

Results

There were 458 confirmed RSD cases, giving a 1‐year period prevalence of 0.16% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15‐0.18). A subset of 114 (24.89%) cases was recorded as having epilepsy, giving a 1‐year period prevalence of 0.04% (95% CI, 0.03‐0.5). Increasing age was significantly associated with increasing odds of RSD. Breed, sex, neuter status, and body weight were not associated with RSD. Epilepsy was most frequently diagnosed in adult to middle‐aged cats. Cats aged 3.0 to <6.0 years had 3.32 times higher odds of epilepsy diagnosis compared to cats <3.0 years of age. Insured cats were more likely to be diagnosed with epilepsy compared to noninsured cats.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Although less common than in dogs, RSD and epilepsy still comprise an important disorder group in the UK cat population. Aging is a significant risk factor for these disorders in cats.

Factors Associated with Prescription of Antimicrobial Drugs for Dogs and Cats, United Kingdom, 2014-2016

Antimicrobial stewardship is a cornerstone of efforts to curtail antimicrobial resistance. To determine factors potentially influencing likelihood of prescribing antimicrobials for animals, we analyzed electronic health records for unwell dogs (n = 155,732 unique dogs, 281,543 consultations) and cats (n = 69,236 unique cats, 111,139 consultations) voluntarily contributed by 173 UK veterinary practices. Using multivariable mixed effects logistic regression, we found that factors associated with decreased odds of systemic antimicrobial prescription were client decisions focused on preventive health: vaccination (dogs, odds ratio [OR] 0.93, 95% CI, 0.90-0.95; cats, OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.89-0.95), insurance (dogs, OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.84-0.90; cats, OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.79-0.86), neutering of dogs (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.88-0.92), and practices accredited by the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (OR 0.79, 95% 95% CI 0.68-0.92). This large multicenter companion animal study demonstrates the potential of preventive healthcare and client engagement to encourage responsible antimicrobial drug use.

Endoscopic nephrolithotomy for the removal of complicated nephroliths in dogs and cats: 16 kidneys in 12 patients (2005-2017)

OBJECTIVE

To describe techniques and outcomes for dogs and cats undergoing endoscopic nephrolithotomy (ENL) for the removal of complicated nephroliths.

ANIMALS

11 dogs and 1 cat (n = 16 renal units) with complicated nephroliths that underwent ENL via a surgically assisted ENL approach (12 renal units) or a percutaneous nephrolithotomy approach (4 renal units) between December 2005 and June 2017.

PROCEDURES

Data were obtained from the medical records regarding preoperative, operative, and postoperative findings. Follow-up information on complications and outcomes was also collected.

RESULTS

Indications for nephrolith removal included massive calculi displacing parenchyma (n = 7), recurrent urinary tract infections (5), and ureteral outflow obstruction (4). Median nephrolith diameter was 2.5 cm (range, 0.5 to 5.7 cm). Nephrolith composition differed among patients; calcium oxalate was the most common type (n = 7 [including 2 mixed nephroliths containing ≥ 60% calcium oxalate]). Following ENL (median duration, 180 minutes), 15 of 16 renal units were completely nephrolith free. Procedure-related complications included renal puncture-associated hemorrhage requiring a blood transfusion (n = 1), renal capsule tear (1), and ureteral puncture (1); all were managed without adverse consequence. Five of 12 patients remained alive at the final follow-up (median, 557 days after ENL), and none died from the procedure.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

ENL as performed was safe and effective in removing complicated nephroliths in a renal-sparing manner for the patients in this study. This procedure requires technical training and could be considered for the treatment of complicated nephrolithiasis in dogs and possibly cats.

Relationship between ultrasonographically determined renal dimensions and International Renal Interest Society stages in cats with chronic kidney disease

Background

The correlation between renal dimensions and renal function in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is unclear.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To investigate the relationship between renal dimensions and CKD severity in cats using ultrasound examination.

Animals

Nineteen healthy cats and 30 cats with CKD.

Methods

Renal ultrasound images obtained between 2012 and 2016 were reviewed. Severity of CKD was determined using the International Renal Interest Society CKD staging system. Renal length, cortical thickness, medullary thickness, and corticomedullary ratio were measured, and the relationship between these renal dimensions and serum creatinine concentrations as well as differences in dimensions between the control and disease groups was investigated. The sensitivity and specificity of the renal dimensions for differentiation of the CKD also were evaluated.

Results

The disease group was subdivided into stage I to II (15 cats) and stage III to IV (15 cats) groups. Cortical thickness was significantly decreased in both disease groups and negatively correlated with disease severity. Compared with other renal dimensions, cortical thickness had a stronger linear correlation with the reciprocal of the serum creatinine concentration and superior diagnostic performance (Youden index: left kidney, 90.0% sensitivity and 94.7% specificity for a cutoff of 4.7 mm; right kidney, 83.3% sensitivity and 94.7% specificity for a cutoff of 4.5 mm).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Decreased renal cortical thickness is observed in cats with loss of renal function. Measurement of cortical thickness using ultrasonography could be a useful method to evaluate the progression of CKD in cats.

Detection of feline idiopathic cystitis as the cause of feline lower urinary tract disease in Sleman Regency, Indonesia

Background and Aim:

Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) is one of the common cat diseases. The aim of this study was to detect feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) as a cause of FLUTD in Sleman Regency, which is a problem in the population.

Materials and Methods:

Seventy-three cats with FLUTD symptoms were used from seven veterinary practices in Sleman Regency. The logging of each cat’s medical history, clinical examination, urinalysis, routine blood screening, and ultrasonography was conducted to diagnose the cause of FLUTD.

Results:

The percentages of diseases causing FLUTD included FIC 21.9%, urolithiasis 57.5%, urinary tract infection (UTI) 16.4%, neoplasia 1.4%, trauma 1.4%, and nervous disorders 1.4%.

Conclusion:

FIC, one of the causes of FLUTD, is found in cats and has become a problem among the cat population in Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Various handling and preventive efforts should be undertaken against the disease.

Describing the antimicrobial usage patterns of companion animal veterinary practices; free text analysis of more than 4.4 million consultation records

Antimicrobial Resistance is a global crisis that veterinarians contribute to through their use of antimicrobials in animals. Antimicrobial stewardship has been shown to be an effective means to reduce antimicrobial resistance in hospital environments. Effective monitoring of antimicrobial usage patterns is an essential part of antimicrobial stewardship and is critical in reducing the development of antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study is to describe how frequently antimicrobials were used in veterinary consultations and identify the most frequently used antimicrobials. Using VetCompass Australia, Natural Language Processing techniques, and the Australian Strategic Technical Advisory Group’s (ASTAG) Rating system to classify the importance of antimicrobials, descriptive analysis was performed on the antimicrobials prescribed in consultations from 137 companion animal veterinary clinics in Australia between 2013 and 2017 (inclusive). Of the 4,400,519 consultations downloaded there were 595,089 consultations where antimicrobials were prescribed to dogs or cats. Antimicrobials were dispensed in 145 of every 1000 canine consultations; and 38 per 1000 consultations involved high importance rated antimicrobials. Similarly with cats, 108 per 1000 consultations had antimicrobials dispensed, and in 47 per 1000 consultations an antimicrobial of high importance rating was administered. The most common antimicrobials given to cats and dogs were cefovecin and amoxycillin clavulanate, respectively. The most common topical antimicrobial and high-rated topical antimicrobial given to dogs and cats was polymyxin B. This study provides a descriptive analysis of the antimicrobial usage patterns in Australia using methods that can be automated to inform antimicrobial use surveillance programs and promote antimicrobial stewardship.